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32 1
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2 31
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30 3
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_ oif;ukd ajrmuf'*kH usonfh taqmuftODudk pnfyifciG ðhf ycsujf zifh
wcku a&SŒrSmbm&drS vJqakd wmh tajccHOya' OD;0if;wifu ajymygw,f? òrŒd e,f pnfyifom,mu ,ae@w&m;pGq J v dk udk f wnfaqmufcJhaomfvnf; +cH0if;a&SŒwGif a&
udk ajymif;ay; jyifay;qdw k hJ vkyif ef;wck&rSd ,f wdkif;&if;om;udpPrsm;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; w,fv@kd o&d ygw,f? “pnfyifup+yD; w&m;pGJ ajrmif;rwl;onft h wGu[ f q k u dk m ajrmuf'*kH
ayghAsm? aemufwcg tJ'g+yD;&ifawmh a&G; tzGJ@rsm;.udpPrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmuf w,f? usaemfroGm;bl;? ¶k;H u refae*smukyd J pnfyifu taqmuftODtok;H ðycGihf ray;Ekid [ f k
aumufyaJG yg”h [k ajymjyygw,f? r_rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;udprP sm;/ jynfol v$wv f u kd w
f ,f? tr_u pnfyif&ŒJ cGiðhf ycsurf jiif;qefcahJ =umif; od&ygw,f?
txufazmfjyygtqihrf sm;wGif a&G; vlx=k um; óuaH wG@ae&onfh rw&m;r_/ zdEydS cf sKyf &Sb
d J taqmuftOD tok;H ðyvk@d w?hJ 'gayr,fh xku
d ohJ @dk a&ajrmif;wl;ckid ;f aejcif;ESihf
aumufyrJG wdik rf D tóuu d mvwGif (all inclusive) cs,rf /_ Oya'ESiyfh w d yf ifr/_ owif;pmvGwv f yfr_ w&m;¶k;H u tpGq J cdk H um,uH&iS rf ygv@dk q+dk yD; pyfvsO;f I OD;ausmo f u l “(5) ay tus,/f (5)
qdo k nhtf aetxm;a=umihf teft,fv'f u D kd ponfh a&G;aumufyt JG óuu d mvwGif vky&f rnhf tr_uakd wmh vufrcHvu dk af o;bl;” [k ema&; ayteuf a&ajrmif;wl;ckid ;f aewm? usaemfw@dk
ab;z,fxw k jf cif;rsK;d / vufrcHEikd o f nfh ygwD udprP sm; yg0if&rnf[k ‚if;u qufvufajym ulnrD t _ oif;OuUÏ OD;ausmo f u
l ajymygw,f? ab;ywf0ef;usirf mS b,forl S rwl;bJ usaemf
rSwfykHwifOya'rsKd; xkwfvdrfhrnf[k r,lq jyygw,f? ajrmuf'*kòH rŒd e,fpnfyifu awmif'*kH wk@d a&SŒav;wif uGuw f ;l xm;&if a&avSmifuef
a=umif; wifjycJo h nf[k OD;0if;wifu ajymjyyg “od@k aomf tJ'u D pd aP wGukd vk;H 0rpOf; òrdŒe,f w&m;¶kH;wGif tr_pGJwifcJhjcif;jzpf&m vkd jzpfomG ;rSmAs? a&u b,furdk S pD;p&mr&Sb d J
w,f? pm;bJ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;vnf; r&db S eJ @J a&G; òrdŒe,frwlonfh w&m;¶k;H wGif tr_pw JG ifonfh jcif a zmuf u ef v k d j zpf o G m ;r,f ? 'ga=umif h
“aemufwcku a':pkuv kd nf; a&G; aumufyu JG kd twif;ZGwq f aJG c:r,fq&kd if qdyk g tay:vnf; em;rvnfEidk jf zpf&onf[k OD;ausmf usaemfw@dkurwl;wm? aemufwcku usaemfw@dk
aumufyu JG z,frxkw=f uyge@J / (all inclusive) awmhAsm usaemfo;Hk wJph um;qd&k if a&G;aumuf olu ajymjyygw,f? “bmyJjzpfjzpfav/ usaemf u [ku d ae ajymif;qkv d @dk uref;uwef;ajymif;
qdw k m[m wurBmvk;H uatmfaewJh awmif; yGw
J if;ukyu f kd usaemfw@kd ukd ezm;óu;d qGv J @kd jzpfjzpf/ tapm}uD;uwnf;u ajym+yD;om; pGcJ siw f ahJ e vm&wm? ukvufp vlemawGu &Sad o;w,f?
qdck suf jzpfaewJt h wGuf a':pkuv kd nf; a&G; jrufau|;vd@k jzpfjzpf twif;ac:r,fq&kd ifawmh &mrSmpG?J usaemfroGm;bl;? zrf;csi&f if vmom 'D taqmuftOD tok;H ðycGiq hf wdk m}u;D usvm
aumufyrJG 0ifEikd af tmif tJvpkd nf;urf;Oya' vlxkuvnf; cHEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@ zrf;? vkdufoGm;¶kHyJ? pnfyifuw&m;pGJzkd@ jyif zk@d apmifrh aeEkid b f ;l ”[k &Si;f jyygw,f?
