Asphalt Pavement Laydown and

Compaction

Picture of
plant
Compaction of the asphalt mat, typically, has more
affect on the life of the pavement than any other
item in asphalt construction.
 Adequate Compaction
Helps Reduce or Retard….

 Fatigue Cracking
 Rutting
 Binder Oxidation
 Moisture Damage
 Thermal Cracking
Fatigue Cracking
Rutting
Asphalt Binder Oxidation -
Hardening
 Moisture Damage
 Adequate compaction will help minimize
the infiltration of water.
Thermal Cracking
 Mixture Items that Affect Compaction

 Aggregate texture, hardness and shape

 Asphalt Binder Grade

 Mixture Properties
– Voids
– Asphalt Binder Content

 Mixture Temperature and Cooling Rate

 Field Operations that Affect the
Compaction of the Bituminous Mixture

 Number of Roller Passes

 Types of Rollers and Order they are used

 Mode of the Steel Rollers

– Vibratory mode on or off
– High/Low Amplitude
– High/Low Frequency
in most cases the roller should be set to high
frequency and low amplitude
 Speed of Rollers
 Number of Roller Passes
Roller Passes

1 3 5 7 9
Cover Paver Width

1 1 3 5 7 9
Number Passes to

2 0 1 2 3 4

3 0 1 1 2 3

4 0 1 1 1 2

Minimum Passes on Critical Longitudinal Section

 Roller Speed Example
Given:
Plant & Paver Specifics
- 12 feet wide
- 500 tons per hour
- 1.5 inch lift
Roller Specifics
- minimum 3 passes coverage
- roller width is 54 inch
Required
What is the minimum roller speed you need to compact the
mat?
 Roller Speed Answer
The speed of the paver is:
500 tons per hour = 500*2000/145 = 6900 cuft per hour

Pavement Cross section = 12 feet * 1.5 inch/12 = 1.5 sqft

Paver speed = (6900 cuft/hr) / 1.5 sqft = 4600 ft/hour

The required roller speed is:

Roller Speed = 4600 ft/hour * 9 passes /5280 ft/mi = 7.8 mph
What are the Recommended
Roller Speeds ?
Type of Roller
Range of Roller Speeds (mph)
Operating Position
Breakdown Intermediate Finish

Static Steel Wheel 2 – 3.5 2.5 - 4 3-5

Pneumatic 2 – 3.5 2.5 - 4 4-7

Vibratory 2-3 2.5 – 3.5 --

From Chapter 18 of Hot Mix Paving Handbook

You Need More Than 1 Roller !!!
Roller Settings and Roller Patterns

 Typical Rolling Pattern:

– Vibratory Steel Roller as break down
– Pneumatic Roller as intermediate
– Static Steel Roller as finish roller

 Vibratory Steel Roller generally works best in the high

frequency and low amplitude mode
 Only Pneumatic rollers should be used when the
temperature of the mat is within the bituminous mixtures
“tender zone”
Vibratory Breakdown
Pneumatic Breakdown
 Amplitude
U
p
Movement
(A)

Time
Dow
n

Time (T) For

Full Cycle

Frequency, f = the number of hertz (cycles/s)--a single cycle

is one full rotation of the eccentric weight. Frequency = 1/T

Amplitude, A = the maximum deviation from position at

rest -- one-half the total movement.
Amplitude
Low Frequency High Frequency

Impact Spacing

Frequency

DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
 Joint Compaction
 Compaction of the Longitudinal Joint is the Weak Link in
the Paving Process

 Compaction of the Both the Confined and Unconfined

Edges is a Challenge

 The Unconfined Edge Needs to be Compacted with the

Edge of the Steel Roller Over-hanging the Mat by 6 Inches

 If a Pneumatic Roller is used in the Break Down Position,

it Should not be Closer than 6 Inches to the Joint
 Joint Compaction
 Compaction of the Confined Joint is Best Achieved by
Rolling on the Hot Mat and Overlapping the Cold Mat by
6 Inches
 Rolling from the Cold Side is No Longer Recommended

 Steel Rollers may Tend to Bridge from the Cold Mat and
this May Impede Compaction Right at the Joint. A
Pneumatic Roller will be More Effective in Reducing this
Bridging.

