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Stress and Mohr’s circle

王士榮
國立中央大學 應用地質研究所

教材來源:董家鈞 教授
國立中央大學 應用地質研究所
本投影片學習重點
1. 瞭解應力 (stress) 以及如何計算地面下土壤垂
直與水平應力
2. 瞭解應力分析 - 摩爾圓概念 (Mohr’s circle)
3. 學會極點作圖法 (pole method)
求解任意平面上之正向應力與剪應力值
求解主應力值以及其作用方向
4. 瞭解如何表示應力變化的方法 - 應力路徑
(stress path)
5. 地表荷重對地表下土壤造成之應力增量計算
方式 ( 彈性解與 2:1 法 )
Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

What is stress
• Normal stress and shear stress
– Normal force and shear force per unit area

N T
n  n 
A A

T
A
What is stress

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

T
A
What is stress
• Normal stress
N
n 
N A

Tension stress

Compression stress

N
What is stress
• Shear stress T
n 
A

T
A
T
T

T
What is stress
• Force is a vector
• Stress ?
Stress ?

F5
F1
F4

F3

F2
Stress ?

F5

F4
F1 n  ?

n  ?
F3

F2
Stress ?

F5
F1
F4
n  ?

F3
n  ?
F2
What is stress
• Force is a vector
• Stress will varied with concerned plane
• Stress is a tensor
– Defined by three stress tractions (vector) at three
orthogonal plane
 zz
 xx  xy  xz   yz   zy
   xz   zx
 yx  yy  yz   yy
  zx  zy  zz   xx  xy   yx

F5
F4 F1
Stress ?
F3
F2
F5
F4 F1

Z v   w  z
F3
F2

h  w  z
h  w  z
Shear stress at vertical and horizontal plane = ?
Normal stress at any incline plane = ?
Hydrostatic pressure!
F5
F4 F1
Stress ?
F3
F2
F5
F4 F1

Z v   s  z
F3
F2

 h  ko   s  z

 h  ko   s  z

Shear stress at vertical and horizontal plane = ?


F5
F4 F1
Stress ?
F3
F2
F5
F4 F1

Z v   s  z
n  ? n  ? F3
F2

 h  ko   s  z

 h  ko   s  z

Normal stress and shear stress at a incline plane?


Two dimensional stress
 v   s  z  200kPa

 h  ko   s  z  h  ko   s  z  100kPa

v   s  z
 xx  xy  100 0 
  
x
 yx  yy   0 200
Two dimensional stress

100kPa
n  ?
n  ?
100kPa 200kPa

 Fx  0 100  1   n  2 / 2   n  2 / 2
 Fy  0 200  1   n  2 / 2   n  2 / 2
200kPa
 n  150kPa  n  50 kPa
Two dimensional stress
 n  ?
n  ?

 Fx  0  3  cos    n 1 cos    n 1 sin 


3  1  sin    n 1 sin    n 1 cos 
 Fy  0
1 1
 n  ( 1   3 )  ( 1   3 )  cos 2
2 2
1
n   ( 1   3 )  sin 2
2
1
Two dimensional stress
 n  ?
n  ?
1 1
 n  ( 1   3 )  ( 1   3 )  cos 2
2 2
3 1
n   ( 1   3 )  sin 2
2

x  xo  R  cos 2
y   R  sin 2
1 2 2 2
( x  xo )  y  R
Mohr’s circle ( x  xo ) 2  y 2  R 2
1 1
 n  ( 1   3 )  ( 1   3 )  cos 2
2 2
 n  ?
1
n   ( 1   3 )  sin 2
2

n  ? n
3

3 1
n
1   0o
  45o
  90o
  60o
  30o
 n  ?
Mohr’s circle ( x  xo ) 2  y 2  R 2
1 1
n  ?  n  ( 1   3 )  ( 1   3 )  cos 2
100kPa 2 2
1
n   ( 1   3 )  sin 2
2
n 200kPa

200kPa
  0o , (150  50 1,50  0)
1 3
  30o , (150  50  ,50  )
3 1 2 2
n
  45o , (150  50  0,50 1)
(175,-43.3)
1 3
  60o , (150  50  ,50  )
2 2
100kPa   90o , (150  50 1,50  0)
(125,-43.3) (150,-50)
Construct a Mohr circle
400kPa n
(200,100) R=141.4kPa

100kPa

(300-141.4,0) (300,0) (300+141.4,0)


200kPa n
n  ?
100kPa (400,-100)
n  ?
圓心?
100kPa 半徑?
最大主應力?
最小主應力?
主應力方向?
1 Pole method
n 通過 pole 的平面與 Mohr circle
相交之點即為位於該平面上之
正向應力與剪應力

3
3 1
n
pole

也就是說
100kPa 已知一平面以及位於該面上之
正向應力與剪應力
通過該點與 Mohr circle
相交點即為 pole
Pole method
1 通過 pole 的平面與 Mohr circle
n 相交之點即為位於該平面上之
正向應力與剪應力
3
pole

3 1
n

也就是說
100kPa 已知一平面以及位於該面上之
正向應力與剪應力
通過該點與 Mohr circle
相交點即為 pole
441.4

Pole method 158.6

400kPa
n  ? n
n  ?
(200,100)  n  100
 n  400
100kPa
158.6
200kPa n
441.4
100kPa (400,-100)
pole