rsK;d ygaumif;rS ygvrd rhf ,fv@kd ,lqw,faygAh sm? vnf; rcHEikd b f ;l ? tJvq kd &kd ifawmh usaemfw@kd aepOfu ar;w,f? b,fo@l emrnfwyf&rvJw?hJ vrf;/ wHwm;/ a&ajrmif;azmufvyk &f
'gqkd aemufwcku tajccHOya' jyifqifa&; [m a&G;aumufyu JG kd oydwaf rSmufwu hJ pd rP sK;d usaemfutoif;rSm t}u;D qk;H jzpfawmh usaemfh onft h vkyrf mS Ekid if aH wmfyidk t f cGeb f ¾maiGjzifh
udpPa&mufr,f? olwdk@uvnf; usaemfwdk@ awG od@k r[kwf vlxt k iftm;eJ@ a&G;aumufyu JG kd emrnfwyfpv JG @dk ajym+yD;om;” [k ‚if;u quf òrdŒawmfpnfyifom,mu vkyfaqmif&rnfh
awmif;ovdk jyifay;yg/ zsuaf y;yg/ ajymif;ay;yg qef@usiw f [ hJ mawG ay:vmEdik w f ,fv@kd usaemf vufajymqkyd gw,f? tvkyjf zpfaomfvnf; pnfyifu vlxu k o
dk m
wdk@qdkwmawGudk olwdk@rvkyfbl;As? tJvdkqdk wd@k wckajymygw,f? a&G;aumufyJG tóuu d mv ema&;ulnDr_toif;onf rlvu ckid ;f avh&odS nf[k &efuek òf rdŒcHwOD;u ajymjyyg
vkyfp&mvrf;u bmwvrf;yJ &dSovJqdk&if rSmyg”[k OD;0if;wifu &Si;f jyygw,f? oCFe;f u|e;f òrŒd e,f jA[R0[ d m& bke;f }u;D ausmif; w,f?
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJay:udk tJ'DudpPawG teft,fvf'Du a&G;aumufyGJ0if wku d w
f iG f tajcpku d u f m tcrJeh ma&;0efaqmif toif;rS zGiv hf pS xf m;onfh okcaq;
wifz@kd yJ &daS wmhw,f? tajccHOya' jyifqif onfh taetxm;wGif r&djS cif;/ w&m;0ifygwD r_ay;jcif;/ aq;ukoay;jcif;wk@d ðyvkyaf e&mrS cef;onf &efuek rf ES rG ;f yg;onfh vlemrsm;twGuf
ajymif;vJa&;udpu P kd awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJ taejzifh &yfwnfEikd af &; rEdik af &;udprP sm;&daS e pnfyifuyif ydwyf ifco hJ nft h wGuf +yD;cJo h nfh txl;tm;xm;&m tcrJah q;cef;jzpf+yD; wae@
ay: wifz@kd y&J aSd wmhw,f”[k ‚if;u ajymjyyg jcif;a=umihf a&G;aumufyv JG eG u f mvwGiv f nf; Zlvidk v f (19) &ufwiG f ajrmuf'*kòH rŒd e,fo@dk a&$Œ v#if vlemaygi;f (200) ausmu f o k ay;ae&+yD;
w,f? ay:ayguv f mrnfh v$waf wmf/ touf0ifvm ajymif;ay;cJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? ema&;ulnrD t _ aejzifv h nf; w&ufv#if ema&;
xdok @kd awG@qaHk qG;aEG;&mwGif Oaya' rnhf tajccHOya'ponfwdk@udk jynfolrsm;/ ema&;ulnrD t _ oif;ykid f ajr (2) {u 0efaqmifra_ ygi;f (30) 0ef;usicf ef@ aqmif&u G f
ajymif;vJa&; udpPwckwnf;/ teft,fvf'D 'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk ausmaf y:wGif usyo f ed ;f (2˜000) 0ef;usiu f ek f ay;ae&w,fv@kd o&d ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
4 29
 ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;a&;twGuf pnf;vHk;-u/ nD!Gwf-u/ xºuG-u? tusOf;uscH wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csufcsif;v$wf?

a¶G;aumufyOJG ya' r-umrDxw

k jf yefrnf[k etz Akv
d cf sKyf}u;D ajym rsm;u vufcEH ikd rf nhf taetxm;r&daS =umif; ‚if;u ok;H oyfjyygw,f?
Irrawaddy, Oct 24,2009 “tJvt kd cgrsK;d rSmvnf; a&G;aumuf yGt J óudumvwke;f u oydwv f ufeufw@kd / vlxk
xdik ;f Ekid if H awmifyikd ;f csmt
h rf;òrŒd wGif rsm;onfvnf; vufawG@jzpfvmEkid rf nf r[kwf qENazmfxw k rf w _ @kd vkd v_y&f mS ;r_ o¾mefrsK;d eJ@ qef@usirf p_ wmawGawmh ay:Edik w f ,fv@kd ajym
usi;f yvsu&f adS om (15) }urd af jrmuf tmqD,H a=umif; ajymvdkufygw,f? ,ck (15) }udrf vdu k wf t hJ csu&f ySd gw,f”[k OD0if;wifu ajymjyygw,f?
xdyfoD;nDvmcHY jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf ajrmuftmqD,x H yd of ;D nDvmcHY Ekid if w H um ‚if;uqufvuf+yD; teft,fv'f t D aejzifh pkppk nf;pnf;jzifh (1990) a&G;aumufyJG
}uD;odef;pdefu r=umrD 2010 a¶G;aumufyGJ todik ;f t0dik ;f . jrefrmEkid if EH iS hf ywfoufonfh &v'fukd rarhb/J rpGe@yf ,fbJ ,if;&v'fukd udik pf +JG yD; qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;&ef vdt k yfa=umif;
Oya'xkwfjyefrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymvdkufyg rl0g'qdik &f m oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f c¶dik q
f wfu ajym=um;vku d yf gw,f?
