UNIT ONE:

INTRODUCTION TO
MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
LITERACY
types of media and information
LESSON THREE
lesson objectives:

▹ Compare and contrast how

one particular issue or 3

news is presented through

the different types of
media (print, broadcast,
online);
 Books Newspaper Television Youtube
Social Network Radio Memeography Cellphone

activity
Journal Film/Movie Newsletter Magazine

Print Broadcast New Media

4
▹ Why do you need information?
▹ Where do you search for information?
▹ How do you acquire and store information?
▹ How will you determine the quality and accuracy of the
information that you have?
▹ How do you use the information you have?
▹ How will you communicate information?

5
 “
The ability to access, analyze,
evaluate, and create media in a
variety of forms. It aims to empower
citizens by providing them with the
competencies (knowledge and skills)
necessary to engage with traditional
media and new technologies.

media literacy
6
 “
The ability to recognize when
information is needed, and to locate,
evaluate, and effectively
communicate information in its
various formats.

information literacy
7
types of media
print. broadcast. new media
 print
media

▹ also known as the press,

this type of media refers to
materials that are written 9
(usually consist of paper
and ink) and are physically
distributed by reproduction
through a printing process
that is traditionally
mechanical.
types of print media

▹ Newspapers
￭ Broadsheets 10

￭ Tabloids
▹ Magazines
▹ Comics and Graphic Novels
 newspaper

▹ a lightweight and
disposable 11

publication
printed on low-
cost recycle paper
called newsprint.
 broadsheet

▹ a type of
newspaper that 12

uses the largest

format (23.5
inches x 29.5
inches).
 broadsheet

▹ These papers tend to

feature six columns and
employ a traditional
approach to news
gathering that 13

emphasize in-depth
coverage and sober
writing tones in
articles and editorials
aimed at fairly
affluent and educated
readers.
 tabloid

▹ a type of newspaper
with a compact page
size smaller than the
broadsheet, (typically 14
measures 11 inches by
17 inches), although
there is no standard for
the precise dimensions
of the tabloid
newspaper format.
 tabloid

▹ It is evidently smaller
than a broadsheet and
usually no more than
five columns across. 15
Tabloids still tend to
be cheeky in their
writing style which is
more likely to zero in
on a sensational crime
story or celebrity
gossip.
 magazines

▹ regularly published
glossy publications
that cater specific
audience with 16

specific interests
and offer high
resolution printing.
 comics/
graphic novels

▹ a type of literature that

uses a combination of
illustrations and words
to tell a story. However,
comics are excerpts 17

from a larger serialized

narrative while graphic
novels are longer and
more substantive in
terms of narrative.
 broadcast
media

▹ technology of signaling
and communicating using
radio waves 18
(electromagnetic waves of
frequency between 30
hertz [Hz] and 300
gigahertz [Hz]) through
means of transmission of
audio (sound) to radio
receivers belonging to a
public audience.
types of broadcast media
▹ Radio
￭ technology of signaling and communicating using radio
waves (electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30
hertz [Hz] and 300 gigahertz [Hz]) through means of
transmission of audio (sound) to radio receivers
belonging to a public audience.
19

▹ Television
￭ an electronic system of transmitting transient images of
fixed or moving objects together with sound over a wire
or through space by apparatus that converts lights and
sounds into electrical waves and reconverts them into
visible light rays and audible sound.
radio

▹ In the Philippines,
there are two radio
formats: FM
20
(frequency
modulation) and
AM (amplitude
modulation).
radio
▹ FM/AM may be refer to
the mode of how radio
signals through carrier
wave is modulated or
altered. But as far as radio
programming are
concerned, FM radio 21

stations produces
program formats that
caters to the musical taste
of younger generations,
while AM radio stations
are dominated by a news
format.
radio
▹ The landscape is slowly
changing as news format
has already gone into
frequency modulation. The
AM radio still remains the
same but more specialized
radio broadcasts have 22

emerged catering to
particular niches such as
community radios.
examples of tv formats
(also common in radio):

▹ Non-dramatic programs
￭ programs that convey reality in the
form of contests, games, events, or 23

discussion.

