Quality Circle Forum of India

presents

- simplified

NEW SEVEN TOOLS

& PRIORITIZATION ANYLYSIS

Prioritization Analysis methods

1
Task 1 Task 2

9 10 11 12

Task 3
Task 4 Task 5

Task 6
Task 7 Task 8

Task 9
Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

What is Prioritization Analysis ?

When we have limited time or choices and too many things to choose from, prioritization becomes essential. Here these tools prioritize tasks, issues, product/service characteristics etc. based on known criteria. Some of the tools use a combination of Tree and Matrix Diagram techniques. Above all they are tools for decision making.

Concept
As said above when we have too many things to choose and have limited time or choice, prioritization becomes essential. When these choices are needed to be made by an individual, the process is not difficult.

Concept
When the decisions have to be made by a group we must have a proper method. When a group has to solve a problem or assign a task with limited resources prioritization becomes an important aspect.

Our sales has come down. Thus we have to give first priority to our marketing sector.

This is one of the essential requirement in an organization. We face innumerous problems in our day-to-day functions. Since all cannot get our equal attention we should know which one is important so that we are able to pay proper attention to that first.

DATA COLLECTION IN PROGRESS DATA DATA

Where data are available the task is simple. We can use Pareto Principle and find out the vital few and here the data will help us in the task.

But when we are not having data, probing into an unknown area or where we have limited knowledge, then prioritization methods have to be used.

I think I must go for prioritization method

Consensus card

Paired Choice

Nominal Group
Combination Relation

Criteria Rating

Consensus Criteria

There are many methods available. Some are simple and have a straight forward system. They can be used where it is simply a choice and no criticality is involved.

Quality Circles should solve simple problems using simple methods

For example Quality Circles need not go into a detailed analysis as they are not expected to take up critical problems. They can use a simple method.

When it comes to cross functional teams and where the choice needs to be done in a critical manner there are certain other techniques which use matrix format for analysis. They use a weightage system which is very useful when a group is involved.

TRIVIAL MANY VITAL FEW

The following are the techniques which will be dealt here.

a) Nominal Group Technique

Issue
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Ranking
4 5 1 2 3 6

Issue
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Ranking
3 2 1 5 4 6

Issue
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Ranking
2 1 3 4 5 6

b) Consensus Card System

c) Paired Choice Method

d) Criteria Rating Technique

e) Consensus Criteria Method

f) Combination Relations Diagram/ Paired choice Method.

A) NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE

Before we choose a problem other members want to discuss

O.K. Let us use nominal group techniques for the selection of problem

This technique is very simple, It does not call for detailed discussion and normally the decision making process is carried out quietly without any discussion. This helps to avoid argument and consequential problems. Group is able to build up a consensus and arrive at a team decision.

I am leaving the meeting

Will you listen to me?

You are talking nonsense.

Will you all keep quite.

This method is used by Quality Circle and also by others when the issue is controversial and sensitive. Discussions here may lead to unpleasant argument and sometimes bring the entire work to a grinding halt.

I want each one of you to give me your idea

This can also be used when we think that we should give equal participation to all the members.

How to do it ?

Step 1 Explain the number of issues pending which call for prioritization.

Assemble the group and explain to them about the issues pending which call for prioritization. The best way will be giving sometime for discussions by the group about each issue. The idea is to get a clarity of the issue by all.

I have an idea!!

Many times people do not have a clear idea about the issues and their importance. In the absence of such information they tend to think about them from their point of view. Such a discussions may help to get a clear idea about each issue.

I dont understand why I even have to let her speak!

A QC MEMBER

BIASED LEADER

The leader should ensure that the discussions are conducted in a fair way without showing bias. He should not indicate his preference.

Step 2
For each issue give a label. It can be 1, 2, 3.... or A,B,C,D,E.... They may be written clearly on a flip chart for everybody to see. Supply a sheet to every one and also a pen or pencil to indicate their preference.