w,f? Tod@k ajym=um;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? “(1990) a&G;aumufyu JG kd arhv@kd r&bl;? 'guv kd nf; usKyfw@kd u rarhEikd b f ;l / rypfy,f
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefu jrefrmEkdifiH “usaemfwdk@rSm jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywf Edik bf ;l qdwk o hJ abmeJ@ tJ'gurkd ¾dKifðy+yD;awmh v_y&f mS ;r,fv@kd usaemfuawmh xifaew,fAs?
trsKd ;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ouf+y;D trsm;eJ@oufqidk w f hJ rl0g' &Syd gw,f”[k yko
H ¾meftm;jzifh usaemfreS ;f vd@k &wmuawmh qENjyr_awG/ oydwaf wG/ uef@uu G rf a_ wG[m a&G;
vrf;jyajrykH (7)qifh vkyif ef;pOfEiS o hf uf+yD; &Si;f vnf; c¶dik q f wfu tar&duef/ Oa&my or*~ aumufyt JG óudumvrSmvnf; ay:vmvdrrhf ,f/ a&G;aumufyJG tvGeu f mvrSmvnf; ay:vm
vif;ajym=um;&mwGif ,ckuo hJ @dk a¶G;aumufyJG (EU) uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf tmqD,EH idk if H uk, d f vdrrhf ,fv@kd awmh xifjrifrw d ,f? 'ga=umihv f nf; tD;,luakd jymwJt h xJrmS 'Dtcsuyf gygw,f”
Oya'xkwjf yefrnf[k xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um;oGm; pm;vS,rf sm; awGŒqkyH w JG iG f xnfo h iG ;f ajym=um; [k OD;0if;wifu ajymjyoGm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
jcif;jzpfa=umif; xdik ;f 0ef}u;D csKyf tzdqpf a0hcsm cJyh gw,f? jrefrm ppftpd;k &a¶G;cs,x f m;aom
cs0D . tqdt k & od&&dS ygw,f? “odyrf =umawmh vlxt k ajcðy vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf; (civil society) ygwDnv
D mcHac:,l&ef tcsed rf wefao;[k A[kt
d vkyt
f r+aqmiftzGŒJ qk;H jzwf
wJt h csed rf mS a¶G;aumufyOJG ya' xkwjf yefa=u ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf ppft&m&Sad [mif;ESihf
nmr,fv@kd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ode;f pdeu f ajymygw,f” ukvor*~qdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwfa[mif; NEJ, Oct 23,2009

[k xdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyfu ajymjyygw,f? OD;ausmw f ifah qG/ &J t&m&Sd a[mif;rsm;jzpfaom ygwn
D v
D mcHac:,la&;ESihf pyfvsO;f I pm;r_awG&Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh tajctae
od@k aomf 2010 a&G;aumufyJG ðyvkyf OD;0if;òrid Ef iS hf OD;ppfatmifw@kd OD;aqmifI tmqD A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@ pnf;a0;wkdifyifcJh ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh rvkyEf idk cf b hJ ;l ?
rnfh ae@&uf tcsed Ef iS hf tao;pdwu f kd Adv
k cf sKyf ,Hacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESiahf wGŒqk&H ef wufa&muf =u+yD;aemuf vwfwavmtm;jzifh nDvmcH aemuf+yD; tckcsed rf mS vkyrf ,fq&dk if
}u;D ode;f pdeu f xkwaf zmf ajymqdjk cif; r&S[ d v k nf; vmcJyh gw,f? tmqD,aH cgi;f aqmifrsm; tpnf; ac:,la&; rjzpfEidk af o;a=umif; oabmxm; a':pkw@dk / OD;wifO;D wk@d rwufa&mufEidk b f ;l ? OD;wif
qkyd gw,f? jrefrmEkid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;^m%f ta0;wGif jrefrmtygt0if (5)Edik if rH S vlxk xkwfjyefvkdufonf[k jyef=um;a&;tzGJ@rS OD;wk@d a':pkw@dk e@J pknH aD wG@q+Hk yD;&if n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf if
0if;uvnf; vmrnf2h 010 a¶G;aumufyo JG nf tajcðy vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,f OD;tk;H óudiu f ajymjyygw,f? +y;D vkyaf qmifoif&h ifvyk rf ,f? tJvrdk rS [kw&f if
tm;vk;H yg0ifEidk +f y;D vGwv f yfI w&m;r#wonfh rsm;udk tpnf;ta0;ok@d wufa&mufciG hf rðy&ef +yD;cJo
h nfh vydik ;f rsm;twGi;f òrdŒe,f vnf; ygwrD w S yf w
Hk ifOya' xGuv f mwJt h cg vkd
a¶G;aumufyGJjzpf&efaqmif¶Gufaea=umif; tmqD,u H qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? tzG@J crJG sm;u ygwn D v
D mcHac:,la&;ESihf ygwAD [kd tyfovkd ndE‡ id_ ;f aqmif&u G rf ,fv@dk qkyd gw,f”
ajymonf[k xdik ;f Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; uqpfzd (15)}urd af jrmuf tmqD,x H yd of ;D nD OD;pD;aumfrwDjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&; awmif;qkd [k OD;tk;H óuu d ajymjyygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru dk
¶kr;f u owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J iG f ajymjyygw,f? vmcHukd xdik ;f Edik if H csmt h rf;òrŒd wGif usi;f yaejcif; xm;r_tay: A[kduqkH;jzwfvdkufjcif;jzpfyg a&pDtzG@J csKyf ygwn D vD mcHac:,la&;udpw P iG f òrŒd
jrefrmha&;&m tmqD,Htrwfrsm; jzpfygw,f? ,if; (15) }udraf jrmuf tmqD,H w,f? e,ftzGJ@cGJrsm;ESifh A[kdtvkyftr_aqmifwkd@
(AIPMC)tzGŒJ rS c¶di kq
f wf c|eef mAefu jrefrm xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;yGJodk@ etz0ef}uD;csKyf “a=unmcsurf mS azmfjyxm;wmu t=um; t"dy`m,faumuf,lykH rwla=umif;
ppftpd;k &onf tajymESiv hf ufawGΠwjcm;pD Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ode;f pdew f ufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? atmufajcu awmif;xm;wJh Ekid if v H ;Hk u|wf yJcl;wkdif;rS jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
vkyaf qmifwwfaoma=umifh ,ckajymqkcd suf ÑÑÑ nDvmcHrsK;d ukd usi;f yzk@d (1989)ckEpS u f p+y;D pOf; OD;jrwfvu S ajymygw,f?

