Grade 8 • Unit 9

Emerging and Re-Emerging

Diseases

Health
MAPEH
Central Question

How can emerging and re-emerging diseases be

prevented?

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Lesson 1

Emerging and Re-

Emerging Diseases
Caused by Bacteria

Health
MAPEH

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 Learning Target

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to analyze the
nature of emerging and re-emerging diseases.

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 Recharge

Checkup with a doctor

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Recharge

Diseases That We
Know

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 Recharge

Activity Processing

1. What are some examples of

diseases you know?
2. Why do diseases increase in
cases over the years?
3. What do you think is the
best defense against getting
infected by a disease?
Patient with illness

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Enlighten

Bacteria produce toxins and

cause diseases.

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Meningococcemia

● This disease affects the brain’s

linings (or the meninges) and
spinal cord.
● The pathogen that causes
meningococcemia is neisseria
meningitidis. It is an
opportunistic pathogen that
attacks when the person’s
immune system is weakened.

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Causes Signs and Symptoms

● Around ten percent of people ● headaches

are carriers, which means they
have these bacteria but they
are not sick.
● The bacteria are mostly found
in the throat.
● stiffness in the neck
● fever
● vomiting and a feeling of
nausea
● sensitivity of the eyes to light
● confusion

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Prevention and Management

● People who are in contact with carriers can take prophylactic

medications.

● A quick medical treatment is needed to properly manage

meningococcemia.

● The symptoms should also be managed.

● The use of respiratory support and the management of blood pressure

are common methods for treatment.

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Leptospirosis
● This is a zoonotic disease,
which is a disease that can
be passed on from animals
to humans.
● Incidences of this disease
increase notably during the
rainy season.
● Places that are prone to
flooding are most affected
by this disease.
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Causes Signs and Symptoms

● Infection occurs when a person ● fever

comes into contact with the urine ● headaches
of an infected animal.
● muscles aches
● The coil-shaped bacteria that cause
● vomiting
leptospirosis can thrive in a variety
● discoloration of skin and eyes
of habitats.
(yellowish)
● The bacteria enter the body
● rashes
through the eyes, nose, and other
membranes or with small wounds ● diarrhea

in the skin. ● stomach pain

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Prevention and Management

● The best way to prevent leptospirosis infections is to ensure that a

person is not exposed to animal urine.

● All household pets should always be trained to urinate in the proper

areas, and adequate hygiene is highly encouraged.

● During times of flooding, avoid wading into floodwaters without

protective gear.

● Treatment of this includes the use of antibiotics.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) Infections

● Incorrect use, overuse, and

underuse of these
antibiotics can lead to the
bacteria being resistant.
● MRSA infections are serious
because the pathogen
causing the disease is
resistant to known
antibiotics.

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Signs and Symptoms Prevention and
Management
There is the presence of skin sore ● The best way to prevent MRSA
or boil that can manifest as the infections is to always have
following: good hygiene.
● Regular handwashing, as well
● red and painful
as avoiding sharing personal
● pus-filled items, is encouraged.
● warm ● The use of antibiotics should
be closely monitored by a
● swollen
medical professional.

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Lesson 2

Emerging and Re-

Emerging Diseases
Caused by Viruses

Health
MAPEH

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Enlighten

Viruses attack the body by

invading cells and replicating
in them.

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Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
● This disease was first
reported in 2003 and spread
to multiple continents until
the disease was managed
and the spreading stopped.
● The last case of SARS was
reported in 2004, but
different health organizations
around the world are still on
the lookout in case the
disease re-emerges.
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Causes Symptoms

● A specific coronavirus known ● fever

as SARS-CoV causes SARS. ● flu-like signs
● respiratory infection
● This disease is transmitted
● cough
through close contact or
● low lymphocyte count
airborne routes when an
infected person coughs or
sneezes and the virus enters
the air.

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Prevention and Management

● wearing masks
● keeping the immune system healthy
● regular handwashing
● covering the nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing
● observing proper hygiene

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease

● Foot-and-mouth disease,
also known as hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, is a
common viral disease that
affects humans.
● This is not to be confused
with the similarly-named
foot-and-mouth disease or
hoof-and-mouth disease
that can infect cattle and can
rarely infect humans.
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Causes Symptoms

● A group of enteroviruses can ● loss of appetite

cause foot-and-mouth disease, ● fever
and the type varies based on ● sore throat
the location. ● blisters in the mouth or rashes
on the hands and feet
● Transmission of the virus can
● Some individuals do not show
include the transference of
symptoms until they become
bodily fluids through feces,
infectious.
direct contact, airborne route,
or fomites.

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Prevention and Management

● Proper hygiene and regular handwashing are good ways of preventing

infections.
● Washing objects touched by an infected person can prevent the virus
from spreading.
● Treatment for this disease involves methods that relieve symptoms.
● For more severe symptoms, a doctor’s advice should be sought.

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Chikungunya

Chikungunya outbreaks became

a problem in the decade of the
2000s, and the explosions
became pronounced in the year
2013.

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Causes Symptoms
● Chikungunya is caused by the
Chikungunya virus, also known
● fever
as CHIKV.
● joint pains
● The vector or carrier of this ● dengue-like signs
disease is the mosquito. ● rashes
● Chikungunya is commonly ● headaches
transmitted by mosquitoes of
the Aedes genus, the same
genus that regularly carries the
dengue virus.

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Prevention and Management

● Proper prevention of chikungunya is through preventing the outbreak

and breeding of mosquitoes.
● Insect- and mosquito-repellent sprays also help in preventing bites from
occurring.
● People infected with chikungunya should get plenty of rest, hydrate
regularly, and manage the symptoms using medications.
● Those with more severe and threatening symptoms should seek medical
attention immediately.
● They should also take extra care not to get bitten by mosquitoes to
prevent further spread of the virus.
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Avian Influenza

● This is commonly known as

bird flu.
● Humans typically are not
affected, but some cases
have been reported where
people have gotten sick with
bird flu, which makes it a
zoonotic disease.

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Causes Symptoms

● This disease is caused by the ● abdominal pain

influenza type A virus. ● dizziness and nausea
● symptoms of respiratory
● Bird flu can be passed on
illnesses
through respiratory secretions,
● flu-like signs
saliva, and feces.
● Viral entry into the human
body includes getting through
the eyes, inhalation or
ingestion, and contact with
fomites.
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Prevention and Management

● The best way of preventing infection is to avoid being exposed to the

virus.
● People regularly exposed to birds must always follow safety procedures
and wear the proper equipment.
● Keeping the immune system healthy, observing proper hygiene, and
doing regular handwashing are also recommended.

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