Malfunctioning of the weight control system II III IV Uneven tensions causing frequent failure of chain conveyor Leakage in dust collecting system Leakage in oil pipe line

V
VI

Variation in RAM pressure

Ineffective rotor cooling causing batch temperature to shoot up

Step 3
Ask each member to carefully weigh each issue and then show their priorities. They should write 1 for the issue which according to them is most important and 2 for the next important one and in this way indicate their preference for all the issues.

Issue
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

Ranking
Issue
1 i) 2 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) v) vi) 4 5

Ranking
4 6

Issue
1 i) 2 ii) 3

Ranking
Issue
1 i) 2 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) v) vi) 5 5

Ranking
6 5

iii) 6 iv) v) vi)

Issue
1 i)2 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) v) vi)

Ranking
4 5 Issue 1 i) 2 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) v) vi)

Ranking
6 5 Issue

Ranking
4 5 1 2 3 6

1 i) 2 ii)
3iii) 6 iv) v) vi)

Step 4 Then all the sheets are to be collected and in one bigger sheet they should be copied as shown. Then add up the number indicated and write down the cumulative value.

G Total Preference

I
II

4
5

5
6

5
4

6
4

4
5

6
4

4
5

34
33

6
5

III

1
2

2
3

1
3

3
1

1
3

1
2

11
15

1
2

IV 1

V
VI

6
3

4
3

6
1

2
5

2
6

2
5

3
6

25
29

3
4

Pr. No. A 3 1

B 1

C 1

D 1

E 1

F 1

G 1

Total 7

Let us say the group consists of seven members and each one has indicated issue No.3 as their preference i.e. they have marked it as 1. Then cumulative value for issue 3 will be 7 which will be the lowest number.

G Total Preference

I
II III

4
5 2

5
6 1

5
4 2

6
4 1

4
5 3

6
4 1

4
5 1

34
33 11

6
5 1

IV 1
V 6

2
4

3
6

3
2

1
2

3
2

2
3

15
25

2
3

VI

29

In actual practice seldom will all have the same preference. Hence, one which is having the lowest cumulative value can be considered as first preference of the group and next one as second preference and so on.

Now that we have clarity about the issues can we discuss on them?

Step 5
Now list the issues according to the priority indicated by the group and have an open discussion. If some inconsistency is noticed on the prioritization the process can be carried out once again. Such situation seldom occurs.

Step 5
However, the group may take the first three issues and have an open discussion and reprioritize them, if needed.

Step 5
This method is a simple, straight forward and hassle free. But, it is purely based on individual opinion and not on any systematic analysis. It could be subjective.

B) CONSENSUS CARD METHOD

Red : I do not agree with the idea. Yellow : I do not agree. But I have no objection. Green : I fully agree with the idea.

In this method we will be using certain visual aids. Generally colours used for cards are Red, Yellow and Green. However, group can use any colour they like.
Here the indication of Red means I do not agree with the idea. Yellow means I am not hundred percent with you, but if the group wants I have no objection; Green means I fully agree with the idea.

When to use this method ?

* The group is engaged in discussion and are unable to arrive at a conclusion. * Sometimes a complex issue is involved and discussion may not help much in that case. * Sometimes you want to find out the opinion of the people about various issues in the company without entering into discussions and arguments. In all these cases this method is useful

How to do it ?
Let us say that there are four or five issues before the group and there is no consensus about which one is to be taken up first. Within the group sub groups are formed for advocating their preference for consideration. Here you can go for consensus card method.

Step 1

Assemble all the members of the group and explain to them the reason for selecting the method. Give them a clear idea about the method. Write down all the issues on a flip chart or on a board for general viewing of members.

* Team members must have a clear view of all others and their consensus cards

Mrs. Sharma that was a good idea, now let us go to Mr.Patel

* The moderator recognizes speakers and keeps the group from deadlocking.

Mr. Das, why dont you wait for Mr. Patel to finish?

* Allow each individual to fully present his or her idea before recognizing the next speaker.

Mrs. Seth, please wait till you are allowed to ask questions

* Ask questions only when you are allowed. (You can be allowed by the team leader or speaker who just presented an idea).

Now I would like to give my opinion. But I would be glad if you let me know whether you all agree with me.

