Quarter 4

Science 10: Matter

 MAIN TOPICS:
oo Behavior of Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory

o Boyle’s
Biomolecules
Law
o Charles’
ChemicalLaw
Reactions
 o What is Kinetic
Molecular Theory?
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT) explains the properties of
gases and describes the
behavior of gases.
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• A gas consists of very small particles, each of
which has a negligible mass.
• The distances separating gas particles are
relatively large.
 TRUE or FALSE?
Gases are highly
compressible.
Answer: TRUE
 Which example has particles that
can be drawn closer to occupy a
smaller volume?
a. fruit juice
b. air inside the syringe
c. block of wood
d. ice cube
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• Gases can be compressed easily.
• Gas particles are in constant, rapid, random
motion.
• Gas has no definite shape and size.
 TRUE or FALSE?
Gases move in
unpredictable patterns.
Answer: TRUE
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• Collisions of gas particles with each other or
with the walls of the container are perfectly
elastic. This means no energy is lost as
friction when molecules collide.
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• The average kinetic energy of gas particles
depends only on the temperature of the gas.
• Gases have higher kinetic energy at a higher
temperature and lower kinetic energy at a lower
temperature.
 • The temperature of the gas is
• The temperature
directly of the gas is todirectly
proportional the
proportional to the average
average kinetic kineticof
energy energy
its
of its molecules.
molecules.

T KE
• Higher temperature, faster/ more
collisions and vice versa.
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• Gas particles exert no force on one another, in
other words, the attractive forces between gas
particles are so weak, that the model assumes
them to be zero.
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• According to KMT, gas particles move randomly in all
directions and at different speeds. This property is
responsible for gas diffusion, which is the mixing of
gases due to the random motion of gas particles.
• Gas diffusion is observed in everyday life, such as the
smell of cooking food spreading throughout a house.
 o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• KMT explains that gas particles collide with each other
and the walls of their container, creating a force known
as gas pressure. This pressure is observed in various
situations, such as the pressure in a tire or the pressure
in a gas cylinder.
o Behavior/Characteristics
of Gases
• Example: When you open a can or bottle of soft drinks,
it fizzes because of the escaping dissolved carbon
dioxide due to a change of pressure.

• When the wind blows, it exerts pressure too.

•• The pressure of
The temperature gasisisdirectly
of athegas directly
related to
proportional to the temperature
itsaverage at
kinetic energy
constant
of temperature.
its molecules.

P T
P T • Higher temperature, higher pressure,
due to faster/frequent collisions
Which of the following phenomena
does NOT involve the application of
gas pressure?
a. burning fuels
b. vulcanizing tire
c. falling leaves
d. rising hot air balloons
 E
Match the
illustrations
on the left
with their C
corresponding
descriptions of
characteristics
F
and behavior
of gases on the
right.
A

B
Each of the following containers is airtight
and has the same number of gas
molecules. Which container has the highest
pressure?

• NOTE! According to KMT, decreasing the volume

of the gas increases its pressure.
Each of the following containers has
the same size. Which of following
containers have the most compressed
gas molecules?

• NOTE! According to KMT, increasing the mass or

amount of the gas increases its pressure.
 oo Boyle’s
Boyle’s Law
Law (V α 1/P)
Graphs
- states that the volume V of a sample
of gas changes inversely with the
pressure P of the gas as long as the
temperature T and the amount of gas n
remain constant.
 oo Boyle’s
Boyle’s Law
Law (V α 1/P)
Graphs

V P
• If V is doubled (x2),
P will be halved (÷2)
 ooBoyle’s
Boyle’sLaw
LawFormula:
Graphs

V1P1 = V2P2
Derived Derived Derived Derived
Formula: Formula: Formula: Formula:

V1 = V2P2 P1 = V2P2 V2 = V1P1 P2 = V1P1

P1 V1 P2 V2
oo Boyle’s
Boyle’s Law
Law Graphs
Graphs
All the gas samples have the same
temperature and mass. Which of the
o Boyle’s Law Graphs
following conditions will the gas sample have
the highest density?

10 8 atm 6 atm 4 atm

atm

• Higher pressure, lower volume.

• Lower volume, higher density.
 oBoyle’s
Boyle’sLaw
LawinGraphs
action

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA
 oo Boyle’s
Charles’Law
LawGraphs
(V α T)

- states that the volume of a gas

is directly proportional to its
temperature at constant
pressure and amount of gas.
 oo Boyle’s
Charles’Law
LawGraphs
(V α T)

T V
• If T is doubled (x2),
V will also be doubled (x2)
ooCharles’ Law Graphs
Boyle’s Law Formula
oo Boyle’s
Charles’Law
LawGraphs
Graph
Charles’ LawLaw
o Boyle’s Applications
Graphs
 o Biomolecules
Review
- are organic molecules produced by living
organisms.
o Biomolecules
of Polymer
Classification of Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
How does our body break down this bread?
Breaks down into microscopic molecules

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs

Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
The diagram shows a picture of bread (starch). It also maps out
the break down of carbohydrates from their most complex form
(polysaccharide) to their least complex (monosaccharide). This
process is called hydrolysis.

