UNIT 1:

Chapter 2

WHAT ARE THE

CHANGES THAT
MATTER
UNDERGO?
Chapter 2
WHAT ARE THE
CHANGES THAT
MATTER
UNDERGO?
 OBJECTIVES
of this CHAPTER
• Identify and describe the kinds of changes
that occur in matter

• Explain and cite instances on how changes

in matter affect our daily lives.
 BIG IDEA
Matter undergoes
changes which can be
categorized into physical
or chemical changes
 You may have observed that some
materials around you undergo changes.
You may also noticed that while there are
materials that change, there are also those
that seem to stay the same. While you
cannot see the changes in these materials,
it does not mean that they do not undergo
changes. In preparing and cooking food,
the ingredients undergo changes
 Everything around us undergoes changes
at certain conditions- even those that seemingly
do not change.
What are the pieces of evidence that change
really happened to a certain material? How do
these changes affect us and the environment?
LESSON 4
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
 LET’S
TRY!
Get a piece of paper. Crumple it. Can you
return it to its original form?
Is it still a paper?
Now, tear the crumpled paper into pieces. Is
it still a paper? Can you put the pieces back
together?
And finally, ask your teacher or any adult to
burn the paper. What have you observed?
Describe what happened to the paper after
burning.
 IMPORTANT
QUESTION
What are the physical and
chemical properties of
matter?
 Matter refers to all the objects and materials around us. In
studying its different kinds, we usually observe and compare it to
one material to another. For example, when we describe the
difference between a paper and rock, we usually look for
characteristics that are not similar in the two objects being
described. These characteristics that make matter distinct from one
another is called properties.
The properties of matter can be classified as physical
properties or chemical properties.
 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
As you have learned in Grade 3, the phase of matter
changes depending on the temperature. For example, when
water starts to boil, steam or vapor is produced. Although the
appearance of water was changed, the water vapor's
composition is still similar with that of water in liquid form. It
shows how water transforms to one phase to another without
changing its composition.
 The characteristic of a matter that can be
readily observed without changing its
composition is known as physical property.
Some physical properties are specific to each
phase of material. Matter in liquid form has
the ability to flow. Some solid matter are
known for their hardness. Solid materials
have different levels of hardness-some are
hard while others are soft. Gases, on the other In Mohs’ Scale of hardness
hand, can be compressed and most of them diamond is the hardest
are colorless. mineral
The diagram below shows the different phase changes.
 HARDNESS
Hardness is the ability of a material to be
rigid and resist pressure that may cause
deformation or change in its shape. Hard
materials like metal and wood can be
used to construct buildings, bridges, or
other infrastructure.
 BRITTLENESS
Not all hard materials are unbreakable, Though there are solid
materials that when subjected to high stress or pressure, crumble or
break easily. This property is known as brittleness. Glass and
porcelain are brittle and can break when dropped or slammed
against a hard surface or object. However, they can still be useful
even when they break. The broken pieces can be arranged as wall
decor or as improvised spikes on walls to protect one's home from
trespassers
 FLEXIBILITY
Flexibility is the ability of a
material to be bent without
breaking. Some plastics and metals
exhibit flexibility. Flexible objects
like thin metal wires and plastic
strings can be used for tying or
binding objects and things.
 ELASTICITY
Elasticity is the ability of a material
to be stretched and then return to its
original shape after. A rubber band
is an example of an elastic material.
CONDUCTIVITY
Conductivity is the ability of a
material to allow heat and
electricity pass through it. Metals
are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
 MALLEABILITY
Do you know how a bar of gold can be turned into jewelry? Gold
can be hammered into flat sheets until the desired shape of jewelry is
obtained. This property is called malleability. Silver, iron, and
aluminum are examples of malleable materials.