* Feel free to make judgments, but be open-minded and listen to the judgments and opinions of others.

Step 2
Set up some ground rules for the proceeding. Give sometime for each person or sub group to present their views. After all have presented their view point, once again explain the system.

a) The purpose of the session is for everyone to know the views of each group and then take a decision.

b) Each group will be given an opportunity for presenting their views for a period of ten minutes.

c) There will be a moderator who will ensure smooth functioning

d) Clarification can be asked of the presentation but no criticism or effort to find fault in the view.

Step 3
Now allow each group or person to make a presentation as per the time stipulated. Ensure that discipline is maintained.

Once all have made their presentation each point will be put before the group to express their views. Members should simply show their view with the colour and should not talk.

Step 4
For this you can use simple card board flags of different colours or a wooden triangular blocks with each side pointed with one colour.

Each member should be given one of these.

Step 5
Once the members have indicated the choice find out the score for each problem based on the values or marks already decided. The result is as follows:

Problem

Red Yellow Green Total

0
1. Weight control 2. Chain conveyor breaking 3. Leakage in dust collecting system 4. Leakage of oil pipe line 5. Variations in RAM pressure 6. Ineffective rotor cooling

2
3 4 3 3

5
1 3 4 11 8 21 26

3 3 1 -

2
3

3
3

2
1

16
11

In this we saw how chance were given to individuals or to groups to express their view point about their choices. Issues were taken one by one and clarified without any discussion. Opinions of everyone were collected using colour indication. We noted down how many marks each problem has scored. Leakage of oil pipe line had scored 26 marks followed by, leakage in dust collecting system with 21 marks.

One which scored maximum mark is the preference of the group. If the difference is very narrow between two issues then a detailed discussion can be held to find out which one is more preferable.
Here the group can discuss about leakage of oil pipe line and and the leakage in dust collecting system. The group may select any one of them for finding a solution. This kind of an approach helps in avoiding unnecessary conflict, thereby the group may lose the objective of such team work and its benefit.

C. PAIRED CHOICE METHOD

Do we choose Saurav, Rahul, Sachin for the captaincy for the next match

When we face a number of alternatives this method is useful. Of course if the number exceeds beyond ten then it will become a lengthy process. It is something like a league match, but here this ends with a final choice and no selections for knock out.

Let us choose between Rahul and Saurav

When to use this method?

When you want each point to be individually compared with the other one this method is used. Here complications are avoided as only two issues are discussed at a time.

How to do it ? Step 1
Let us say a company is offering certain benefit packages to the staff and workers. They are given as plan A, plan B, plan C, plan D, plan E and plan F. The union is asked to select one of them.
Negotiation committee members are meeting to decide on the selection of the package.

Now let us see the procedure.

First write down clearly about each plan giving all the relevant information. They are A) Plan A B) Plan B C) Plan C D) Plan D

E) Plan E
F) Plan F

Step 2
First have a detailed discussion about all the plans one by one. The group is unable to select anyone of them. In that case make a matrix as shown

A A B C D E F Total

Total

Now start comparing each one of them with the next one. Start with the first horizontal line marked A.

There cannot be any comparisons between A and A. So cross the AA block as shown above. Now compare plan A with plan B. The group feels plan B is better than plan A. Then write down B in the block of AB as B. Then compare A with C. here group feels A is better. Mark in AC block as A. Next compare A with D. Here also preference is for A. Write in AD block as A.

Next compare A with E. Here the preference is for E. Write down E. Then compare A with F and the preference is F. Write F in AF block.

A A B C D E F Total

B B

C A

D A

E E

F F

Total

= = = = =

Step 3
Now go to the next line B. A and B are already compared. Put a dash mark as BA block. There cannot be any comparison between B. Cross the BB block as shown. Compare B with C. Here the preference is for B. So write down B in BC block, then compare B with D. The preference is once again B. Write B in BD block. Proceed in this manner block by block for each column.

The end result is as shown below.