 Raking of the Joint is Not Recommended

 Factors Affecting Rolling Time

allows allows
FACTORS MORE LESS
time time

Mat Thickness THICK THIN

Mix Temperature HIGH LOW

Base Temperature HIGH LOW

Time for Compaction Exercise

Time to Mixture Mixture Mixture Mixture Mixture Mixture

Cool to Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp
175F 270F 310F 270F 310F 270F 310F

Air/Base Mat Thickness 1 inch Mat Thickness 2 inch Mat Thickness 3 inch
Temp

Your
Guess
32F
Actual
Time

Your
Guess
60F
Actual
Time

Your
Guess
90F
Actual
Time
(Values determined using “Pave Cool”. Sky overcast. Wind speed 15 mph)
Paver Operations
 Paver Operations
 The primary objective of the paver is to place a
bituminous mixture on the roadway, in a manner
that results in mat that has an even distribution of
temperature, thickness and pre-compaction, in
both the longitudinal and transverse directions.
 Mix Placement Concerns

 Even and steady flow of mixture to the paver

 Even and steady flow of mixture into the paver hopper

 Even and steady flow of mixture through the paver and in

front of the paver screed
 The appropriate angle of attack of the screed needs to be
set and frequent adjustments minimized
Flow of Mixture to the Paver
Flow of Mixture into the Paver Hopper
Paver Hopper and Flow Gates
 Flow Gates set to Allow
Uniform Material Flow to the Auger
Operating the Screed
 What Affects the Thickness of the
Bituminous Being Paved
 If the paver speed, the height of material behind the screed,
and tow point height are held constant, there is only one
screed angle of attack that will give you the desired mat
thickness.
Paver Schematic
TOW POINT
 Automatics Screed Controls
 Primary purpose of automatic screed control is to
produce a smooth asphalt pavement layer.
– Smoother than a screed operator can accomplish by
continually changing the setting of the thickness control cranks.
 Automatics Screed Controls
 Automatic Screed Functions by:
– maintaining the elevation of the screed tow points in
relation to a reference other than that of the wheelbase
of the paver itself.
» Elevation of the tow point is kept at a constant elevation in
relation to a given grade reference.
 The automatics don’t allow the relative position of the tow point
to change even though the tractor unit is moving up and down.
 Automatics of the Paver
 The paver operator controls the angle of attack of
the screed.
 The automatic controls on the paver control the
tow point height.
Checking the Mat Thickness
Adjusting the Thickness
 Screed Reaction Time
 The screed reacts to change in angle of
attack over 5 tow arm lengths.
 65% of change occurs in the first tow arm
length.
 35% of change occurs in the last 4 tow arm
lengths.
How Long Does it Take the Screed
to React to an Adjustment of the
Thickness Control Screw
What do the Automatics
on a Paver do?
Contract Special Provisions
S-135 (2350) PLANT MIXED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
For 2003 Construction Season
REVISED 12/18/02

SP2000-126
Mn/DOT 2350 and Mn/DOT 2360 are hereby deleted from the Mn/DOT Standard Specifications
and replaced with the attached Combined 2360/2350 (Gyratory/Marshall Design)
Specification.

S-135.1 Mix Designation Numbers for the bituminous mixtures on this Project are as follows:

The Designer needs to fill in the numbers here. Examples of what is needed are:

Type LV 2 Wearing Course -LVWE25030B

Type MV 2 Wearing Course -MVWE25035B
Type LV 3 Non-Wearing Course -LVNW35030B
Type MV 3 Non-Wearing Course -MVNW35035B

S-135.2 Mix Designations for bituminous mixtures contain the following information:

(1) The first two digits indicate the mixture design type:
MV = Medium Volume, LV = Low Volume

(2) The third and fourth digits indicate the course:

WE = Wearing and Shoulder Wearing Course
NW = Non-Wearing Course

(3) The fifth digit indicates the maximum aggregate size:

2 = 25.0mm [1 inch], 19.0 mm [3/4 inch] nominal size
3 = 19.0mm [3/4 inch], 12.5 mm [1/2 inch] nominal size
4 = 12.5mm [1/2 inch], 9.5 mm [3/8 inch] nominal size
5 = 9.5mm [3/8 inch], 4.75 mm nominal size (Marshall design only)

(4) The sixth and seventh digit indicates the Marshall design blows:
50 blow design for both LV and MV mixtures

(5) The last two digits indicate the air void requirement.
35 = 3.5% air voids (for MV only), 30 = 3.0% air voids (for LV only).

(6) The letter after the mix designation identifies the performance grade of asphalt cement.
A = PG 52 - 34
B = PG 58 - 28
C = PG 58 - 34
D = PG 58 - 40
E = PG 64 - 28
F = PG 64 - 34
G = PG 64 - 40
H = PG 70 - 28
I = PG 70 - 34
L = PG 64 - 22
The Designer needs to let Special Provisions know how pavement smoothness will be evaluated.