28 5
 rSeu
f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu
k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u
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“pDt;D pDu &yfaus;tqifu h ae a&G; tzG@t J aejzifh (6)ESpw f m umvtwGi;f wGif (4) ukvvlŒtcGit
hf a&; oHwref jrefrmjynfukd oGm;a&mufrnf
aumufyaJG wGvyk +f yD; usi;f yay;&r,fh nDvmcH }udro f m awG@ciG &hf +yD; tcsed t f m;jzifh (7) em&D
Mizzima, Oct 23,2009
rsK;d ukd qkv d adk e[efww l ,f? òrŒd e,fawGbufu ausmrf #om awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cGi&hf cJyh gw,f?
vkdvm;wmu tJvkdatmufajctqifhuae jynfwGif; pme,fZif;q&mwOD;u vl@tcGit
hf a&; tajctae tvGef vyfpmG oif;yif;zG@J pnf;cGihf pwmawGukd Edik if w
H iG ;f
tqifq h ifv h yk v
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t"duu atmufajctzG@J 0ifawGu A[kt d zG@J wmyg? a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@eJ@ awG@+yD;rS ao;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ aemufxyfw}udrf tpd;k &udk ajymcJyh gw,f? 'ga=umihf ,H=k unfcsuf
ukd 0kid ;f &H+y;D awmh jzpfaewmawGukd ulnpD Of;pm; 'grrS [kw&f ifvnf; rSwyf w Hk ifOya'xGurf S 'Dupd P tvnftywf oGm;a&mufO;D rnf[k ukvor*~ a=umifh tusO;f usaeoltm;vH;k udk a&G;aumuf
ay;csi=f uwm? tck òrŒd e,fygw¶D ;Hk cGaJ wG zGichf iG rhf ukd xyfpOf;pm;r,fqw dk hJ oabmajymoGm;wm? vl@tcGit hf a&; u|r;f usio f u l a=unmvdu k yf g yGaJ wGrwdik rf D v$waf y;zd@k vykd gw,f”[k rpPwm
&wJu h pd aP wGvnf; &daS ew,f? 'gawGukd b,fvdk a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awG@ciG q hf w
dk mvnf; w,f? uGiw f m;em;u e,l;a,mufwiG f usi;f yaom
vky=f urvJ? 0kid ;f pOf;pm;csi=f uw,f? rpOf;pm;bJ/ tpd;k &uay;OD;rS? rSwyf w Hk if Oya'qkw d mvnf; jrefrmEdik if &H dS vl@tcGit hf a&; tajc owif;pm &Si;f vif;yGYJ ajym=um;cJyh gw,f?
rvkyfbJeJ@ awmif;ae¶kHeJ@ &Ekdifyghrvm;” [k a&G;aumufyGJem;uyf+yD;rS xGufcsifxGufrSm? taeonf pepfwus csK;d azmufrr_ sm;jzifh us,f txl;oHwref}uD;u jrefrmEdkifiH.
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f w d vf ef@z,G f tajc w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf vGwv f yfrr_ &Sb d /J pepf
OD;wifO;D wk@d EiS hf pDt;D pDawG@qaHk &;rSmvnf; tpk;d & pm;r,fqw dk mukd xkwaf jymxm;awmh tpk;d & taewGiyf if &Sad eqJjzpfa=umif; jrefrmEdik if v H @l wus us,jf yef@pmG csK;d azmufow l @kd jypf'%frcH
tay:wGif wnfraDS eojzifh tcsed u f mvwck twGuaf wmh owif;tcsut f vufwck óud& tcGit hf a&;tajctaeudk apmif=h unht f pD&ifcH &jcif;ponfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk trsm;
uef@owfI ar#mrf eS ;f r&Ekid [ f v k nf; OD;jrwfvu S oGm;jyefwmayg?h tJawmh tpk;d &u olw@dktwGuf aeol ukvoHwref rpPwm awmrwfpt f akd *s tjym;awG@&a=umif;ESihf ukvtaxGaxG nDvm
ajymygw,f? pdwcf s&+yDv@dk ,lqwJt h csed u f sr/S twku d tf cH uGiw f m;em; (Tomas Ojea Quintana)u owif; cHwiG f vlra_ &;ESifh vlom;rsK;d EG,Ef iS q fh ikd of nhf
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd rv$wf awG bmrSrvkyEf idk af vmufawmhwhJ tcsed u f srS pm&Sif;vif;yGJY ajymcJhygw,f? aemufw}udrf jy\emrsm;udk udik w f , G f ajz&Si;f ay;aeonfh
ay;bl;? OD;wifO;D ukd rv$waf y;bl;qk&d if tzG@J csKyf 'DOya'awGudk xkwfawmhrSmaygh”[k ajymyg jrefrmEdik if o H @kd Ed0k ifbmvukew f iG f oGm;a&mufO;D wwd, aumfrwDa&SŒarSmufY today;ajym=um;
u vkyv f @dk r&awmhb;l vm;? tck[mu aetdrf w,f? rnf[v k nf; olu a=unmcJyh gw,f? “vl@tcGihf cJah o;ygw,f?