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Hydrolysis
• Addition of WATER to a compound SPLITS it

disaccharide + water ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide

In formula: C12H22O11 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Dehydration Synthesis
• Combining single compounds into a complex one by removing
water

monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O

(Process forms disaccharides & polysaccharides)

 How are carbs absorbed in the body?
• Carbs are absorbed in the body through digestion. The digestion of food
starts in the mouth. An enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin present in
saliva is mixed with the food and converts glycogen and starch to maltose.
It continues then to the stomach where acids like hydrochloric acid is
present. These acids and the acids of fruits such as oranges, lemons, etc.
can destroy the ptyalin.
• So, for good health reasons, it is important that you take carbs at separate
meals from protein foods and acids. It is also important that water and
other liquids be not taken too soon or after meals for they do not aid in the
digestion of food.
•In the intestine, the digestion of
starch and sugar is converted by
the enzyme pancreatic amylase to
disaccharides maltose, sucrose and
lactose.
•But these disaccharides cannot be
utilized by our body. They have to
be converted first to
monosaccharides.
 What is a good source of carbs?

•Fruits are the ideal source of carbs! Because

fructose found in fruits are monosaccharides.
 Lipids
Lipid refers to a wide variety of biomolecules
including fats, oils, waxes and steroid
hormones.
Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they are
insoluble in water but are soluble in nonpolar
solvents like ether, acetone, and benzene.
 Lipids and its classifications:

Lipids can be classified into two major classes: simple lipids

and complex lipids.

Simple lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids, while

examples of complex lipids are fats and oils, also called
triglycerides.
Proteins
Proteins
Monomer of Proteins
• This is an amino acid. It is the
monomer for a protein.
• It has 3 groups: an amino
group, an R-group, and a
carboxyl group. The R-group is
considered a variant group
because it changes.
Polymer of Proteins
Monomer of Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides
Monomer of Nucleic Acids: Polypeptide
Biomolecules
of Polymer
 BIOMOLECULE ROLES/FUNCTION
Carbohydrates Provide quick energy to the body
Lipids Stores energy; source of body fuel
Back up energy source
forms cell membranes
Insulates nerve cells (myelin)
Insulates body (maintains homeostasis)
Nucleic Acids Carry genetic information
Proteins Catalysts – substances that cause a chemical reaction to happen more
quickly
Antibodies- fight diseases
Enzymes- substances that help to cause a natural process (e.g.
digestion)
Contractile proteins (e.g. actin- active in muscular contraction)
Hormonal proteins (e.g. insulin)
Structural proteins (e.g. collagen)
Transport proteins (e.g. hemoglobin-transports O2)
 Which biomolecule has the most energy!?

Car-bo-hy- Fats
drates
 Which biomolecule has the most energy!?

• Fats have the most energy! Because fats have the

highest concentration of calories (unit of heat
energy).
• Fats contains 9 calories (cal) per gram while
carbohydrates and proteins have 4 calories (cal) per
gram.
The number of C-H bonds = the amount of
energy

• The more C-H bonds a

biomolecule has, the more
energy it has!
• Fats have the most energy
because they have the most C-H
bonds!
• On the sample Nutrition Facts
label, the serving size of this food
is 1 cup and there are 2 servings
in this container. There are 260
calories per serving of this food.
• If you eat the entire container of
this product, you will eat 2
servings. That means you double
the calories (260 x 2= 520
calories) If you eat 2 servings,
you will have eaten over 500
calories.
 Nutritional chemists have found that
burning 1 gram of fat releases twice the
amount of heat energy as burning 1 gram of
starch. Based on this information, which
type of biomolecule would cause a person to
gain more weight?
a. carbohydrate
b. fat
c. proteins
d. nucleic acid
Which of the following groups are all
classified as polysaccharide?
a. sucrose, glucose and fructose
c. glycogen, sucrose and maltose
b. maltose, lactose and fructose
d. glycogen, cellulose and starch
Which of the following elements is
NOT present in carbohydrates?
a. carbon
b. oxygen
c. nitrogen
d. hydrogen
NUCLEIC ACID LIPID

PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATE
Chemical
Reactions
Module 3