BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

• Bernoulli’s equation states that the sum of

all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along
an enclosed path is the same at any two
points in that path.
• Assumptions:
– Flow is steady
– Density is constant (incompressible)
– Friction losses are negligible
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
• By conservation of energy,
(Energy)1 = (Energy)2

(Energy) = 0

(Press. forces) +  (Kinetic Energy) +

 (Potential Energy)} = 0
• Pressure forces = F S
• Kinetic Energy = ½ m v2
• Potential energy = m g h
• Pressure forces @ 1 are given by,
F1 S1  (p 1 A 1 )( v 1 Δt )
ρ
 A1v1  p1 t
ρ

m
 p1 t
 m p1
 F1 S1 
m 
 p1 t
 t
 • Sub. all the values in the energy balance
equation:
1 2 1 2
F1 S1  mv1  mgh1  F2 S 2  mv 2  mgh2
2 2
p1
1 2 p2 1 2
 m  mv1  mgh1  m  mv 2  mgh2
 2  2
1 2 p1 p2 1 2
  v1  gh1   v 2  gh2
 2  2
s re an g
l l i’ ll
a k
u A i ng f J /
o
n n: v o
r 2 ha i t s
e q
B e p
v un
OR   gh  constant
 2
 Applications of B.Eqn:
• B.Eqn often combined with continuity
equation to find velocities & pressures in
the flow streams

• Orifice meter; venturi meter

• Flow in pumps etc.,
 Fluid friction……
• Fluid friction is defined as any conversion of
mechanical energy into heat in a flowing stream

• Denoted by the letter hf (J/kg)

• hf represents all the friction generated per unit

mass of fluid bet (1) & (2)

• B.Eqn becomes……..
p11 2 p2 1 2
 v1  gh1   v 2  gh2  h f
 2  2
 Pump work…….
• If a pump is used during flow, then the term “work
done by the pump” should be added to B.Eqn

p1 1 2 p2 1 2
 v1  gh1  W p   v 2  gh2
 2  2
 Prob 1
• A fluid of density 960 kg/m3 is flowing
steadily thro a tube as shown in the fig:
The sections diameters are d1=100mm &
d2=80mm. The press p1 =200kN/m2;
u1=5m/s. The tube is horizontal. What is
the pressure at section(2)?
• By continuity equation: 
m  1v1 A1   2 v 2 A2

• v2 = m/s
p11 2 p2 1 2
• From B.Eqn….   2 v1  gh1    2 v 2  gh2

• p2 = N/m2
• By continuity equation: 
m  1v1 A1   2 v 2 A2

• v2 = 7.8125 m/s
p11 2 p2 1 2
• From B.Eqn….   2 v1  gh1    2 v 2  gh2

• p2 = 182.703 x 103 N/m2

 Prob 2
• Gasoline(680 kg/m3) flows from a 0.3m dia
pipe in which the pressure is 300kPa into
a 0.15m dia pipe in which the press is
120kPa. If the pipes are horizontal &
viscous effects are negligible, determine
the flow rate:
• By continuity equation: 
m  1v1 A1   2 v 2 A2

• v2 = 4 v 1

• From B.Eqn….

• v1= 5.94 m/s

• Flow rate, Q = A1v1 = 0.4199 m3/s

 Prob 3
• Water flows steadily thro’ the pipe shown
in fig. such that the press @ sections 1 &
2 are 300kPa & 100kPa respectively.
Determine the dia of pipe @ section 2, if
the velocity at section 1 is 20m/s and
viscous effects are negligible:
• From B.Eqn….

