BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KR Road, VV Puram , Bangalore-560004 (2023-2024)

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI
PROJECT PHASE -1
18CVP78
A synopsis on
IMPROVEMENT OF STABILIZED ADOBE

PRESENTED BY:
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF:
DARSHAN K B - 1BI20CV032 K V MAHESH CHANDRA
JAYA PRAKASH T C - 1BI20CV045 Assistant Professor
LEPAKSHA B G - 1BI20CV056 Department of Civil Engineering
LIKHITHRAJ D R - 1BI20CV057 Bangalore Institute of Technology
 CONTENT:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE SURVEY

3. OVERALL SUMMARY

4. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

5. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

6. METHODOLOGY
7. REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
• The soil has been the most abundantly available construction material for use
in human society, and it has been considered the primary material for any
form of construction.

• Local availability and ease of handling make it one of the most energy-
efficient, cost-effective, and reliable building materials for any structure.

• Due to its high thermal mass, the energy demand of buildings and the energy
input required in the production and transportation of the material is
inherently low; hence, SSA is environmentally sustainable.
• Stabilized Adobe is a building material which is more appropriate in
case of rural house construction.

• It is estimated that 30–50% of the world population, mainly inhabiting

parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, still live in earthen structures.

• We are using Bamboo fiber, Palm fiber, Neem fiber, & Synthetic termite
saliva for Stabilized Adobe to make it stable.

• The performances of SSAs is to be studied by conducting the following

tests- Dry Density, Wet Compressive Strength (WCS), and Dry Compressive
Strength (DCS), Water Absorption (WA), Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA).
 LITERATURE SURVEY
SL. TITLE OF YEAR OF
PUBLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS
NO PAPER PUBLICATION AUTHORS
1. Performance of Mechanized Pugged Soil Stabilized Adobe
1. By - Tejaswini
Performance G, Veeresh R,
MATERIALS 2022Annapurna
Jagadish B.P,•Jagadish K.S
Mechanised pugged (grinding)
of TODAY: K.S, SSAs was better than the
Materialstoday
Mechanized Proceedings,
PROCEEDIN Volume Tejaswini
65, part2, 2022, Manuallly
G, Pages pugged SSAs, as it
2095-2101
improves the consistency of
Pugged Soil GS. Veeresh R, the SSA, reduces the quantity
Stabilized Annapurna of water required in the
preparation of Adobes and also
Adobe. B.P improves the strength.

• By mechanised pugging the

soil particle becomes more
finer due to grinding, and the
densification of the soil
increases which in turn
contributes in increase in the
wet and dry compressive
strength of SSA.
SL. TITLE OF YEAR OF
PUBLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS
NO PAPER PUBLICATION AUTHORS

2. Incorporation ELSEVIER, 2019 Andréa

• Physical and mechanical
1. Performance
of bamboo of Mechanized PuggedAparecid
CONSTRUC- Soil Stabilized Adobeof adobes
performance
particles and
-TION AND a Ribeiro improved using chemical
By - Tejaswini G, Veeresh R, Annapurna B.P, stabilizer
Jagadish K.S termite
‘‘synthetic
‘‘synthetic BUILDING Corrêa,
saliva’’ and bamboo particles as
Materialstoday
termite Proceedings,
MATERIALS. Volume Lourival
65, part2, 2022, Pages 2095-2101
reinforcement.
saliva’’ in Marin
adobes Mendes,
• ‘‘Synthetic termite saliva’’ and
bamboo particles improved
Normand physical properties of adobes,
o Perazzo reducing linear shrinkage, water
absorption, and the loss of mass
Barbosa. in water.

• The use of chemical

stabilization and reinforcement
with 6% of bamboo particles
increased the compressive
strength up to 90%.
 MIX-DESIGN USED FOR PRODUCTION OF THE ADOBE

ADOBE MASS VOLUME

TREATMENT
BAMBOO SOIL BAMBOO BAMBOO SOIL BAMBOO
PARTICLES (Kg) PARTICLES PARTICLES (Kg) PARTICLES
(Kg) (%) (CM3) (%)

S (CONTROL) 0 5.112 0 0 3600 0

S-STS* 0 5.112 0 0 3600 0

S-B2 0.102 5.010 2 350 3250 9.7

S-B4 0.204 4.908 4 720 2880 20

S-B6 0.306 4.806 6 1080 1080 30

S-STS-B2* 0.102 5.010 2 350 3250 9.7

S-STS-B4* 0.204 4.908 4 720 2880 20

S-STS-B6* 0.306 4.806+ 6 1080 1080 30

LINEAR SHRINKAGE
16.0%

15.9%

15.0%

17.2%
SL. TITLE OF YEAR OF
PUBLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS
NO PAPER PUBLICATION AUTHORS

Palm fiber as
3. ELSEVIER, 2022 Abolfazl
a natural • The Primary purpose of this
1. Performance of Mechanized
reinforcement CONSTRUC- Pugged Soil
Eslami, Stabilized Adobe
study was to investigate the
for improving effects of palm fiber as a natural
-TION AND Hosein
Byproperties
the - Tejaswini G, Veeresh R, Annapurna B.P, reinforcement
Jagadish K.S on the
of traditional BUILDING Mohamm
mechanical properties and
Materialstoday
adobe bricks. Proceedings,
MATERIALS. Volume 65,
adi, part2, 2022, Pages 2095-2101
durability of traditional adobe
Hosein bricks.
Mirabi
• Adobe specimens were cast
Banadaki with different fiber contents and
. subjected to compression and
flexural tests.

