kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

damakmayo-
aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi filebeli
filebeli
efeqturi Sesa- problema problema ar problema ar aris
vali, problemis gansazRvrulia aris naTlad gansazRvruli. socialur mecnierebaTa seria
naTeli defini- adekvaturi gansazRv- ruli safuZvelmdebare
Sesavali

ciiTa da safuZvelmdebar da aklia informacia

detaluri e informaciiTa saWiro detali. bundovania an
safuZvelmdebar da detalebiT. safuZvelmdeba ar aris
e informaciiT. re informacia dakavSirebuli
ar aris problemasTan.
adeqvaturad
axsnili.
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi SedarebiTi
wyaroebis wyaroebis analizis analizi
ZiriTadi

SedarebiTi SedarebiTi mcdeloba, bundovania.

nawili

analizi da analizi kargia, magram aklia kritikuli

kritikuli
Sefaseba
sanimuSoa.
magram
garkveulwilad
aklia kritikuli
kritikuli
Sefaseba.
Sefaseba ar aris
mocemuli. akademiuri
ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebi sanimuSodaa
Sefaseba.
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi saki-
Txebi zogadad
ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebi ar aris
wera
Sejamebuli da ar kargadaa Sejame- Sejamebulia, adeqvaturad
aris buli da nakleb magram ganme- Sejamebuli.
daskvna

ganmeorebadi. ganmeorebadia. orebadia. rekomendaciebi

daskvnebi da mocemulia rekomendaciebi Tu sakuTari
rekomendaciebi garkveuli Tu sakuTari Sexedulebebi ar
logikuria da rekomendaciebi, Sexedulebebi aris mocemuli.
kavSirSia romlebic ar aris momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
sakvlev kavSirSia mocemuli. akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
problemasTan. sakvlev
problemasTan.
minimum 5-6 5 wyaro mainc 5 wyaroze 4 wyaroze
wyaroa aris gamoye- nakle bia naklebia
gamoyenebuli. nebuli. yvela gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli.
intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis
gamoyenebuli

magistrantebisaTvis
literatura

yvela wyaro wyaro sakvlevi isini srulad isini ar aris

sakvlevi problemis aris srulad
problemis relevanturia. miTiTebuli, miTiTebuli,
relevanturia. isini srulad magram maTi umravlesobis
isini srulad da aris miTiTe- nawili ar aris formati
sworadaa buli, magram sasurvel arasworia.
miTiTebuli. ramodenime ar formatSi.
aris sasurvel lia wulaZe
formatSi.
sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris gamoye-
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia nebuli forma-
formaluri formaluri formaluri luri werilo-
stili da ena

werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi biTi ena. ar aris

miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia miRweuli
profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.

Tbilisi
2006
76
socialur mecnierebaTa seria analitikuri referatis Sefaseba

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

damakmayo- aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava filebeli filebeli
avtori avlens avtori axdens avtori cdilobs avtori ver axdens

xebis identifika-
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi

teqstualizacia
ZiriTadi sakiT-
sakiTxebis sakiTxebis sakiTxebis sakiTxebis
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

cia da kon-
identifikaciisa identifikacias da identifikacias, identifikaciasa
da farTo cdilobs maT magram yvela da konteqstuali-
konteqstTan maTi dakavSirebas maTgani ar aris zacias.
dakavSirebis farTo gamoyofili.
sanimuSo unars. konteqstTan. maTi farTo
konteqstTan
dakavSirebis
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 warumatebeli
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 mcdeloba.
sanimuSo avtori axdens SedarebiTi avtori ar axdens
SedarebiTi statiaTa analizisa da SedarebiT
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

pozicia, analizi,
analizi. avtori avtorebis statiebis analizsa da
axdens statiaTa poziciebis avtorTa statiebis avtorTa
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge avtorebis saTanado poziciebis poziciebis

Sefaseba
poziciebis diferenciaciasa Sefasebis Sefasebas, misi
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
diferenciaciasa da SedarebiT mcdeloba, poziciac ar aris
da Sefasebas, analizs, magram magram ZiriTad Camoyalibebuli.
imavdroulad misi pozicia ar argumentebs
gvTavazobs ra mis aris naTlad aklia dasabuTeba
kargad dasabuTebuli. da amitom
dasabuTebul avtoris pozicia
pozicias. ufro
bundovania.
naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganize-
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an buli. araerTi
organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli

struqtura
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,

naSromis
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
gamoyenebuli, an
erT-erTi
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi

paragrafebis
sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis ar aris

ganviTareba
da logika
ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebuli da mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, logikuria. logikuria, magram magram xSirad naSromi savsea
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education periodulad aklia aklia saWiro individualuri,
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. saWiro detali. detali da daukavSirebeli
nakleb winadadebebiT.
logikuria.

sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri
werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. ar
miRweulia ZiriTadad aklia aris miRweuli

stili da ena
profesiuli toni. miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli toni.
gramatika da profesiuli toni. toni. garkveuli bevri Secdoma
punqtuacia umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
ISBN: 99940 – 873-7-1 gamoyenebuli gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli
literatura punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura
srulad da gamoyenebuli literatura arasrulad da
sworadaa literatura sruladaa arasworadaa
miTiTebuli. srulad da miTiTebuli, miTiTebuli.
sworadaa magram
miTiTebuli. garkveuli
xarvezebiT.

75
 kritikis Sefaseba
s a r C e v i
damakmayo-
aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi filebeli
filebeli
avtori Rrmad avtorma avtors avtors
swvda statias da saTanadod gaigo mxolod arasworad esmis
Sesavali..................................................................................................................... 4
wvdoma

masSi mocemul statia da masSi zedapirulad statia da ver

ZiriTad mocemuli esmis statia da axdens ZiriTadi
argumentebs. ZiriTadi masSi mocemuli argumentebis Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8
argumentebi. ZiriTadi diferenciacias.
argumentebi.
avtori avlens avtori avlens avtori avtori ver
kritikuli kritikuli cdilobs axdens statiis Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27
azrovnebis azrovnebis kritikulad kritikul
sanimuSo unars. unars. is gaaanalizos analizs.
is ganixilavs ganixilavs yvela statia, magram ZiriTadi Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44
Sefaseba

yvela ZiriTad ZiriTad zogierTi argumentebi

arguments, arguments, ZiriTadi ar aris
axdens maT Rrma kompetenturad argumenti ar interpretirebu
interpretacias, axdens maT aris saTanadod li da Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55
analizs, interpretacias, interpretireb Sejamebuli. maTi
Sejamebasa da analizs, uli, Sefaseba
Sefasebas. Sejamebasa da Sejamebuli da araadekvaturia.
Sefasebas. Sefasebuli.

naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganizebul

naSromis struqtura

sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an i. araerTi

organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.
struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi
elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi ar
ganviTareba da
paragrafebis

sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis aris

ganviTarebuli ganviTarebuli mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
logika

da logikuria. da logikuria, magram xSirad naSromi savsea

magram aklia saWiro individualuri,
periodulad detali da daukavSirebeli
aklia saWiro nakleblogiku winadadebebiT.
detali. ria.

sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri
stili da ena

werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.

74 3
 Sesavali argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba

kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrov- damakmayo- aradamakmayo-
nebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin sanimuSo kargi filebeli filebeli
blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da
amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo
miznebis taqsonomiis” SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganizebuli.
cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an araerTi
organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli
studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro mar-
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.

struqtura
tividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi

naSromis
gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa gamoyenebuli,
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino. an erT-erTi
elementi
blumis taqsonomia aklia.

paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi ar

1. codna — informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

paragrafebis
sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis aris

ganviTareba
wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens

da logika
ganviTarebuli ganviTarebuli mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels. da logikuria. da logikuria, magram xSirad naSromi savsea
magram aklia saWiro individualuri,
2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT periodulad detali da daukavSirebeli
gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs aklia saWiro nakleb winadadebebiT.
faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da gan- detali. logikuria.
zogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis
gaTavisebas. sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _infor- formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri

stili da ena
maciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamo- werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia ar aris miRweuli
yeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi” gaxados misi codna. toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _ uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.
da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struq-
turireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis avtoris avtoris avtoris avtoris

argumentebis
mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an argumentebi argumentebi argumentebi argumentebi

dasabuTeba
sakuTari
qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is Zlieria da sakmaod damajerebelia, nakleb
done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas. damajerebladaa damajerebelia magram aklia damajerebelia
dasabuTebuli. da kargadaa dasabuTeba. da ar aris
dasabuTebuli. dasabuTebuli.
5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponen-
tebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis
moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,
SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas kontrargumen- kontrargumen- kontrargumen- kontrargumen-

gaTvaliswineba da
raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis tebi gaTvalis- tebi gaTvalis- tebis gaTva- tebi ar aris
winebuli da winebuli da liswinebis gaTvaliswi-

argumentebis
safuZvelze.
warmatebiT umetesad mcdeloba, nebuli da

ukugdeba
kontr-
6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba ukugdebulia. ukugdebulia. Tumca isini ukugdebuli.
naklebadaa
_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena, ukugdebuli.
argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, Semoqmede-
biTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteri-
umebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi
gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.
sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisx-
mobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis

4 73
 Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].
Cambridge University Press. blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis”
Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi — aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning. Sefaseba — Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi
University of Michigan Press. safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca
Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
damatebiTi literatura: pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli
azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli
Publications. akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT”, rac gulisxmobs, rom
Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da
and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martin’s. ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac
Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines. Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod
Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT
Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,
Limited. rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis
Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing. mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli
Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,
USA. rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis
Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning. nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi
http://www.apa.org/ sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana” iyo, studen-
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html tebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli
http://www.criticalreading.com/ codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da
http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/ SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi
http://www.powa.org/ mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis
http://www.refdesk.com/citations procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauni-
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html versiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxu-
http://webster.comment.edu/ reboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/ wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis
http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/ studentebs.
kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi
eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini
,,akademiurad” unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris sasem-
inaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centra-
luri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli
swavlis Sedegi: da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da
kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da
mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqti-
weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs urad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da
sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis, aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli
agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve
kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi; afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis
analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis safuZvelze.
Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms, kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris
romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamo-
dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad, kvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,
teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,
literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba. gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.
qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:

72 5
 Janrebi universitetSi • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad elementebs
Janri aRwera mizani • studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis
nimuSebs
1) argumentirebuli araakademiuri debatis mtkicebulebis • studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri
ese ori mxaris formulirebisa da referatis ZiriTad elementebs
struqturirebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
analizi. ganmtkicebis procesis 10 konteqstualizacia • studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da
ganviTareba. varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi
2) kritika erTi akademiuri teqstis kritikuli azrovnebisa
kritikuli kiTxva da da ZiriTadi 11 avtorTa poziciebis • studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabij-
werilobiTi formiT argumentebis Sejameba- analizi da Sefaseba nabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs
Sefaseba. Sefasebis unaris
ganviTareba. Sexedulebebis • studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon
3) analitikuri debatis ZiriTadi debatis ZiriTadi arsis ganmtkiceba Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis
referati sakiTxebis gansazRvra wvdomisa da werilobiTi Sexedulebebi
studentisaTvis SerCeuli formiT gadmocemis
ori an sami statiis xelSewyoba. 12 weris stili da logika • studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da
safuZvelze. logikaze

analitikuri referatis • analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

4) sabiblioTeko akademiuri problemis mocemul disciplinaSi saboloo versiis Seqmna
kvleviTi naSromi werilobiTi formiT sakvlevi problemis da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
da prezentacia naSromebs
gadaWra sabiblioTeko dayenebisa da gadaWris
gamokvlevis safuZvelze. xelSewyoba Sesabamisi
13 kvleviTi naSromis • studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis
Teoriis/literaturis Sesavali kriteriumebs
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da
5) eqsperimentuli sakuTari gamokvlevis sakuTari gamokvlevis mis ZiriTad elementebs
kvleviTi naSromi angariSi, romelSic struqturirebisa da
dasabuTebulia arCeuli prezentaciis xelSewyoba 14 sabiblioTeko kvleviTi • studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
meTodologia da warmod- akademiuri disciplinis naSromi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,
genilia gamokvlevis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis
TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli procesSi
Sedegebi da maTi
interpretacia. 15 eqsperimentuli • studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi
kvleviTi naSromi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,
[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis
centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze] Seqmnis procesSi

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi: 16 bibliografiis • studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

miTiTebis APA-stili APA-stils
akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:
• studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT
• mkiTxveli
bibliografiis miTiTebaSi
sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.
magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis
eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda
gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi Sefaseba:
molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi daswreba — 15%
mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba naSromebis Seqmna — 60%
SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or naSromebis prezentacia — 25%
winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ speci- savaldebulo literatura:
alistebisTvisaa dawerili:
• socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis *radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da
Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori
safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens. aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,
• process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul
socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba. Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.:
• mizani RoutledgeFalmer.

