Evidence of Evolution:

Rudiment Organ,
Comparative
Embryology, &
Biodiversity.
By Group 2:
1. Cinta Amanda Nainggolan (4213141019)
2. Mesya Minerva Dearni Saragih (4212441006)
Table of contents
01 02
Rudiment Organ Comparative
Embryology

03
Biodiversity
01
Rudiment Organ
What is Rudiment Organ?
● Rudiment organ are those organs who
lost their function and significance in the
process of evolution.
● These organs are normally developed in
ancestors but in the present and future
generations, they are reduced and their
functions are severely lost
Coccyx in
human
(Tailbone)
Auricularis
Muscle in
human
(otot yang menggerakkan telinga)
The reduction of toes
in horse legs.
 The remnants
of hind legs in
some whales
and snakes.
Rudiment organs considered as an
evidence of evolution because they
show how organs that previously had
significant function have undergone
changes in response to environmental
conditions and the needs of living
organisms.
 02
Comparative
Embryology
All higher animals originate from a zygote, namely an
egg cell (ovum = female sex cell) that has united and
fused with the spermatozoon (male sex cell). The
union between the two types of sex cells occurs
through a process called fertilization.

The embryo is a stage of development or early life of

an individual, which starts from fertilization until
before the attainment of a fixed form, structure or
function, as in the parents.
Comparative embryology is evidence of evolution
that can be used to determine the relationship of an
organism with other organisms by comparing the
embryonic development processes of these
organisms. This embryological comparison can be
used to detect how much the evolutionary process
affects an organism.

Thus, comparative embryology can be used to

determine the influence of evolution on the
development of an organism and detect the
relationship of these organisms.
Evidence from Comparative Embryology
● Organisms that are closely related will experience the same stages in
their embryonic development
● Further development becomes increasingly varied, eventually it will
have the characteristics of its class.
● there are similarities in the structure of the embryo
● According to experts, the similarity of structures at the embryonic stage
shows that they are similar to each other, indicating that we come from
the same ancestor
Evidence from Comparative Embryology
 03
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms present on Earth, encompassing
organisms from all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and
microorganisms. The concept of biodiversity includes genetic variation, species
diversity, ecosystem diversity, and interactions between organisms and
their environments.
4 main mechanism of evolution result in biodiversity

Transfer of A process in Random Which organisms

genetic material, which the genetic fluctuations in with traits that are
typically alleles material, the frequency of better adapted to
(different forms typically DNA, alleles (different their environment
of a gene), undergoes forms of a gene) tend to survive and
between changes or within a reproduce more
populations of alterations. population over successfully than
organisms. time. those with less
favorable traits.
Gene Flow
Offspring of migrated bird has a genotype of Aa
Mutation
Mutations can result in variations in
the genetic code, which may lead to
differences in traits or characteristics
among individuals within a population.
Mutations are a fundamental
mechanism of evolution and can
contribute to genetic diversity,
adaptation, and the emergence of new
species over time.
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is an evolutionary
process that refers to random changes
in allele frequencies (versions of
genes) within a population due to
chance events. While genetic drift
does not directly increase genetic
diversity within a population, it can
lead to genetic variation between
geographically separated populations
or small isolated populations.
Natural Selection
Natural selection can have a significant impact on biodiversity by influencing the distribution of traits
within populations, which in turn affects the diversity of species within ecosystems.
 Thanks
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