SEMINAR PRESENTATION

By:
Ms. S. Ruth Shyla
MSc. Nursing 1st year
JMJ College of Nursing, Sanathnagar,
Hyderabad
COUNSELING SERVICES
 CONTENT

1. COUNSELING

2. COORDINATION AND ORGANIZATION OF

SERVICES

3. TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNSELOR

5. PROBLEMS IN COUNSELING

6. COUNSELLOR PREPARATION

7. LATEST TRENDS AND ISSUES IN COUNSELING

 INTRODUCTION

COUNSELING is the heart of Guidance Programme. As we know, the proper functioning of the body depends upon the proper

functioning of the heart. In the same way, either the success or failure of the Guidance Programme depends on the Counseling

services. Thus, counseling services form the heart of Guidance and Counseling program.
 MEANING OF COUNSELING

• Counseling refers to the process in which the individual is approached at an individual level i.e person-to-person approach is

maintained to help them in various aspects of his/her life such as educational, vocational, personal and psychological areas.

• Counsling services pays attention to the individual’s needs, abilities, aims, aspirations, plans, decissions, actions, problems and

limitations.
 DEFINITIONS

“COUNSELING is defined as constitution, mutual interchange of opinions; deliberating together.“

-Webster

“COUNSELING is the helping relationship that includes someone seeking help, someone willing to help who is capable and trained

to help in a setting that permits help to be given and received. “

-Cornier and Hackney

“Basically Counseling involves understanding and working with the individual to discover the unique needs, determine their

potentials to motivate, appreciate and help them solve their problems. “

-Bermard and Fullmer

“COUNSELING is an accepting, trusting and safe relationship in which the client learns to discuss freely what is upsetting them,

define their goals, acquire essential skills, develop courage and self-confidence to implement desired new behaviors. “

-Vedanayagam(1988)
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. To bring out desired changes in the individual and ensure self-realization.

2. To provide assistance to solve problems through an intimate/personal relationship.

3. To achieve positive mental health.

4. To help individuals resolve their problems.

5. To improve personal effectiveness.

6. To maximize individual freedom to choose and act within the conditions.

7. To identify and help those in need of support.

PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
TYPES OF COUNSELING SERVICES
ELEMENTS OF COUNSELING
BASIC STEPS IN COUNSELING
PHASES OF COUNSELING
 PHASE 1 : Establish relationship

It is an ice breaking session during which the counselor and counselee introduce each other and establish primary rapport.

STEPS: 1. Begin with adequate skills

2. Introducing yourself

3. Listen attentively

4. Talk with name of the client

5. Ensure client comfort

6. Don’t interrupt client talking

7. Observe for non-verbal communication

8. Establish healthy relationship

 PHASE 2 : Assessment

The second phase is basically data collection phase. The counsellor motivates the client to freely talk about their problems.

STEPS:

1. Observe the client for non-verbal communication

2. Enquire to collect information

3. Recording or documentation

4. Making guesses

5. Systematic organization of data collected

 PHASE 3: Setting goals

During this phase the counsellor and the counselee together try to think about ways to work for solving the problem.

STEPS:

1. Drawing inference, sort for problem solving methods

2. Teaching counselee to think realistically and effectively

 PHASE 4: Intervention

This is also known as Operational phase. The counselor suggests possible and best ways in which the counselee problem can be

solved.

STEPS:

1. The problem identified will be solved by individual participation i.e through individuals own thoughts and capabilities.

2. Counselor should be ready to change the interventions if necessary.

 PHASE 5: Termination and Follow up

• This is the final stage where Counseling comes to an end. The termination will be planned and informed to the counselee before

hand to make them feel comfortable at the departure and gradually be able to handle the problems independently.

• Some follow up sessions may be required to help the counselee further to solve their problems on their own.
TYPES OF COUNSELING APPROACHES
TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
 NON-TESTING TOOLS

a) INTERVIEWS ▪ Non-testing tools are the method of collecting data or

information from the client without using psychological tests.

b) OBSERVATION

▪ These are the tools developed by the counsellor themselves

c) ANECDOTAL RECORDS
to collect relevant and required information from client and
d) CUMMULATIVE RECORDS
their significant others.

e) AUTOBIOGRAPHY/DIARY
▪ These tools are constructed in such manner that make

f) RATING SCALES sense to the counsellor as well as to be able to collect in-

g) CHECK LISTS depth information that helps in accurate assessment.

h) SOCIOMETRY
a) INTERVIEWS

• Interviews are one of the basic and oldest methods of data

collection.

• Information can be collected from individual, family members

and significant others.

