Ed0k ifbmv?

2010 pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (1)
(23)

rZdÆrowif;Xme (Ek0d ifbm 17) om;eJU zke;f ajymjzpfw,fvUkd Mum;w,f/ om;aum jynf0ifciG fh vufeufudkif wdkif;&if;om;awGeJU tckwavm ppfyGJawG
7 ESp=f um aetdrt f csKyfrS Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@u vGwaf jrmuf ADZm &NyDvm;cifAs/ jyefjzpfvmw,f/ tJ'Dwif;rmrIawGudk b,fvdkvkyfay;Edkif&if
vmcJhaom jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk “tJ'guav ay;r,fvnf; rajymbl;/ ray;r,fvnf; rajymbl;? ajyvnfr,fvUkd xifv/J
tdENd,. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: xm;&Sdaom rl0g'/ tifwmeufESihf 'Dvydk J apmihaf e&awmhrmS ayg”h ? “tJ'gu tefwDapmapmwkef;u ajymovdkayghaemf? aqG;aEG;vdk@
rD',
D mopf oH;k pGrJ /_ wkid ;f &if;om;ta&;/ *|e, f ufaxmudk b,fov l w$ v
f /J rdcifwa,muftaeeJU qHk;jzwf&wJhtcgusawmh 'DvdkrsKd; r&bl;vm;qdkawmh EdkifiHa&; jy\emawGudk aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh at;at;
vli,fEiS fh trsKd;orD;u¾/ vHòk cHa&; ta=umif;rsm; rZÆdrowif;Xme pdw"f mwf cdik cf ikd rf mrmeJU tefwD b,fvjkd zwfoef;vJ/ csr;f csr;f t=urf;rzufwhJ enf;awGe@J ajz&Si;f wJh Edik if aH &; tpOftvmawG
pDrcH ef@cGrJ _ t,f'w D m udpk ed 0f if;u w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf ar;jref;xm;onf? “'gayrJv h nf; tefwx hD uf ydck ufcw
J hJ tajctaeawG &ifqikd af e&wJh tefww D @kd rmS r&Sad o;bl;? tJ'gukd tefwu
D odyjf zpfapcsiw f ,f? 'ga=umihf
yxrqH;k tdE, ´d eJU ywfoufwhJ ar;cGe;f ar;csiw f ,fcifAs? vlawG trsm;}u;D av? bmyJajymajym tefw&hD ŒJ om;awGu rawmihrf w “t"du pOf;pm;&rSmu tck tajctaeawG[m jynfolvlxkudk
tdEd´,vlxktaeeJU jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf bmrsm; ra=umihrf =ueJ@ aeEdik w f hJ taetxm;aygah emf? vl@tcGit fh a&; tjynht
f 0
b,favmuftxd tusKd;ay;aeovJ/ tusKd;ay;atmifvdkŒ
vkyaf y;Edik w f ,f tefwD xifvcJ ifAs/ &wJh EkdifiHawGrSm ae&w,f? pm;a&;aomufa&; aea&;xdkifa&;twGuf
b,fvvdk yk &f if&rvJ”?
“tefww D @kd Edik if H 2 Edik if [
H m vGwv f yfa&;óu;d yrf;wJh umvuaep+y;D ylyifp&m rvdb k ;l ? wjcm;uav;awG trsm;}u;D [m wae@e@J wae@ b,fvdk
rdwaf qGawGvkd &Jabmf&b J ufawGvkd vkycf =hJ uwm? tckaemufyikd ;f rSmawmh pm;&r,f/ aomuf&r,f/ ae&r,f/ xdik &f r,fqw kd m rodwhJ tajctaerSm rdk@vdk@vnf; tefwDu t=urf;rzufwJh vrf;udk oGm;w,fqdkwm 'gyJ?
tdE, dN jynfoal wGu odoiho f avmuf rodb;l vd@k tefwD xifw,f? &Sdaeygw,f? olwdk@rdbawGuvnf; olwdk@uav;awGudk rulEdkifwJh t=urf;rzufwhJ enf;vrf;eJ@ 'Dwikd ;f jynf[m Edik if aH &; jy\emawG[m
tJ'g yd+k y;D awmh odEikd &f if yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f yJ”? taetxm;rSm &Sw d ,f? tJ'aD wmh tefwt hD aeeJ@ qd;k w,f ajym&atmif Ed k i f i H a &;enf ; eJ @ at;at;csrf ; csrf ; aqG ; aEG ; +yD ; awmh ajz&S i f ; Ed k i f w J h
tdE, d´ ygvrD ef? tpd;k &u bmawGvyk Ef ikd w f ,f bmawGjzpfoihf wjcm; rdbawGukd b,fvrkd suEf mS eJ@ oGm;+y;D awmh =unhrf mS vJ”? tajctaersKd; jzpfatmifvdk@ tefwDwdk@ zefwD;,l&r,f? tJ'guawmh
w,fvUkd tefwD ajymcsiv
f /J tefwDhvHkNcHKa&;twGuf pdk;&drfMuw,fvdkU ajymMuw,f? vG,fwmvnf; r[kwfbl;ayghaemf? wdk;vdkufqkwfvdkufvnf; &SdrSmaygh?