A A B C D E F Total B B C A B D A B C E E E E E F F B C D E Total

= = = = = = = = =

= = = = =

Step 4
Now start going through it row by row once again, horizontally. For A column find out how many times A was preferred. As we can see it was preferred twice. Write down in the total column 2. Go to next line i.e., to B. Check up how many times B was preferred. It was for 3 times. Similarly C was preferred twice, D was for once and E was for once.

Write down all of them.

A A B C D E F Total B C D E F Total

A
B

A
B C

E
E E E

F
B C D E

2
3 2 1 1

=
= = =

=
= = = = = =

= = =

Step 5
Carryout the similar totaling vertically column by column. The result is as follows.

A A B C D E F Total

B B

C A B

D A B C

E E E E E

F F B C D E

Total 2 3 2 1 1

= = = = = = = = =
1

= = = = = -

=
4 1

Step 6
Vertical and Horizontal Totaling Now add up the total for each plan horizontally as well as vertically. The result is follows as A = B = C = D = 2 3 2 1 + + + + 0 1 0 0 = = = = 2. 4. 2. 1.

E =
F =

1
0

+
+

4
1

=
=

5.
1.

Another method is we can add up how many times each plan is preferred one by one, but there are chances of errors in counting. The above method is a fool proof one. As you can see number of times compared is 15 and the total is tallying.

Step 7
Groups Preference It is seen that plan E has the highest preference Now that the groups choice is E, discuss about E in detail and analyze what are the reasons which made the group to prefer that. This will help in further work.

D. CRITERIA RATING TECHNIQUE

Now let us see a method which uses a very elaborate system for analysis and for finalizing the order of priority among various options or choice before us i.e. to put it in a simple way, it helps us to decide which problem should be chosen first.

Hence this method is to be used only when we are in a situation where we find it difficult to choose the problem for solving in a normal way. If the problems are equally important and we feel a consensus is needed in a more systematic way then it is better we opt for this method.

As we know, a problem has adverse effect on various aspects. It may cause monetary loss, create a safety hazard or could be too cumbersome. For this purpose first create a list of criteria applicable to the problems before us. The following are the criteria which were identified for prioritizing from the group of problem before us.

Criteria
1. Improved safety

2.
3. 4. 5.

Increased output
Reduction in waste Easy to implement Less resistance from people for acceptance

6.
7.

No adverse effect on other areas

Helps in preventing pollution.

Distinguishing the Levels Importance Now let us create certain levels of importance for them.

Level of Importance
Extremely important More important important Needed Not significant Low priority No priority

Marks
10 5 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1

Step 1
Establishing Value for Each Criteria As a first step we will have to establish a value for each criteria. Let us use paired choice method to find out the value using the above levels of importance. Let us start with A (improved safety) and compare it with B (increased output). The group feels A is important than B. Write down in the horizontal column of A before B as 2.

Step 1
As you can see from the table mark for important is 2. In order to ensure that we dont make any arithmetical error write the reverse value before horizontal column of B before column A as 0.5. (If A compared with B is two then B compared with A is only one half of A) and so on.

A A Improved Safety B Increased Output C Reduction in waste D Easy to implement E Less response from People F No adverse effect 0.5

B 2

G Helps in pollution prevention

This way compare A with C, D, E, F and G. Let us say

A compared with C = 2 times more important. A compared with D = 5 times more important.

A compared with E = 5 times more important.

A compared with F = 5 times more important. A compared with G = Equally important.

Let us fill up the values accordingly on both the sides.

A A Improved Safety B Increased Output C Reduction in waste D Easy to implement E Less response from People F No adverse effect 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 B 2 C 2 D 5 E 5 F 5 G 1

0.2

G Helps in pollution prevention 1

A = 2B
A = 2C A = 2B

Step 2
Now let us start with B. Logically we can say if A compared with B and C is twice more, then B and C should be equal. But it does not happen in that way. Group may view it, in a different way. Hence we have to workout individually and write down the value. The result is as follows, which is also the final finding.