• This consists of asking open-ended questions to converse

with the respondents to collect the subjective data.

• This method permits flexibility, clarity, and also gives a

chance to the counsellor for observation(non verbal ques).

b) OBSERVATION

• Observation, combined with or without interview is another

method of data collection.

• It includes a careful study of client’s behaviour in general or in a

particular situation.

• It is done with a purpose of studying the action-reaction

behaviour to understand the underlying cause of the client’s

behaviour.

• Sometimes, observations are done with one-sided view glass

without the client’s knowledge(indirect observation) to capture

natural responses or done directly with client in the field(direct

observation)
c) ANECDOTAL RECORDS

• Anecdotal records are the detailed documentation of

important events or incidents regarding the client.

• The recordings are done in truest and closest form of the

description of the incident by the client’s verbal statements

or while observation of the client by the counsellor.

• These records help in understanding the incidents/ events in

an objective manner to deal in an impartial way.

d) CUMULATIVE RECORDS

• Cumulative records are the significant records of an

individual’s attitude and behaviours at an institution or

organization.

• They record the achievements and performances of the

individuals which help in understanding the person’s abilities

as well as the problems that he/she may be having in giving

their best.
e) CHECK LISTS

• These are used basically to identify the expressed problems

or interests of the counselee.

• This tool has a set criteria or questions that are used to

assess and evaluate the individual’s attitudes, behaviours

and problem areas during a counselling session.

f) RATING SCALE

• Rating scales are used to assess the individual’s

characteristics viz., truthfulness, honesty, attitude, reliability,

general behaviours and performance and special traits in

terms of quality and quantity.

g) SOCIOMETRY

• Sociometry is a tool that is used to study the interpersonal

relationships and the interactions between individuals and

groups.

• This measures the attractions and repulsions among the

people.
h) AUTOBIOGRAPHY/ DIARY

• These are also very helpful in gathering in depth information

about individuals/ students.

• Students must be encouraged to keep diaries.

 PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

• Psychological tests are a series of tests conducted by a

a) PERSONALITY TESTS
trained member ( counsellor/ psychologist) to gather

b) ACHIEVEMENT TESTS information about how and what a person thinks, feels,

c) ATTITUDE TESTS behaves and reacts.

d) APTITUDE TESTS • In other words these tests are used to measure an

individual’s traits (introversion, extroversion, aggression etc)

e) INTELLIGENCE TESTS
cognition, memory, recognition and responses.
f) NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

g) PROJECTIVE TESTS
 Purposes Of Psychological Tests

✓ To understand the major personality traits of the individual.

✓ To understand the relationship between the personality traits and the behavioural patterns of the individual.

✓ To serve as a basis for counselling programme.

✓ To identify the problem areas.

✓ To identify the areas of interests and strengths of the individual.

✓ To predict the potentials of the individuals for the right placements in academic and vocational areas.
❖ PERSONALITY TESTS: These tests are used in assessing personality traits/ qualities of an individual viz., Loyalty, kindness,

devotion, self-control, integrity, tolerance etc.

❖ ACHIEVEMENT TESTS: These tests are used to assess what a person has achieved or learnt.

❖ ATTITUDE TESTS: These tests are used to assess the attitude of the person towards other individuals, ideas, philosophies,

customs, traditions etc.

❖ APTITUDE TESTS: These tests are used to assess the capability or efficiency of a person in a specific job in performing certain

tasks on a certain level.

❖ INTELLIGENCE TESTS: These are used to measure a variety of mental functions viz., IQ level, reasoning, comprehension,

judgement etc.
❖ NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS: These tests are used to assess individual’s sensory-motor functions, memory, attention,

problem-solving skills, mood, language etc.

❖ PROJECTIVE TESTS: These tests are used to assess the spontaneous responses or the creative and imaginary abilities of the

individual. Eg: inkblot test, first thought test, incomplete sentences, etc.
CO-ORDINATION AND ORGANIZATION OF SERVICES
• Coordination and organization of services means to make required arrangements to make Counseling services available for all

the individuals in need of help during crisis situation which could be regarding job related problems, health problems, financial

problems, personal or familial problems, educational problems etc.

• Thus, there is an urgent need of introducing and strengthening the Counseling services in schools, colleges, universities and

other work places to meet the various needs of individuals.