Are bottle caps that are made of metal still useful? Yes, they may
be used to make a doormat. They may also be hammered into thin
sheets to make an improvised tambourine.
 DUCTILITY
Some metals also exhibit
ductility, or the ability to be drawn
into thin wires. This is why most of
the electrical wirings are made up
of metals.
 POROSITY
Some materials such as paper
and cloth can absorb liquid well.
These materials exhibit porosity.
Porous materials have plenty of
spaces inside where liquid can be
absorbed.
Metal wires can be used to tie and Glass is brittle material
bind things because it can be bent that can break easily.
without breaking
 LET’S EXPLORE!
CHANGES IN MATERIALS
Science skills: Observing, Describing
Time Frame: 15 minutes
You will need : Paper clip, bottle cap and hammer

What to do:
1. Get a paper clip. Try to straighten it. Can you do it? Now, try forming a heart
with it and later on, the first letter of your name. Did it break? What property of
matter does the paper clip show?
2. Get a bottle cap and hammer. Ask an adult to hammer the bottle cap for you.
Observe what will happen. Did it break into pieces? What property did the bottle
cap exhibit?
 Bottle caps can be hammered
A rubber band naturally
into thin sheets to make a
elastic that when stretched, it
doormat or an improvised
can return to its original
tambourine
shape.
 LET’S GO
Diamonds are considered one of the
BEYOND
hardest materials on Earth. Aside from
being used in jewelry, what other uses
do diamonds have?
 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Not all properties of matter can be observed immediately.
Sometimes, the composition of a material has to change first
before a certain property can be observed. This property is
known as a chemical property. A chemical property is most
evident when a certain material chemically reacts with another
material. Below are some chemical properties of materials.
 COMBUSTIBILITY and
FLAMMABILITY
Combustibility is the ability of a material to burn,
while flammability is the ability of a material to
ignite or catch fire easily.
Alcohol is an example of a combustible material.
It burns when it reacts with a lighted matchstick.
Other examples of combustible materials are wood,
sawdust, dried leaves, paper, wax, gasoline, kerosene,
oil, thinner, and varnish.
 Alcohol and gasoline are both combustible and flammable.
They can burn fast. However, not all combustible materials are
flammable. For example, a big chunk of wood can burn when
subjected to high amount of heat, but it will not catch fire
easily unless you expose it longer so that it will start burning.
Combustible and flammable materials need to be disposed
of properly because they react readily and easily when exposed
to extreme heat.
These materials are useful in some ways but proper
handling must be
done when using them.
 Gasoline, which is used Wood is a combustible
as fuel in cars, is a highly material. Burning it can
combustible and be harmful to the
flammable material. environment.
 BIODEGRADABILITY
Some materials can decompose or decay through the actions
of bacteria and other organisms. When these materials
decompose, their particles return to the soil. The ability of a
material to decompose is also known as biodegradability.
 Examples of biodegradable materials are fruit and
vegetable peelings, plant clippings, and dead plants and
animals. They can be buried in a compost pit, which is a
shallow hole dug in the ground, then covered with topsoil.
Over time, earthworms and microorganisms act on the
buried materials in the pit and gradually break them down
into compost, which is a natural fertilizer.
Nonbiodegradable materials take a much longer time to
be fully decomposed. Thus, these materials must be reused
in another way.
 EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Whenever a material undergoes chemical change, one or more of
these evidences are observed:

1. Formation of new product. When a

nail is exposed to oxygen and water,
rust forms on its surface. Once rust is
formed, the original material is
unidentifiable.
2. Formation of gas. This evidence
usually coincides with the formation of
a new product. For example, when a
material is burning, gas in the form of
smoke is released together with the
formation of ashes. Also, when baking
soda is mixed with vinegar, bubbles are
formed as the baking soda starts to
curdle or form lumps.
3. Release of heat. There are instances
when chemical change results in the
sudden heating or cooling of a material.
For example, when a metal is soaked in
an acid, heat is released as the metal
starts to wear away due to the acid's
strength.
 LET’S EXPLORE!
LET’S SEGREGATE
Science skills: Observing, Predicting, Classifying
Time Frame: 10 - 15 minutes
You will need : Dried leaves, alcohol, plastic, metal spoon, small piece of wood,
rubber band, Styrofoam, cotton cloth

What to do:
1. From the materials that you have gathered, identify which is biodegradable and
nonbiodegradable.
2. Determine which among these biodegradable materials can burn or decay
easily. Note the method that you used to come up with such answer or
conclusion.
 LET’S EXPLORE!
Questions:

1. What do the nonblodegradable materials have in common?

2. What do the biodegradable materials have in common?

3. Why do you think blodegradable materials burn and decay

easily compared to nonblode- gradable materials?
 LET’S GO
The overuse of plastic bags adds to the
BEYOND
garbage problem of our country. Do you
think that using paper bags instead of
plastic is more environment friendly?
Why?
 LET’S RECALL
Complete the diagram of the different properties of matter that you have
learned in this lesson.