A A Improved Safety

B 2

C 2 0.5

D 5 2 5

E 5 2 5

F 5 2 2

G 1 20

B Increased Output
C Reduction in waste

0.5 0.5 2

0.5 7.5 0.5 15

D Easy to implement
E Less response from People F No adverse effect

0.2 0.5 0.2

0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 2 2 1 2 5

0.5 0.2 2.6

0.5 0.1 2.5

2 10 10

0.1 5.3 30

G Helps in pollution prevention 1

2.6 7.5 5.4 20 25 20 2.4 82.9

Now we can drop the less significant criteria and take only the first four. They are :Value % 1. Pollution Prevention 30.0 41.4 2. Improved safety 20.0 27.6 3. Waste rejection 15.0 20.7 4. Increased output 7.5 10.3 72.50 100 -

What?! I am not allowed to smoke as our group has selected pollution prevention as a problem to solve

From here on we follow two methods.

can

Method 1: Let us look into a few problems before us.

The following problems were faced in the compound mixing area of rubber product manufacturing
1) Malfunctioning system of the weight control

2) Uneven tension causing frequent failure of chain conveyor 3) Leakage in dust collecting system 4) Leakage of oil pipe line 5) Variation in the Ram pressure 6) Ineffective rotor cooling causing batch temperature to shoot up

A simple method here would be to draw a Matrix first as shown below

Imp. Poll Saf. Pre. 41.4% 27.6% Inc. Was O/P Rej. 20.7% 10.3%

Total

A. B. C. D.

Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension

Leakage of dust collecting system

Leakage of oil pipeline Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

E.
F.
Total

As you can see all the six problems have to be checked up with the four criteria selected. This has to be done to find out the type of effect they would have on these criteria if those problems are solved. For finding out that, certain weightage is given for the impact.

Level of Impact
High impact Impact

Marks
10 marks 5 marks

Low impact
No impact

1 mark
0 mark

First take up the malfunctioning of weight control system. Raise the question to the group. What will be the effect on pollution prevention if this problem is tackled. The answer is that they have no connection. Then mark in the appropriate column value zero (O).

Next take up improved safety and carryout the comparison. Here the feeling is that it will have a low impact. The mark for that is 1. Similarly checkup for other two criteria. Then carry on in the same way for all the problem with this kind of a comparison. Give the appropriate mark.
The result is as shown.

Poll Imp. Was Pre. Saf. Rej. 41.4% 27.6% 20.7%

Inc. O/P 10.3%

Total

A B C D

Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

0 ( )

10 (414)

1 5 5 (27.6) (103.5) (51.5) 182.6 5 5 10 344.5 (138) (103.5) (103) 1 5 5 (138) (103.5) (10.3) 665.8

E
F Total

1 5 5 10 (207) (276) (103.5) (10.3) 596.8 1 5 1 5 (41.4) (27.6) (103.5) (51.5) 224

- 662.4 607.2

5 5 (103.5) (51.5) 621

155

278.1 2168.7

Based on the above valuation of leakage of dust collection system gets the top priority followed by oil leakage system.

Method 2 This method is a little more elaborate than the above method. Here we will take one of the criterion first. Let us take Environmental pollution. Decide on certain comparative level like what is shown here.

Level of Importance Equally Important Very important = =

Marks 1 5

Extremely important
Important least important

=
= =

10
1/5 (0.2) 1/10 (0.1)

Now make an L matrix and write down all the problem in that as shown.

A B

Total

A
B C D E F
Total

Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

Now using the paired choice method, compare A (malfunctioning of weight control system) with B (frequent failure of chain conveyor system due to uneven tension) from Environmental pollution point of view. The group feels the impact will be equal. Then mark as 1. Mark on both the sides. Now proceed to compare A with C, then with, D, E, and F. Mark the values accordingly on both sides.

Criteria Basis: Environmental Pollution

A B A B C D E F
Total Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

Total

1 1 10 5 2 1 19

0.1 0.2 0.5 1

2.8

Now proceed to B and compare with C, D, E and F and similarly C with D, E and F and so on. Mark accordingly. Convert them into percentages.