tus,cf sKyf uscaH e&wJv h al wGudk jyefvw G v f m trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyftae ta&; csKd;azmufr_awG pepfwuseJ@tus,f wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f &Sd Oya'a&;&m jy\em
Ekdifatmif ygwDub,fvkdaqmif&GufEkdifrvJ jzifh ygwo D ufwrf; tESpf (20) ausmt f wGi;f tjyef@jzpfaewJt h ay: wm0ef,zl @kd / wm0efczH @kd rsm;udk ajz&Si;f udik w f ,G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf w&m;
rpOf;pm;bJe@J tus,cf sKyf usaewJv h al wGukd (1997)ckEpS w f iG f a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrf udpaP wGukd jrefjrefqefqef taumiftxnf pD&ifa&;qdik &f m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vkyif ef;rsm;
ygwt D a&; ajz&Si;f zk@d em;ylem;qm vkyaf e&wm Y atmufajcygwt D zG@J 0ifrsm;yg0ifaom tpnf; azmfzdk@ usaemf jrefrmtpdk;&udk wdkufwGef;yg wGif enf;ynmydik ;f qdik &f m tultnDrsm; &,l
rsK;d jzpfaew,f” [k ‚if;u ajymygw,f? ta0;}u;D wckEiS hf ,ckEpS f {+yv D twGi;f usi;f ycJh w,f”[k tqdyk g tm*siw f ;D em;vlrsK;d Oya' &efvnf; ppftpd;k &udk uGiw f mem;u wdu k w f eG ;f
ygwDA[kdtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@u aom wkid ;f ESijhf ynfe,f pkn H t D pnf;ta0;}uD; ynm&Sijf zpfol olu ajymygw,f? cJo
h nf? Tod@k w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwv f yfciG rhf &Sb d J
pufwifbmvukeyf idk ;f twGi;f u a':pkEiS hf awG@ wck/ pkpkaygif;tpnf;ta0;}uD; (2)ckukdom Edb
k ,f +idr;f csr;f a&;qk&iS f a':atmif olw@kd . tqifh (7) qihyf g 'Dru kd a&pDo@dk oGm;&m
cGi&hf a&; etztpk;d &xH awmif;qkx d m;aomf usi;f yEkid cf yhJ gw,f? qef;pk=unftygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; vrf;jyajryHo k nf jynhpf rkH &_ rdS nfr[kwaf =umif;
vnf; ,cktcsed x f d rawG@&ao;ay? 'Dy, J if; ygwD¶kH;cGJrsm;ukdvnf; (2003)ckESpf tm;vH;k udk a&G;aumufyYJG yg0ifEikd af &;twGuf olu ta=umif;jycJyh gw,f?
ta&;tcif;t+yD; (2003)ckESpfrSpI aetdrf arvaESmif;ykdif;rSpI tydwfcHxm;&&m ,ck 2010 ckEpS f rwdik rf D jyefvw $ af y;&efvnf; olu 2008 ckEpS f arvwGif vl@tcGit hf a&;
tus,fcsKyfuscHcJh&aom a':atmifqef;pk tcsed w f iG f a&$*w Hk idk &f dS A[k¶d ;Hk csKyfwckom zGiv hf pS f ppftpdk;&udk awmif;qdkvdkufygw,f? “a&G; txl;oHwreftjzpf cef@tyfc&H +yD;uwnf;u
=unfudk teft,fv'f D A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmif xm;Ekid cf yhJ gw,fcifAsm? Ñ Ñ Ñ aumufyGJawG[m vGwfvyfr#wzdk@vdkw,f? rpPwm uGiw f m;em;. ,ckc&D;pOfonf ol.
