Elementary Differential and Integral Calculus FORMULA SHEET Exponents xa xb = xa+b , ax bx = (ab)x , (xa )b = xab , x0 = 1.

Logarithms ln xy = ln x + ln y, ax = ex ln a .

ln xa = a ln x,

ln 1 = 0,

eln x = x,

ln ey = y,

Trigonometry sin 0 = cos = 0, cos 0 = sin = 1, 2 2 2 2 cos + sin = 1, cos() = cos , sin() = sin , cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B, cos 2 = cos2 sin2 , sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin 2 = 2 sin cos , sin 1 , sec = , 1 + tan2 = sec2 . tan = cos cos Inverse Functions y = sin1 x means x = sin y and y . 2 2 y = cos1 x means x = cos y and 0 y . y = tan1 x means x = tan y and < y < . 2 2 1/n n y=x means x = y . y = ln x means x = ey . Alternative Notation arcsin x = sin1 x, arccos x = cos1 x, arctan x = tan1 x, loge x = ln x. Note: sin1 x = (sin x)1 , cos1 x = (cos x)1 , tan1 x = (tan x)1 . However: sin2 x = (sin x)2 , cos2 x = (cos x)2 , tan2 x = (tan x)2 . Lines The line y = mx + c has slope m. The line through (x1 , y1 ) with slope m has equation y y1 = m(x x1 ). y y1 y2 y1 y2 y1 and equation = . The line through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) has slope m = x2 x1 x x1 x2 x1 The line y = mx + c is perpendicular to the line y = m x + c if mm = 1. Circles The distance between (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 . The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is given by (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2 . Triangles In a triangle ABC:

(Sine Rule)

b c a = = ; sin A sin B sin C

(Cosine Rule) a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A.

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Pascals Triangle (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 , (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 and so on. The coefcients in (x + y)n form the nth row of Pascals triangle: 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 6 2 3 4 1 1 1

............. and so on.

Quadratics If ax + bx + c = 0, with a = 0, then x =

2

b2 4ac . 2a

Calculus dy du dv dy du dv If y = u + v then = + . If y = uv then = v+u . dx{ dx dx } / dx dx dx du u dy dv If y = then = vu v2 . v dx dx dx dv du (u + v) dx = u dx + v dx. u dx = uv v dx. dx dx If y is a function of u where u is a function of x, then dy dy du du = and y dx = y du. dx du dx dx

Standard Derivatives and Integrals dy xa+1 a1 a If y = x then = a x ; and xa dx = + constant (a = 1). dx a+1 dy = cos x; and sin x dx = cos x + constant. If y = sin x then dx dy If y = cos x then = sin x; and cos x dx = sin x + constant. dx dy 2 If y = tan x then = sec x; and tan x dx = ln | sec x| + constant. dx dy x x If y = e then = e ; and ex dx = ex + constant. dx 1 1 dy = ; and dx = ln |x| + constant. If y = ln x then dx x x dy 1 1 1 If y = sin x then ; and dx = sin1 x + constant. = 2 2 dx 1x 1x dy 1 1 If y = cos x then = . dx 1 x2 dy 1 1 1 If y = tan x then = ; and dx = tan1 x + constant. 2 2 dx 1+x 1+x
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