A B A B C D E F
Total Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension

Total

1 1 10 5 2 1 10

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 5 1 10

2.8 3.7 2.8 3.7 37 48.2

Leakage of dust collecting system

Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

5 0.5 2 0.2 0.2

10 25.5 33.2 1 5.4 7.0 3.2 4.2

1 0.1 0.1 1 1

19 19

2.7 12 23 76.6 100

What emerges here is that Leakage of DUST collection system has a great impact on Environmental pollution.

b. Criteria Basis: Improved Safety

Now let us proceed on the same line and carry on the comparison with paired choice method for all the problems in the same line i.e. A with B C, D E and F from the Improved safety point of view.

A B A B C D
Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe

E 1 2 5

F 1 2

Total

0.5 0.5 0.1 2 2 5 2 0.2 0.1 0.5

3.1 4.2 6.3 8.5

5 17.5 23.4 42 56.3 2.8 3.8 2.8 3.8

10 10
1

10 10 1

E
F
Total

Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 1

16 16.5 3.1 0.9 19 19 74.5 100

Carryout the similar exercise from waste reduction point of view and write down the values.

c. Criteria Basis : Waste Reduction

A B A
Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

E 1

F 1

Total

2 0.5 5 5 1 1 5 10

0.2 0.2

4.4 7.1

B
C D E F
Total

0.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.8 2.9 0.5 2 2 2 14.5 23.4 32 51.6 4.7 7.6 4.6 7.4

5 10 1

2 0.5 0.2 2 0.5 0.1 1

12.5 21 3.4 1.1 9.5 14.5 62 100

From this Matrix we find that lot of oil is wasted (51.69) due to leakage in oil pipe line warranting control and adopting waste reduction measures. Now lastly carryout the exercise from Increased output point of view and write down the values.

d.

Criteria Basis: Increased Output

This Matrix shows that the frequent breakage of conveyor belt was hampering production and the consequent reduction in out-put. Now that we have worked out comparative values for each problem from various criteria point of view i.e., from the pollution, safety, waste and output, write them down in the table mentioned below. Multiply each of those values with the applicable value arrived at for each factor as shown. Then find out the cumulative value.

A B A B C D
Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe

C 2 5

D 2 5

E 1 2

F 1

Total

0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2

6.2 15.8

2 14.2 36.1

1 0.5 0.5 2.7 6.9 1 2 2 0.5 0.5 2.7 6.9 2 7.5 19.1 6 15.2

0.5 0.2
1 0.5 0.5

E
F
Total

Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

2 0.5

3.2 1.6 12 12 4.5

6 39.3 100

Final conclusion
A B
Poll Imp. Was Pre. Saf. Rej. 41.4% 27.6% 20.7% 147 Malfunctioning of weight control 153.2 115.9 (7.1) system ( 3.7 ) (4.2) Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension 153.2 234.6 ( 3.7 ) (8.5) 60 (2.9.) Inc. O/P Total 10.3% 169.1 585.2 (15.8) 386.3 (36.1) 834.1

C
D E F Total

Leakage of dust collecting system

Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

1995.5 645.8 (48.2) (23.4)

484.4 (23.4)

73.8 (6.9)

3199.5 4070.3
756.6 594.6

1374.5 1553.9 1068.1 73.8 (32.2) (56.3) (51.6) (6.9) 290 (7) 104.9 (3.8) 157.3 (7.6) 153.2 (7.4) 2070 204.4 (19.1) 162.6 (15.2)

104.9 73.9 ( 4.2 ) ( 3.8 ) 4140.3 2760

1070 10040.3

Now we have values for each problem calculated, taking into account all the aspects or criteria. Rank them based on their cumulative value.

The order according to ranking will emerge as follows:1)

2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Leakage of oil pipe line

Leakage in dust collecting system Uneven tension causing frequent failure of conveyor system Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient rotor cooling system causing batch temperature to shoot up Malfunctioning of weight control system

4070.3
3199.5

834.1
756.6

594.6
585.2

This is a lengthy process nevertheless, if we want to decide on selecting a problem giving importance to various aspects we have to carryout similar exercises only.

E) CONSENSUS CRITERIA METHOD

This method is comparatively simpler and uses simpler way of comparison. Here also it uses criteria as shown in the earlier method, but values are arrived at by using group consensus system as shown here.