 NEED AND PURPOSES OF COUNSELING SERVICES

1. To help in overall development of the individual.

2. To help one to make proper choices regarding education, careers etc.

3. For vocational development.

4. To be able to make choices readily and be able to accept changes and new challenges.

5. To reduce mismatches between education and employment.

6. To help freshers establish their own identity.

7. To bring out individuals out or turmoil and confusion.

8. To help special individuals such as vulnerable and challenged persons with new and special opportunities.

9. To understand individual’s difficulties and guide them dealing with it.

Contd…

10. To identify the training needs of individuals as well as the staff.

11. To post right person’s to right jobs.

12. To facilitate communication between staff and other departments.

13. To establish and promote healthy relationships between staff members.

14. To train the staff to be able to identify the disturbances in behaviors at early stage and to be able

to manage it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING SERVICES

Person-to-
person
relationship
Discover Democratic
problems

Respect & Trained

Dignity professional

Self-direction Promote self-

acceptance

Solve
independently
INGREDIENTS OF COUNSELING SERVICES
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COUNSELING SERVICES
COMPONENT 1: Organizational set-up
 COMPONENT 2: Counseling centers
Counseling centers are departments present in schools, colleges and job areas or elsewhere that provides mental health and

other services. These centers are made available in all sectors as there is a raise in mental health issues among the population.
SERVICES PROVIDED:

1. Individual counseling

2. Group counseling

3. Organizing awareness programmes on Mental illness and it’s awareness.

4. Conduct lectures, workshops, dramas, etc.

5. Testing and assessment to assist students and individuals to achieve self-knowledge, personal and professional growth.

6. Intervention facilities to facilitate adjustments in life.

7. Consultation, collaboration, advocacy and programme coordination to students, staff, administrators and
parents/caregivers.

8. Network with nearby schools, colleges, industries, etc for consultation services.
 Examples:
PRIVATE COUNSELING CENTRES:

• CIMHANS Institute of Mental health, Nizampet.

• Mamatha foundations, Surya Nagar, Alwal.

• New life Counseling centers, Jubilee hills.

• Dawn Organization, Dilshuknagar.

GOVERNMENT COUNSELING C ENTERS:

• Sri chowdeshwari Mahila Mandal, Ananthapur .

• People action for Social service, Chittoor.

• Rayalaseema NGO, Kadapa.

• Grama vikas Voluntary Organization, kurnool.

• Praja Pragathi Seva Sangam, Machilipatnam.

 COMPONENT 3: Counseling Committee

• Administrator

• Principal/ Dean

• Counseling officer/ Liaison officer

• Counseling personnel/ Counselor

• Vocational guidance officer

• Teacher/ Faculty members

• Hostel warden/Librarian

• Medical staff

• Student representatives

• Parents/ Guardians
 COMPONENT 4: Tools

The tools used at Counseling centers include interviews, observation, case study, cumulative records, sociometry, questionnaires,

anecdotal records, psychological tests etc.

 COMPONENT 5: Requirements for Counseling services
• Physical Facilities viz., rooms, furniture, equipment needed

• Counseling officers room/department

• Trained personnel

• Planned programs

• Consultant services

• Evaluation instruments viz., psychological tests, inventory etc

• Student/ employee data bank

• Educational and vocational information

• Educational programmes for staff and other personel

• Budgetary provision
FORMS OF COUNSELING SERVICES
Various Institutional level counseling services
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Counseling services are now made available at all educational institutions such as schools, colleges and universities. The main aim

of this is to help students adjust to their educational environment.

Students face problems in adjusting to their school or college life and sometimes may be unable to cope with the educational

stress. So Counseling services help them overcome their problems and better adjust to their school/ college environment.
OBJECTIVES:

To know about the academic progress of students.

To enable students acquainted with the curriculum.

To identify students who are academically weak.

To help students with information about higher education.

To identify students with learning difficulties.

To help students overcome problems they face in educational institutions.

Educational counseling services at 3 levels:

Elementary stage: At this stage student is just a beginner and they may not need any specialized Counseling services. At this

stage the main focus is only to develop positive outlook towards education and prepare students for secondary stage.

Secondary stage: At this stage Counseling services may be necessary. The main aims during this stage are to help students select

right curriculum, motivate students so that they can make progress in their education in right manner.

Higher stage: At this stage Counseling services become mandatory so as to guide students in their education, provide information

regarding higher studies, career counseling, personal and other Counseling services may also be needed.
COUNSELLING PERSONNEL AND THEIR ROLES(institution level)
PRINCIPAL TEACHERS COUNSELLOR

Recognize the need for the Co-ordinate with students, Availability of full time
counselling services. counsellor and the Principal counsellors at institutions

Provide facilities and Encourage and support to be Pupil appraisal and emotional
finances required given where and when ever encouragement
needed

Co-ordinate with the staff Motivate students to develop Helping them deal with financial,
members positive attitudes towards academic, emotional, mental
counselling and social problems

Give adequate and rightful - Arrangement of referral services

publicity of the counselling
programmes

Evaluate the programme - Maintaining records and ensure

outcomes evaluation and follow-ups
NURSING INSTITUTIONS:

• As a part of Guidance and Counseling services Nursing

institutions have successfully implemented “Teacher

Guardian Programme” where each nursing faculty is given

charge of 10 students.