主應力方向? 通過 pole 的平面與 Mohr circle


相交之點即為位於該平面上之
正向應力與剪應力
Example

n

pole

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

n
Example
pole

n

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

n
n
Example

n

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.
Stress path (stress state change)

 1
n

3
n
3
Stress path (stress state change)
  h
q v
2

h 1   3
v
2

v h
p
2

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.
Stress path

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.
Stress path
Stress path: loading
unloading Kf-line
1   3
q
2 LE AC K<1
K0-line K0=0.4-0.5
1   3
p K=1
2
AE K0-line 斜率為何 ?
K>1
LC Kf-line

AE : Axial Extension
AC : Axial Compression
LE : Lateral Extension Kf - line 斜率為何 ?
LC : Lateral Compression
HW4
(1) 土壤濕單位重為 17.28 kN/m3 ,土壤側向靜止土壓力係數
Ko 為 0.45 。假設地表為水平,請繪製由地表至地下 15 m
之垂直應力與水平應力分佈 ( 縱軸為深度、橫軸為應力
值)。

(2) 某土壤承受應力如下圖,請決定 (a) 土壤之最大與最小主


應力; (b) 最大與最小主應力方向。 ( 使用極點作圖法,
帶公式不予計分 )
10 50kN/m2
10
30 ° 25
HW4
(3) Draw stress paths for the following loading conditions
on a p-q diagram.
a. Initial condition . remains constant while increases
to 600 kN/m2.
b. Initial condition . and both increase with .
c. Initial condition and . remains constant while
decreases to 70 kN/m2.
Stress path of soil induced by surface loading
 v    h,  h  K o   v
  20.27kN / m3 , K o  0.4

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.
 1 Stress path of soil induced by surface loading

 3

 1  3
qs qs

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

Stress under uniform load on circular area


Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

Stress path of soil induced by surface loading

Stress under uniform load on circular area


45.73
45.73

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.

 v  q s  f ( m , n )

Read Chapter 9, pages 320-332


Simplified 2:1 method

A1
B
L
 v  qs  ( A1 / A2)
2 2
 qs  {( L  B ) /[( L  z )  ( B  z )]}
1 1

A2
當 B=L=z 時 , 垂直應力增量為地表荷重的多少倍 ?
HW5
(1) 一方形油槽荷重導致之地表垂直
應力增量,油槽長、寬各為 20 公
尺:
a. 試根據彈性解 (FIG.8.6) 計算該油
槽正下方 E,H 兩點垂直應力增量。
b. 請以 2:1 簡易法計算 E,H 兩點之
垂直應力增量值,並請與根據彈
性解所得結果比較之。
c. 根據彈性解與 2:1 簡易法計算,
大約多少深度時,垂直應力增量
已小於 10% 之油槽造成之垂直應
力增量。

Lambe and Whitman, 1979, Soil mechanics, John Wiley, New York.
HW5
(2) A uniform load of 100 kN/m2 is applied over a circular
area, 5 m in diameter, on the surface of an elastic body.
The elastic body has and K0 =0.45. Find the following
stresses at the center line at a depth of 3 m, both before
and after loading. (Using the chart for stress under
uniform load on circular area)
a. The vertical stress.
HW4
b. The horizontal stress. Chapter 9
c. The maximum shear stress. Problems 21, 28

Plot the stress path for the loading.


 1 Stress vs. Strain
n
3

n
3
 1 n  菲律賓海板塊與歐亞大陸板塊
聚合速率 ~8cm/year
3 n

Stress vs. Strain


3

Angelier, J., H. T. Chu, J. C. Lee, and J. C. Hu (2000), Active faulting and


earthquake risk: The Chihshang Fault case, Taiwan, J. Geodyn., 29, 151–185.

S.B. Yu, H.Y. Chen, L.C. Kuo, 1997, Velocity field of GPS stations in the Taiwan area, Tectonophysics, 274, 41-59.
 1 n
 菲律賓海板塊與歐亞大陸板塊
聚合速率 ~8cm/year
3 n

3
Stress vs. Strain
Angelier, J., H. T. Chu, J. C. Lee, and J. C. Hu (2000), Active faulting and
earthquake risk: The Chihshang Fault case, Taiwan, J. Geodyn., 29, 151–185.

C.P. Chang, T.Y. Chang, J. Angelier, H. Kao, J.C. Lee, S.B. Yu, 2003, Strain and stress field in Taiwan oblique convergent
system:constraints from GPS observation and tectonic data, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, 115-127
Summary
1. 瞭解應力 (stress) 以及如何計算地面下土壤垂
直與水平應力
2. 瞭解應力分析 - 摩爾圓概念 (Mohr’s circle)
3. 學會極點作圖法 (pole method)
求解任意平面上之正向應力與剪應力值
求解主應力值以及其作用方向
4. 瞭解如何表示應力變化的方法 - 應力路徑
(stress path)
5. 地表荷重對地表下土壤造成之應力增量計算
方式 ( 彈性解與 2:1 法 )
Q&A

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