CVE 723

Hydrology &
Hydraulics

04/15/2024 Prepared by AD Mohammed 1

 Textbooks
1. Hydrology and Hydraulic Systems by Gupta, R.
S., 4th Edition, Waveland Press, Inc.

2. Urban Drainage Design Manual – Hydraulic

Engineering Circular No. 22, 2nd Edition

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 Objectives
i. To understand the fundamentals concepts of
the occurrence and movement of water in
nature and its relation to engineering
structures.
ii. To apply different methods of hydrological
principals to analyze river flow, land use
change, flood or pollution movement, etc.
iii. To be able to apply hydrological principles in
design and analysis of real world civil
engineering structures by using models, etc.
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 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. The hydrological cycle
3. Precipitation formation, occurrences and
measurement
4. Catchment and water balance concept
5. Surface runoff and movement: mechanism, factors and
stream flow measurement
6. Open Channel Flow
7. Urban Drainage Systems
8. Design of Roadway Drainage System
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• Hydrology
Hydrology deals with the waters of the earth, their
distribution and circulation, their physical and
chemical properties, and their interaction with the
environment, including interaction with living things
and, in particular, human beings.

• Engineering Hydrology
Engineering hydrology includes those segments of
the field pertinent to design and operation of
engineering projects for the control and use of
water.
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Practical Applications of Hydrology
• Erosion and sediment control
• Design and operation of hydraulic structures
• Water supply
• Wastewater treatment and disposal
• Irrigation and drainage design
• Hydropower generation
• Flood control
• Navigation
• Salinity control
• Recreational use of water
• Fish and wildlife protection

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Hydrologic cycle (Water cycle)
• The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which
water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to
the land and back to the sea. Water on earth exists in a
space called the hydrosphere which extends about 15 km
up into the atmosphere and about 1 km down into the
lithosphere, the crust of the earth. Water circulates in the
hydrosphere through the maze of paths constituting the
hydrologic cycle.

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 Water Cycle
The physical processes involved in hydrologic cycle are
 Evaporation
 Condensation
 Sublimation
 Precipitation
 Transpiration,
 Interception,
 Infiltration,
 Percolation and
 The runoff
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Physical Processes in hydrologic cycle cont.
Evaporation
• Water evaporates from the oceans and the land surface due to the
heat energy provided by the solar radiation to become part of the
atmosphere.
Evapotranspiration
• Evaporation from the land surface is accompanied by transpiration
by plants. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from aerial parts
of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and fruits.
Transpiration is a side effect of the plant needing to open its stomata
in order to obtain carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis.
Precipitation
• Water vapor is transported and lifted in the atmosphere until it
condenses and precipitates on the land or the oceans as rain, snow,
hail, sleet etc. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate
as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands
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 Interception by vegetation and depression storage
A part of the precipitated water may be intercepted by vegetation or
temporarily retained in the soil in surface depressions (depression
storage) near where it falls and is ultimately returned to the
atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration by plants.
Infiltration and percolation
A portion of the water that reaches the ground enters the earth’s
surface through infiltration. Some part of it then penetrates further
into the ground to reach the ground water table (percolation).
Subsurface flow and base flow
A part of the infiltrated water flows laterally through the unsaturated
soil (subsurface flow). Lateral movement of groundwater in the
saturated zone is known as base flow. Some groundwater stays close
to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers etc.) and the ocean. Some ground water finds openings
in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs.
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Surface runoff
A portion of the precipitated water flows over the soil
surface (surface runoff). Initially it is a thin layer of
sheet flow known as overland flow. Ultimately it
reaches minor channels (gullies, rivulets etc.), flows
to major streams and rivers, and finally reaches an
ocean. Sometimes, surface runoff flows into closed
water bodies (i.e. lakes).
Snowmelt
Snow packs in warmer climates often melt when
spring arrives, and the melted water flows overland
as snowmelt
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Specific human activities that have an impact on Hydrology

1. Forestation and deforestation

2. Grazing and agriculture

3. Urbanisation

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Precipitation
Precipitation
Different Forms of Precipitation:
1. Rain
• Light Rain
• Moderate Rain
• Heavy Rain
2. Snow
3. Sleet
4. Hail
5. Drizzle
6. Snow Grain
7. Ice Crystals
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Rain Gauge and Types of Rain Gauges

A rain gauge is a meteorological instrument used

to measure the liquid precipitating in a given
amount of time per unit area. It is also known
as an udometer, pluviometer, or
ombrometer.

Types of Rain Gauges

• Non-Recording Type Rain Gauge
• Recording Type Rain Gauges

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FIG. 2: Non-Recording Type Rain Gauge

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Recording Type Rain Gauges
(I) Weighing bucket type

(II) Tipping bucket type

(III) Floating or natural syphon type rain gauge

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FIG. 3: Weighing bucket type

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FIG. 4: Tipping bucket type

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FIG. 5: Floating or natural Syphon type rain gauge

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Advantages of Recording type rain fall
over non Recording type rain gauge:
• Rain fall is recorded automatically and hence
no attender is necessary.
• By using automatic rain gauge records the
intensity of rain fall, where as in the case of
non automatic rainfall rain gauges, only rain
fall depth is measured.
• Rain fall is recorded automatically, that’s why
it can be placed even inaccessible points also.
• Human errors are avoided.
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Disadvantages of Recording type rain fall over non Recording type rain gauge:

• It is costly.

• Fault may be developed in electric and

mechanical mechanism for recording the
readings.

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