• Periodic meetings are to be conducted along with the

parents to assess the student’s performance as well as

health to ensure overall development.

 COLLABORATING WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS

• Any counselling programme can’t be successful with counsellor alone. It has to have support from various other departments/

agencies.

• The other departments along with the counsellor has to recognize the need for counselling and must provide support in carrying

out the counselling service. Help can be financial, logistic, coordinating with other members and explaining them the needs and

benefits of this programme in order to make it more effective.

EXAMPLE: for the counselling of student nurses, requires support from Nursing superintendent as well as College authorities, other

Medical departments, Mental health department (for consultation in case of need), Administrative department and other Social

welfare agencies within or outside the organization.

 TECHNIQUES IN COUNSELLING SERVICE

• Qualitative assessment techniques are commonly used to provide a border, variable and more subjective approach of data

collection and interpretation.

• There are various methods of qualitative assessment techniques used by the counsellor but we will be discussing two important

and widely used methods , they are:

a) INTERVIEW METHOD

b) CASE STUDY METHOD

 INTERVIEW METHOD

DEFINITIONS:

“ Interview is a procedure designed to obtain information from a person’s oral response to oral inquiries.”

- Garry Dessler

“ Interviews are referred to as a conversation-with-purpose which establishes direct relationship between the interviewer and

interviewee. “

- Thrill & Bovee

TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
STEPS IN COUNSELLING INTERVIEWS
 ADVANTAGES OF COUNSELLING INTERVIEWS

✓ It is a best technique to gain information about an individual.

✓ It is more like a conversation so the interviewee/ counselee feels more relaxed and comfortable.

✓ It is a cost effective process and is easy to conduct.

✓ It helps the interviewer/ counsellor to gain insight to be able to solve their problems.

✓ It can be practised on an illiterate person as well.

✓ It can be used for a variety of purposes.

 DISADVANTAGES OF COUNSELLING INTERVIEWS

• It is subjective and a time consuming process.

• It needs experts to conduct the session.

• In some cases it is difficult to interpret the results.

• Interviewee/ counselee ’s mood may change during the sessions (due to questions asked) that can alter the desired outcomes.

• It is conducted in artificial setting.

 CASE STUDY METHOD

CASE STUDY is basically studying about the individual in detailed manner. It is a systematic process that aims at complete and

intense study of the individual, family, background, emotional, mental and environmental aspects.

DEFINITION:

“Case study method is a synthesis and interpretation of information about a person and his/her relationship to the environment

collected by a means of many techniques.”

- Ruth Strang
 STEPS OF A GOOD CASE STUDY

Identify
CASE Locate the Data Measures Evaluation
Hypothesis problem &
STUDY case collection factors to solve & follow-up
 TYPES OF CASE STUDY

COLLECTIVE DESCRIPTIVE EXPLAINATORY

EXPLORATORY INTRINSIC

INSTRUMENTAL
 ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

✓ Forms the basis for diagnostic findings and treatment, clarifies the problem areas, gives points for discussions, helps in

differentiating between practical and organic difficulties of the individual.

✓ Useful in conducting research studies about various topics as it has an extensive data about the clients.

✓ This method widely helps especially students to make adequate and required adjustments where ever needed.

✓ This is also very useful for the social workers.

 DISADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

• It is a subjective technique : the method only highlights the person’s problems, ideas, plans, values etc from his/her own

perspective.

• It is a very time consuming process.

• It is very difficult to process as the participants may not co-operate all the time.

• Only experts can interpret the results of this method.

THE COUNSELLOR
 INTRODUCTION

• By increasing demand of counselling services due to rise in problems in each aspect of an individual’s life there is an increased

demand for a full time counsellor at every institution.

• The counsellor needs to devote his/her time in dealing with the situations of the members of the institution and also plan

preventive and facilitative services.

• The “ National Vocational Guidance And Counselling Association” has listed certain qualities for the counsellor such as patience,

interest, emotional stability, sensitiveness etc among others.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD COUNSELLOR
 COUNSELLOR SKILLS

• Sit squarely, openness, lean forward, eye contact, relaxed.

BEHAVIOURAL

• Careful listening to words, phrases, volume, pitch, timing of the

LISTENING client.