6 71
2 weriTi procesis • studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad
safexurebi safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,
Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi
paragrafebis • studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis
ganviTareba struqturas
• studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis
ganviTarebaSi
3 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis
Sesavali nawili rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
• studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi
sakuTari argumentebis
• studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis
prezentacia
wardgenasa da dasabuTebas
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
• studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis
kontr-argumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas
ukugdeba • praqtika werilobiTi formiT
4 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa
daskvna da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
• studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi
• studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da
logika da mTlianoba
logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis
teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi
argumentirebuli eses
saboloo versiis Seqmna • argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da
da prezentacia prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
5 kritikis Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis
kriteriumebs
• studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis
struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
• studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs
6 perifrazireba Sejameba • studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis
citireba perifrazirebas
• studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
plagiatis Tavidan
• studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas
acileba
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon
Tavidan plagiati
7 Sefaseba-refleqsia • studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias
avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi
• studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
8 weris stili da logika • studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da
logikaze
kritikis saboloo
• kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;
versiis Seqmna da studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs
prezentacia
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani
erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb
informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli
mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis
ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es
mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.
• daiwyeT daskvniT
akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive
warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.
naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve
Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos
da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad
gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom
misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis
mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.
• struqtura
nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos
organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da
mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamom-
dinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,
Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba
`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi
nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. situaciis aRwera
2. problemis identifikacia
3. gadaWris gzis aRwera
4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba
[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin].
• stili
akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara
marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad
Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT
dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad komp-
leqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCve-
nos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules war-
moadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es
zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;
winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.
• logikuri Tanmimdevruloba
akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis
gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi
unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.
Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan
dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales,
J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan
Press.]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis
Sinaarsze gadavideT.

9 analitikuri referatis • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

Sesavali Sefasebis kriteriumebs

70 7
 kursis Sinaarsi
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese
TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan
nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSa-
vebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos
mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba ada-
mians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis
SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da
efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris
nebismieri JanrisaTvis.
argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs
saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze
gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba
gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT
sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;
movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses
ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSic.
akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi
arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev,
J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle,
Thomson Learning].
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba
ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,
rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,
eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur
weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli
eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis
warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara
oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod
pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis
gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.
nimuSi 1
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia
kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri
sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe
araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro
izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja
yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes
samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan
usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis
gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa
sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis
es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic
gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis
ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).
aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis
aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.
8 69
silabusi
akademiuri wera
saswavlo kursis kodi:
saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.
ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _
32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.
leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnie-
rebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.
T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com
saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis
universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:
argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.
aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben
leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva
Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,
jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.
kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da
gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,
studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.
Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris
safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi
mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis
marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.
saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:
gakveTili
Tema miznebi
1 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da
Sesavali argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs
• studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses
Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
• studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses
nimuSebs
qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni: upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is
aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba. miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),
• aranabeWdi wyaroebi: da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis
gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...]. mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Ta-
redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi: vidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur dam-
paramaunti. naSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,
Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.
sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
• masala internetidan: ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da
saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias
saitis misamarTi. Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni
(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).
internet-wigni garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba
braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi, gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba `ara kac-hkla~ vrceldeba
yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan
1999, http:/www. .........
da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did
codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda
sagazeTo statia internetidan
basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT
azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba
monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www.... aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!
sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba
Jurnalis statia internetidan gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.
faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam
sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995. SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi
http:/www. ......... SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs
[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm] gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime
danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac
ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi
iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc
erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia
danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.
amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris
kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis
aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver `akeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver
icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi
procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi
sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.
humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es
araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi
damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.

nimuSi 2
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad

iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas
gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi
iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.
rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis
gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis
miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede-

68 9
bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarT-
lebulia.
arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.
saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis
farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod
erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kate-
goriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis
Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli
emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis
saSualebas miscems.
saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli
danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur
reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,
saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT
sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri lik-
vidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis Sesanar-
Cuneblad.
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev
erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,
romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav
saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli
teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis
saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore
Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma
sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli
operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego
azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri
wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad
iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT `eloliaveba~
adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia
ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls
Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,
romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am
`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.
borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri
momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjo-
besia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre
uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, rad-
gan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misa-
Rebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwy-
des, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis
garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~
mimarT.
sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli
nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT
ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.
ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas
uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu
frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,
gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri
warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am
teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu-
10
adgili: gamomcemeli.
Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis
sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.
• xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niu-
iorki: arko.
• wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:
wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.
• mravaltomiani naSromi:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli
fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.
• leqsikoni:
saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis presa.
• statia Jurnalidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)
uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.
• statia gazeTidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,
gverdebi (iwereba gv.).
mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.
11-12.
• disertacia an avtoreferati:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,
universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis
konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi). sakandidato disertacia, iv.
javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.
• leqciaze micemuli masala:
leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am
leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala
warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is
Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.
• samTavrobo dokumenti:
saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).
dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da
67
 • Sedegebis interpretacia mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.
• arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera
Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar
• komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT
vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina
• interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis
gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara
diskusia / daskvna ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.
daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba: Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis
• sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo) raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,
• mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis
gavrcelebuli) SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.
• momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca
gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi) erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze
vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10
bibliografia wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT
yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT, gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am
APA stiliT).
SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss
da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav
kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.
savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis
Sesavali meTodebi Sedegebi diskusia
generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali
axlandeli dro maRali dabali dabali maRali
weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.
warsuli dro saSualo maRali maRali saSualo
vnebiTi gvari dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi
ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~
citireba maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva
SezRudvebi saSualo dabali saSualo maRali aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,
komentari maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis
dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa
[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:
Univesity, Michigan Press] ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis
rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis mimarT mijaWvulobad.
Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu
farglebSi. empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,
tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.
• wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs: sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili: kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze
gamomcemeli. unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.
kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani. rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?
ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur
• wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs: SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis
avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].
sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~
studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa. unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da
axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.
• wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs: klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal
adgili: gamomcemeli. kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad
stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi: davajgufebT:
avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.

• statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.
wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis

66 11
 z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.
Zalian bevr kanfets T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda
miirTmeven gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,
romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.
k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.
l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da
uviTarebs mavne mag.: kanfetebiviT aferxebs gadacemebis meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda
Cvevebs miirTmeven vitaminebs msvlelobas Semowmdes hipoTezebi.
m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es
teqstSia mocemuli.
n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.
o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;
bavSvebisaTvis xSirad informacia Zalian didi gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.
saziano realobas ar Seesabameba raodenoba
mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,
mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

problemebi saTauri
• saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani
• saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo
unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)
• saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis
reklama
abstraqti
kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10
winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul
Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi
sargebeli nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT
Sejamebas.

Sesavali
Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami
ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
finansurad exmareba asaqmebs sxvadasxva axal produqcias 1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna
specialobis adamianebs
Jurnal-gazeTebs da gvacnobs • problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)
televizias • mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)
2. konteqstis Seqmna
• wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis
miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)
msaxiobebi mwerlebi fsiqologebi mag.: axali 3. konteqstis aTviseba
manqanebi • gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)
• ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - • naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].
meTodebi
savarjiSo #2: socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.
• detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura
yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri • ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva
kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe • moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs
`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac • terminologia xSirad meordeba
paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.
paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis Sedegebi
anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT, • meTodologiis dasabuTeba
romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,

12 65
analizi da Sefaseba. rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs
safexurebi unda gaiaros: avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT
• sakvlevi problemis dasma; ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:
• sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;
erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena
• kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;
rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi
• Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba; gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar
• kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena; gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs
• monacemebis Segroveba; SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli
• monacemebis analizi; profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da
• eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna. gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.
[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University
Press]. aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;
sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis
rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas
Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis
gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili
kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa. ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod
gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da `rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da
diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris
da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis
savarjiSoebi gvexmareba: gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos
savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi, naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis
TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu
ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba. awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis
mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba
1. saTauri zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT
2. madlobis gadaxda ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli
3. sarCevi Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
4. cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is
5. abstraqti gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas
6. problemis dayeneba akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.
7. literaturis mimoxilva mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan
8. gamokvlevis dizaini dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki
9. gamoyenebuli meTodologia gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da
10. Sedegebi momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad
11. diskusia uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,
12. daskvnebi gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.
13. bibliografia akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT
14. danarTi vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:

a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli paragrafis Semowmeba

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.
b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi
teqstis farglebs miRma.
g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.
d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri
da kritikuli analizi.
e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da
ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev
problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciur-
induqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan
kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?
2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?
3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da
fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?
4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel
ideas?
5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela
winadadeba?
6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?

64 13
 7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare? naSromis daskvna
8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi? • Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi
• mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi Sejameba
detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? • Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis
• aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla
• aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis? • imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi
warmodgenil konteqstSi
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - • SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].
Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia
savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias `erTbaSad swavlis saSiS- • SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,
roebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul para- ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba
grafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gan-
• paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri
saxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi
detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba
Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,
TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas; • winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,
bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul punqtuacia
paragrafSi. • wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,
yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul
gasamarTi nimuSi WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani
qeiT elbou [Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia dro-
ebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.
kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan. Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:
devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan 8 kvira
(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis 3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva
gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon 5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba
Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs agreTve, 10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba
sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba 5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania 1 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas. 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde. 7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis 3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad 5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaq- 4 kvira
saciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri 1 dRe — sakvlevi problemebis arCeva
studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi 2 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba
yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT 6 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba
mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT. 2 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _ 3 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna
zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian, 1 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi
studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer 3 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna
gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba
seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.
ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.” [Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]
SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze. vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis
ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis

14 63
 • studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme
magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris
darRveuli;
• studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas
isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis
grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos
naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da
Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.
am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis
struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura
sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba
• moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT
• aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas
• esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb
• CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an
problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT
wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva
dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:
• baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;
• pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;
• Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.
informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba
Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:
• bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;
• SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;
• informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;
naSromis gegmis Sedgena
amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:
• ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?
• ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?
• ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?
• ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?
• ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?
naSromis Sesavali
• warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala
• gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi
• axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani
• warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili
• ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT
• aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)
• SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod
moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)
• imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken
62
gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,
radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis
unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi
xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs
iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema
da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas
zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,
rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli
studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur
darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is
aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba kon-
centrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon
kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da
Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios
daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi
mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi
zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,
rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi
aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg
wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.”
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT
aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,
roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis
moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini
marTlebi arian.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,
roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro
efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis
naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is
uecar zrdasTan.
gamarTuli nimuSi
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani
qeiT elbou
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase
grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,
15
rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis
energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis
uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia
droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,
nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)
ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki
seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe
ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva
minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan
10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,
Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas
zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,
,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.
SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis
winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,
Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umrav-
lesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,
magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT
ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da
paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis
profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi
iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi
Cavardes.”
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,
roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is
uecar zrdasTan.
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame
relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad
ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi
TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da
TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
16
1. definicia
2. aRwera
III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze
A. pluralizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
B. elitizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
C. neomarqsizmi
1. analizi
2. kritika
a. susti mxareebi
b. susti mxareebi
IV. daskvna
[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18,
2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]
rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle
Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris
safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,
mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili
problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro
safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss
gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris
Tezisis misaRebad.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis
sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3
wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba
gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayo-
filebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval
ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu
garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;
universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli
SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels
safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.
roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda
waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturul-
Sinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.
studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg
aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.
am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:
• naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.
students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;
• studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis
Seqmnamde;
• naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,
raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari
azrebi;
61
 _ elitizmi
naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan
aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,
amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani
struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs
erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs
mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis
pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama
naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:
paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi
yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa
paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera
paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera
paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia
paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera
paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da
pluralizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi X _ daskvna
studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo
paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom
me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis
meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli
Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT
paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am
Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis
analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis
analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.
students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic
misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi
iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi para-
leluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura
aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.
winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa
warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan
Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man
aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas
misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis
nimuSs:
I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi
A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad
1. kategorizacia
2. Sedareba
B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi
II. sami politikuri Teoria
A. neomarqsizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
B. pluralizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
C. elitizmi
60
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _
zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois
gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles
moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”
mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis
xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi
TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:
saTauri
argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic
aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,
Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri
SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im
pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom
sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli
eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan
msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar
Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.
savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses
saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.
Sesavali
Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
• `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi
mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra
daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis
wasakiTxad.
• safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopove-
bis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir av-
toris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba
daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia
sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.
• Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis
dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori
winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori
winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs
avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis
bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring
Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs
gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.
magaliTad:
• universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion
maTTvis saintereso kursebi;
• Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva
universitetebSi;
• 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa
inteleqtualur miRwevebs;
• studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis
datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;
• arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis
17
Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad. am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki — misi pirveli
pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan versiis Seqmna mosdevs.
isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans
studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca emsaxureba is?
meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis
studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa
gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens, warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi
winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis
poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia. funqciasac asrulebs.
nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami
Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.
SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod
weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants: pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi
• zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:
gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos • neomarqsizmi
mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia
mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas. aqcents svams ekonomikaze
• dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi) • pluralizmi
`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia
• Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze
avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas • elitizmi
• kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxve- definicia
lisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L., aRwera
Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and • analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi
Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.] neomarqsizmi
Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis pluralizmi
gemovnebazea damokidebuli. elitizmi

savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi
saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals. versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor
vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da
ZiriTad pozicias?
ZiriTadi nawili Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,
aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis
argumentebis wardgena mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul
pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar
argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akma-
mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo yofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens
arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan
argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:
sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv, • Sesavali
avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi, _ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba
argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv _ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba
ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs. • sami politikuri Teoria
ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi, _ neomarqsizmi
Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia
warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba
Tanmimdevroba: _ pluralizmi
• siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti; Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti; interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti; _ elitizmi
• yvelaze Zlieri argumenti; Zalaufleba elitis xelSia
amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi elitis definicia
STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli • SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri _ neomarqsizmi
_ pluralizmi

