Probability & Statistics

Math-361
Lecture No. 4

MILITARY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

RISALPUR
 Representation of Data
Pie Diagrams: also known as sector diagrams is graphical
tool consisting of a circle divided into sectors or pie-shaped
pieces whose areas are proportional to the various parts into
which the whole quantity is divided.
Angle = x
Example : Represent the total expenditure and expenditures
on various items of the family by a pie diagram.

Items Food Clothing House Rent Fuel and Light Misc.

Expenditure 50 30 20 15 35
 Miscellaneous; Food; 50
35

Fuel and
light; 15

Clothing; 30

House
Rent; 20
Histogram: A histogram consists of a set of adjacent rectangles
whose bases are marked off by class boundaries (not class
limits)
On the x-axis and whose heights are proportional to the
frequencies
Associated with respective classes.
The area of each rectangle represents the respective
class frequencies
 Example: Construct a Histogram for the following
frequency distribution relating to the ages of
telephone operators.
Age 18 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 49
No. of Operators 9 188 160 123 84 15
 Measures of Central
Tendency or Averages.
For Practical purposes, the condensation of data
set into a frequency distribution is not enough,
particularly when two or more different data sets
are to be compared. A data set can be summarized
in a single value. Such a value, usually somewhere
in the Centre and representing the entire data set,
is a value at which the data have a tendency to
concentrate.
The tendency of the observations to cluster
in the central part of the data set is called central
tendency and the summary value as a measure of
central tendency.
Criteria of a satisfactory
Average:
An average should be
1. Rigorously defined
2. Based on all the observations made
3. Simple to understand and easy to interpret
4. Quickly and easily calculated
5. Amenable to mathematical treatment
6. Relatively stable in repeated sampling
experiments
7. Not unduly influenced by abnormally large or
small observations.
Types of Averages:
The most common types of averages are
1. The Arithmetic mean or simply mean
2. The Geometric mean
3. Harmonic Mean
4. Median
5. Mode