ATTENTION • Avoid distractions, mind wandering, focus on the client.

• Observe for non-verbal ques such as facial expressions, gestures

OBSERVATION and body language

• Clarity, concreteness, restatement, paraphrasing, open-ended-

COMMUNICATION questions.
 ROLE OF A COUNSELLOR
In the process of counselling the counsellor plays a significant role. The effectiveness of counselling programme depends on the

efficiency of the counsellor. Thus, their job is relatively difficult. The counsellor needs training, awareness, skill, devotion, etc.

The following are the role/ duties of a Counsellor:

• Organize programmes of guidance and counselling.

a

b • Orientation to counselling services and programmes.

• Data collection ( reg, organization and its members)

c

d • Conduct counselling interviews.

e • Contact other departments and agencies.

f • Help students change their behaviours through learning

 • Provide information to clients about concepts and help decision making
g

• Recognize the skills of individuals and enable to use them efficiently

i

• Arrange for educational visits

j

• Refer any mentally abnormal cases to psychiatrists or psychologists

k

• Maintain up-to-date data and ensure its confidentiality

l

• Administer psychological tests as required

m

• Help student job placements and student performance appraisals

n

• Organize and monitor counselling committee

o

• Organize talks from experts for pupils

p
 COUNSELLOR PREPARATION

EXPERIENCE PERSONAL PHYSICAL

EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION
2years of PREPARATION
PREPARATION Understanding, Good physical
experience in
self-awareness, setup, adequate
Have a Master’s teaching/
distancing, calm
psychological
or Bachelor’s counselling. 1
health, empathy, and safe
degree in year experience in approachability, environment,
teaching and any counselling trustworthy and adequate privacy,
behavioural program/social empathy
science viz., activities
M.Ed, M.A, M.Phil
with a diploma in
counselling
courses.
PROBLEMS IN GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING
 CURRENT TRENDS IN COUNSELLING SERVICES (2021)

In an article “Impact of new technologies on the practise of psychotherapy and counselling” by author Sir. Michael Blumenfield

(American Counselling Association), explores certain latest trends in counselling services and mental health services. They are:

ꞝ Digital therapy: counselling services through e-mails, chat rooms, websites, search engines has begun its sway.

ꞝ Transcultural counselling: counselling services becoming more sensitive towards cultures and their diversities, diverse spiritualities and

ethnicity of individuals

ꞝ Expanded roles: into work places, geriatric, schools etc

ꞝ Trauma counselling: for the victims post an emotional trauma viz., rape, PTSD, amputation, death, losses etc

ꞝ Virtual augmented therapy: this is a part of medical counselling where the certain apps detect the individual’s mood and provide the

motivational counselling. Used especially for psychologically effected patients.

ISSUES FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING IN NURSING
ROLE OF A NURSE IN COUNSELLING
 SUMMARY

❑ COUNSELING

❑ COORDINATION AND ORGANIZATION OF SERVICES

❑ TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING

❑ CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNSELOR

❑ PROBLEMS IN COUNSELING

❑ COUNSELLOR PREPARATION

❑ LATEST TRENDS AND ISSUES IN COUNSELING

 CONCLUSSION

Counselling service is the discussion and resolution of the problem in a most effective manner with standard objectives thus

enabling the individual or pupil to develop self-confidence, self-control and sense of organization. It has now become an integral

part of nursing education. Therefore nursing faculty must take responsibility of training students and assist them in overall

personality development.
 REFERANCES

1) Baswanthappa. BT “Nursing Education” 1st edtn, New Delhi; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) ltd: 2004. page no’s : 593-627

2) KP. Neeraja “Textbook of Nursing Education” 1 st edtn, Haryana; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (p) ltd: 2003. page 447-494.

3) Kanakalakshmi.S “communication and educational technology” 1 st edtn, Hyderabad; Florence publications: 2008. pages 43-60.

4) Sankaranarayan B, Sindhu B “Learning and Teaching nursing, Knakanadi; Brainful publishers: 2003. pages 242-271.

5) I. Clement “ Textbook of communication educational technology” 1 st edtn. Bangalore; EMMESS Medical publishers: 2008. pages 78-90.

6) Kaur amanpreet “A Textbook of Psychology” 1st edtn. Jalandhar; s. Vikas & Co. Publishers: 2010. pages 276-283.

7) Gelso, C.J., Williams, E.N. & Fretz, B. (2014). Counseling Psychology (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

8) Woolfe, Ray, et al. “Counselling Psychology in Context.” Handbook of Counselling Psychology, 2nd ed., Sage Publications, 2003 , p. 4.

9) http://www.wikipeadia.org/