leqcia 1

მონაცემთა ბანკი, ფიზიკური და ლოგიკური

დამოუკიდებლობა, მოდელი „არსი-კავშირი“, ატრიბუტი,
იდენტიფიკატორი, კავშირები რეკურსიული კავშირი

monacemTa bazebi yovelTvis iyo umniSvnelovanesi Tema

sainformacio sistemebis Seswavlisas. Tumca, bolo wlebSi internetis
popularobis aRmavlobam da internetis axali teqnologiebis intensiurma
ganviTarebam bevrisaTvis aqcia monacemTa bazebis teqnologiebis
codna erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur gzad karierisken. monacemTa
damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi. monacemTa bazis mizania
daexmaros adamianebs da organizaciebs awarmoon garkveuli
sagnebis aRricxva. mraval CvenTagans SeuZlia gaixsenos iseTi
situaciebi, rodesac Cven gvesaWiroeba Tvalyuri vadevnoT didi
moculobis informacias, movaxdinoT maTi aRricxva da analizi, Tan
xSirad es informacia TiTqmis ucvlelia an raRac TvalsazrisiT
erTnairad „gamoiyureba“, Tundac Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT.
 Sesavali

• informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis

yvelaze adreul stadiebze gamoiyeneboda
siebi - dabeWdili perfobaraTze da Cawerili
magnitur firze. droTa ganmavlobaSi, cxadi
gaxda, rom mxolod mcireodeni
problemebis mogvareba Tu SeiZleba aseTi
siebis daxmarebiT. problemaTa Tundac
mcire nawilis TvalnaTliv warmodgenaSi
dagvexmareba siis patara fragmenti (cxr.1).
 sia S.p.s. “amqari”.

• ganvixiloT siis fragmenti, romliTac sargeblobs S.p.s. “amqari”.

S.p.s. “amqari” warmoadgens Suamaval damsaqmebel firmas,
romeli sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebs asaqmebs droebiT
samuSaoebze. cxr.1-Si naCvenebia am firmis saqmianobis
mxolod mcire nawili, magram es patara magaliTic ki uketebs
ilustrirebas siebTan dakavSirebul mTel mTel rig mniSvnelovan
problemebs. cxrils gaaCnia 9 sveti: gvari, saxeli, telefoni,
Tanamdeboba, obieqtis dasaxeleba, dRiuri anazRaureba,
daqiravebis periodi, dReebis raodenoba, anazRaureba.

• gavaanalizoTloT ramodenime SemTxveva am cxrilTan

mimarTebaSi SesaZlo problemebis TvalnaTliv
warmosadgenad.
 situacia 1
• ra moxdeba, Tu erTerT dasaqmebuls (mag. papiZes) Seecvleba
telefonis nomeri? davuSvaT, rom telefoni gaxdes 577893236.
siaSi aerebuli informaciis koreqtulobisaTvis Cven unda
gavakeToT cvlilebebi sam striqonSi. Tu Cven ar SevcliT yvela
am striqons, Cven miviRebT urTierTsawinaaRmdego
monacemebs da ver SevZlebT davadginoT, Tu romelia am
nomrebidan swori. davuSvaT, rom sia asaxavs firmis
saqmianobas mTeli kvartalis an wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseT siaSi
SeiZleba iyos asobiT an afasobiT striqoni. raTa CavweroT
Secvlili satelefono nomeri, Cven dagvWirdeba CavataroT Zieba
siaSi da gavakeToT Sesworeba yovel striqonSi, romelic Seicavs
dasaqmebuls “papiZe”. es procesi metad xangrZlivia da
SesaZloa Secdomebic mohyves
 situacia 2
problema romelic wamoiWra, siidan
monacemebis amoiRebT. vTqvaT firmam
gadawyvita ar daiqiraos zeinkali kuWaZe, ase
rom Cven unda amoviRoT Sesabamisi
striqoni. aseTi amoRebis procesSi ara marto
ikargeba monacemebi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb,
aramed, aseve ikargeba kuWaZis telefonis
nomeri da is faqtic, rom igi muSaobda S.p.s.
“ia”-Si, da rom igi daTanxma anazRaurebaze
dReSi 50 lari.
 situacia 3
• ra unda gavakeToT, rodesac Cven gvaqvs mxolod
zogierTi (magram, ara yvela) monacemi? davuSvaT,
Cven viciT, rom baga-baRis “baWia” telefonia
232456456 da rom mas esaWiroeba mebaRe. Cven
gvinda CavweroT es monacemebi, magram sad
movaTavsoT isini siaSi? am dawesebulebas xom jer
dauqiravebia TanamSromeli Cvengan Cvengan.
 situacia 4