18 59
konkretul gzas.
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi
nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni
Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami
ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,
Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,
kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).
magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi
warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze
unda gasces pasuxi:
• ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?
• ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier
mowodebuli?
• ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?
• arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?
pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros
Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT
mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi
warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad
moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is
aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.
mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.
ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri
Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari
informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul
Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,
istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,
vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli
monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar
Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.
da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa
SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros
moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da
dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved
22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,
akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis
Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi
da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli
miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,
perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari
naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra
saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,
rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas
SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi
Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs
amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro
(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da
informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia
dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti
adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.
Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da
SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.
58
argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi
amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
warmovadginoT.
argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxre-
mowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes
momxre mowinaaRmdege
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia 1. is miCvevas iwvevs
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi 2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano
gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba narkotikuli saSualebebis
cirkulacia
3. is wamlad gamodgeba 3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma
SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars 4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro
mas saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi
argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,
Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul
arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.
magaliTad:
• zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,
radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).
• daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis
CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve
dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan
viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).
• Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi
(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxa-
tavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davak-
onkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).
• vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia
warmodgens)
• vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da
ver ikamaTeb)
• soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba
meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,
SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6-
Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi
dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera
axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje-
19
reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris
poziciis siZlieres.
mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri
faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa
Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac
SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras
gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, litera-
turis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,
socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa
Sefasebebi.
savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs
gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis
mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.
savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si
warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.
kontrargumentis ukugdeba
argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.
amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari
pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic
unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba
aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani
jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac
cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis
sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari
`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis
ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis
damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,
amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments
Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.
oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba:
• ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?
• misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?
• ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?
• xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?
• namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi
gvTavazoben?
• yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli
faqtebi?
• xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis
safuZvelze?
• xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?
• xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika
kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an
iqcevian ase?
savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil
kontrargumentebs.
kompromisuri pozicia
arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,
romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs
20
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur
codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam
icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,
gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.
[Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis
nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;
2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani
saqarTveloSi?
3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze
saqarTveloSi?
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa
da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore
winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli
rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris,
socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs
scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia
erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.
mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis
Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul
sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki —
dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda
akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc
zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda
iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad
argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.
savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis
saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi?
3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad
farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas
wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);
mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is
gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris
57
 • naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia
gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;
• yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;
• Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,
diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) — saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs
warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;
• yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi
gaTanabrebuli;
nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:
• mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;
• grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod
im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;
• saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;
nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,
moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;
• TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;
• gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;
• danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1“, ,,danarTi 2“ da a.S. gaTanabrebulia
gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA.]
saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs
`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis
SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTva-
liswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.
k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras
grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro
metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am
muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis
SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT
ekidebi.
rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:
• mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas
iZleva;
• oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis
gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;
• sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb
Seni poziciis upiratesobas;
• imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;
• problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs
iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton
Mifflin.]

am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis

struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromiT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi
unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:
• sakvlevi problemis dasma;
• sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;
• wyaroebis moZieba;
• wyaroebis Sefaseba;
• wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;
• citatebze muSaoba;
• perifrazireba da Sejameba;
• naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;
• bibliografiis miTiTeba;
• naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.

sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:

• sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba
imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;
• sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;

56 21
 daskvna
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs
avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis
msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
• avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;
• Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel
daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;
• problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals
dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi.
vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas
axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu
vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT
ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT
daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.
savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.
savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi
gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:
eses Semowmeba
1. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?
2. ra aris eses Tezisi?
3. aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?
4. gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?
5. ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?
6. aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?
7. yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?
8. gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?
9. aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?
gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?
10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?
11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan
dakavSirebiT?
12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
22
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi
kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT
gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli
empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:
pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi gana-
viTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontent-
analizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu
eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
• naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da
amocanebi;
• naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;
• naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;
• naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;
• naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;
• naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas;
• naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi”;
• naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli
formati.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi — sabibilioTekoa is Tu
eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT
SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri
asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve
ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi” misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT
APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:
saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:
• naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);
• studentis saxeli da gvari;
• saswavlo dawesebuleba.
TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis
centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT
striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.
saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is
moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da
warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia
Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan
empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:
• gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;
• mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:
cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa
da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis
gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;
55
specialur klasebSi. savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver nimuSi 1
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan globalizacia dadebiTi procesia
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi
swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle
eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli
Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi
adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erT-
arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis
erTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise
TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswav-
sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac
leblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am
is araswori formiT warimarTeba.
yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is
Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris
frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is
saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.
ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli prob-
xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved
lemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar
reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix
saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did
beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa
qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod
saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es
amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.
xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da
stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis
Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti
damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi
ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili
mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi
ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.
mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba
Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas
erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni
asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis
qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi
miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave
britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli
maswavlebels Seaxvedra.
qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur
procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:
klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac
`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT
SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,
germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis
vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu
saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~
reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da
iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.
difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel
adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,
msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,
rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili
TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad
eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT
omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda
sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis
msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki
gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.
xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad
gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo
aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis
damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi
uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi
saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,
romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.
yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT
gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs
samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis
SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII
saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul
faseulobebTan.