vGwv f yfpmG a[majymcGi/hf v_y&f mS ;cGi/hf vGwf jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd wwd,ajrmufjzpfygw,f? Ñ Ñ
6 27
 a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; csufcsif;v$wf? ppftkyfpk. 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtm; qefŒusifwdkufzsuf-u
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l m (Abdullah Abdullah) wd@k jyefvnf,OS òf yid =f urSm jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d tausmh orRw
teft,fv'f ED iS ahf ygif;v#if ausmif;ygajymif;rnf[k a'otm%mykid w
f Œdk _crd ;f ajcmuf
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f kd rpPwmcgZidk ;f uvufccH w
hJ ,fjzpfygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ NEJ, Oct 16,2009
{&m0wDwidk ;f ajrmif;jrc¶kid af t;csr;f aus;&Gmtkyfpk ya':acsmif;aus;&Gmokd@ oGm;
tD&wf um;AH;k cGrJ + vl 150 eD;yg; aoqH;k om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpD OuUÏu ya': a&mufpOf awG@óuHc=hJ u&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
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ttkwH cke@J w&m;a&;Xmewk@d udk ypfrw S x f m; wku d cf udk cf w
hJ m jzpfygw,f? tysut f pD;awG atmuf ajymygw,f? {&m0wDwidk ;f zsmykcH ¶kid f a';'&JòrdŒ
“usaemfw@d k wnf;aeustrd u f tdr&f iS f
utavmif;awGudk u,fq,fa&; vkyo f m;awGu qufvuf&mS azGaeqJ jzpfwmrk@d aoqk;H ol e,f trSw(f 1)&yfuu G f Akv
d cf sKyfvrf;ay:&Sd tdrf
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ta&twGuf wk;d vmEkid af =umif;vnf; jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xmeajymcsut f &od&ygw,f?Ñ Ñ Ñ wtdrYf atmufwb dk m(10)&ufwiG f acwfopf
w,f? c,uOuUÏ&JŒ!$e=f um;csut f & (2010)
a&G;aumufyeJG ;D vm+yjD zpfv@dk teft,fv'f t D zG@J odyEH` iS hf Ekid if aH &;abm*aA' avhvma&;ausmif;
xdik ;f Edik if H csi;f rdik òf rdŒu w¶kwaf umifppf0ef±;kH udk qENjy 0ifawGukd vufrcHz@dk ajrmif;jròrdŒe,f OuUÏu awmfom;pkqo dk nfh tzG@J tpnf;wcku tpnf;
DVB, Oct 28,2009 vmajymxm;w,fw?hJ tJ'gudk em;raxmifbJ ta0;usi;f ycJ&h m a'ocHtm%mykid rf sm;u vkòH cH
xdkif;EdkifiH csif;rdkifòrd@&Sd w±kwf ay;zd@k awmif;qd+k yD; qENjywmjzpfw,f?” &cdik f vufc&H if tdr&f iS rf od m;pkvnf; 'kuaQ &mufr,f a&;yif apmifah &Smufay;cJ=h ua=umif; od&ygw,f?
aumifppf0ef±;kH udk jrefrmhta&;v_y&f mS ;olawG urf;vGeyf ifv,fuae w±kwjf ynf ,leefa'o vk@d }urd ;f armif;w,f? tJv}kd urd ;f armif;wht J jyif “wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rª; OD;vSaiGqw dk hJ
u qENjycJ=h uygw,f? w±kwaf umifppf0ef±;kH udk txd w±kwt f pd;k &ydik f (CNPC) a&eHurk % ` u
D &Gmukrd =umcifurS csay;xm;wJh tv,fwef; olu OD;aqmif+y;D tpnf;ta0;vkyo f mG ;wmyJ?
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tzG@J w@kd yl;aygi;f +y;D qENjycJ=h uwmyg? qENjy&wJh pDruH ed ;f a=umifh pDru H ed ;f vsmxm;wJh a'oawG ajcmufxm;ygw,fvkd@ tdrf&Sifom;trdu Oya'ESifhtnD +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH
&nf&, G cf suu f kd a&$*wfpt f zG@J u Edik if wH umyl; rSm vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wG&adS e+y;D urf; ajymjyvk@d usaemfw@dk vnf; uav;awG&ŒJ ynm awmfopfjzpfay:a&;onf trsK;d om;a&; wm0ef
aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;rSL; OD;0if;atmifu tckvkd vGeaf &eH wl;azmfwahJ 'oawGrmS ig;zrf;cGiahf wG a&;ukad xmuf+y;D &GmxJudk r0ifawmhbJ vSnjhf yef jzpfonfqw dk hJ qkid ;f bkwaf xmif+yD; olw@dk [m
ajymygw,f? ydwyf ifaeovdk &cdik jf ynfe,fxJ ydu k v
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ydu
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vnf; xJx0J if0if pOf;pm;zd@k vw kd thJ wGuf w±kwf w,fv@kd vnf; OD;0if;atmifu ajymjyygw,f? avhvm&ef a'ocHu&ifvrl sK;d pkw@dk . zdw=f um; “w&m;0ifygw0D ifawGukd zdEydS af e+yD;
tpd;k &udk avmavmq,f 'DprD u H ed ;f udk &yfwef@ ÑÑÑ csut f & atmufwb dk m (8)&ufae@u ywWjrm; rSwfykHwifjcif;awmif rðy&ao;wJh ygwDtzGJ@

26 7
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ukvor*~0efxrf; Ekid if jH cm;om; (6)OD;eJ@ tmz*ef (3)OD;wk@d aoqk;H oGm;cJ=h uygw,f?ppfaoG;ºuG
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Irrawaddy, Oct 21,2009
(17) }udrfajrmuf tqkd/ tu/ +y;D òyid yf rJG sm;tm;vma&muf=unf&h o _ nfh ppfAv kd f cJwh mjzpfw,fv@kd od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
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onf[k aejynfawmf0efxrf; tokdif;t0kdif; rdwmvm;/ wrifa&;wmvm;qdkwmawmh qmhbaf cgi;f aqmif um&m'pf&u fS rl w&m;¶k;H od@k a&mufrvmbl;vd@k vnf;od&ygw,f?Ñ Ñ Ñ
=um;wGif ajymqdak e=uygw,f? owif;v$mxkww f hJ 0efxrf;awGyo J rd mS yg? 'gay tmz*efa&G;aumufyJG aemufwausmu
h si;f ya&; orRwcgZdik ;f oabmwl
,if;owif;v$mudk jyef=um;a&;0ef r,fh 'Da&;om;csuaf =umifh ta&;,lwmawGjzpf tmz*efepPwefEidk if u H tjiif;yGm;zG,f a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf 'kw, d tausmjh yef+yD; a&G;
}u;D XmerS OD;pD;aom tqk/d tu/ ta&;/ twD; vmEkid yf gw,f/ 'gu Adv k cf sKyfawG&ŒJ a'goudk aumufyu
JG si;f yzk@d tmz*efepPwef orRw [mrpfcgZidk ;f (Hamid Karzai)u oabmwlvu dk yf gw,f?