Let us say it is using the same factors as criteria like in the previous method i.e.,
a) Improved safety b) Increased output

c) Reduced waste
d) Easy to implement e) Less resistance from people f) No adverse effect g) Helps in pollution prevention.

Step 1
The group consists of six people. Each one will rank them according to their choice using nominal group technique and the ranking is done as shown here :-

A A Improved Safety 1 4 3

B 2 3 4

C 3 2 4

D 2 3 6

E 1 4 2

F Total Rank 2 4 3 11 2

B Increased Output
C Reduction in waste

20 3 22 4

D Easy to implement
E Less response from People F No adverse effect

6
7 5

6
5 7 1

5
7 6 1

4
7 5 1

7
5 6 3

7
6 5 1

35
37 34 9

6
7 5 1

G Helps in pollution prevention 2 28

28 28 28

28 28 168

According to the group order of preference is as follows:

1. Helps in pollution prevention 2. Improved safety 3. Increased output 4. Reduced waste 5. No adverse effects 6. Easy to implement 7. Less resistance from people

Step 2
Here also for convenience let us first take four criteria only for further exercise. First list out the problems before all members. Ask them to take the first criteria i.e. Helps in pollution prevention and find out according to each member which problem, if solved will give us the maximum benefit for this criteria and ask them to rank them accordingly. Let us use the problem of the previous method here also.

a. Criteria: Pollution Prevention

A B A B C
Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension
Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

C
5 4 1 2 3 6 21

D
5 3 1 2 4 6 21

E
3

F
4 3 2 1 5 6

Total Rank

3 4 1 2 5 6

4 3 2 1 6 5

24

4
1 2 5 6 21

21 8
10 28 35

3
1 2 5 6

D
E F
Total

21 21

21 126

Based on this leakage of dust collection systems gets the top priority.

Step 3
Similarly rank them from the improved safety point of view.

Criteria : Improved Safety

A B A B C D E F
Total Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

C
4 2 3 1 5 6 21

D
4 1 2 3 6 5 21

E
3 2 4 1 5 6

F
4 2 1 3 6 5

Total Rank

5 1 3 2 4 6

4 2 1 3 6 5

24 10 14 13 32 33

4 1 3 2 5 6

21 21

21

21 126

Step 4
Now rank them from increased output point of view

c. Criteria: Increased Output.

A B A B C D E F
Total Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

C
3 2 4 6 1 5 21

D
6 2 1 4 5 3 21

E
2 3 4 6 1 5

F
2 4 3 5 1 6

Total Rank

6 2 4 3 1 5

3 1 2 5 4 6

22 14 18 29 13 30

4 2 3 5 1 6

21 21

21

21 126

Step 5
Now rank them from reduced waste point of view.

d. Criteria: Reduced Waste.

A B A
Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system Leakage of oil pipe Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

C
3 4 1 2 5 6 21

D
1 4 3 2 6 5 21

E
2 4 1 3 5 6

F
3 6 2 1 5

Total Rank

2 5 3 1 4 6

3 6 2 1 5 4

14 29 12 10 30 31

3 4 2 1 5 6

B
C D E F
Total

21 21

21

21 126

Step 6
Calculate the individual value by multiplying each problem with the rank number of each criteria, for example.

Malfunctioning of weight control system by each criteria.

Ranking of Malfunction of each value is

1) Pollution prevention
2) Increased safety 3) Increased output 4) Reduced waste Total

1x4=
2x6= 3x4= 4x3=

4
12 12 12 40

Find out the value for every problem in the same way.