54 23
 yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris
mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur
tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva
saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,
amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli
procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.
cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:
`saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites
feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali
vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,
faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve
ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi
miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi
amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic
gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs
xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi
ambobs: `amJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis
zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad
demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,
rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da
demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic
mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi
mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi
adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia
negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.
is, rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani
acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos
saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis
unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi
dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da,
rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia
imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli
tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.
nimuSi 2
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia
`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,
romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi
erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur
sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou
xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare
ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad
aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac
yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,
rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena
kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan
aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi
gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli
suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi
zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro
dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia
uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da
problemuria, vidre odesme.
24
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb
(analitikuri referati)
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad
rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met
sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRe-
buli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa
ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki
Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT
es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da
gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da
betelhaims.
pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da
sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle
specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs
SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT
moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad
mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da
ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust
tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo
niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara
aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens
aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri
moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,
radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari
mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem
abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo
srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom
sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.
aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani
moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am
sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs
gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi
da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas indi-
vidualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelo-
vanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba
samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,
magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis
fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver
akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis
Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is
araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.
zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar
miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.
es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT
motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,
rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas
53
Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.
betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis
gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis
grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac
sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.
aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave
programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke
dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis
mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da
cinizms.
betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar
eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav
literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da
gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi
niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo
samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT
niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca
aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad
niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema
wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro
mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia
winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze
iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.
SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan
gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni
klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom
gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi
samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis
SesaZleblobebi.
amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli
sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma
bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT
eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac
daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda
swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen
mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.
52
mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian
TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis
wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis
survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT
SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas
aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT
pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis
mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa
TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli
TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac
metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis
stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs gark-
veul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs
da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva
formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa
terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad
gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar
imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis
qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT
cxovrebaSi.
am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac
mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar
viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,
romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari
Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT
80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic
sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac
`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da
amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs
zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor
axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da re-
zoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs
misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad
iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis
daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT
ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia
mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazre-
beli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad
miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.
aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove
msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad
globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,
romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdeb-
arebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi
Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini
didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi
ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa
Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi
raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,
nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da invest-
ticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan
gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,
aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas
25
uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven
mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.
da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi
procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.
saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es
iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da
suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios
teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba
marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,
uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,
rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena
globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad
warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo
daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi
dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.
Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, moder-
nizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT
isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,
romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,
maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis
ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,
rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul
funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.
rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis
kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis
tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul
siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto
istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.
amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod
axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,
ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna
emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul
kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis
maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame
samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis
fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli
xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es
kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da
prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar
aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.
26
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis
SesaZleblobebi.
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erT-
erTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura
maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi
anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu
dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic
saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.
savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis
warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezen-
tacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri refe-
ratis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 1
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb
(analitikuri referati)
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad
Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.
ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.
dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli
adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris
gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia
yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.
rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis
mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen
51
teqstis Sefaseba
• aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?
• aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?
• aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?
• aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?
• aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?
• ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?
• Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?
• ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?
• gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?
• aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias
iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?
• ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad
da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi
mocemul teqstTan?
ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques.
Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]
ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa
da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian
efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro
TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis
diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:
A C B erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;
A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona — meorisas, C —
ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris
gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C — ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema
gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri
referatis struqtura.
savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen
savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.
studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 1
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
50
Tema II. kritika
kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul
kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:
• racionaloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;
roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni
mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu
gadawyvetileba.
• TviTanalizi
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra
motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.
• miukerZoebloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca
viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT
alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul
Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis
misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro
martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.
• disciplina
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals
viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.
• Sefaseba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da
gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado
faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva
taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda
amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritiku-
lobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,
mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne
adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da
misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi
interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical
Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].
mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad
naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.
`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis
Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,
realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an
wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da
veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,
radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro
rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)
gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu
ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi
Rrma analizis unari.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni
gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~
argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate
27
Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.]
magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas
gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad
kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:
• faqtebzea agebuli;
• naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;
• sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;
• refleqcias gulisxmobs;
• Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.
ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli
iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac
SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.
naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul
Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,
rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan
gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,
rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am
kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore
mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli
Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznes-
menisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda
gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba
mizanSewonili.
radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba
sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi krite-
riumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan
misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva
danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.
refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrov-
nebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu
rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT
arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.
kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis
Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo
citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram
isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver
Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored
is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H.
(2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,
radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars
moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili
Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod,
H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?
daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.
garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia
avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis
Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis
safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT
avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev
erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris
28
mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul per-
speqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli
sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi
ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.
warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier
konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:
1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis
efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)
moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,
rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.
swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,
ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri
ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro
aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialur-
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...
2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa
Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis
ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da
damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da
ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba
aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,
sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa
organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...
3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo” — naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod
warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. sam-
rewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad
gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve saval-
debulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas
miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas
dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili
codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi
warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces
mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...
savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis
warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis
Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.
Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da
avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT
teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da
mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi
safexuria:
teqstis analizi
• rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?
• ra aris avtoris mizani?
• vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?
• ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?
• ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis
mxardaWeras?
• ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?
49
gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis
danarCen wevrebs.
inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs
mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni
an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil
mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela
karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore
mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos
kidec.
roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso” ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,
ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes
gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT.” amitom
unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra
iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas
gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,
SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis
organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi
ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar
Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.
ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT
vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod
vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara
swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili
eqsperimentebi.
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad
Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 2
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,
saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier mos-
wavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT
is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.
savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis
disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod — sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos
Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da
icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli
sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri
48
ideebi.
Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac var-
kvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia
maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori
gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro das-
kvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.
garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompe-
tenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu
ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor
daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis
sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu
is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad
iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs
redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa
jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili
informaciis sandoobis dadgena.
zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,
aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvada-
sxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqs-
tis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.
sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:
garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad
icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?
Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gac-
nobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.
Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa
avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,
dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,
vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss
gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es
ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb
warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, ano-
taciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi
qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagex-
marebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.
mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze
amaxvilebT yuradRebas:
1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba
• Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?
• rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?
2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi
Sinaarsis gacnoba.
• ras geubnebaT saTauri?
• ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?
• ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva
Tu Semajamebeli informacia?
3. teqstis gadaxedva
• naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da
daskvna?
• ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?
• ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras
(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?
momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda
kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze
29
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena
da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,
vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.
magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad
kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac
yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis
anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs
Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.
kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da
Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni
mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa
SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis
analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damaje-
reblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia
is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis
analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis
saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis
struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,
martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,
rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad
seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom
moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is
SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,
Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia
naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman,
A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September
15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]
rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad
CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma
analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic
Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:
• avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis
moxmobis safuZvelze
• sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis
Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier
reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis
gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT
SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).
• TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia
avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac
Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,
studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT
Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro
`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi
Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiT-
xvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan
Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3-
s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.
miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis
struqtura:
Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari
mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb
30
gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess
swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da
pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,
zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis
specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.
Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs
skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu
grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,
rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs
aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic
ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos
maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri
SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,
aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa
sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba
ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs
vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,
Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs
SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri
bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?
ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,
romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da
Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxel-
mwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,
rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.”.
dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazr-
debSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen
kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimar-
Tulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT
CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan
zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,
xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar
iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom
gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.
gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi
iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri
bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.
meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis
martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,
man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul
amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda
swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso
oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;
magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli
TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc
Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.
dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur
programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali
klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac
nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,
vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,
aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi
moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad
gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.
dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod
CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.
Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi
47
 bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,
rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,
rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf
klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi
dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi
ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an
konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT
sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,
latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.
Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas
saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi
dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni
da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.
heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,
romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca
niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba
heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.
naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT
TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis
umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli
moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom
niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,
visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.
ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi
programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4
jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois
gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiT-
xvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi
mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,
magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.
sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.
ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi
eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo
mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa
jgufSi.
darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebis-
metyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa
da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti
gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.
Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,
romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,
rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da
unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT,” rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis
maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi” aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da
swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen
bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)
argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri
zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvalis-
winebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia
daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili
sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan
gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise
sazogadoebas.
46
ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT
II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT
III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari
komentariT da a.S.
daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi
kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.
nimuSi 1
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT” yuradRebas amaxvilebs
internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs
moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,
romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli
egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas
Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi inter-
neti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.
bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT
gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul
mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebel-
yofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi
raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur
gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom
SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze” da aRmovaCinoT
sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis
gziT ganvaxorcieleT.
bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gav-
lenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens
Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:
• internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;
• interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar
dapirebas iZleva;
• interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;
• internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis
mflobelTaTvis;
• interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.
amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis
validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin
bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunis-
turi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:
Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,
romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis
uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad das-
kvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:
dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, wa-
xalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas,” raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-
31
cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad
motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internet-
gverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem...” _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan
muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,
rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.
avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur
uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis
moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,
daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS
SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel
nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.
ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xel-
misawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,
rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac
interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs
adgilobrivi bankebiT?
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi
qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad
ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras
gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT
sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara
aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis
investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?
avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni
naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod
fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols
informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da
cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,
roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is
cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,
magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.”
avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs
arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan
adarebs.
amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis
validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro
SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego
argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da
obieqturad Seafasos igi.
nimuSi 2
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT,” gamoqveynebuli
“Guardian”-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,
ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias.” avtoris azriT,
internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam
da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.
avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani
wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri
totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia
seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi
mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar
32
belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris
ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.
savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec moma-
valSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas.
niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen
qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)
niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul
Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc
avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul
sferoebSi.
es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT
akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian
aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri”
SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,
romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis
IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.
rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom
aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da
iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli
sisruliT gaRvivebas.
am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis
forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris
dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis
miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.
maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,
oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da
codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleq-
tualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,
rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu
niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.
skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,
ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan
uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.
ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea” metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da
JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,
yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,
mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar
aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.
Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,
maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.
swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis
ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi
ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis
kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.
Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouya-
libdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an adminis-
tratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen indi-
vidualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli
moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom
msgavsi ,,niWiT” dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am
erTianobisagan.
45
 Tema III. analitikuri referati
analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania
debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis
SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri
referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas
studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs
saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.
studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar
pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi
gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es
ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis
analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtki-
cebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri refera-
tis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi
disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu
universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri
referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:
Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;
konteqstualizacia.
ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxi-
luli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian
mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakav-
SirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba
da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.
II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris
argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefa-
seba mosdevs.
III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtor-
Ta poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.
daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.
amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis
struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,
konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad
svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi — jer erTi avtoris
Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere — meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac
orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon
statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom
dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,
umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan
analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze
da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom
misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.
ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel
TiToeul nawils.
jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,
rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis
Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis
gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile-
44
xelmisawvdomobas.” amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,
romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli
leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri
sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis
dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.
bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris
pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram
marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da
aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo
jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.
amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers war-
moadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis
azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas
xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.” magaliTad, internetidan
novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi
realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.
drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,
radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis
wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac
SeiZleba.
bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,
is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur
da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve
vyofilvarT” gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom
amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50-
ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.
sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze
miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli
fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.
bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavaze-
buli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstri-
rebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma
unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo
kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive
unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSi-
rebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli
gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver
moiZie Sens qalaqSi.
da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis
ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis
SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.
savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli
nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT
isini erTmaneTs.
rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle
SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, auci-
leblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perif-
razireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan
warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?
perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT
gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.
perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg
33
meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni
da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari
stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli
monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia
avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori
perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar
aris.
perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni
sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis
zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris
ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT
avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom
detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis
struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da peri-
odulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.
amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:
• masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;
• is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;
• is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;
• is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul
detalebze;
• masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi
gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen
universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa
plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da
msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.
aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocemas.
1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,
universitetidan gairicxebian.
2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,
romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu
ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayal-
beba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.
3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, univer-
sitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,
dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva
arakeTilsindisieri qceva.
pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas
gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sit-
yvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli wina-
dadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan
masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli
plagiatis nimuSia.
savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi
kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,
Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli
paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).
34
cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,
romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.
amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis
gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci” cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi
qalisadmi’,” rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom
swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri” arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori
ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil” da ,,saSiS’’ arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel” da
umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos.” romelia am SemTxvevaSi
ufro ,,bavSvuri’’ da ususuri?
rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi
dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre
qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi,” ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.
cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socia-
lizacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,
gogonebis ki — Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,
genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT,’’ gogonebs ki -
,,fesvebiT.” Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti
Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi
sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis
Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.
ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs
adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad
difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,
ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod
emorCileba.
unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa
da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,
udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs
moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme,” da aRarc maT vaJebs
SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli
maskulinoba” da ,,qalisadmi SiSi” ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda
pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es
tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro
xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara
Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi
,,kenguruTi” Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi
enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris
daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.
meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas
moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian
da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,
agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove
pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika
cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri
qali, rogorc dRes.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan
icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise
sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom
mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa’.
43
 veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da
TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba
eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos
mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac
gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro
metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians
cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs
akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva
ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado
zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac
udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 2
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”
meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis
maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi
mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis
reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis
socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris
gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb
socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mama-
kacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul”
arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac
mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT
maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris
argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad
damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.
is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan — sakmaod ,,Tav-
Seukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan,” ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur”
arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals
infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba
iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac
iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis
sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur
arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur
kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyve-
lebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,
,,dedikos biWi,” ,,dedis nebieri,” ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli” da sxv. swored is
epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,
infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.
ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri
aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa,” risi
kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan — bavSvebis movlisgan
distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs
Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian
saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,
mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra
erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona
cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da
mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis
42
sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?”
meri stiuart van liuveni
anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saq-
med” iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis
saqme.” Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,
am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.
meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro
mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri
statusi eniWebodes.
anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis
dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac
anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli
mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.
buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven
bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad
ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met
Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis
gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.
qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT
sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa
sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre
mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da
energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.
da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic
TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos
dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro
kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur”
arsebebad arian miCneulni.
Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli
aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro
metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis
movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv”
aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac
mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul
pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.
obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,
Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde
bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erT-
erTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is
vaJia an gogona.
swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis
roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen
mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda
iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT
Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze
mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom
is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi
gaarTvas mamakacis rols.
magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis
matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia,” socialurad is qalze ufro
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla
mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is
namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,
rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas
yvela ,,qalur” Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis
gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod
35
Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxov-
nilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar
jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da
gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan
axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis” warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.
ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel
mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi.” misi yvelaze adreuli
asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es
grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,
Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi
maskulinuri identuroba.
amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze
maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi
maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da
mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan.” ra
warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs
sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli
maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.
aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi
gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,
albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs
sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano
sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.
Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,
eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.
qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos
qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian
SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq
kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT
saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv
rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.
ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi
kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimar-
TulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra
monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki
Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.
aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac
arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi
rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba
im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,
roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,
maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan
namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?” ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.
36
vardebian kacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs
xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.
savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmod-
genili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis
Seqmna mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 1
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,
umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camo-
uvardebian mamakacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom
qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.
rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi
saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs
sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom
isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT
Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da
naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.
ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs
Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT
iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _
aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis
Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa
daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs
biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,
rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi
daswavlis Sedegia.
41
meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic
gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College
Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]
amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:
• brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;
• perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki
ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs
tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiT-
xavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;
• SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa
darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT
da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.
savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winada-
debebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs
studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar
warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.
mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citi-
rebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis Sesavli-
saTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawil-
ze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.
savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,
studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,
kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias
gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganamtkiceben.
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1
avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos
mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT
da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad mona-
wileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve
xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar
SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi
damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,
albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan
arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,
fineTi da a.S.
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 2
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-
40
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 2
meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT
mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul
genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki -
maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.
pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi
aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo
reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.
rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT
cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli
saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis
Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian
dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi
3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari
unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs
mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad
kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom
`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT
cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~
Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis
SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis
vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis
daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo
unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis
mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.
savarjiSo #3. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad
gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels
misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo
ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)
iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris
SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas
vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis
citireba.
citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:
• Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,
maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;
• Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),
maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi
gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac
amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar
movaTavsoT;
• Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs
gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi
Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;
• Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa
moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi
arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;
• Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,
37
 sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;
• Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili
gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.
rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime
yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998).
Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,
an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.
rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi
specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier
SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,
erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore
mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.
APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,
analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda
mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT
miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi
wesebi:
• mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi
moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;
• Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod
publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;
• Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,
`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;
• Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda
uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,
aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;
• roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive
avtoris gvari iqneba;
• roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi
yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod
pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna `et al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;
• Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis
aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,
isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;
• Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba
Semdegi saxiT xdeba:
_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis
mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).
_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda
ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).
_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis
mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT
(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from
http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]
da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia
gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.
plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es
`ideebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi
winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos
statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.
`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,
enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.
38
plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs arada-
makmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli
magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmo-
gidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan `amerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:
`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom
swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu
SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da
radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi
saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire
raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.
I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,
rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im
principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen
SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.
es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili ori-
ginalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti
sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani
teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.
II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari war-
modgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.
88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis
adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli
momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,
89).
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas
axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.
III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom
mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze
dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis
saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas
warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,
rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis
perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,
rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili
cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, marto-
xela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT spe-
cifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.
IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs — imdenad
naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis
miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi
arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav
dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs
mouaron (2001, gv. 89).
Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro
meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...
am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis
naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.
39
 sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;
• Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili
gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.
rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime
yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998).
Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,
an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.
rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi
specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier
SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,
erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore
mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.
APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,
analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda
mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT
miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi
wesebi:
• mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi
moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;
• Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod
publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;
• Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,
`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;
• Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda
uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,
aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;
• roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive
avtoris gvari iqneba;
• roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi
yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod
pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna `et al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;
• Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis
aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,
isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;
• Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba
Semdegi saxiT xdeba:
_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis
mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).
_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda
ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).
_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis
mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT
(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from
http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]
da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia
gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.
plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es
`ideebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi
winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos
statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.
`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,
enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.
38
plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs arada-
makmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli
magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmo-
gidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan `amerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:
`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom
swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu
SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da
radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi
saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire
raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.
I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,
rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im
principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen
SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.
es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili ori-
ginalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti
sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani
teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.
II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari war-
modgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.
88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis
adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli
momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,
89).
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas
axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.
III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom
mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze
dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis
saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas
warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,
rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis
perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,
rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili
cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, marto-
xela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT spe-
cifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.
IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs — imdenad
naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis
miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi
arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav
dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs
mouaron (2001, gv. 89).
Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro
meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...
am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis
naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.
39
meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic
gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College
Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]
amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:
• brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;
• perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki
ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs
tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiT-
xavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;
• SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa
darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT
da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.
savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winada-
debebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs
studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar
warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.
mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citi-
rebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis Sesavli-
saTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawil-
ze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.
savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,
studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,
kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias
gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganamtkiceben.
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1
avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos
mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT
da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad mona-
wileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve
xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar
SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi
damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,
albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan
arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,
fineTi da a.S.
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 2
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-
40
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 2
meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT
mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul
genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki -
maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.
pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi
aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo
reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.
rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT
cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli
saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis
Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian
dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi
3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari
unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs
mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad
kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom
`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT
cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~
Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis
SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis
vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis
daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo
unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis
mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.
savarjiSo #3. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad
gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels
misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo
ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)
iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris
SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas
vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis
citireba.
citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:
• Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,
maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;
• Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),
maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi
gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac
amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar
movaTavsoT;
• Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs
gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi
Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;
• Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa
moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi
arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;
• Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,
37
Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxov-
nilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar
jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da
gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan
axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis” warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.
ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel
mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi.” misi yvelaze adreuli
asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es
grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,
Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi
maskulinuri identuroba.
amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze
maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi
maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da
mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan.” ra
warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs
sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli
maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.
aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi
gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,
albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs
sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano
sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.
Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,
eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.
qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos
qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian
SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq
kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT
saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv
rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.
ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi
kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimar-
TulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra
monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki
Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.
aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac
arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi
rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba
im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,
roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,
maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan
namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?” ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.
36
vardebian kacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs
xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.
savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmod-
genili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis
Seqmna mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 1
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,
umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camo-
uvardebian mamakacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom
qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.
rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi
saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs
sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom
isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT
Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da
naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.
ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs
Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT
iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _
aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis
Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa
daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs
biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,
rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi
daswavlis Sedegia.
41
 veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da
TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba
eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos
mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac
gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro
metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians
cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs
akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva
ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado
zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac
udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 2
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”
meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis
maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi
mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis
reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis
socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris
gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb
socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mama-
kacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul”
arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac
mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT
maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris
argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad
damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.
is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan — sakmaod ,,Tav-
Seukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan,” ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur”
arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals
infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba
iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac
iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis
sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur
arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur
kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyve-
lebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,
,,dedikos biWi,” ,,dedis nebieri,” ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli” da sxv. swored is
epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,
infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.
ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri
aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa,” risi
kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan — bavSvebis movlisgan
distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs
Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian
saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,
mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra
erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona
cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da
mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis
42
sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?”
meri stiuart van liuveni
anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saq-
med” iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis
saqme.” Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,
am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.
meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro
mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri
statusi eniWebodes.
anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis
dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac
anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli
mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.
buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven
bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad
ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met
Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis
gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.
qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT
sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa
sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre
mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da
energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.
da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic
TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos
dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro
kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur”
arsebebad arian miCneulni.
Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli
aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro
metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis
movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv”
aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac
mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul
pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.
obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,
Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde
bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erT-
erTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is
vaJia an gogona.
swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis
roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen
mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda
iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT
Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze
mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom
is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi
gaarTvas mamakacis rols.
magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis
matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia,” socialurad is qalze ufro
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla
mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is
namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,
rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas
yvela ,,qalur” Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis
gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod
35
meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni
da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari
stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli
monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia
avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori
perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar
aris.
perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni
sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis
zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris
ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT
avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom
detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis
struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da peri-
odulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.
amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:
• masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;
• is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;
• is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;
• is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul
detalebze;
• masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi
gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen
universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa
plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da
msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.
aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocemas.
1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,
universitetidan gairicxebian.
2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,
romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu
ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayal-
beba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.
3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, univer-
sitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,
dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva
arakeTilsindisieri qceva.
pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas
gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sit-
yvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli wina-
dadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan
masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli
plagiatis nimuSia.
savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi
kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,
Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli
paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).
34
cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,
romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.
amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis
gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci” cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi
qalisadmi’,” rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom
swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri” arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori
ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil” da ,,saSiS’’ arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel” da
umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos.” romelia am SemTxvevaSi
ufro ,,bavSvuri’’ da ususuri?
rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi
dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre
qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi,” ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.
cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socia-
lizacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,
gogonebis ki — Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,
genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT,’’ gogonebs ki -
,,fesvebiT.” Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti
Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi
sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis
Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.
ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs
adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad
difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,
ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod
emorCileba.
unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa
da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,
udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs
moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme,” da aRarc maT vaJebs
SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli
maskulinoba” da ,,qalisadmi SiSi” ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda
pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es
tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro
xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara
Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi
,,kenguruTi” Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi
enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris
daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.
meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas
moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian
da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,
agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove
pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika
cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri
qali, rogorc dRes.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan
icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise
sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom
mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa’.
43
 Tema III. analitikuri referati
analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania
debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis
SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri
referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas
studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs
saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.
studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar
pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi
gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es
ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis
analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtki-
cebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri refera-
tis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi
disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu
universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri
referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:
Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;
konteqstualizacia.
ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxi-
luli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian
mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakav-
SirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba
da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.
II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris
argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefa-
seba mosdevs.
III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtor-
Ta poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.
daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.
amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis
struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,
konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad
svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi — jer erTi avtoris
Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere — meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac
orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon
statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom
dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,
umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan
analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze
da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom
misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.
ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel
TiToeul nawils.
jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,
rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis
Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis
gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile-
44
xelmisawvdomobas.” amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,
romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli
leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri
sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis
dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.
bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris
pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram
marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da
aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo
jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.
amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers war-
moadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis
azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas
xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.” magaliTad, internetidan
novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi
realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.
drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,
radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis
wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac
SeiZleba.
bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,
is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur
da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve
vyofilvarT” gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom
amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50-
ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.
sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze
miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli
fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.
bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavaze-
buli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstri-
rebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma
unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo
kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive
unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSi-
rebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli
gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver
moiZie Sens qalaqSi.
da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis
ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis
SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.
savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli
nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT
isini erTmaneTs.
rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle
SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, auci-
leblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perif-
razireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan
warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?
perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT
gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.
perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg
33
cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad
motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internet-
gverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem...” _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan
muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,
rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.
avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur
uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis
moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,
daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS
SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel
nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.
ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xel-
misawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,
rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac
interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs
adgilobrivi bankebiT?
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi
qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad
ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras
gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT
sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara
aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis
investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?
avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni
naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod
fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols
informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da
cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,
roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is
cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,
magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.”
avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs
arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan
adarebs.
amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis
validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro
SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego
argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da
obieqturad Seafasos igi.
nimuSi 2
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT,” gamoqveynebuli
“Guardian”-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,
ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias.” avtoris azriT,
internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam
da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.
avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani
wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri
totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia
seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi
mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar
32
belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris
ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.
savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec moma-
valSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas.
niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen
qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)
niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul
Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc
avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul
sferoebSi.
es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT
akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian
aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri”
SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,
romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis
IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.
rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom
aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da
iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli
sisruliT gaRvivebas.
am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis
forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris
dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis
miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.
maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,
oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da
codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleq-
tualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,
rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu
niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.
skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,
ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan
uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.
ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea” metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da
JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,
yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,
mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar
aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.
Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,
maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.
swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis
ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi
ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis
kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.
Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouya-
libdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an adminis-
tratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen indi-
vidualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli
moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom
msgavsi ,,niWiT” dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am
erTianobisagan.
45
 bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,
rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,
rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf
klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi
dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi
ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an
konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT
sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,
latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.
Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas
saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi
dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni
da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.
heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,
romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca
niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba
heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.
naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT
TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis
umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli
moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom
niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,
visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.
ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi
programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4
jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois
gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiT-
xvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi
mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,
magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.
sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.
ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi
eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo
mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa
jgufSi.
darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebis-
metyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa
da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti
gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.
Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,
romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,
rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da
unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT,” rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis
maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi” aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da
swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen
bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)
argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri
zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvalis-
winebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia
daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili
sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan
gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise
sazogadoebas.
46
ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT
II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT
III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari
komentariT da a.S.
daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi
kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.
nimuSi 1
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT” yuradRebas amaxvilebs
internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs
moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,
romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli
egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas
Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi inter-
neti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.
bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT
gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul
mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebel-
yofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi
raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur
gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom
SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze” da aRmovaCinoT
sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis
gziT ganvaxorcieleT.
bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gav-
lenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens
Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:
• internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;
• interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar
dapirebas iZleva;
• interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;
• internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis
mflobelTaTvis;
• interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.
amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis
validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin
bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunis-
turi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:
Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,
romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis
uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad das-
kvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:
dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, wa-
xalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas,” raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-
31
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena
da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,
vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.
magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad
kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac
yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis
anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs
Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.
kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da
Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni
mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa
SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis
analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damaje-
reblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia
is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis
analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis
saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis
struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,
martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,
rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad
seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom
moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is
SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,
Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia
naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman,
A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September
15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]
rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad
CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma
analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic
Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:
• avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis
moxmobis safuZvelze
• sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis
Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier
reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis
gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT
SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).
• TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia
avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac
Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,
studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT
Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro
`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi
Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiT-
xvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan
Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3-
s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.
miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis
struqtura:
Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari
mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb
30
gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess
swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da
pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,
zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis
specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.
Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs
skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu
grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,
rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs
aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic
ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos
maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri
SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,
aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa
sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba
ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs
vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,
Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs
SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri
bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?
ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,
romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da
Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxel-
mwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,
rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.”.
dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazr-
debSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen
kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimar-
Tulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT
CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan
zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,
xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar
iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom
gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.
gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi
iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri
bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.
meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis
martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,
man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul
amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda
swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso
oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;
magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli
TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc
Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.
dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur
programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali
klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac
nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,
vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,
aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi
moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad
gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.
dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod
CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.
Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi
47
gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis
danarCen wevrebs.
inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs
mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni
an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil
mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela
karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore
mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos
kidec.
roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso” ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,
ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes
gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT.” amitom
unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra
iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas
gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,
SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis
organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi
ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar
Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.
ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT
vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod
vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara
swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili
eqsperimentebi.
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad
Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 2
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,
saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier mos-
wavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT
is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.
savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis
disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod — sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos
Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da
icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli
sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri
48
ideebi.
Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac var-
kvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia
maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori
gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro das-
kvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.
garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompe-
tenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu
ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor
daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis
sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu
is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad
iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs
redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa
jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili
informaciis sandoobis dadgena.
zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,
aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvada-
sxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqs-
tis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.
sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:
garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad
icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?
Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gac-
nobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.
Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa
avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,
dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,
vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss
gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es
ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb
warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, ano-
taciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi
qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagex-
marebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.
mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze
amaxvilebT yuradRebas:
1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba
• Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?
• rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?
2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi
Sinaarsis gacnoba.
• ras geubnebaT saTauri?
• ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?
• ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva
Tu Semajamebeli informacia?
3. teqstis gadaxedva
• naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da
daskvna?
• ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?
• ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras
(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?
momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda
kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze
29
Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.]
magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas
gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad
kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:
• faqtebzea agebuli;
• naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;
• sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;
• refleqcias gulisxmobs;
• Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.
ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli
iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac
SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.
naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul
Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,
rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan
gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,
rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am
kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore
mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli
Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznes-
menisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda
gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba
mizanSewonili.
radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba
sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi krite-
riumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan
misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva
danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.
refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrov-
nebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu
rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT
arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.
kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis
Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo
citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram
isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver
Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored
is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H.
(2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,
radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars
moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili
Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod,
H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?
daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.
garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia
avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis
Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis
safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT
avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev
erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris
28
mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul per-
speqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli
sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi
ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.
warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier
konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:
1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis
efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)
moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,
rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.
swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,
ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri
ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro
aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialur-
ekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...
2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa
Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis
ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da
damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da
ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba
aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,
sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa
organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...
3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo” — naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod
warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. sam-
rewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad
gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve saval-
debulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas
miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas
dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili
codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi
warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces
mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...
savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis
warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis
Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.
Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da
avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT
teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da
mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi
safexuria:
teqstis analizi
• rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?
• ra aris avtoris mizani?
• vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?
• ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?
• ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis
mxardaWeras?
• ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?
49
teqstis Sefaseba
• aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?
• aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?
• aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?
• aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?
• aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?
• ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?
• Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?
• ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?
• gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?
• aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias
iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?
• ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad
da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi
mocemul teqstTan?
ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques.
Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]
ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa
da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian
efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro
TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis
diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:
A C B erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;
A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona — meorisas, C —
ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris
gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C — ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema
gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri
referatis struqtura.
savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen
savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.
studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 1
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
50
Tema II. kritika
kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul
kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:
• racionaloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;
roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni
mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu
gadawyvetileba.
• TviTanalizi
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra
motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.
• miukerZoebloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca
viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT
alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul
Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis
misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro
martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.
• disciplina
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals
viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.
• Sefaseba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da
gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado
faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva
taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda
amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritiku-
lobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,
mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne
adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da
misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi
interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical
Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].
mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad
naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.
`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis
Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,
realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an
wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da
veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,
radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro
rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)
gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu
ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi
Rrma analizis unari.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni
gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~
argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate
27
uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven
mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.
da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi
procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.
saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es
iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da
suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios
teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba
marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,
uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,
rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena
globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad
warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo
daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi
dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.
Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, moder-
nizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT
isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,
romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,
maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis
ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,
rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul
funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.
rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis
kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis
tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul
siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto
istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.
amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod
axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,
ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna
emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul
kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis
maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame
samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis
fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli
xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es
kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da
prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar
aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.
26
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis
SesaZleblobebi.
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erT-
erTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura
maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi
anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu
dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic
saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.
savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis
warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezen-
tacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri refe-
ratis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 1
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb
(analitikuri referati)
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad
Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.
ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.
dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli
adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris
gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia
yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.
rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis
mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen
51
Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.
betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis
gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis
grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac
sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.
aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave
programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke
dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis
mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da
cinizms.
betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar
eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav
literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da
gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi
niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo
samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT
niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca
aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad
niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema
wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro
mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia
winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze
iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.
SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan
gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni
klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom
gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi
samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis
SesaZleblobebi.
amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli
sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma
bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT
eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac
daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda
swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen
mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.
52
mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian
TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis
wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis
survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT
SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas
aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT
pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis
mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa
TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli
TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac
metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis
stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs gark-
veul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs
da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva
formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa
terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad
gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar
imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis
qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT
cxovrebaSi.
am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac
mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar
viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,
romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari
Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT
80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic
sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac
`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da
amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs
zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor
axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da re-
zoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs
misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad
iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis
daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT
ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia
mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazre-
beli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad
miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.
aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove
msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad
globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,
romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdeb-
arebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi
Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini
didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi
ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa
Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi
raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,
nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da invest-
ticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan
gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,
aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas
25
 yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris
mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur
tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva
saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,
amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli
procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.
cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:
`saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites
feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali
vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,
faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve
ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi
miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi
amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic
gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs
xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi
ambobs: `amJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis
zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad
demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,
rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da
demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic
mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi
mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi
adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia
negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.
is, rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani
acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos
saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis
unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi
dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da,
rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia
imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli
tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.
nimuSi 2
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia
`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,
romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi
erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur
sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou
xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare
ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad
aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac
yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,
rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena
kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan
aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi
gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli
suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi
zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro
dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia
uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da
problemuria, vidre odesme.
24
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb
(analitikuri referati)
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad
rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met
sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRe-
buli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa
ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki
Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT
es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da
gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da
betelhaims.
pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da
sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle
specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs
SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT
moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad
mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da
ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust
tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo
niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara
aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens
aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri
moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,
radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari
mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem
abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo
srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom
sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.
aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani
moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am
sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs
gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi
da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas indi-
vidualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelo-
vanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba
samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,
magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis
fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver
akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis
Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is
araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.
zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar
miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.
es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT
motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,
rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas
53
specialur klasebSi. savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver nimuSi 1
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan globalizacia dadebiTi procesia
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi
swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle
eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli
Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi
adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erT-
arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis
erTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise
TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswav-
sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac
leblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am
is araswori formiT warimarTeba.
yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is
Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris
frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is
saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.
ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli prob-
xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved
lemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar
reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix
saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did
beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa
qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod
saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es
amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.
xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da
stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis
Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti
damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi
ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili
mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi
ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.
mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba
Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas
erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni
asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis
qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi
miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave
britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli
maswavlebels Seaxvedra.
qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur
procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:
klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac
`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT
SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,
germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis
vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu
saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~
reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da
iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.
difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel
adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,
msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,
rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili
TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad
eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT
omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda
sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis
msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki
gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.
xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad
gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo
aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis
damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi
uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi
saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,
romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.
yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT
gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs
samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis
SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII
saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul
faseulobebTan.