• The unreinforced and fiber

reinforced bricks specimens
exhibited average compressive
strengths of 3.07 & 4.88 Mpa
respectively.
SL. TITLE OF YEAR OF
PUBLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS
NO PAPER PUBLICATION AUTHORS

•
Earth bricks with a compressive
1. Effect of neem ELSEVIER, 2021 Abolfazl
strength between 2 and 4 MPa could
1. Performance
(Azadirachta of Mechanized PuggedEslami,
ENERGY Soil Stabilized be usedAdobe
in non-load-bearing walls
and those with a compressive
Indica) fibers REPORTS. Hosein
By - Tejaswini G, Veeresh R, Annapurna B.P, strength Jagadish greaterK.S
than 4 MPa could
on Mohamm be used for a load-bearing wall. The
Materialstoday Proceedings, Volume adi,
mechanical,
best compositions
65, part2, 2022, Pages 2095-2101 correspond to
blends of 2% neem fibers.
thermal and Hosein
• Adobe bricks reinforced with neem
durability Mirabi
straw showed a better water
properties of Banadaki resistance, particularly concerning
water absorption compared to adobe
adobe bricks. .
bricks using neem straw fibers as
reinforcements. But neem leaves
showed a detrimental effect on
durability. Thus, adobe bricks
reinforced with neem straws could
be safely used as building materials
with an advantage related to their
water resistance.
SL. TITLE OF YEAR OF
PUBLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS
NO PAPER PUBLICATION AUTHORS

1. Effect of neem ELSEVIER, 2021 Abolfazl

• The Primary purpose of this
1. Performance
(Azadirachta of Mechanized PuggedEslami,
ENERGY Soil Stabilized Adobe
study was to investigate the
Indica) fibers
REPORTS. Hosein effects of palm fiber as a natural
By - Tejaswini G, Veeresh R, Annapurna B.P, reinforcement
Jagadish K.S on the
on Mohamm
mechanical properties and
Materialstoday
mechanical, Proceedings, Volume adi,
65, part2, 2022, Pages 2095-2101
durability of traditional adobe
thermal and Hosein bricks.
durability Mirabi
• Adobe specimens were cast
properties of Banadaki with different fiber contents and
adobe bricks. . subjected to compression and
flexural tests.

• The unreinforced and fiber

reinforced bricks specimens
exhibited average compressive
strengths of 3.07 & 4.88 Mpa
respectively.
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• Use of synthetic termite saliva can be considered as a suitable solution for
preventing the water absorption and decomposition of organic fibers

• Stabilized Adobe can be used in the undeveloped area, where soil and wood is used
for the construction of houses. As the stabilized adobe Can be made by locally
available materials, which makes cost effective.

• the palm tree are rich in fibers forming natural woven mats of different diameters.
Traditionally, these mats are removed from the trees annually, only a small portion
of is used to make traditional ropes with the rest discarded as waste. Hence, it will
be beneficial to use these fiber mats for improving the mechanical properties of
adobe materials
• Since, Bamboo fibers are abundantly available in rural regions. bamboo particles
reduced linear shrinkage, water absorption, and the loss of mass of adobes exposed
to water. Bamboo particles (in contents higher than 2%) increased the compressive
strength, being effective in interrupting the cracks that form during the
compressive test of the adobes.

• Neem is generally considered to be native to India, where it is appreciated to be

one of the most important trees in the world and grows in most tropical and
subtropical countries [37–39]. Currently, it is found in several continents, hence
about 72 countries in the world including Asia, Africa, Australia, North, Central
and South America. The tree was recently introduced to West Africa.so, neem
fibers can be used in Stabilized Adobe to increase its Mechanical strength.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
• The main objective of this current experimental program was to understand the
effect of the method of pugging and the pugging duration on the properties of
SSAs.
• To check the compressive strength and tensile strength properties of stabilized
adobe containing different percentage of sustainable fibers.
• To investigate the physical properties of stabilized adobe containing different
percentage of fibers.
• To check the water absorption of SSA by adding Synthetic Termite Saliva.
• To check durability of SSA.
• To study of cost efficiency.
 METHODOLOGY
Literature Survey

Problem Identification

Objectives Testing

Procurement of Materials Curing

Preliminary Tests Compaction

Mix Design Preparation of moulds

Batching Mixing
 REFERENCES
[1] Performance of Mechanized Pugged Soil Stabilized Adobe. Tejaswini G. , Veeresh R. ,
Annapurna B.P. , Jagadish K.S.
ELSEVIER Publications, Materials Today: Proceedings volume 65, part 2, 2022, pages 2095-
2101

[2] Effect of neem (Azadirachta Indica) fibers on mechanical, thermal and durability
properties of adobe bricks. Colbert Babéa , Dieudonné Kaoga Kidmoa,∗ , Ahmat Tomb ,
Rachel Raïssa Ngono Mvondoc,d , Bernard Kolae , Noël Djongyanga,
ELSEVIER publications, Energy Reports 7 (2021) 686-608

[3] Palm fiber as a natural reinforcement for improving the properties of traditional adobe
bricks. Abolfazl Eslami , Hosein Mohammadi , Hosein Mirabi Banadaki
ELSEVIER publications, Construction and Building materials, Volume 325, 28 march 2022,
126808.

[4] Incorporation of bamboo particles and ‘‘synthetic termite saliva’’ in adobes Andréa
Aparecida Ribeiro Corrêa , Lourival Marin Mendes , Normando Perazzo Barbosa , Thiago de
Paula Protásio , Nathalia de Aguiar Campos , Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli.
ELSEVIER publications, Construction and Building materials, 98 (2015) 250-256.
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