• v2= 42.2 m / s

• By continuity equation:

m  1v1 A1   2 v 2 A2

• D2 = 0.0688m
 Prob 4
Water with a density of 998 kg/m3 is flowing at a steady
mass flow rate through a uniform-diameter pipe. The
entrance pressure of the fluid is 68.9 kN/m2 in the pipe,
which connects to a pump which actually supplies 155.4
J/kg of fluid flowing in the pipe. The exit pipe from the
pump is the same diameter as the inlet pipe. The exit
section of the pipe is 3.05 m higher than the entrance, and
the exit pressure is 137.8 kN/m2. Calculate the frictional
loss hf in the pipe system.
• From B.Eqn:
p11 2 p2 1 2
 v1  gh1  W p   v 2  gh2  h f
 2  2

• Since dia of pipe is same…….v1 = v2

• hf = 56.44 J/kg
 Prob 5
• A pump draws 69.1 gal/min of a liquid solution
having a density of 114.8 lbm/ft3 from an open
storage feed tank of large cross-sectional area
through a 3.068”ID suction line. The pump
discharges its flow through a 2.067”ID line to an
open overhead tank. The end of the discharge
line is 50 ft above the level of the liquid in the
feed tank. The friction losses in the piping
system are 10.0 ft-lbf /lbm. What is the
horsepower of the pump if its efficiency is 65%?
What pressure must the pump develop?
• = 114.8 lbm/ft3
• =114.8 (0.454) / (0.3048)3

• Therefore,  = 1840.6 kg/m3

• hf = 10 ft-lbf / lbm
• =10(0.3048m)(4.4482N) / (0.454)

• Therefore, hf = 29.864 J/kg

• Apply B.Eqn bet (1) & (2)
p1 1 2 p2 1 2
 v1  gh1  W p   v 2  gh2  h f
 2  2
• Since p1 = p2 (open to atmosphere)
• h1 – h2 = 50’ = 15.24m
• From given flow rate, v2 = 2.0315 m/s (for 2.067”)
• Since tank dia is very high…..v1<<v2 { v1/v2 = A1/A2}
• v1 ≈ 0
• Wp = 279 J/kg
• Sub all values in B.Eqn….Wp = 2239.057 J/s
• Or Wp = 3.005 HP {1HP = 745 W}
• The press. developed in the pump (ie bet 3 & 4)
p3 1 2 p4 1 2
 v3  gh3  W p   v 4  gh4  h f
 2  2

• Since hf is only for piping system…..here for

pump…..hf = 0
• h3 = h4 and v4 = v2 = 2.035 m/s
• From given flow rate, v3 = 0.91395 m/s (for
3.068”)
• Sub all the values in the B.Eqn….
• (p3 – p4) = 330.833 kPa…..pressure developed by
the pump
 Prob 6
• A fluid (density=1.75 g/cm3, viscosity=8.1cP) flows in the
pipe of variable circular cross section sketched below. The
flow rate into the pipe is 0.053 ft3/s. What is the average
velocity in ft/s of the fluid at the exit?

• Ans: Average velocity = 0.61 ft/sec

 Prob 7
• What is the shaft work (in Watts) done by a pump
moving water at 10 lbm/s in the apparatus shown
below? All piping is 4-inch schedule 40 pipe, and
you may neglect the friction in the apparatus. The
water flows from one open tank to another open
tank.

• Ans: 677.87 W
 Prob 8
• Water having a density of 998kg//m3 is
flowing at a rate of 1.676m/s in a 3.068” dia
horizontal pipe at a pressure p1 68.9kPa. It
then passes to a pipe having an ID of 2.067”.
Assume no frictional losses
• a). Calculate the new pressure p2 in 2.067”
pipe. (fig 1)
• b).If the piping is vertical and flow is upward,
calculate the new pressure p2. The pressure
tap for p2 is 0.457m above the tap for p1(fig
2)
• a). v2 = 3.692 m/sec
• P2 = 63.5 kPa
• b). P2 = 59.025 kPa
 Prob 9
• Water flows at a rate of 0.4m3/min in a
7.5cm dia pipe at a press 70kPa. If the
pipe reduces to 5cm dia, calculate the new
pressure in the pipe:
• Density of water is 1000kg/m3 and the flow
rate is 0.4m3/min
• Ans: v1 = 0.444 (v2)
• P2 = 65kPa