Combustibility
Physical Properties
Property of Matter

Elasticity
 LET’S CHECK
A. Match the meaning in column A with the word in column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
________1. ability to burn a. Biodegradability
________2. ability to bend without breaking b. Brittleness
________3. ability to be stretched and return to its original shape c.Combustibility
________4. ability to let heat and electricity to pass through d. Combustibility
________5. ability to be decomposed by microorganism e. Ductility
________6.ability to catch fire easily f. Elasticity
________7. ability to be drawn into thin wires g. Flammability
________8. ability to be hammered into thin sheets h. Volume
________9. ability to resist pressure that may cause deformation i. Hardness
________10.ability to break easily j. Malleability
k. flexibility
 LET’S CHECK
B. Classify the following materials based on the properties that they possess. Write your answers
on the table below.

• Brass tray • Steel chair • Garter • Church bell

• Rubber band • Plastic glass • Soft rock • Milk can
• Bamboo basket • Steel hammer • Copper wire • Chewing gum
• Wooden table • Concrete electric • Spoon • Knife
post

PROPERTY SOLID MATERIALS

Malleability
Ductility
Elasticity
Brittleness
Hardness
 LET’S APPLY IT!
A. Identify the property of each material that allows them to be reused
1. Steel wire 5. Tin can
2. Glass bottle 6. Rubber tire
3. Aluminum pan 7. Metal rod
4. Plastic container

B. Answer the question based on the pictures.

1a. What are the raw materials used in building this bridge?
1b. What physical properties do the raw materials of the bridge possess?

2a. What are the different ways by which you can reuse this can of milk?
2b. What properties of matter does this tin can possess that makes it reusable?

3a. Does the rubber band's flexibility contribute to its usefulness? Explain.
LESSON 5

CHANGES IN
MATTER IN THE
PRESENCE OR
ABSENCE OF
 LET’S
TRY!
Watch your teacher slice a potato in half.
Take note of the color of the potato the moment
it was sliced. Observe it for a few minutes.
What have you noticed on the potato? Are there
any changes compared to when it was sliced just
a few moments ago? What do you think might
have caused the changes?
 IMPORTANT
QUESTION
Is oxygen needed in
chemical change? Why or
why not?
 From the previous lesson, you have
learned that matter has two properties
physical and chemical. Both of these
properties have effects on matter. However,
this lesson will focus on one chemical
property of matter.
The presence or absence of oxygen has
various effects on matter. Among these
common ones that you readily see are
combustion and rusting.

The fire triangle represents
the three important things
needed for combustion
occur.
The diagram on the left is called Fire
Triangle. It shows that three things are needed
for fire to occur. In order for fire to occur, there
should be heat, fuel and oxygen. A fire occurs
when the three elements are present in the right
amount. The fire will continue its flame
provided that there is continuous supply of
these three elements. Suppose, oxygen will be
removed from the diagram, what do you think
will happen to the fire produced?
 LET’S EXPLORE!
FIRE OUT!

Science Skills : Observing

NOTE : Do this activity with the supervision of your teacher
Time frame: 15-20 minutes
You will need:
• 4 jars in different sizes
• 4 candles with same size
• Match
• Timer
• Ruler
WHAT TO DO:

1. Light one of the candles.

2. Cover it with the smallest jar.
3. Using a timer, measure how many seconds it takes for the flame of
the candle to be put out.
4. Measure the length of the candle after it burns out.
5. Repeat the procedure using the next size of jar up to the largest jar
6. Find out in which jar has the longest and shortest time of putting out
the flame of the candle.
7. Find out also the longest and shortest candle after burning.
8. Record your findings on the chart below.

Jars Time of the flame Length of the candle

was put out after burning
1.
2.
3.
4.

In the experiment above, the candle needs oxygen from the air to
continue burning. If there is absence of oxygen, the candle will not
continue to burn.
 You may have observed that some iron nails in your home
have rust. Do you have any idea what causes the formation of
rust?

