PHYSIC

S STANDARD VIII

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KERALA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION ARYAD, ALAPPUZH
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka jaya he

Bharatha-Bhagya-vidhata,
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchala-Jaladhi-Taranga
Tava subha name jage
Tava subha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharatha-Bhagya-vidhata Jaya
he,jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya jaya he
 PLEDGE
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my
country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always
strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all
elders respect, and treat everyone with courtesy.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well­
being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.
 PREFACE
Textbook is the standard book, used as a tool of teaching and learning organized for
instructional purpose related with particular subject of curriculum organized for use of
students and teachers. Textbook serves as a guide for a teacher and a student as well. A
digital text is any kind of text that is electronic or digital.
Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural
and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The branch of
science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy is Physics. It
draws the attention of individuals to attain scientific literacy.
This textbook includes facts, concepts, examples and ideas with regard to Physics
t improve the quality of scientific attitude among students.

Wishing you the best.................

FATHIMA SHIRIL PT
Dpt. of Physical Science
KUCTE Aryad,
Alappuzha
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 CONTENT
CHAPTER 1

1. Sound
 1. SOUND

• What is sound?
Sound is a form of energy which gives us the
sensation of hearing

• Three essential components for a sound to be

heari
Source
Medium
Receiver

• Different type of sources of

sound Natural sources of sound
Man-made sources of
sound

• How does a sound produce?

Sound is produced by the
vibration of objects.
SIMPLE PENDULUM
-
I
The
the simple pendulum
FREQUENCY
is its frequency
PENDULUM:
-
' number of oscillations made by
in one second
OF SIMPLE

FREQUENCY
'
Unit of Frequency= Hertz (Hz)
 No. of oscillations Time(t) Frequency (/) =
(n) Number of oscillations
- - - - - -
Time
10 12 0.83
2 15 18 0.83
3 20 24 0.83

• As the length of the pendulum increases, frequency decreases

• Frequency of oscillation is depending upon the length
• There occurs a difference in sound in accordance with the increase in
frequency
 NATURAL
FREQUENCY
When a body is set into vibration,
it vibrates with a particular
frequency of its own. This
frequency is its natural frequency

Tuning fork
CHARACTERISTICS O S0UND
PITCH
The sharpness of the sound heard is the pitch. It depends on the frequency of sound.

Sound pain High pitdl Low pitch

Male voice, I
Female voic_e Female v Male voice

Cuckoo's cry, Cuckoo's cry Lion's roar

lion's roar

LOUDNESS
Loudness is the measure of audibility of a person. This depends mainly on the amplitude of vibration
and the sensory ability of the ear. The unit of loudness is decibel (dB). This is measured using a device
named decibel meter.
HEARING
DIFFICULTIES FACED BY PEOPLE WITH
IMPAIRED HEARING
• Communication
• Ability to speak
. Chance to be deceived
• Risk of accident
 THE WAYS WE SHOULD APPROACH
PEOPLE WITH IMPAIRED HEARING

• Deal with empathy

• Include them in your. work and play
• Ensure their participation ancl give due
consideration to them in all possible activities
LIMITS OF AUDIBILITY
• There is a limit to the frequency of sound that can be heard

by human beings.

• For a person with normal hearing capacity, the lower

limit of audibility is about 20 Hz and the higher limit of
audibility is about 20,000 Hz. This limit varies from
person to person.
• Sounds with frequency of less than 20 Hz are called
infrasonics
• Sounds with frequency greater than 20000 Hz are ultrasonics
Human auditory neld Ultrasounds
lnfrasounds 160 000 Frequency (Hz)
20 000 40 000

Lowest Greatest
I. Dog 67 45,000
2. Cat 45 64,000
3. ow 23 35,000
cat,
dog 4. Horse 55 33,500
5. Rat 1000 91,000
6. Bat 2000 1,23,00
0
7. Elephant 16 12.000
Goldfish 20 3.000
9. Hen 125 2000
 USES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

• Ultrasonic waves are used in the instrument SONAR {Sound

Navigation and Ranging) to measure the depth of the

ocean
• Ultrasonic waves are also used in the medical field for diagnosis

and treatment.
 Pollutio
n unhealthy to human being is
Production of sounds in a manner
noise pollution
••
"Kera/a is one of the places with the highest noise pollution in
the world. Noise affects not only our physical health but also
our mental and emotional levels. It leads to high blood
pressure, deafness, asthma and learning disability."
 Reducing noise pollution

• Use of air horns in vehicles is prohibited by law.

• Box type loudspeakers must be used in place
of h o rn typ e lo u d sp e a ke .
• Ensure that silencers in vehicles work properly.
• Plant as many trees as possible to minimise
noise pollution, Trees can reduce loudness of
sound by absorbing sound energy.
• Loudspeakers should not be used in public
p aces before 6 am and after 10 pm
ollutlor1 Do n t make sou ds above S? d B i

-
premises of hospitals, educational
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