Principles of Hydropower & Alternate Energy Sources

WRIE -4171

Lecture Note Presentation

G4WRIE-A&B
 CHAPTER-1

1.INTRODUCTION
 Sources of Energy

What is energy?
Energy makes change;
it does things for us.
 It moves cars along the road and boats over the water.
 It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice frozen in the freezer.
 It plays our favorite songs on the radio and lights our homes.
 Energy makes our bodies grow and allows our minds to
think. People have learned how to change energy from one
form to another so that we can do work more easily and live
more comfortably.
 Scientists define energy as the ability to do
work.
Con…
Sources of energy can be categorized as:-
1. Renewable:
Is sources can be replenished in a short period of time
o Solar,
o biomass,
o hydropower,
o wind energy
o geothermal
 Con…

2.Non-renewable:
Petroleum,
coal,
Natural gas
Why Don’t We Use More Renewable Energy?
 In the past, renewable energy has generally been more expensive to use
than fossil fuels.
 Renewable resources are often located remote areas and it is expensive to
build power lines to the cities where they are needed.

 The use of renewable sources is also limited by the fact that they are not
always available
For example,
•cloudy days reduce solar energy,
•calm days mean no wind blows to drive wind turbines,
•droughts reduce water availability to produce hydroelectricity).
Con….
Sources of energy on the basis of present day
importance:
1. Conventional sources &
2.Unconventional sources
The three most important and common sources of
Conventional energy produced and utilized in large
scale are:
i. Thermal power,
ii. Hydropower, and
iii. Nuclear power(Uranium ,Platinum,…
Con….

 The other sources of energy are also valuable, but in

comparison to the main three sources, their
contribution is limited –UNCONVENTIONAL.
 Unconventional sources of Energy:
i. Tidal power
ii. Solar power
iii. Geothermal power
iv. Wind power
v. Wave power
vi. Solar power
World Energy Sources
 Energy –Physical bases and Measuring Units
Units
Physical Term Unit
Force = mass x acceleration kg.m
2
 N (Newton)
s
 force x dis tan ce N .m  J (oule)
Work 
J
 power x time s  J  W .s
s

Energy = available potential to work J (joule)

kg.m m Joule
 work / time 2
.   W att 
Power  s s s
 force x velocity
Energy Units and Conversions
Energy can be measured in the units of physical work.
Unit Application Conversion
1 J = 1 watt-second
Joule Metric SI-unit
= 1 Newton meter (NM)

Kilowatt-hour Very common; disadvantage: 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 Ws

mixing up the time units second and = 3.6 x 106 J
Energy

hour
Calorie Obsolete 1 cal = 4.1868 J
Coal equivalent Obsolete 1 kg SKE = 29.3 x 106 J
British thermal unit Non- metrical; used in the 1 Btu = 1 055 J
Anglo- American area. = 2. 93x10-4 kWh
Various Btu are in use
Which differ only slightly
Watt Metric SI-unit J m
1W  1 1 N
s s
Horse power Obsolete 1 PS = 736 W
Power

(metric)
Horse power 1 HP = 746 W
(English)