Rusting is caused by the reaction of iron with oxygen present

in the air. This kind of reaction is slower than the rate of
combustion. The amount of rust formed in an iron depends on the
moisture and humidity of the surroundings.
 Another example affected by the
presence of oxygen are fruits. Have you
noticed that when your mother cuts fruits
and vegetables, some of them change in
color? For example, when an apple is cut,
the fleshy part of the fruit changes color
into brown. This is because the oxygen
present in the air reacts with the chemicals The change in color of the
inner fleshy part of the apple is
present in the fleshy part of the apple. due its exposure to oxygen. The
same phenomena could also be
observed in potato and other
fruits and vegetables.
 LET’S GO
A certain fish pond owner reported that there has been a fish kill in a
BEYOND
pond that he owns. The fisheries bureau investigated the incident, only to
find out that the fish pond was overly populated. What do you think is the
connection of the overpopulation of the fish pond to the fish kill that
occurred?
 LET’S RECALL
List down the effects of presence and absence of oxygen in the exposed
fruit flesh in a similar diagram below.

Oxygen

Present Absent
 LET’S CHECK
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is combustion?

2. What are the three important things needed for

combustion to occur?

3. Where do we get our supply of oxygen?

 LET’S APPLY IT!
Find out ways on how you can prevent rusting of materials made of iron in
your home. You may ask your parents or your guardian about this. Then,
make a list of it just like the one shown below.

Ways to prevent Rusting

LESSON 6
CHANGES IN
MATTER
THROUGH
APPLICATION
 LET’S
TRY!
Look at the photo that your teacher will show you. What
can you say about the photo? What is the mother doing?
How does she cook food? What did she use to cook food?
Is it safe to eat raw foods? Why or why not?

Heating food causes

chemical change
 IMPORTANT
QUESTION
Is heat needed in chemical
change? Why or why not?
 You learned from the previous lesson that simply exposing
some objects to oxygen produces various effects. Aside from
oxygen, another thing that produces changes in matter is heat.
Heat, as discussed in your previous grade, is a form of energy.
It is described as how high the temperature is. We measure heat
using a thermometer.

Drying clothes under

the sun involves
evaporation of water
from the clothes.
 Heat can bring about physical changes in matter. Some solid
materials melt when enough heat is applied to them. A common
example is a melting ice when it is placed out of the refrigerator.
The ice absorbs heat from the surroundings, which will then melt
after a few minutes. On the other hand, if water is subjected to
heat, it evaporates. Just like when your mother hangs your wet
laundry under the sun. After several minutes to hours, the clothes
become dry, this means that the water in your clothes evaporated.
In the next activity, an example of physical change caused by heat
will be demonstrated
 LET’S EXPLORE!
HOT PANS

Science Skills : Observing and describing

Time frame: 15-20 minutes
Note: Your teacher will demonstrate the activity to the class. Do not play with
fire

You will need:

• Alcohol lamp or candle
• 2 pans
• Butter
• Ice cubes
 LET’S EXPLORE!
1. Get two pans.
2. Place a pat of butter in one pan and an ice cube on the other pan.
3. Heat both pans over a low fire.
4. Observe what happens.
5. Record your observations.

Answer the following questions:

What change took place when the Ice cubes and butter are heated? Explain.
 Heat does not only produce physical change in a
material, sometimes heating a material causes it to
undergo chemical changes. The chemical changes
caused by heat are irreversible. One common example
of this is cooked food. The egg that your mother
cooked for your breakfast has undergone chemical
change by cooking. Now, can you bring back the egg
into its liquid form before it was cooked? Did chemical
change happen to the egg that your mother cooked? Fried eggs undergone chemical change
through heat
 LET’S GO
BEYOND
A dry spell is described as having high temperatures and low amount of
rainfall. Because of this, continual supply of water through Irrigation is
required in rice fields. How do you think can excessive heat affect the
condition in rice fields? What possible changes do you think will be
observed?
 LET’S RECALL
Create a similar diagram below in your notebook. Write your own examples of physical and
chemical change through the application of heat in the spaces provided.

Oxygen

Physical Changes Chemical Changes

 LET’S CHECK
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is heat?

2. What are the sources of heat?

3. Why is heat important?

 LET’S APPLY IT!
Briefly explain how heat is related to the following activities. You can use
other books or the internet as reference.

