CHAPTER 2:

CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2.1 WHAT IS A CELL?
basic unit of living things
microscopic. Only can be
seen by using:-
MICROSCOPE
Cheek cells
Onion cells
Animal cells and plant cells
Animal cells and plant cells
Animal cells and plant cells
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
NUCLEUS control centre
CYTOPLASM medium for chemical reaction
CELL MEMBRANE movement of substance in and out
CELL WALL give definite shape
CHLOROPLAST manufacture their own food
VACUOLES act as a store
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS
SIMILAR
-have nucleus
-have cytoplasm
-have cell membrane

DIFFERENCE
Irregular shape and flexible shape Regular shape and rigid

Not have vacuole vacuole have large vacuole

Not have chloroplast chloroplast have chloroplast

Not have cell wall Cell wall have cell wall

STEPS TO
PREPARE
PLANT
CELL
STEPS TO
PREPARE
ANIMAL
CELL
E
UNICELLULAR
AND
MULTICELLULA
R ORGANISMS
 ORGANISM

UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

consist of one cell consist of many cell

only
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

chlamydomonas

hydra
amoeba

euglena
mucor

yeast
paramecium
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

chlamydomonas

hydra
amoeba

euglena
mucor

yeast
paramecium
A

B
D
THE VARIOUS
TYPE OF
HUMAN CELLS
AND TISSUES
 Red
blood
cell
White
Reproductive
cell blood
cell
Human
cells
Bone Muscle
cell cell
Nerve
cell
 Red
blood
cell

- No nucleus
- Disc shape
- Contain haemoglobin
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood tissue
Blood system
(circulatory system)
White
blood
cell

- Have nucleus
- Shape can be change (not fix)
- Kill microorganism
 Muscle
cell

- Contract and relax muscles to enable movement

muscle tissue
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Enable the
movement of
body part
Nerve
cell

- Contain long fibres

- Carry information in the form of impulse
nerve tissue
 NERVE SYSTEM

Carries message
in the form of
electrical impulses
Bone
cell
Bone tissue
Bone system
(skeletal system)
Reproductive
cell
Reproductive
system
 TYPE OF TISSUES FUNCTION
Nerve tissue Carries message in the form of
electrical impulses
Muscle Tissue Enable the movement of body
part
Epithelial Tissue Acts as a protective and secretory
layer
Connective tissue Connect a tissue with another
tissue
CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
SKELETON
SYSTEM

SISTEM
RANGKA
 DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PERNAFASAN
 BLOOD
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
PEREDARAN
DARAH
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

SISTEM
SARAF
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

SISTEM
INTEGUMEN
 TYPE OF SYSTEM FUNCTION
Circulatory system Transport oxygen and food to all parts of
the body
Nervous System Coordinate and control most nerve
activities
Respiratory system Supplies oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide
Digestive system Digest different classes of food
Skeletal system Support the body and protect the organ
Muscular system Allows body movement
Reproductive system Produce reproductive cells (sperm and
ovum)
 DEFINITION OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
process in which green plants absorb solar energy to
make food from carbon dioxide and water
FACTORS NEEDED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll
PRODUCTS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
 Glucose
-chlorophyll traps
light energy
PRODUCTS (convert to
starch)
and oxygen

- Enters through stomata

- Absorb by the roots

 (soften)
(break the cell) (remove colour)

EXPERIMENT
test for the presence
of starch in leaves
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT….
- The presence of starch can be tested using iodine
solution after the chlorophyll in the leaves is removed
- The areas containing starch will be stained blue black
when iodine solution is added
 REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT
SUNLIGHT

EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT
CARBON
DIOXIDE EXPERIMENT:
WITHOUT CHLOROPHYLL
 EXPERIMENT:
PROVE THAT
CARBON DIOXIDE
IS REQUIRED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Manipulated variable : Presence of carbon dioxide

Responding variable : Presence of starch
Constant variable : Presence of light, chlorophyll and
water
EXPERIMENT 4.1A (PAGE 88)…
1. Keep them in the dark for 2 days before starting the experiment
to make sure all remain starch used / removed

2. Potassium hydroxide pellets used to absorb all the carbon dioxide

in the conical flask A

3. Only leaf in conical flask B will turn blue black when tested with
iodine solution

4. Photosynthesis not occur in conical flask A because there are no

presence of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is required for
photosynthesis
 EXPERIMENT:
PROVE THAT
SUNLIGHT
IS REQUIRED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Manipulated variable : Presence of sunlight

Responding variable : Presence of starch
Constant variable : Presence of carbon dioxide,
chlorophyll and water
EXPERIMENT 4.1B (PAGE 89)…

1. A portion of leaf A was wrapped with black paper to make sure no

presence of sunlight on that part
2. The part of the leaf that not covered with black paper will turn to
blue black
3.