INTRODUCTION

DEFINATION
Counselling is a purposeful
reciprocal relationship between two
people in which one a trained helps
the other to change himself or his
environment.
-According to
Shostorm and brammer
MEANING OF COUNSELLING
Counselling is a process of changing one's
cognitive, affective and behavioural orientation s
that can help an individual from abnormal
destructive behaviors normal constructive behavior
PRINCIPLES OF
COUNSELING

FOLLOW THE AV AIDS

AIMS OF COUNSELING

FOLLOW THE AV AIDS

GOALS OF COUNSELING
1) Achievement of positive mental health

2) Problem resolution

3) Counselling for decision making

4)Improving personal effectiveness

5) Help change

6)Behaviour modification
TYPES OF COUNSELING

FOLLOW THE AV AIDS

DIRECTIVE COUNSELING
In this counselling the counsellor plays an
active role as it is regarded as a means of
helping people how to learn to solve their
own problem.
STEPS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

Analysis

Synthesis

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Counselling
Merits of Directive Counseling
Time saving and economical
Gives happiness to the counselee as he
Jets a solution to this problem.
Time saving and economical
Emphasis is on the intellectual rather
than the emotional aspect
Emphasis is on the intellectual rather
than the emotional aspect.
Demerits of Directive counselling
•Make him helpless
•kills the initiative
•Does not guide counselee to be
efficient and confident.
•Undemocratic
•Made dependent
•Make him helpless
Non- directive counselling

In this approach, Counselors role is

passive. It is a counselee centered or
client centered humanistic approach.

It helping clients to understand

and comprehend their own
emotions ,past , and present actions
and values
STEPS OF NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELING
Establishing Rapport

Exploration of problem

Exploration of the cause of the

problem

Find out alternative solution

Termination of the session

Follow up
Merits of Non Directive
counselling
•Relives tension .

•Freedom of the individual

 Demerits of Non Directive
Counselling

•Time consuming
•All the problems can not be sorted
out. through talking.
Eclectic Counselling
It based on the fact that all individual different
from one another. No single approach Can
there fore, be applied, to each and both
directive and non-directive which may be
considered useful for purpose of modifying
the ideas and attitude of the client.
Steps Of Eclectic Counselling
Diagnosis of the causes

Analysis of the problem

Preparation of a plan

Interviewing and stimulating a client

Proper handling of any related problem

GROUP COUNCELLING

Group counseling is a technique where a

group of persons are counseled by applying
group interaction method for all purpose of
arriving at a solution to the problem of the
group.
Steps Of Group Counselling
Selection of participant

Starting the session

Orientation towards discussion

Checking the unwanted behavior

Assisting in decision making

Closing of the session

Follow up
TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING

TESTING TECHNIQUES
NON TESTING
TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQUES

Interview
Observation
case study
NON TESTING TECHNIQUES Cumulative records
Questionaries

Rating scale
Anecdotal record
Interview
It is heart of the Counseling in which Counselor and Counselee
meet to face and conduct a formal talk with a definite purpose.

Types of interview
Employment interview
Admission interview
Informative interview
Counselling interview
Observation

It provides opportunity to collect data for those areas which

cannot be explored in interview such as attitude, behavior,
physical characteristics, counselor make the observation
either by participative observation on by no Participative
technique of observation.
Cumulative record

cumulative record consists of Significant and comprehensive

educational back ground, attendance and disciplinary information
about the individual student Over the period of Years.

Anecdotal record

Anecdotal records are verbal snap. shots of a incident related to

students, behavior usually maintained by the nursing faculty about
events which are significant for the evaluation of the student care
should be taken to record the incident carefully as it has happened.
personal dairy:-provides information about the students daily
routine, his likes and dislikes, behavior, towards others, and personal
views forwards Certain things.

Sociometry:-It is a useful tool to explore the kind of relationship a

student has with others, his level of Social acceptability among
colleague and Social distance among the group of Students in a class.
Data obtained by Sociometry can be useful to identify difficulties in
Social adjustment and a plan can be mate for social guidance and
counseling of the particular student
Checklist:- It is basically used to identify the
expressed Problem or interest.

Rating scale:-It is used to rate certain

qualities or characteristics in a student .

Health record :- Provide information about

the health status of a student
TESTING TECHNIQUE OF COUNSELLING
• PSYCHOLOGIAL TEST
• OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE
• SELF REPORT TECHNIQUE
• MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUE
Psychological Tests

psychological tests are designed to assess the people such

their abilities, attitudes, motivations, interest, needs and
values.

Intelligence test

Ability test

Achievement test

 Aptitude test
Intelligence tests

Intelligence has been one of the Popular psychological terms used in

identify individual differences. It has helped to explain that people
differ from each other in their ability to understand complex ideas or
to learn from experience.
•-
Aptitude Tests

Aptitude is thought of as a natural tendency, special

ability or capacity on cluster of abilities often these
natural their suitability abilities are looked at in
relationship to a persons headiness to learn for
Particular career.
Achievement test
Achievement is what one successful accomplishes in an
area of study/activity/ domain. In the case of Students, it
may be Conceptualized as successful learning of the
assigned educational material. Such learning is usually
demonstrate teachers and others. either through a written
examination .
 Journal Abstract
• The effectiveness of counselling on anxiety
and depression by minimally trained
counsellors: a randomized controlled trial

Authors: Badar Sabir Ali , Mohammad H Rahbar, Shifa

Naeem et al.

Design: A randomized controlled trial.

Results: A significant reduction was found between the

mean anxiety and depression scores of the two groups (p
value = 0.000).
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