▹ Dramatic programs
 news
programs
▹ refers to whether a
straight newscast or
commentary that is
regularly scheduled 24

that reports current

events.
 discussion
programs
▹ refers but also
expand beyond the
bounds of a pattern
of question and 25

answers and become

discussions.
games
quizzes
contests
▹ vicarious satisfaction of
people to observe/listen to
contest has been a basic
element of entertain. 26

▹ These contestants are

usually carefully screened
for certain qualities which
all make them effective
participants of games and
contests.
 women’s
programs
▹ feature news and
interviews of interest to
women, and such
homemaking features
as cooking, decorating, 27
and fashion hints.
▹ Often held on daytime,
these programs are
addressed primarily to
women, since men
rarely at home during
these hours.
 children’s
programs
▹ usually animated cartoon
programs for children with
such elements as live
animals, children’s songs
and brief educational
features on such topics as
the activities for the
28
policemen, the dentists, and
the like.
▹ Broadcasts stations also
feature a clown, a magician
or a puppeteer, often assisted
by a small studio audience
of children on television,
featuring a “kiddie talent
show”.
 teen-age
programs
▹ viewers from 12-20 watch
shows appealing to
adolescents.
▹ A small dance band,
interviews with popular
recording artists, the sight of 29
others of their own age
dancing – these are the
elements that make up the
teen-age programs.
▹ Sometimes, a person-able
emcee interviews young
people who have achieved
some measure of prominence
in sports, hobbies, or the arts.
 educational
programs
▹ produced by or in
cooperation with
educational institution
such as university,
library or museum. 30
▹ Whether on commercial
or non-commercial
channels, educational
broadcasts tend to be
either general education
shows or instructional
lessons.
informational
programs
▹ understood to be
informal explorations of
public affairs, current
events and problems, and
similar introductions to 31

the world around us.

▹ Two types most
commonly used are the
illustrated lectures and
documentary.
religious
programs
▹ presented by stations as a
public service or by
individual denomination or
churches which buy the time
to broadcasts such programs 32
as brief meditations,
modified services from the
church, discussions or
conversations based on
spiritual or ethical problem,
and syndicated religious
programs.
variety/musical
programs

▹ shows a good talent

through good songs and
dances, can even be
made to look/sound
33
better through a winning
emcee and skillful
presentation.
▹ Elaborate production
numbers on television
are made with lavish
costumes, settings, and
lighting effects.
examples of tv formats
(also common in radio):

▹ Non-dramatic programs
￭ programs that convey reality in the
form of contests, games, events, or 34

discussion.

▹ Dramatic programs
Serials/series
“
series
vs
serials
vs
anthology
35
 Characteristics
• Dramatic shows that
have a common
baseline but each
Series episode is self-contained
and can be watched
independently.
• Dramatic shows that rely
Serials
on a continuing plot.
• anthology or series from
various scripts or
different writers
Anthology presented each week,
receiving the greatest
serious critical attention.
Premise Example
Lives of Doctors
Episode 1: Doctor does surgery The Good Doctor
Episode 2: Doctor delivers baby
13 Reasons Why
Episode 3: Doctor does liposuction
Cardo’s Adventures
Episode 1: Cardo joins police Ang Probinsyano
Episode 2: Cardo attends training
The Walking Dead
Episode 3: Cardo graduates
Drama Anthology
Episode 1: Carla’s story Black Mirror
Episode 2: Lino’s story MMK
Episode 3: Jade’s story
36
 situational
comedies
▹ dramatic writing to
get the audience into
laughable
predicaments, with 37

funny antics and

humor on a half-hour
run which is
traditional length for
situational or family
comedy.
 detective
dramas
▹ whether the hero be a private
eye, a sheriff, a detective, or
a uniformed police officer,
he is one against violence on
principle but constantly
indulging in its practice. 38

▹ Also called police story or

mystery in their attempt to
avoid the loaded word
“crime”, this type of action
drama seeks to solve a
crime, prevent it, avenge it,
or to face its perpetrator to
justice.
 dramatic
specials
▹ special drama programs
produced on a monthly
or irregular basis by
such a sponsor.
39
▹ Full – length dramas or
musical dramas,
running from 90
minutes to two hours
can be seen under these
circumstances.
 new
media

▹ refers to the content

organized and distributed
on digital platforms that 40
can be accessed via
Internet or through mobile
communication.
examples of new media:

▹ Website
▹ Search Engine 41

▹ Social Media
 website

▹ a collection of
web pages and
related content
42
that is identified
by a common
domain name and
published on at
least one web
server.
 search
engine
▹ a software system that is
designed to carry out web
searches, which means to
search World Wide Web in
a systematic way for 43
particular information
specified in a textual web
search query.
▹ The information may be a
mix of links to web pages,
images, videos,
infographics, articles,
research papers, and other
types of files.
Social Media