S-135.3 Pavement smoothness requirements will be evaluated by Table 2360.7-C6A or 2360.7-C6B or

2360.7-C6C.

OR
S-135.4 Pavement smoothness requirements of 2360.7C will not apply on this Project. The requirements
of 2360.7B (Straight edge specification) will apply.

S-135.5 The attached Combined 2360/2350 (Gyratory/Marshall Design) Specification is hereby

modified with the following:

(A) Modify 2360.4F (2a)1 to read:

1. Percent passing on sieves listed in Table 2360.2-E and the following sieves: 1.18 mm
(#16), 0.600 mm (#30), 0.300 mm (#50), and 0.150 mm (#100). The test results for these
additional sieves may be included on the daily Test Summary Sheet or on a separate
Summary Sheet. If the test results for the additional sieves are recorded on a separate
Summary Sheet, the test results must be identified such that there is a direct and easy
correlation with the test results of the sieves listed in Table 2360.2-E and the other
mixture property tests for that sample.

S-135.6 BASIS OF PAYMENT

Payment for the accepted quantities of asphalt mixture used in each course at the Contract prices
per unit of material shall be compensation in full for all costs of constructing the asphalt surfacing
as specified, including the costs of furnishing and incorporating any asphalt binder, mineral filler,
hydrated lime, or anti-stripping additives that may be permitted or required.

If the Marshall design density at the recommended or established asphalt content is in excess of
2565 kg/m 3 [160 pounds per cubic foot], payment for mixture will be calculated at the following
percent of the contracted unit price.

% Payment = {100 - [{100 x (Marshall design Density - 2565)} / 2565]}

% Payment = {100 - [{100 x (Marshall design Density - 160)} / 160]} ENGLISH

In the absence of Contract items covering shoulder surfacing and other special construction, the
accepted quantities of material used for these purposes will be included for payment with the
wearing course materials.

The Contractor is responsible to complete yield checks and monitor thickness determinations so
that the constructed dimensions correspond with the required Plan dimensions throughout the
entire length of the project. The tolerances for lift thickness shown in 2360.7A and B, Thickness
and Surface Smoothness Requirement is for occasional variations and not for continuous over-
running or under-running, unless Ordered or Authorized by the Engineer.

S-135.7 Payment for the item of asphalt mixture production at the Contract unit price of mixture produced
shall be compensation in full for all costs of producing the mixture and loading it on board the
Department's trucks at the mixing plant. The provisions of Mn/DOT 1903 are modified to the
extent that the Department will not make a price adjustment in the event of increased or decreased
quantities of asphalt mixture items. Payment for plant mixed asphalt surface will be made on the
basis of the following schedule:
Item No. Item Unit

2350.501 Type (1) (2) Wearing Course Mixture ((4))...............................................................metric ton [ton]
2350.502 Type (1)(2) Non Wearing Course Mixture ((4)) ........................................................metric ton [ton]
2350.503 Type (1)(2)(3) Course Mixture ((4)), (5) mm (inch) thick .................... square meter [square yard]
2350.504 Type (1)(2)(3) Course Mixture ((4)) ................................................................... [square yard inch]
2350.505 Type (1)(2) Bituminous Mixture for Specified Purpose.............................................metric ton [ton]
2350.506 Type (1)(2) Bituminous Mixture Production...............................................…..….....metric ton [ton]

(1) Traffic Level Designation (LV or MV as appropriate).

(2) Aggregate size designation, as per Table 2360.2-E.
(3) "Wearing" or "Non Wearing" as appropriate.
(4) AC binder grade designation.
(5) Specified lift thickness.
 Bituminous Web Page

www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us/pavement/bituminous/bituminous.asp
 REVISED m odified
SPEC. YEAR "2004"
INCENTIVE / DISINCENTIVE WORKSHEET 2360 2360
SUPERPAVE
S.P. 2352-121 HWY. 99
CONTRACTOR: w orlds best paving PAVED 6/15/2003 CORED 6/15/2003 T O N T YP E ENGLISH