54 23
 daskvna
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs
avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis
msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
• avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;
• Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel
daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;
• problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals
dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi.
vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas
axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu
vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT
ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT
daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.
savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.
savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi
gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:
eses Semowmeba
1. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?
2. ra aris eses Tezisi?
3. aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?
4. gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?
5. ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?
6. aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?
7. yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?
8. gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?
9. aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?
gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?
10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?
11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan
dakavSirebiT?
12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
22
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi
kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT
gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli
empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:
pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi gana-
viTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontent-
analizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu
eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
• naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da
amocanebi;
• naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;
• naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;
• naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;
• naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;
• naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas;
• naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi”;
• naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli
formati.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi — sabibilioTekoa is Tu
eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT
SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri
asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve
ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi” misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT
APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:
saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:
• naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);
• studentis saxeli da gvari;
• saswavlo dawesebuleba.
TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis
centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT
striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.
saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is
moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da
warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia
Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan
empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:
• gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;
• mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:
cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa
da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis
gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;
55
 • naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia
gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;
• yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;
• Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,
diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) — saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs
warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;
• yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi
gaTanabrebuli;
nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:
• mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;
• grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod
im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;
• saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;
nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,
moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;
• TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;
• gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;
• danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1“, ,,danarTi 2“ da a.S. gaTanabrebulia
gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA.]
saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs
`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis
SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTva-
liswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.
k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras
grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro
metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am
muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis
SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT
ekidebi.
rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:
• mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas
iZleva;
• oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis
gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;
• sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb
Seni poziciis upiratesobas;
• imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;
• problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs
iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton
Mifflin.]