Final conclusion
A A B C D E F
Total Malfunctioning of weight control system Conveyer belt breaking due to uneven tension Leakage of dust collecting system

Total Rank

4x1=4
3x1=3 1x1=1 2x1=2

4x2=8 4x3=12 3x4=12 36

1x2=2 2x3=6 4x4=16 27 3x2=6 3x3=9 2x4=8 2x2=4 5x3=15 1x4=4
24 25

4 3 1 2 5 6

Leakage of oil pipe

Variation in RAM pressure Inefficient motor cooling

5x1=5 5x2=10 1x3=3 5x4=20 38 6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 6x4=24 60

21 42 63 84 210

F) COMBINATION OF RELATIONS DIAGRAM / PAIRED CHOICE METHOD

Often problems are inter connected. Attending to one may have effect on others. Such an effect can be adverse or positive. When we attend to problems we should check up for that. This method can be used in both the conditions using weightage for both the types of inter relationship. However, for the purpose of example we shall be considering only positive effects.
This system can be used in areas where interrelationship is an important aspect for consideration.

Step 1
A company wants to launch a new product. There are many activities which needs to be carried out for the launching. The product manager has selected such points and wants to prioritize them using this method. He engages his campaign team on that.

The tasks before him are twelve

Task 1, Task 2, Task 7, Task 8,

Task 3,
Task 4, Task 5, Task 6,

Task 9,
Task 10, Task 11, Task 12

Step 2
Now the team is trying to find out whether these tasks have any inter-relationship between them. If these are inter-related, what is the level i.e. intensity of the relationship. To do that the team is making a L.

Matrix as shown here and tasks are written in that. 1

Task 1
Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

9 10 11 12

Step 3
Now they start checking the interrelationship line by line using the paired choice method. First they take up the Task A and compare it with Task B. They could find a relationship. Next question was what is the intensity level.

To indicate that they used the following three symbols.

Level
1. High intensity
2. Medium intensity

Symbol

3. Low intensity or possible relationship

Now they show that on both the sides i.e., horizontally as well as vertically.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9

Task 10
Task 11 Task 12

Step 4
The team completed the comparison line by line for all the tasks and marked them in the L matrix as shown here.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

Step 5
Next, they asked the question, whether the relationship is cause or effect. For example, Task 1 was causing the effect on task 3. To indicate that effect, an arrow is drawn vertically indicating towards 3 in the horizontal column. Correspondingly in the horizontal column of 3 the arrow is shown horizontally towards task 3 to show that 1 is the causal factor for effect on 3.

Step 6
This way arrows are drawn wherever the relationships were found linking one another.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

Step 7
Team has finalized marks for each type of intensity as shown below Symbol Mark 10 5 1 For each arrow incoming and outgoing

Using these value of marks for each task the total values were worked out and indicated in the appropriate place as shown in the next diagram.

Now that we have completed the comparison, the next step is prioritizing the task based on that comparison. For that we have to find out the intensity for each task based on the mark assigned for the symbols. We also have to give one mark each for the arrows incoming as well as outgoing. This is for giving weightage to the effect on number of tasks.

For example one task of high intensity may score 5 marks. Four tasks of low intensity will get 4 marks. Which is better? Is it high effect on one or low effect on four ? A mark to each arrow will make the score as six and eight respectively. Your can see in the table shown below marks for each task and priority decided based on that valuation.

Step 8
Based on the intensity, tasks were rearranged for working out an action plan.

1
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

9 10 11 12

Total points

Arrows
In Out

Total marks

Arrows

Task 1

36

41

Task 2
Task 3 Task 4 Task 5

23
46 37 29

5
1 5 2

1
6 2 6

29
53 44 37

10
3 4 8

Task 6
Task 7 Task 8

58
36 30

5
3 2

4
3 2

67
42 34

2
6 9

Task 9
Task 10 Task 11 Task 12

22
11 65 37

4
7 3

1
2 2 3

27
13 74 43

11
12 1 5

Summary
In the office and sometimes even at home we come across occasions wherein prioritization becomes an important need before proceeding to take actions. If a group is involved in such occasions, the job becomes more difficult.

Summary
On such occasions, depending upon the need, we can use any of these six methods explained here to decide on the priority. Whatever may be our selection, the important point is that we have not resorted to gut feeling or arbitrary methods.

Summary
These systems not only help in working out the priorities in a reasoned, logical manner but also make us to acquire a systematic approach to problem selection, planning, analysis and finding a solution.

Summary

But one thing we should remember is that there is no point in making heavy weather of issues. Teams or individual should choose the most suitable and the easiest solution.