• monacemTa SeuTavsebloba. Cven SegviZlia davuSvaT ubralo

Secdoma TanamSromlis saxelSi da SemTxveviT davweroT
“gia” “lias” magivrad. am siis momxmareblebi ver
mixvdebian, gagviCnda Cven axali TanamSromeli, Tu es
Secdomaa. aseTi Secdoma ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas, Tu Cven
avirCevT TanamSromels arsebulTa siidan.
• aseTi magaliTebis moyvana Tqvenc SegiZliaT. 
 gansxvavebuli problema warmoiqmneba cnobebis uqonlobisas. magaliTad, CanawerSi damlageblis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb ar aris saboloo
TariRi. es Secdomaa, Tu sxva rame niSnavs? es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom misi saqmianoba jer ar dasrulebula an rom skola “jejils” jer ar
ganusazRvravs ramdenad xans esaWiroeba damlagebeli.

Tanamdeboba

anazRaureba

anazRaureba
dasaxeleba

raodenoba
muSaobis

muSaobis
dasawyisi

dasasruli

dReebis
obieqtis
telefoni

dRiuri
saxeli
gvari

papiZe SoTa 577654683 mZRoli sportuli moedani 40 GEL 01.11.2010 01.15.2010 4 160 GEL
„orioni“

kuWaZe zviad 554323455 zeinkali S.p.s. “ia” 50 GEL 10.12.2010 11.12.2010 2 100 GEL

giorgaZe Teimuraz 59987567 mebaRe sportuli moedani 50 GEL 15.03.2011 16.03.2011 2 100 GEL
„orioni“

papiZe SoTa 577654683 mZRoli S.p.s. “ia” 40 GEL 10.04.2011 21.04.2011 10 400 GEL

vefxvaZe dodo 577456654 damlagebeli skola “jejili” 20 GEL 15.05.2011

balaZe lia 551345324 mzareuli S.p.s. “ia” 50 GEL 1.09.2011 2.09.2011 2 100 GEL

papiZe SoTa 577654683 mZRoli S.p.s. “ia” 40 GEL 1.09.2011 2.09.2011 2 80 GEL
• Cven ganvixileT problemebis mxolod mcire nawili, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo erTi cxrilis gamoyenebasTan. advili
warmosadgenia ra raodenobis problema warmoimneba Tu
cxrilebis raodenoba bevria da monacemebis raodenobac ar
Semoifargleba aTeulamde CanaweriT.
• monacembTa Cawera Segroveba da maTi
egreTwodebuli cxrilis saxiT warmodgena monacemTa
bazebTan dakavSirebuli amocanis mxolod erTi nawilia.
Zogadad, roca saubroben monacemTa bazebze
momxmarebellTa umravlesobisaTvis mniSvnelovania is mxare
romelic exeba monacemTa bazis marTvas. amdenad
monacemTa bazis marTvis sistema monacemTa bazebis
daproeqtebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
 ZiriTadi cnebebi da ganmartebebi

monacemTa banki monacemTa m. b. m. s.