am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis

struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromiT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi
unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:
• sakvlevi problemis dasma;
• sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;
• wyaroebis moZieba;
• wyaroebis Sefaseba;
• wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;
• citatebze muSaoba;
• perifrazireba da Sejameba;
• naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;
• bibliografiis miTiTeba;
• naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.

sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:

• sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba
imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;
• sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;

56 21
reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris
poziciis siZlieres.
mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri
faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa
Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac
SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras
gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, litera-
turis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,
socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa
Sefasebebi.
savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs
gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis
mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.
savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si
warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.
kontrargumentis ukugdeba
argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.
amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari
pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic
unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba
aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani
jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac
cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis
sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari
`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis
ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis
damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,
amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments
Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.
oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba:
• ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?
• misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?
• ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?
• xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?
• namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi
gvTavazoben?
• yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli
faqtebi?
• xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis
safuZvelze?
• xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?
• xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika
kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an
iqcevian ase?
savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil
kontrargumentebs.
kompromisuri pozicia
arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,
romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs
20
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur
codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam
icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,
gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.
[Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis
nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;
2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani
saqarTveloSi?
3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze
saqarTveloSi?
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa
da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore
winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli
rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris,
socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs
scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia
erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.
mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis
Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul
sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki —
dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda
akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc
zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda
iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad
argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.
savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis
saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi?
3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad
farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas
wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);
mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is
gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris
57
konkretul gzas.
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi
nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni
Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami
ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,
Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,
kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).
magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi
warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze
unda gasces pasuxi:
• ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?
• ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier
mowodebuli?
• ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?
• arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?
pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros
Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT
mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi
warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad
moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is
aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.
mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.
ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri
Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari
informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul
Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,
istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,
vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli
monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar
Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.
da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa
SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros
moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da
dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved
22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,
akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis
Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi
da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli
miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,
perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari
naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra
saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,
rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas
SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi
Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs
amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro
(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da
informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia
dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti
adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.
Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da
SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.
58
argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi
amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
warmovadginoT.
argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxre-
mowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes
momxre mowinaaRmdege
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia 1. is miCvevas iwvevs
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi 2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano
gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba narkotikuli saSualebebis
cirkulacia
3. is wamlad gamodgeba 3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma
SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars 4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro
mas saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi
argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,
Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul
arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.
magaliTad:
• zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,
radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).
• daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis
CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve
dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan
viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).
• Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi
(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxa-
tavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davak-
onkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).
• vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia
warmodgens)
• vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da
ver ikamaTeb)
• soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba
meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,
SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6-
Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi
dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera
axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje-
19
Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad. am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki — misi pirveli
pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan versiis Seqmna mosdevs.
isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans
studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca emsaxureba is?
meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis
studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa
gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens, warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi
winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis
poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia. funqciasac asrulebs.
nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami
Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.
SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod
weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants: pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi
• zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:
gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos • neomarqsizmi
mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia
mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas. aqcents svams ekonomikaze
• dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi) • pluralizmi
`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia
• Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze
avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas • elitizmi
• kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxve- definicia
lisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L., aRwera
Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and • analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi
Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.] neomarqsizmi
Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis pluralizmi
gemovnebazea damokidebuli. elitizmi

savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi
saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals. versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor
vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da
ZiriTad pozicias?
ZiriTadi nawili Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,
aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis
argumentebis wardgena mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul
pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar
argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akma-
mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo yofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens
arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan
argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:
sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv, • Sesavali
avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi, _ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba
argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv _ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba
ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs. • sami politikuri Teoria
ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi, _ neomarqsizmi
Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia
warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba
Tanmimdevroba: _ pluralizmi
• siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti; Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti; interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti; _ elitizmi
• yvelaze Zlieri argumenti; Zalaufleba elitis xelSia
amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi elitis definicia
STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli • SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri _ neomarqsizmi
_ pluralizmi