INCENT/DISINC RATIO= 0.86 MAX. DENSITY TONS = 1800

REQ'D DENSITY= 92.0 TOTAL TONS PAVED = 2100 Max Sp.G.= 2.435
MIN. AIR VOIDS = 3.5 LOTS REQUIRED = 4 BID PRICE= $24.34
DESIGN AIR VOIDS = 4 TONS PER LOT= 450.00 MIX TYPE SPWE
MANUAL OVERRIDE LOTS = 0
SAMPLE NUMBER 101 102 103 104
SAMPLE TON # 200 400 1200 1900
TONS REPRESENTED 400 800 700 200
MAX DENSITY TONS 343 686 600 171
INDIVIDUAL VOIDS 2.80 3.70 4.40 2.90

BULK AVE. BULK % AIR VOID TONS PAY INCENTIVE

LOT CORE # BULK SP.G SpG. USED Sp GRAV. DENSITY USED R EP R ES ENT. FACTOR DISINCENTIVE
22 22.1 2.296 2.296 2.306 94.7 2.80 342.8 low voids $0.00
22.2 2.315 2.315 3.70 107.1 4% $104.31
COMP 22.1 2.310

23 23.1 2.193 2.193 2.201 90.4 3.70 450.0 -9% -$985.75

23.2 2.252 2.208
COMP 23.2 2.208 COMPANION CORE USED

24 24.1 2.287 2.287 2.281 93.7 3.70 128.6 4% $125.17

24.2 2.275 2.275 4.40 321.4 4% $312.94
COMP 24.1 2.280

25 25.1 2.311 2.275 2.280 93.6 4.40 278.6 4% $271.21

25.2 2.285 2.285 2.90 171.4 low voids $0.00
COMP 25.1 2.275 COMPANION CORE USED

INCENTIVE THIS SHEET DISINCENTIVE THIS SHEET INCENTIVE / DISINCENTIVE

TOTAL = $813.63 TOTAL = -$985.75 TOTAL = -$172.12

DATA ENTERED BY : dan boerner CHK'D BY joe thomas DATE : 3/21/2003

MIX DESIGNATION : SPWEB440F PLANT # : 1 REC.# : 2002-0123
NOTES
 BITUMINOUS CORING LOG (english)

S.P. 2352-121 T. H. 99 Engineer Richard Anderson

Contractor world's best paving Plant #1
Lane Lane Name
Lane 1 west bound Begin Station 10+50.00 End Station 92+50.00 Length Paved 8200
Lane 2 east bound Begin Station 92+50.00 End Station 10+50.00 Length Paved 8200
Lane 3 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Lane 4 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Lane 5 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Lane 6 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Lane 7 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Lane 8 Begin Station End Station Length Paved 0
Total Tons Paved 1800 Lots Required 4 Total Length Paved 16400
Tons Per Lot 450 Required Lot Length 4100 Lane Width Paved 14.0

Comp Lot Random Lot Distance Lane Lane Station of Random

Tonnage # Length Name Core #
Lot Number Lot Core 22.1 Comp 0.34 4100 1390 Lane 1 west bound 24+40 0.73
1 22 Core 22.2 450 0.00 4100 9 Lane 1 west bound 10+59 0.27
1 Lot Core 23.1 0.72 4100 2941 Lane 1 west bound 80+91 0.81
23 Core 23.2 Comp 450 0.09 4100 361 Lane 1 west bound 55+11 0.95
2 Lot Core 24.1 Comp 0.26 4100 1049 Lane 2 east bound 82+01 0.04
2 24 Core 24.2 450 0.85 4100 3474 Lane 2 east bound 57+76 0.92
Lot Core 25.1 Comp 0.42 4100 1709 Lane 2 east bound 34+41 0.32
3 25 Core 25.2 450 0.94 4100 3870 Lane 2 east bound 12+80 0.10
3 Lot Core 0.60 0.20
Core 0.87 0.62
4 Lot Core 0.29 0.73
4 Core 0.58 0.21
Remarks
5 Daily Production
5 English Tons Lot
0-600 1
6 601-1000 2
6 1001-1600 3
1601-3600 4
7 3601-5000 5
7 >5000 6
# 0F COMPANIONS CORES = Street Inspector
50% TOTAL CORES
Common Errors When Using Spread
Sheets

 Most common error happens when the macros are

disabled due to the security setting being set to
high
 Set the security level to “low”
– Move cursor to the menu on top and under the “Tools”
menu, pick Tools: Macro: Security
– In the security dialog box, set the security level to
“low” and press “OK”
Common Errors When Using Spread
Sheets

 Problems with creating random numbers

 The two versions of the core locations spread
sheets use random number functions to pick the
core locations. The program must make a
decision whether or not be make new random
numbers. Read the instructions for the spread
sheet to be sure that the random numbers are being
treated properly.
Questions ?