es aris specialuri baza enobrivi da
xerxiT organizebul
saxelwodebul programuli
monacemTa sistema –
monacemTa, monacemTa saSualebebis
programebis, teqnikuri, erToblioba, romelic erToblioba, romelic
enobrivi, asaxavs obieqtebis gamiznulia
saorganizacio-meTodur monacemTa bazis
saSualebebis bazebi –
mdgomareobas da
maT Sesaqmnelad,
romelic gankuTvnilia
monacemTa centraluri damokidebulebas mravali
dagrovebisaTvis da gansaxilvel momxmareblis
koleqtiuri sagnobriv aresTan. mier monacemTa
mravalmiznobrivi bazis
gamoyenebisaTvis. gamosayeneblad.
 danarTebi
• programas, romlis daxmarebiTac momxmareblebi
muSaoben monacemTa bazebTan, danarTebs
uwodeben. sazogadod erT monacemTa bazasTan
SeuZiaT imuSaon mravalma danarTebma. erT
monacemTan momuSave danarTis ganxilvisas,
igulisxmeba, rom maT SeuZlia imuSaon paralelurad da
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. swored monacemTa
bazebis marTvis sistemebi gankuTvnilia erT
monacemTa bazasTan mravali danarTis muSaobis
uzrunvelsayofad, ise, rom yoveli maTgani sruldebodes
koreqtulad, magram mxedvelobaSi miiRos monacemTa
bazaSi sxva danarTis mier Setanili yvela cvlilebebi.
 monacemTa bazebis arqiteqtura. fizikuri da logkuri damoukidebloba
monacemTa bazebSi

• monacemTa bazebis marTvis sistemebis sferoSi

samecniero kvlevebisas, SemoTavazebuli iqna
monacemTa bazebis realizaciis sxvadasxva
gansxvavebuli meTodebi. yvelaze
sicocxlisunariani xerxi maT Soris aRmoCnda
amerikis standartizaciis komitetis ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) mier
SemoTavazebuli monacemTa bazis organizaciis
samdoniani sistema (nax.1)
monacemTa bazis organizaciis samdoniani sistema
 gare modelebis done
• yvelaze zeda donea, sadac yvela models aqvs
monacemTa Taviseburi “xedva”. yoveli danarTi
xedavs da amuSavebs mxolod im monacemebs,
romelic saWiroa mxolod am danarTisaTvis.
magaliTad, samuSaoTa ganawilebis sistema
iyenebs mxolod muSakTa kvalifikaciis
monacemebs, magram mas ar ainteresebs
cnebebi xelfasis, misamarTis da telefonis
Sesaxeb, da piriqiT kadrebis ganyofilebis
qvesistemaSi swored es monacemebi
gamoiyeneba.
 konceptualuri done
• centraluri samarTavi rgoli, aq monacemTa baza
warmodgenilia ufro zogadi saxiT, romelic
aerTianebs monacemebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba
am bazasTan momuSave yvela danarTebis mier.
faqtobrivad konceptualuri done asaxavs
sagnobrivi aris (realuri samyaros obieqtebis)
ganzogadoebul models romlisTvisac Seiqmna
monacemTa baza. rogorc yoveli modeli,
konceptualuri modeli asaxavs damuSavebis
TvalsazrisiT realuri samyaros obieqtebis arsebiT
Taviseburebebis.
 fizikuri done
• sakuTriv monacemebi romlebic ganlagebulni arian,
failebSi an furclur struqturebze informaciis gare
matareblebze.
• es arqiteqtura uzrunvelyofs logikur (1 da 2 doneebs
Soris) da fizikur (2 da 3 doneebs Soris)
damoukideblobas monacemebTa muSaobisas. logikuri
damoukidebloba gulisxmobs erTi danarTis cvlilebis
saSualebas am bazaze momuSave meore danarTis
koreqtirebis gareSe. fizikuri damoukidebloba
gulisxmobs Senaxvadi informaciis gadatanis saSualebas
erTi matareblidan meoreze, am bazaze momuSave
yvela danarTebis muSa mdgomareobis SenarCunebiT.
 monacemTa bankis momxmareblebი

rogorc yoveli programulad orientirebuli teqnikuri komplesi, monacemTa banki

arsebobs drosa da sivrceSi. mas aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis gansazRvruli stadia:

• daproeqteba;
• realizacia;
• eqspluatacia;
• modernizacia da ganviTareba;
• sruli reorganiacia.
 saboloo momxmarebeli
es aris momxmarebelTa ZiriTadi kategoria, romelTa
interesibisaTvisac iqmneba monacemTa banki.
Seqmnili monacemTa bankis Taviseburebidan maTi
saboloo momxmarebeli SesaZloa arsebiTad
gansxvavdebodes. es SesaZloa iyvnen
SemTxveviTi momxmareblebi, an regularuli
momxmareblebi. mTavari principi mgomareobs
imaSi, rom saboloo momxmareblisagan ar unda
moiTxovebodes raime specialuri codna gamoTvliTi
tenikisa da enuri saSualebebis sferoSi.
 monacemTa bankis administratori
es aris momxmarebelTa jgufi, romelic monacemTa
bankis SemuSavebis sawyis stadiaze pasuxs agebs
mis optimalur organizaciaze mravali saboloo
momxmareblis erTdroulad muSaobis TvalsazrisiT,
eqspluataciis stadiaze pasuxs agebs monacemTa
bankis koreqtul muSaobaze mravalmomxmareblur
reJimSi. ganviTarebisa da reorganizaciis stadiaSi es
jgufi pasuxs agebs bankis koreqtul reorganizaciaze
misi mimdinare eqspluataciisas cvlilebebisa da
Sewyvetis gareSe.
 danarTebis SemmuSaveblebi da adminstratorebi

es momxmarebelTa jgufia, romelic funqcionirebs

monacemTa bankis proeqtirebis, Seqmnis da
reorganizaciisas. danarTebis administratorebi
axdenen SemmuSaveblebis muSaobis koordinacias
konkretuli danarTis an danarTTa jgufis,
gaerTianebuli funqcionaluri qvesistemis
SemuSavebisas. konkretuli danarTebis
SemmuSaveblebi muSaoben informaciis im
nawilTan monacemTa bazidan, romelic saWiroa
konkretuli danarTisaTvis.
 monacemTa baza

monacemTa baza Sedgeba oTxi ZiriTadi elementisagan: momxmareblis monacemebi,

metamonacemebi, indeqsebi da danarTebis metamonacemebi .

•
• momxmareblis monacemebi
• dResdReobiT monacemTa bazebis umetesoba warmoadgenen damokidebulebas (relation). am etapze
damokidebuleba ganvixiloT rogorc monacemTa cxrili. cxrilis svetebi Seicaven velebs, an atributebs,
xolo striqonebi - Canawerebs saqmiani samyaros konkretuli obieqtebis Sesaxeb.
• yvela damokidebuleba ar aris erTnairad sasurveli; zogierTi damokidebuleba ukeTaa srtuqturirebuli
vidre sxva. Semdgom Cven ganvixilavT e.w. normalizaciis (normalization) process, romlis
daxmarebiTac miiReba kargad struqturirebuli damokidebuleba.
• metamonacemebi
• monacemTa baza TviTdokumentirebadia, anu misi erTerTi Semadgeneli nawilia sakuTari struqturis
aRwera. am aRwerilobas ewodeba metamonacemebi (metadata). radganac DBCS gankuvnilia
cxrilebis SenaxvisaTvis da maTi manipulerebisaTvis, maTi umravlesoba inaxavs metamonacemebs
cxrilis saxiT, romelTac zogjer sistemur cxrilebs (system tables) uwodeben.
• metamonacemebis Senaxva cxrilebad mosaxerxebelia ara marto DBCS-vis, aramed moxerxebulia
SemmuSaveblebisaTvis, rameTu metamonacemebis moTxovnisaTvis maT SeiuZleba gamoiyenon
igive saSualebebi, rac momxmareblis monacemebisaTvis.
• indeqsebi
• indeqsebis tipis monacemebi gamiznulia monacemTa bazis warmoebadobis da xelmisawvdemobis
gasaumjobeseblad. am monacemebs zogjer uwodeben Warb monacemebs (overhead data), ZiriTadad
Sedgebian indeqsebisagan (index), Tumca rig SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sxva struqturebic, iseTebi