18 59
 _ elitizmi
naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan
aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,
amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani
struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs
erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs
mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis
pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama
naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:
paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi
yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa
paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera
paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera
paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia
paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera
paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da
pluralizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi X _ daskvna
studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo
paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom
me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis
meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli
Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT
paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am
Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis
analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis
analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.
students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic
misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi
iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi para-
leluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura
aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.
winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa
warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan
Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man
aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas
misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis
nimuSs:
I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi
A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad
1. kategorizacia
2. Sedareba
B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi
II. sami politikuri Teoria
A. neomarqsizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
B. pluralizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
C. elitizmi
60
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _
zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois
gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles
moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”
mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis
xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi
TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:
saTauri
argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic
aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,
Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri
SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im
pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom
sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli
eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan
msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar
Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.
savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses
saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.
Sesavali
Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
• `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi
mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra
daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis
wasakiTxad.
• safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopove-
bis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir av-
toris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba
daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia
sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.
• Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis
dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori
winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori
winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs
avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis
bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring
Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs
gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.
magaliTad:
• universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion
maTTvis saintereso kursebi;
• Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva
universitetebSi;
• 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa
inteleqtualur miRwevebs;
• studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis
datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;
• arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis
17
rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis
energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis
uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia
droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,
nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)
ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki
seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe
ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva
minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan
10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,
Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas
zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,
,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.
SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis
winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,
Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umrav-
lesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,
magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT
ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da
paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis
profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi
iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi
Cavardes.”
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,
roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is
uecar zrdasTan.
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame
relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad
ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi
TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da
TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
16
1. definicia
2. aRwera
III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze
A. pluralizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
B. elitizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
C. neomarqsizmi
1. analizi
2. kritika
a. susti mxareebi
b. susti mxareebi
IV. daskvna
[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18,
2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]
rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle
Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris
safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,
mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili
problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro
safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss
gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris
Tezisis misaRebad.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis
sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3
wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba
gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayo-
filebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval
ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu
garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;
universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli
SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels
safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.
roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda
waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturul-
Sinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.
studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg
aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.
am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:
• naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.
students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;
• studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis
Seqmnamde;
• naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,
raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari
azrebi;
61
 • studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme
magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris
darRveuli;
• studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas
isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis
grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos
naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da
Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.
am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis
struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura
sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba
• moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT
• aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas
• esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb
• CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an
problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT
wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva
dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:
• baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;
• pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;
• Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.
informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba
Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:
• bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;
• SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;
• informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;
naSromis gegmis Sedgena
amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:
• ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?
• ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?
• ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?
• ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?
• ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?
naSromis Sesavali
• warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala
• gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi
• axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani
• warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili
• ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT
• aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)
• SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod
moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)
• imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken
62
gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,
radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis
unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi
xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs
iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema
da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas
zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,
rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli
studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur
darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is
aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba kon-
centrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon
kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da
Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios
daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi
mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi
zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,
rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi
aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg
wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.”
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT
aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,
roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis
moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini
marTlebi arian.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,
roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro
efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis
naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is
uecar zrdasTan.
gamarTuli nimuSi
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani
qeiT elbou
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase
grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,
15
 7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare? naSromis daskvna
8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi? • Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi
• mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi Sejameba
detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? • Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis
• aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi? mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla
• aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis? • imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi
warmodgenil konteqstSi
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - • SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].
Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia
savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias `erTbaSad swavlis saSiS- • SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,
roebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul para- ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba
grafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gan-
• paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri
saxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi
detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba
Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,
TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas; • winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,
bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul punqtuacia
paragrafSi. • wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,
yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul
gasamarTi nimuSi WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani
qeiT elbou [Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia dro-
ebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.
kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan. Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:
devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan 8 kvira
(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis 3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva
gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon 5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba
Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs agreTve, 10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba
sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba 5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania 1 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas. 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde. 7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis 3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad 5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaq- 4 kvira
saciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri 1 dRe — sakvlevi problemebis arCeva
studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi 2 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba
yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT 6 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba
mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT. 2 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca 1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _ 3 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna
zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian, 1 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi
studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer 3 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna
gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri 1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba
seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.
ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.” [Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]
SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze. vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis
ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis

14 63
analizi da Sefaseba. rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs
safexurebi unda gaiaros: avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT
• sakvlevi problemis dasma; ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:
• sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;
erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena
• kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;
rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi
• Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba; gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar
• kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena; gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs
• monacemebis Segroveba; SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli
• monacemebis analizi; profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da
• eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna. gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.
[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University
Press]. aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;
sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis
rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas
Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis
gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili
kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa. ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod
gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da `rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da
diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris
da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis
savarjiSoebi gvexmareba: gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos
savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi, naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis
TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu
ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba. awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis
mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba
1. saTauri zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT
2. madlobis gadaxda ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli
3. sarCevi Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
4. cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is
5. abstraqti gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas
6. problemis dayeneba akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.
7. literaturis mimoxilva mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan
8. gamokvlevis dizaini dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki
9. gamoyenebuli meTodologia gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da
10. Sedegebi momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad
11. diskusia uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,
12. daskvnebi gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.
13. bibliografia akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT
14. danarTi vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:

a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli paragrafis Semowmeba

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.
b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi
teqstis farglebs miRma.
g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.
d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri
da kritikuli analizi.
e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da
ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev
problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciur-
induqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan
kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?
2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?
3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da
fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?
4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel
ideas?
5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela
winadadeba?
6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?

64 13
 z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.
Zalian bevr kanfets T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda
miirTmeven gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,
romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.
k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.
l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da
uviTarebs mavne mag.: kanfetebiviT aferxebs gadacemebis meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda
Cvevebs miirTmeven vitaminebs msvlelobas Semowmdes hipoTezebi.
m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es
teqstSia mocemuli.
n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.
o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;
bavSvebisaTvis xSirad informacia Zalian didi gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.
saziano realobas ar Seesabameba raodenoba
mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,
mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

problemebi saTauri
• saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani
• saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo
unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)
• saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis
reklama
abstraqti
kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10
winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul
Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi
sargebeli nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT
Sejamebas.

Sesavali
Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami
ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
finansurad exmareba asaqmebs sxvadasxva axal produqcias 1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna
specialobis adamianebs
Jurnal-gazeTebs da gvacnobs • problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)
televizias • mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)
2. konteqstis Seqmna
• wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis
miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)
msaxiobebi mwerlebi fsiqologebi mag.: axali 3. konteqstis aTviseba
manqanebi • gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)
• ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - • naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].
meTodebi
savarjiSo #2: socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.
• detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura
yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri • ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva
kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe • moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs
`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac • terminologia xSirad meordeba
paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.
paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis Sedegebi
anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT, • meTodologiis dasabuTeba
romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,

12 65
 • Sedegebis interpretacia mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.
• arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera
Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar
• komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT
vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina
• interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis
gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara
diskusia / daskvna ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.
daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba: Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis
• sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo) raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,
• mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis
gavrcelebuli) SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.
• momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca
gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi) erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze
vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10
bibliografia wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT
yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT, gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am
APA stiliT).
SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss
da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav
kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.
savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis
Sesavali meTodebi Sedegebi diskusia
generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali
axlandeli dro maRali dabali dabali maRali
weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.
warsuli dro saSualo maRali maRali saSualo
vnebiTi gvari dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi
ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~
citireba maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva
SezRudvebi saSualo dabali saSualo maRali aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,
komentari maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis
dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa
[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:
Univesity, Michigan Press] ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis
rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis mimarT mijaWvulobad.
Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu
farglebSi. empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,
tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.
• wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs: sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili: kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze
gamomcemeli. unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.
kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani. rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?
ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur
• wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs: SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis
avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].
sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~
studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa. unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da
axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.
• wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs: klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal
adgili: gamomcemeli. kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad
stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi: davajgufebT:
avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.

• statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.
wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis

66 11
bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarT-
lebulia.
arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.
saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis
farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod
erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kate-
goriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis
Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli
emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis
saSualebas miscems.
saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli
danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur
reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,
saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT
sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri lik-
vidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis Sesanar-
Cuneblad.
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev
erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,
romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav
saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli
teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis
saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore
Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma
sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli
operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego
azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri
wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad
iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT `eloliaveba~
adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia
ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls
Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,
romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am
`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.
borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri
momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjo-
besia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre
uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, rad-
gan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misa-
Rebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwy-
des, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis
garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~
mimarT.
sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli
nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT
ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.
ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas
uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu
frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,
gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri
warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am
teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu-
10
adgili: gamomcemeli.
Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis
sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.
• xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niu-
iorki: arko.
• wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:
wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.
• mravaltomiani naSromi:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli
fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.
• leqsikoni:
saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis presa.
• statia Jurnalidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)
uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.
• statia gazeTidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,
gverdebi (iwereba gv.).
mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.
11-12.
• disertacia an avtoreferati:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,
universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis
konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi). sakandidato disertacia, iv.
javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.
• leqciaze micemuli masala:
leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am
leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala
warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is
Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.
• samTavrobo dokumenti:
saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).
dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da
67
qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni: upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is
aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba. miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),
• aranabeWdi wyaroebi: da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis
gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...]. mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli. SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Ta-
redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi: vidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur dam-
paramaunti. naSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,
Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.
sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
• masala internetidan: ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da
saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias
saitis misamarTi. Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni
(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).
internet-wigni garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba
braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi, gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba `ara kac-hkla~ vrceldeba
yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan
1999, http:/www. .........
da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did
codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda
sagazeTo statia internetidan
basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT
azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba
monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www.... aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!
sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba
Jurnalis statia internetidan gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.
faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam
sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995. SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi
http:/www. ......... SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs
[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm] gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime
danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac
ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi
iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc
erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia
danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.
amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris
kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis
aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver `akeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver
icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi
procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi
sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.
humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es
araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi
damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.

nimuSi 2
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad

iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas
gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi
iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.
rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis
gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis
miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede-

68 9
 kursis Sinaarsi
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese
TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan
nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSa-
vebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos
mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba ada-
mians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis
SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da
efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris
nebismieri JanrisaTvis.
argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs
saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze
gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba
gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT
sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;
movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses
ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSic.
akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi
arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev,
J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle,
Thomson Learning].
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba
ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,
rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,
eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur
weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli
eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis
warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara
oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod
pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis
gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.
nimuSi 1
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia
kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri
sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe
araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro
izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja
yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes
samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan
usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis
gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa
sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis
es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic
gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis
ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).
aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis
aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.
8 69
silabusi
akademiuri wera
saswavlo kursis kodi:
saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.
ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _
32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.
leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnie-
rebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.
T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com
saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis
universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:
argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.
aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben
leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva
Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,
jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.
kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da
gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,
studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.
Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris
safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi
mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis
marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.
saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:
gakveTili
Tema miznebi
1 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da
Sesavali argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs
• studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses
Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
• studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses
nimuSebs
2 weriTi procesis • studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad
safexurebi safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,
Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi
paragrafebis • studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis
ganviTareba struqturas
• studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis
ganviTarebaSi
3 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis
Sesavali nawili rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
• studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi
sakuTari argumentebis
• studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis
prezentacia
wardgenasa da dasabuTebas
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
• studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis
kontr-argumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas
ukugdeba • praqtika werilobiTi formiT
4 argumentirebuli eses • studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa
daskvna da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
• studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi
• studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da
logika da mTlianoba
logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis
teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi
argumentirebuli eses
saboloo versiis Seqmna • argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da
da prezentacia prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
5 kritikis Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis
kriteriumebs
• studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis
struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
• studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs
6 perifrazireba Sejameba • studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis
citireba perifrazirebas
• studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
plagiatis Tavidan
• studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas
acileba
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon
Tavidan plagiati
7 Sefaseba-refleqsia • studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias
avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi
• studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT
8 weris stili da logika • studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da
logikaze
kritikis saboloo
• kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;
versiis Seqmna da studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs
prezentacia
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani
erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb
informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli
mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis
ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es
mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.
• daiwyeT daskvniT
akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive
warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.
naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve
Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos
da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad
gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom
misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis
mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.
• struqtura
nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos
organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da
mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamom-
dinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,
Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba
`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi
nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. situaciis aRwera
2. problemis identifikacia
3. gadaWris gzis aRwera
4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba
[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin].
• stili
akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara
marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad
Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT
dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad komp-
leqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCve-
nos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules war-
moadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es
zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;
winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.
• logikuri Tanmimdevruloba
akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis
gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi
unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.
Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan
dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales,
J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan
Press.]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis
Sinaarsze gadavideT.