òydiyf JG jyef=um;a&;/ owif;xkwjf yefa&;ESiv hf @H_ qGay;ovdjk zpfomG ;w,f” [k aejynfawmf0ef 'kw,
d tausmt h jzpf vuf&o dS rRwcgZidk ;f eJ@ ol@&ŒJ òydib
f uf ,cifEidk if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;a[mif; tAŠ'l
aqmfa&; qyfaumfrwDu OD;pD;xkwaf 0jcif;jzpf xrf;wOD;u ajymygw,f?
8 25
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bmoma&;vGwv f yfciG fh tcsK;d azmufq;Hk Ekid if pH m&if;xJrmS xnfo
h iG ;f xm;wmjzpfw,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? vGecf ohJ nfh 1999 ckEpS f pufwifbm onfjzpfap/ pdwrf ygonfjzpfap oGm;a&muf
tmz*efepPwefEidk if /H tD&efe@J ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Ekid if w H @dk uvnf; bmoma&;vGwv f yf (25)&ufxw k f a=u;rko H wif;pmY 0ef}uD;csKyf =unfh¶_ae&onf[kvnf; txufygaejynf
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Edik if w
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aqmf't D ma&AD;,m;Ekid if w H @dk uvnf; bmoma&;uef@owfr_ wif;usyaf eqJjzpfayrJh aemufq;Hk pmvk;H rsm;ygonfh pmwef;wck rSm;,Gi;f yg&o dS mG ; twD; òydiyf rJG sm;udk ESppf Ofusi;f yae+yD; ,ckEpS f
tpD&ifcpH meJ@pm&if rodrom wk;d wufvmwmawGŒ&w,fv@kd tar&duefEidk if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D Xme&JŒ ojzifh ,if;owif;pmwku d rf S wm0ef&o dS rl sm; usi;f yaomòydiyf w JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS òf ydirf nfo h l
ESpyf wfvnf tpD&ifcpH mrSmazmfjyxm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ jzpfaom OD;vS[efEiS hf OD;om0if;wd@k (2) OD;onf enf;yg;onft h wGuf ,cifEpS rf sm;u òyid yf 0JG ifz;l
ppfa=uma&;pcef;wGif ac:,lppfaq;cHcJh&mrS olrsm;udk vdu k vf &H mS azGum òyid yf 0JG ifcidk ;f a=umif;
jrefrmh'rD u
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uG,v f eG o f mG ;onfjh zpf&yf&cdS zhJ ;l a=umif; od&yg od&&dS ygw,f?
VOA, Oct 27,2009
w,f? ,ck (17)}udraf jrmuf tqk/d tu
'Dru
d k a&pDe@J vGwaf jrmufa&;wk@dtwGuf vkyfaqmif=uzkd@vnf; usru wkdufwGef;cJhyg
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uk, d u f sK;d pGe@f tepfemcH óu;d yrf;aqmif&u G af ewJh w,f? usrwk@d tm;vk;H rdepftenf;i,f +idrf
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k cf sKyrf sm;tm;vk;H rjzpfrae oGm;a&muf=unfh wuUodkvf/ opfawmwuUodkvf/ pdkufysKd;a&;
=unfud k axmufct H m;ay;wJt h aeeJ@ =opa=w;vs ovJ/ Oyrm pma&;+yD; pnf;¶k;H wmwk@d / aemuf
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Ekid if u
H urBmausmf qpf'ef D atmfy&m jyZmwf¶Hk jrefrmppftpk;d &taeeJ@ ajymif;vJra_ wG vkyu f dk
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vnf; rjzpfraevma&muf=unf¶h &_ ef trde@f pwif+yD; usi;f yvsu&f ydS gw,f?