1. Glassblowing 2. Pasteurization 3. metalworking

(shaping glass) (making jewelry)
LESSON 7
CHANGES IN
MATTER and
WASTE
REDUCTION
 LET’S
TRY!
Not all changes are good. Some changes in
matter can be harmful. Identify some changes in
matter that occur in your household or school
which can be harmful (e.g. breaking of glass).
 IMPORTANT
QUESTION
How can changes in matter
help us in waste
management?
 Changes in matter can be beneficial or
harmful to living things and the environment.
Knowing the physical and chemical changes
that materials undergo helps us determine the
best way to manage materials and minimize
waste, thereby preventing environmental
problems.
Consider the following in managing your waste:

1. Used cans, either crushed or in their original form can

be reused or recycled. However, some tin cans end up in
landfills especially if they have undergone chemical
change (rusting). When a metal starts to rust, it is hard to
reuse because rust will continue to destroy it. To prevent
metal from rusting, paint the surface to prevent it from
reacting with oxygen.
2. The most common example of chemical change is
spoiling of food. When food spoils, you cannot eat it
anymore, or else you will be poisoned. You have to
discard it. But discarding it does not necessarily mean you
will generate waste. Rotten or spoiled food, as well as fruit
and vegetable peelings and other food scraps, can be used
for composting.
 LET’S EXPLORE!
KITCHEN WASTE FERTILIZER

Science Skills : Observing, Communicating

Time frame: 15-30 minutes (preparation time)
3-6 months (observation time)

You will need:

• Big can of cooking oil or similar container
• Soil
• Kitchen waste
 LET’S EXPLORE!
You will :
1. Form a group with three members. You will make a compost bin either in
the backyard of your house or in school.
2. Secure your large container. Put a small amount of soil until it fills 1/8 of
the can.
3. Add kitchen waste in the can and cover it with more soil. Make sure the
kitchen waste you 'put in the can are biodegradable.
4. Repeat the procedure until the can is almost full,
5. Set aside the compost bin and let it decay completely. You may stir the
mixture every now and then.
6. Record your findings on which waste decays the fastest and which decays
the slowest.
 LET’S GO
BEYOND
One way of composting is called vermicomposting. It makes use of
worms to speed up the composting process. Research about
vermicomposting. Find out how worms play an important role in this
process.
 LET’S RECALL
Describe how chemical change can significantly reduce the
following waste materials.

1. Softdrink cans
2. Spoiled or rotten food
3. Fruit and vegetable peelings
 LET’S CHECK
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. How does physical and chemical changes in matter can

help us in waste management?

2. How can the changes in materials affect the

environment?
 LET’S APPLY IT!
Below are examples of waste materials that can be found at home.
Think of ways on how materials can be managed.
Waste materials Ways to manage
1. Trimmed grass
2. Broken pots
3. Rotten fruits
4. Expired canned goods
5. Metal bottle caps
7. Plastic bottles
8. Broken glass
9. Vegetable peelings
10. Old newspaper
 LET’S
• Physical change is a change in the form and appearance of a matter

•
SUMMARIZE
remaining the same
Chemical change results in the formation of new chemical substances.
The presence and absence of oxygen can bring changes to a material.
• The application of heat to materials can alter their physical properties
as well as chemical
• properties. Some changes brought about by heat are irreversible.
• The physical and chemical changes that matter undergo help determine
the best way to manage these materials and minimize waste.
 LET’S CONNECT
Social Studies

"We must be the change we wish to see in the world." This famous
quote by Mahatma Gandhi must be our motivation to be proactive in
doing what is right. What are some changes that you want to impose to
yourself, your family, your community, and to the country so that we can
have a better world to live in?
LET’S THINKS ABOUT THIS
Which among the three waste management programs can you and
your community relate to?
Choose one and answer the questions below.

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

• What is the main purpose of an MRF?
• Are your neighbors aware of it? If yes, how often do they send in
waste materials in this facility?
• What do you think can your local barangay do to educate and inform
your neighbors in maximizing the use of the MRF?
Community waste segregation garbage can
• At a glance, are the waste properly segregated?
• In your opinion, what can your local barangay do to implement this
waste management program strictly?

Garbage truck collecting your daily household waste

• How often does the garbage truck collect your daily household waste?
Do you think this is enough or should they do it more often?
• On your part, cite three ways on how you can help your household
minimize the waste that you are producing every day.
 Assess how well you have done the activity by reflecting on the
following statements:
• I can now identify the kinds of changes that occur in matter.
• I can now describe the changes that occur in materials when exposed
to certain conditions.
• I can now discuss how changes in matter affect our daily living.