SISTEMUL IMUN

Histology of the immune system

1.Thymus Lab1
2.Lymph Node
3.Spleen Lab2
4.Tonsil
 IMMUNE SYSTEM
• The set of cells and organs responsible for carrying out specific immune
responses, humoral or cellular, against certain antigens

• CENTRAL LYMPHOID ORGANS • PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS

- HEMATOGENOUS BONE MARROW
(Ly B)
- THYMUS (Ly T)
• Primary lymphopoiesis, antigen-
independent/ polyclonal
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- lymphoid tissue attached to the mucous
membranes
• Secondary lymphopoiesis,
antigen-dependent /monoclonal
 THYMUS

• Parenchymal organ – Superior Mediastinum

• Primary lymphopoiesis LyT=>A-I, Pc
• Maximum childhood development
• 3 Components:
 Capsule
 Stroma
 Parenchyma

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https://www.histologyguide.com
 THYMUS
1. CAPSULE:
• Dense irregular connective tissue
• vassels, nerves, white and brown adipocyte tissue
• +
Cluster of Ly - temporary

Septa PSEUDOLOBULI

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 https://www.histologyguide.com

Pseudolobe: THYMUS
o 2 areas
Peripheral area: +++ Basophilic
Central area: + Basophilic
Globular structure, eosinophilic- Hasssal corpuscle

https://www.histologyguide.com
 THYMUS
- Double origin :
1. epithelial
2. mesenchymal
→ two main cell population

1. Stromal reticular epithelial cells

= epithelial reticular cells = CERs

STROMA

2. Thymocyetes = ly T
 THYMUS

2. STROMA
UNIQUE = epithelial origin*
Medulla > Cortical
. Stromal reticular epithelial cells
OM:
cytoplasm – eosinophilic
N – central, hypochromic, Nc obvious
EM:
6 types, 3 C, 3 M
 THYMUS
. STROMA
UNIQUE = epithelial origin*
Stromal reticular epithelial cells
MEDULARYY – Type VI

Hassal corpuscle:
- The evolution toeards keratinization of C.E.R.S.
- globular – lamellar + concentric
- Pyknotic nuclei
- +++ eosinophilic
- size + dimensions DP with age

Diagnostic
 THYMUS
3. Parenchyma
Thymocytes = Ly T
- Towards maturing and differentiating
- ↑ ↑ ↑ Cortex = Primary lymphopoiesis
- ↑ Medulla
MO:
- basophilic cytoplasm;
N round, homogeneous, central

https://www.histologyguide.com
 THYMUS
3. Parenchima:

2. Macrophage:
“Sentinel macrophages”
Joncț. C.-M.
Phagocytes Ag – M->C
3. Interdigitated dendritic cells = APC,
mononuclear phagocytic system
Cortex

https://www.histologyguide.com
 VASCULARIZATION OF THE THYMUS

 JUST EFERENT LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION

 Blood circulation – Joncț. Cortical-Medullary
 Barrier Capillaries – CORTEX
Endothelium - continuous on BM contiunous
- “lined” ext –CERS extensions
- THYMUS – BLOOD BARRIER!
 Fenestrated Capillaries – MEDULLA
Fenestrated capillaries on BM continuous
 Postcapillary venules –
HEV – simple cubico-prismatic
 SISTEMUL IMUN
• ansamblul de celule şi organe responsabile de realizarea răspunsurilor imune
specifice, de tip umoral sau celular, faţă de anumite antigene

• ORGANELE LIMFOIDE CENTRALE • ORGANELE LIMFOIDE PERIFERICE

- măduva osoasă hematogenă (Ly B)
- timusul (Ly T)
• limfopoeza primară, antigeno-
independentă / policlonală
- nozii limfatici
- splina
- țesutul limfoid atașat mucoaselor
• limfopoeza secundară, antigeno-
dependentă / monoclonală
PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS

Ly T, B mature are available – but immunological naïve- are arranged on the cyto-fibrillar conj. STROMA

CYTO-FIBRILLAR STROMA 4 cell types NOT IDENTIFIED IN OM

= 3D network of reticulin fibers = fibroblasts – type reticular cells
NOT IDENTIFIED IN OM – HE staining = macrophage-type reticular cells
SPECIAL STAINES: silver impregnantion = follicular dendritic cells “homing” LyB – T independent T zones
= dendritic cells  “homing” LyT – T dependente zones

Ross Histology, 2019

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/
PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS

A. Dependent T zone – formed by an agglomeration of small lymphocytes ,

with a dense diffuse and homogeneous appearance = Ly T

Ross Histology, 2019

 PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
B. Independent T zone- consisting of primary and secondary lymphoid nodes = Ly B

Lymphoid nodules : two functional stages

- rest = PRIMARY - areactiv
- active = SECONDARY - reactiv

https://www.nature-microscope-photo-video.com/

Ross Histology, 2019

 PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
PRIMARY LYMPHOID NODE converts,
- homogeneous appearance in OM
Îfollowing antigenic stimulation,
- condensation of small Ly B (phase Go cell
In the secondary lymphoid node
cycle)
- follicular dendritic cells
- macrophages
- some LyT helper

https://www.nature-microscope-photo-video.com/

https://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/tau-only/webpath/
 PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS

SECONDARY LYMPOID NODE

- 2 indentifiable areas in OM
- peripheral zone = lymphocyte mantle/crown with
lymphocytes,
with a protrusion = hood
- central area = germinal center / clear center

- peripheral mantle:
- mostly small Ly B
- few suppressor Ly T
- dendritic follicular cells
- macrophages

https://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/tau-only/webpath/
PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS

SECONDARY LYMPHOID NODE

- germinal center
- M.O.  2 hemispheres:
- clear hemisphere (under hood)
- dark hemisphere (opposite the hood)
https://www.tau.ac.il/medicine/tau-only/webpath/

- Ly B it calls: CENTROBLASTS, IMUNOBLASTS, CENTROCYTES

- dark hemisphere
→ Ly B in proliferation = CENTROBLASTS
- in contact CENTROBLASTS
 migration from dark hemisphere  clear hemisphere
 CENTROCYTES

The germinative center of the secondary lymphoid

node is the morphological expression of the
phenomena of blast transformation and clonal Reacție imunohistochimică,
celule foliculare dendritice pozitive
expansion within secondary lymphopoiesis.
PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS
Reacție imunohistochimică,
Ly B pozitive

Ly B = Independent T zone

Ross Histology, 2019

Ly T = Dependent T zone

Reacție imunohistochimică,
Ly T pozitive
 RECAPITULARE
PHERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS THYMUS

Ly T = dense, diffuse, homogeneous Cortex

Primary lymphoid node
Medulla
Secondary lymphoid node Dependent T zone
Pseudolobule
Ly B = Independente T zone
Hassal Corpuscle