(Kevin Rudd)&JŒZeD;tygt0if &meJ@csw D hJ =op yifc=hJ uygw,f? “'kw, d tcsuu f awmh jrefrm
xkwfxm;onfhtwGufa'ocHrsm;rSm pdwfyg ÑÑÑ
a=w;vsjynfoal wG 'Duae@ pka0;cJ=h uygw,f? Ekid if rH mS ajymif;vJra_ wG jzpfay:r,fqw dk mukd
'Duae@usif;ywJh tcrf;tem;ukd usrwk@d tm;vk;H ,k=H unfc=hJuygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ,mOfxed ;f &JwyfzŒJG . uAsmòyid yf w
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=opa=w;vs0ef}u;D csKyf u,fAif&yf'&f ŒJ ZeD;jzpf a':pkajymchw J hJ pum;av;ukd usruk;d um; ajym
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ol w,f&ufq,f&ed ;f (Terese Rein)eJ@ twku d f =um;cJyh gw,f? tJ'guawmh ppftpk;d &rSm ao
tcHacgi;f aqmif rJvu f rG ;f wefb;l vf (Malcolm ewfy&J w dS ,f/ aoewfe@J val wGudk umvtwdik ;f &efukefwdkif; ,mOfpnf;urf;xdef; “OD;Zif;uawmh qk&wmudkaysmf
Turnbull)&JŒZeD; vlpw D efb;l vf (Lucy Turnbull) twmwcktxdyJ tkycf sKyfv@dk &Ekid rf ,f/ xm0& odrf;a&; }uD;=uyfr_aumfrwD ESpf(20)jynfh w,f? avmuDa&m/ avmukw&W ma&m tusKd ;&Sd
wk@d u, dk w
f idk yf g0if wufa&mufc=hJ uovkd 0ef}u;D pk;d rk;d tkycf sKyfxm;vk@d r&Ekid b
f ;l ? 'ga=umifh wae@ txdr;f trSwf uAsmòyid yf w JG iG f qk&aom oHCm r,fu h pd aP wGuakd wmh vkyaf erSmyg? qkwuf,l
csKyf u,fAif&yf'fukd,fwkdifuvnf; 'Dtcrf; rSm olw@dk ajymif;ukad jymif;vJvm&r,fqw dk hJ awmfwyg;udk udk,fwdkifqkwuf,lcGifhray; r,fv@kd awmhvmwmyJ/ 'Da&mufrS r,l&wmyg?
tem;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf axmufcHtm; a':pkajymcJw h hJ pum;av;yg?” a=umif; &efukefwdkif;,mOfxdef;wyfzGJ@rª;¶kH;rS bmha=umifhqdkwm OD;Zif;vnf;rodbl;” [k
ay;cJw h ,fv@dk tcrf;tem;ukd OD;aqmifusi;f yol *sev J q f zif;[m jrefrmhta&;ukd ESpf ,mOfxed ;f wOD;u ajymygw,f? OD;y¾dwmeENu rde@f ygw,f?
awGu ajymygw,f? “'Duae@tcrf;tem;ukd aygi;f rsm;pGm wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvyk af qmif tqdkygoHCmawmfonf aejynf ,mOfxed ;f &Jwyfz@JG o@kd qufo,
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Ekid yf gw,f? yxrwckuawmh =opa=w;vsEidk if H jzpfygw,f? qpf'ef òD rŒd u urBmausmf atmfy&m OD;y¾dwmeENjzpf+yD; òydiyf w JG iG f tEœ&m,fuif;r_ cGifh ray;onfudk wdwdususrod&a=umif;
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vm=uvdrfhr,fqkdwJh ar#mfvifhcsufyg? 'Dvkd vlaygi;f &meJ@csD wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? Ñ Ñ w,f? wufa&mufaom uAsmq&mwOD;u “b,fvkd

24 9
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txdr;f trSwf uAsmòyid yf t JG crf;tem;ESihf todynmay;azsmaf jzyGzJ iG yhf aJG e@ atmufwb kd m (24)&uf emcHr/_ vky&f u
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VOA, Oct 27,2009
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10 23
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ygw,f? +crd ;f ajcmufum r&onft h qH;k jyefvwG af y;onf tpd;k &u &Spaf v;vH;k vlxt k ºkH uGrt
_ +yD; 1988 tusO;f aewm jzpfygw,fcifAsm?
xkt d vkyo f rm;rsm;tm; w&m;r0if [k od&ygw,f? rSm (1) }urd /f 1990 a&G;aumufyrGJ wdik cf if arv ÑÑÑ
0ifa&mufr_jzifh xkdif;vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;Xme tqkyd gpuf¶rkH S tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf
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f iG f rD;avmifr+ (2)ckjzpfymG ;
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omuse&f cdS yhJ gw,f? rSwrf sm; vuf0,fuidk af qmifciG rhf &Sd onft h wGuf ae@v,f (12) em&DccJG ef@u rD;avmifr_ jzpfymG ;cJh ppfwyfrt S }u;D tuJrsm; a&muf&v Sd mum ¶kwf
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f iG f owif;axmufrsm;udk
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pavmifwmyg/ tckavmifwt hJ rd u
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}u;D csKyaf [mif; oufqif&iS ef m0yfEiS hf wlonf[k “vmbfpm;r_a=umifh ay;vdkufwJh
+cH0if;eJ@ aewJt h rd jf zpfw,f? oGyrf ;kd ysOu f m ysOf jzpfonft h wGuf v#ypf pfEiS yhf wfoufI oH;k pG&J m
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axmiftrd af yg?h wu,fv@kd om qifajczke;f &yf wGif pd;k &dr&f a=umif;/ ,cktcg &efuek w f iG f rD;jywf
jrefrmwuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm; rausreyf jynfuae xGuaf jy;+yD; b,frmS a&mufaerSe;f
uGuf wckomjzpfr,f/ tdrif mS ;awGaewJah e&m awmufrr_ sm; jzpfay:aeonht f wGuf jynfol
jzpfae=uw,fv@kd o&d ygw,f? rodwv hJ el @J a':pke@J E_id ;f ,SOzf @kd u tawmfav;
om jzpfr,fq&kd if vGecf w hJ hJ (3) ESpaf vmufu wd@k taejzifh rdrw d @kd u,
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