▹ are virtual platforms by which users

can connect, communicate, and 44

share information with one another

(Agoba & Agapay, 2017).
 social
networking

▹ designed for
socializing with
friends and family 45

and to network with

professional
colleagues.
 media
sharing

▹ places to share images

and video with others.
46
 microblogging

▹ a combination of
texting and
blogging to post 47

your thoughts for

rapid
dissemination.
 blogging

▹ a place to write
articles on
virtually any
subject, both 48

personal and
business; readers
can comment and
discuss.
 bookmarking

▹ a place to collect a
series of links on a
subject to 49

showcase to
others.
 news/discussion
sites

▹ discussion sites
are a combination
of forum and a 50

bookmarking site.
 gaming
sites

▹ places where
gamers gather to
play a game 51

together or stream
playing a game to
others.
 boards/forums

▹ a message board
for discussion of a
hobby, 52

professional
interest or a
company’s
products.
hobby gathering
sites

▹ these social
networks are for
people with a 53

hobby to post
their favorites and
discuss their
passion.
anonymous
networks

▹ these social
networks are
100% anonymous 54

and are used to

discuss difficult or
unsavory subjects.
(NGL-Instagram)
other forms of media
 film/cinema/
motion picture
▹ is a visual art-form used to
simulate experiences that
communicate ideas, stories,
perceptions, feelings, beauty,
or atmosphere through the
use of moving images. 56

▹ With moving/motion pictures,

the film is able to enhance
media experience of its
consumer because of the
audio-video component
which heightens both the
sense of hearing and sense of
sight.
examples

▹ Feature films
▹ Short Films
57
▹ Alternative Films
▹ Documentary Films
 feature
films
▹ they are usually
produced by
mainstream movie
studios and have a
running time long 58

enough to be
considered the principal
or sole film to film a
program, usually 90
minutes to 120 minutes
(Khan, 2015).
 short
films

▹ they are any film with

the length of 10
minutes to 30 minutes,
59
not long enough to be
considered as feature
films.
 alternative
films

▹ they are referred as

independent films or
indie films, produced
60
by independent studio
or filmmakers.
 documentary
films

▹ they are defined as

films or TV programs
showing the facts about
61
a person or an event.
They are nonfictional
movies meant to
produce some aspects
of reality.
 advertising
media
▹ refers to the mass media
content intended to persuade
a targeted audience to take a
product, service or an idea. It
comes in different forms like
a print ad, a TV/radio plug, 62
a poster, leaflet, brochure,
or a billboard along the
highway (Khan, 2015)
media convergence
• Refers to the process
of combining print,
audio, and video into
digital form to operate
in synergy.

• Coming together of
computing,
telecommunications,
and media in a digital
environment (Bucy,
2005).
 Media Convergence
Inquirer
www.inquirer.net Inquirer Radio Inquirer FB
Newspaper

Newspaper

GMA News
GMA-7 GMA News Online GMA Pictures
Social Media

Television

65
 types of information
scholarly. professional. entertainment. opinion
 scholarly

▹ information
drawn from 67

experts.
▹ (researches to
expertise the
subject/academics
)
 professional
▹ information
includes current
news and trends
about a specific
68
industry presented
to experts and
enthusiasts by
someone with
knowledge in the
field. (reports on
developments)
entertainment
▹ a journalist, staff
writer, or content
producer may use
some entertaining
hooks in order to 69

catch attention or to
be easily
understood. (covers
current events &
pop culture)
 opinion

▹ refers to a
viewpoint,
judgement, or
statement that is 70

not conclusive; it is
wise to choose
among informed
and sound opinions.
providers of information
academic. govt. private sector. individuals.
 academic

▹ schools, colleges,
and universities that
confer academic
degrees; they are 72

dedicated to
education and
research.
 government
agencies

▹ organization under
government which
is responsible for 73

the administration
of a specific
function.
 private
sector

▹ it includes
businesses,
organizations, and 74

other players in the

economy that are
not owned or
operated by the
government.
 private
individuals
▹ those who do not
represent another
person, corporation, or 75

group; a private
individual must be
motivated to tell the
truth, to help and do the
right thing when giving
information.
sources of information
primary. secondary. tertiary
 primary
sources
▹ refers to the first-hand
accounts. These brings
us as close as possible 77

to the event, the subject,

the original idea, or the
findings of a scientific
study.
 primary
sources
▹ theses, dissertations,
diaries, interviews,
letters, speeches, 78

original works of art

and literature, historical
documents,
transcriptions, birth
certificate, and live
newsfeed.
 secondary
sources
▹ are anything that
comments on, analyzes,
or tackles a primary 79

source. The information

from primary source is
reviewed, organized, or
interpreted, often with
the help of other
secondary sources.
 secondary
sources
▹ textbooks, biographies,
critical reviews, articles
that analyzes events / 80

ideas, and criticisms /

commentaries.
 tertiary
sources
▹ are sources that usually
acts as pointers to
primary and secondary 81

sources. It gives an
overview of the topic,
but rarely contains the
original material.
 tertiary
sources
▹ dictionaries, handbooks,
tables, encyclopedias,
bibliographies, indexes, 82

and directories.
83