9 analitikuri referatis • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

Sesavali Sefasebis kriteriumebs

70 7
 Janrebi universitetSi • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad elementebs
Janri aRwera mizani • studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis
nimuSebs
1) argumentirebuli araakademiuri debatis mtkicebulebis • studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri
ese ori mxaris formulirebisa da referatis ZiriTad elementebs
struqturirebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
analizi. ganmtkicebis procesis 10 konteqstualizacia • studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da
ganviTareba. varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi
2) kritika erTi akademiuri teqstis kritikuli azrovnebisa
kritikuli kiTxva da da ZiriTadi 11 avtorTa poziciebis • studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabij-
werilobiTi formiT argumentebis Sejameba- analizi da Sefaseba nabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs
Sefaseba. Sefasebis unaris
ganviTareba. Sexedulebebis • studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon
3) analitikuri debatis ZiriTadi debatis ZiriTadi arsis ganmtkiceba Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis
referati sakiTxebis gansazRvra wvdomisa da werilobiTi Sexedulebebi
studentisaTvis SerCeuli formiT gadmocemis
ori an sami statiis xelSewyoba. 12 weris stili da logika • studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da
safuZvelze. logikaze

analitikuri referatis • analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

4) sabiblioTeko akademiuri problemis mocemul disciplinaSi saboloo versiis Seqmna
kvleviTi naSromi werilobiTi formiT sakvlevi problemis da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
da prezentacia naSromebs
gadaWra sabiblioTeko dayenebisa da gadaWris
gamokvlevis safuZvelze. xelSewyoba Sesabamisi
13 kvleviTi naSromis • studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis
Teoriis/literaturis Sesavali kriteriumebs
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da
5) eqsperimentuli sakuTari gamokvlevis sakuTari gamokvlevis mis ZiriTad elementebs
kvleviTi naSromi angariSi, romelSic struqturirebisa da
dasabuTebulia arCeuli prezentaciis xelSewyoba 14 sabiblioTeko kvleviTi • studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
meTodologia da warmod- akademiuri disciplinis naSromi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,
genilia gamokvlevis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis
TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli procesSi
Sedegebi da maTi
interpretacia. 15 eqsperimentuli • studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi
kvleviTi naSromi naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,
[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis
centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze] Seqmnis procesSi

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi: 16 bibliografiis • studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

miTiTebis APA-stili APA-stils
akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:
• studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT
• mkiTxveli
bibliografiis miTiTebaSi
sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.
magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis
eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda
gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi Sefaseba:
molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi daswreba — 15%
mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba naSromebis Seqmna — 60%
SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or naSromebis prezentacia — 25%
winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ speci- savaldebulo literatura:
alistebisTvisaa dawerili:
• socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis *radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da
Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori
safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens. aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,
• process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul
socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba. Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.:
• mizani RoutledgeFalmer.

6 71
 Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].
Cambridge University Press. blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis”
Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills - etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi — aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning. Sefaseba — Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi
University of Michigan Press. safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca
Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
damatebiTi literatura: pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli
azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli
Publications. akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT”, rac gulisxmobs, rom
Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da
and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martin’s. ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac
Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines. Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod
Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT
Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,
Limited. rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis
Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing. mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli
Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,
USA. rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis
Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning. nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi
http://www.apa.org/ sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana” iyo, studen-
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html tebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli
http://www.criticalreading.com/ codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da
http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/ SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi
http://www.powa.org/ mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis
http://www.refdesk.com/citations procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauni-
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html versiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxu-
http://webster.comment.edu/ reboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/ wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis
http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/ studentebs.
kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi
eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini
,,akademiurad” unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris sasem-
inaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centra-
luri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli
swavlis Sedegi: da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da
kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da
mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqti-
weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs urad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da
sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis, aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli
agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve
kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi; afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis
analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis safuZvelze.
Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms, kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris
romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamo-
dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad, kvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,
teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,
literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba. gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.
qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:

72 5
 Sesavali argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba

kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrov- damakmayo- aradamakmayo-
nebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin sanimuSo kargi filebeli filebeli
blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da
amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo
miznebis taqsonomiis” SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganizebuli.
cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an araerTi
organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli
studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro mar-
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.

struqtura
tividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi

naSromis
gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa gamoyenebuli,
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino. an erT-erTi
elementi
blumis taqsonomia aklia.

paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi ar

1. codna — informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

paragrafebis
sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis aris

ganviTareba
wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens

da logika
ganviTarebuli ganviTarebuli mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels. da logikuria. da logikuria, magram xSirad naSromi savsea
magram aklia saWiro individualuri,
2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT periodulad detali da daukavSirebeli
gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs aklia saWiro nakleb winadadebebiT.
faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da gan- detali. logikuria.
zogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis
gaTavisebas. sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _infor- formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri

stili da ena
maciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamo- werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia ar aris miRweuli
yeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi” gaxados misi codna. toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _ uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.
da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struq-
turireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis avtoris avtoris avtoris avtoris

argumentebis
mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an argumentebi argumentebi argumentebi argumentebi

dasabuTeba
sakuTari
qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is Zlieria da sakmaod damajerebelia, nakleb
done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas. damajerebladaa damajerebelia magram aklia damajerebelia
dasabuTebuli. da kargadaa dasabuTeba. da ar aris
dasabuTebuli. dasabuTebuli.
5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponen-
tebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis
moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,
SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas kontrargumen- kontrargumen- kontrargumen- kontrargumen-

gaTvaliswineba da
raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis tebi gaTvalis- tebi gaTvalis- tebis gaTva- tebi ar aris
winebuli da winebuli da liswinebis gaTvaliswi-

argumentebis
safuZvelze.
warmatebiT umetesad mcdeloba, nebuli da

ukugdeba
kontr-
6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba ukugdebulia. ukugdebulia. Tumca isini ukugdebuli.
naklebadaa
_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena, ukugdebuli.
argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, Semoqmede-
biTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteri-
umebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi
gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.
sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisx-
mobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis

4 73
 kritikis Sefaseba
s a r C e v i
damakmayo-
aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi filebeli
filebeli
avtori Rrmad avtorma avtors avtors
swvda statias da saTanadod gaigo mxolod arasworad esmis
Sesavali..................................................................................................................... 4
wvdoma

masSi mocemul statia da masSi zedapirulad statia da ver

ZiriTad mocemuli esmis statia da axdens ZiriTadi
argumentebs. ZiriTadi masSi mocemuli argumentebis Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8
argumentebi. ZiriTadi diferenciacias.
argumentebi.
avtori avlens avtori avlens avtori avtori ver
kritikuli kritikuli cdilobs axdens statiis Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27
azrovnebis azrovnebis kritikulad kritikul
sanimuSo unars. unars. is gaaanalizos analizs.
is ganixilavs ganixilavs yvela statia, magram ZiriTadi Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44
Sefaseba

yvela ZiriTad ZiriTad zogierTi argumentebi

arguments, arguments, ZiriTadi ar aris
axdens maT Rrma kompetenturad argumenti ar interpretirebu
interpretacias, axdens maT aris saTanadod li da Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55
analizs, interpretacias, interpretireb Sejamebuli. maTi
Sejamebasa da analizs, uli, Sefaseba
Sefasebas. Sejamebasa da Sejamebuli da araadekvaturia.
Sefasebas. Sefasebuli.

naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganizebul

naSromis struqtura

sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an i. araerTi

organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.
struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi
elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi ar
ganviTareba da
paragrafebis

sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis aris

ganviTarebuli ganviTarebuli mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
logika

da logikuria. da logikuria, magram xSirad naSromi savsea

magram aklia saWiro individualuri,
periodulad detali da daukavSirebeli
aklia saWiro nakleblogiku winadadebebiT.
detali. ria.

sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri
stili da ena

werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.

74 3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria analitikuri referatis Sefaseba

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

damakmayo- aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava filebeli filebeli
avtori avlens avtori axdens avtori cdilobs avtori ver axdens

xebis identifika-
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi

teqstualizacia
ZiriTadi sakiT-
sakiTxebis sakiTxebis sakiTxebis sakiTxebis
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

cia da kon-
identifikaciisa identifikacias da identifikacias, identifikaciasa
da farTo cdilobs maT magram yvela da konteqstuali-
konteqstTan maTi dakavSirebas maTgani ar aris zacias.
dakavSirebis farTo gamoyofili.
sanimuSo unars. konteqstTan. maTi farTo
konteqstTan
dakavSirebis
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 warumatebeli
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 mcdeloba.
sanimuSo avtori axdens SedarebiTi avtori ar axdens
SedarebiTi statiaTa analizisa da SedarebiT
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

pozicia, analizi,
analizi. avtori avtorebis statiebis analizsa da
axdens statiaTa poziciebis avtorTa statiebis avtorTa
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge avtorebis saTanado poziciebis poziciebis

Sefaseba
poziciebis diferenciaciasa Sefasebis Sefasebas, misi
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
diferenciaciasa da SedarebiT mcdeloba, poziciac ar aris
da Sefasebas, analizs, magram magram ZiriTad Camoyalibebuli.
imavdroulad misi pozicia ar argumentebs
gvTavazobs ra mis aris naTlad aklia dasabuTeba
kargad dasabuTebuli. da amitom
dasabuTebul avtoris pozicia
pozicias. ufro
bundovania.
naSromi naSromi kargad organizebis araorganize-
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa sanimuSodaa organizebulia. mcdeloba. an buli. araerTi
organizebuli. yvela yvela struqturuli

struqtura
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,

naSromis
yvela struqturuli struqturuli elementi aklia.
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis struqturuli elementi saxezea elementi
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT elementi saxezea da umetesad saxezea, magram
da efeqturadaa efeqturadaa ar aris
gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli. efeqturad
gamoyenebuli, an
erT-erTi
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi paragrafebi paragrafebis paragrafebi

paragrafebis
sanimuSod kargadaa ganviTarebis ar aris

ganviTareba
da logika
ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebuli da mcdeloba, ganviTarebuli.
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, logikuria. logikuria, magram magram xSirad naSromi savsea
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education periodulad aklia aklia saWiro individualuri,
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. saWiro detali. detali da daukavSirebeli
nakleb winadadebebiT.
logikuria.

sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia gamoyenebuli
formaluri formaluri formaluri formaluri
werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. ar
miRweulia ZiriTadad aklia aris miRweuli

stili da ena
profesiuli toni. miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli toni.
gramatika da profesiuli toni. toni. garkveuli bevri Secdoma
punqtuacia umniSvnelo Secdomebi gramatikasa da
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
ISBN: 99940 – 873-7-1 gamoyenebuli gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli
literatura punqtuaciaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura
srulad da gamoyenebuli literatura arasrulad da
sworadaa literatura sruladaa arasworadaa
miTiTebuli. srulad da miTiTebuli, miTiTebuli.
sworadaa magram
miTiTebuli. garkveuli
xarvezebiT.

75
 kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

damakmayo-
aradamakmayo-
sanimuSo kargi filebeli
filebeli
efeqturi Sesa- problema problema ar problema ar aris
vali, problemis gansazRvrulia aris naTlad gansazRvruli. socialur mecnierebaTa seria
naTeli defini- adekvaturi gansazRv- ruli safuZvelmdebare
Sesavali

ciiTa da safuZvelmdebar da aklia informacia

detaluri e informaciiTa saWiro detali. bundovania an
safuZvelmdebar da detalebiT. safuZvelmdeba ar aris
e informaciiT. re informacia dakavSirebuli
ar aris problemasTan.
adeqvaturad
axsnili.
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi SedarebiTi
wyaroebis wyaroebis analizis analizi
ZiriTadi

SedarebiTi SedarebiTi mcdeloba, bundovania.

nawili

analizi da analizi kargia, magram aklia kritikuli

kritikuli
Sefaseba
sanimuSoa.
magram
garkveulwilad
aklia kritikuli
kritikuli
Sefaseba.
Sefaseba ar aris
mocemuli. akademiuri
ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebi sanimuSodaa
Sefaseba.
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi saki-
Txebi zogadad
ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebi ar aris
wera
Sejamebuli da ar kargadaa Sejame- Sejamebulia, adeqvaturad
aris buli da nakleb magram ganme- Sejamebuli.
daskvna

ganmeorebadi. ganmeorebadia. orebadia. rekomendaciebi

daskvnebi da mocemulia rekomendaciebi Tu sakuTari
rekomendaciebi garkveuli Tu sakuTari Sexedulebebi ar
logikuria da rekomendaciebi, Sexedulebebi aris mocemuli.
kavSirSia romlebic ar aris momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
sakvlev kavSirSia mocemuli. akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
problemasTan. sakvlev
problemasTan.
minimum 5-6 5 wyaro mainc 5 wyaroze 4 wyaroze
wyaroa aris gamoye- nakle bia naklebia
gamoyenebuli. nebuli. yvela gamoyenebuli. gamoyenebuli.
intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis
gamoyenebuli

magistrantebisaTvis
literatura

yvela wyaro wyaro sakvlevi isini srulad isini ar aris

sakvlevi problemis aris srulad
problemis relevanturia. miTiTebuli, miTiTebuli,
relevanturia. isini srulad magram maTi umravlesobis
isini srulad da aris miTiTe- nawili ar aris formati
sworadaa buli, magram sasurvel arasworia.
miTiTebuli. ramodenime ar formatSi.
aris sasurvel lia wulaZe
formatSi.
sanimuSodaa kargadaa met-naklebad ar aris gamoye-
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebulia nebuli forma-
formaluri formaluri formaluri luri werilo-
stili da ena

werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi ena. werilobiTi biTi ena. ar aris

miRweulia ZiriTadad ena. aklia miRweuli
profesiuli miRweulia profesiuli profesiuli
toni. gramatika profesiuli toni. toni. bevri
da punqtuacia toni. umniSvnelo garkveuli Secdoma
uSecdomoa. Secdomebi Secdomebi gramatikasa da
gramatikasa da gramatikasa da punqtuaciaSi.
punqtuaciaSi. punqtuaciaSi.

Tbilisi
2006
76