“tdENd,EdkifiHu 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHqdkawmh tckar;vdkufwJh ar;cGef;eJ@ tJ't D ay:rSm wa,mufa,muf taESmift h ,Suf ay;vdrrfh ,fvUkd tajctaeu ajz&Si;f zd@k vnf; vG,w f t hJ ajctae &Scd si&f rdS ,f? wcgwav
ckewke;f u ajymvduk w
f u
hJ pd eP @J qufE,
G af ew,f? 'Dru H adk wmh tefwD xifvm;/
dk a&pDEikd if q awmhvnf; ydk+yD; cufwJh tajctaejzpfr,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tJ'Dvdk
jynfolvlxku Edk;=um;wufºuG+yD;awmh jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&; “'guawmh t&ifwek ;f u taESmift h ,Suf ay;cJwh mawG &Scd zhJ ;l awmh tpOftvmwck jzpfatmifawmh óu;d pm;&rSmyJ? róu;d pm;&ifawmh tJ'D
twGuf vkyaf qmifay;csiw f hJ pdw"f mwfawG&&dS if ygvrD efe@J tpd;k &uvnf; rvkyb f ;l vd@k vnf; ajymvd@k r&bl;ayg?h 'gayrJh 'g taESmift h ,Suf ay;rSmyJv@kd yÉdyuQawGu aysmufomG ;rSm r[kwb f ;l ”?
vspv f sL¶_xm;vd@k &rSmr[kwb f ;l ? tJ'ga=umihrf vk@d yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f u 'guykd J a&SŒwef;wif+y;D awmh ud, k &fh ŒJ vkywf mudik w
f mawGukd tJ't
D ay:rSm tefwu D qufo, G af &; enf;vrf;awG oH;k NyD;awmh 'kw, d
tdE, dN jynfov l xl t
k aeeJ@ tefww kd a&pD v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif;udk tajccH+y;D awmh vkyv
D @kd 'Dru f @kd vnf; rjzpfb;l av? vli,fawGaum/ vl}u;D awGaum yifvn kH v
D mudk vkycf siw
f ,fqw kd hJ oabmaygah emf? 'DaeU owif;awG
yd+k y;D odz@kd / axmufcv H mzd@k vw
kd ,f”? xJrmS awGU&ygw,f/ Twitter oH;k r,fvUkd vnf; tefwD ajymxm;
owif;eJΠywfoufvdkΠvkyfwJhae&mrSm wdkif;jynf&JΠtusKd;udk
tdE,
´d bufu ajymavhajymx&Sw d mu w½kwu f jrefrmjynf w,f/ b,fawmhavmuf oH;k rvJqw
kd m pdw0f ifpm;aeMuw,fcifAs/
b,favmuf aqmif&u G af y;Edik of vJqw kd m pOf;pm;ay; apcsifw,f?
xJukd vTr;f rd;k vmw,f/ aemufwcku jrefrmjynfrmS 'Dru dk a&pDukd “tJ'g 'Dae@yJ tifwmeufawGbmawG oHk;zdk@ av#mufv$mawG
jznf;jznf;csi;f ajymif;vJjzpfxeG ;f vmwmu ydak umif;w,fqw kd hJ tefwuhD kd awmfawmfav; *¶kpu kd =f uygw,f? olw@kd wwfEikd o f avmuf bmawG =unhaf ew,f? Edik if aH &;uif;&Si;f a=umif; axmufcpH m yg&r,f
t,ltqawG &Sw d ,f/ tJ't D ,ltqeJU ywfoufNyD;awmh tefwhD umuG,af pmihaf &Smufygw,f? vHòk caH &;twGuv f nf; wwfEikd of avmuf qdkawmh tefwDuawmh av#mufawmh av#mufrSmyJ? 'gayrJh EdkifiHa&;
tjrifuaum b,fvv dk cJ ifAs/ tpDtpOfawG vky+f y;D awmh qifqifjcifjcif ae=uygw,f”? ruif;&Sif;ygbl; qdkwmvnf; trSeftwdkif;awmh ajym&rSmyJ? 'gu
“tJ'grsKd;qdk&if w¶kwfeJ@qufqHa&;udkyJ t"du pOf;pm;aeovdk rpöwm ,ufaxm vmcJw h thJ ay:rSmaum vlawGu trsK;d rsK;d uif;rSruif;&Sif;yJ b,fvkdajym&rvJ? av#mufawmh av#mufr,f?
jzpfraebl;vm;/ jrefrmjynf&ŒJ tajctaeudk pOf;pm;wmxuf? tJ'aD wmh ajymMuw,fcifAs? tefwD b,fvx kd ifv?J ppfwyfu tuGucf s rSerf eS u
f efuefyJ ajym+y;D awmh av#mufrmS yg”?
jrefrmjynf&JΠtajctaeudk pOf;pm;wJhae&mrSm wu,fyJ jrefrmjynf vdu k wf ,fvUkd xifvm;cifAs/ tefwD tifwmeuf oH;k vdUk r&bl;qd&k if wjcm;enf;vrf;eJU
tajctaeudk pOf;pm;aewmvm;/ w¶kwfeJ@ tdENd,qufqHa&;udk “tefwu D awmh tJ'gukd wu,fyJ ajzvd@k r&bl;? tefwD rodb;l ? ayghav/ Tele Conference vdk[mrsKd;awGayghaemf/ b,fvdk
pOf;pm;aewmvm;qdw
k m yd+k y;D awmh yGiyfh iG v
fh if;vif; uGuu
f u f iG ;f uGi;f b,fbufurkd S tefwD r,dr;f bl;? 'g ppfwyfu v$wv
G u f u
kd w kd mvnf; enf;vrf;awG &SEd ikd af o;w,fvUkd tefwx
f ,fqw D ifv/J
odatmif vkyzf @kd vdyk gw,f? aemuf+y;D awmh jznf;jznf;csi;f jzpfvmwJh trSeftwdkif; ajym&&if tefwD rxifbl;? 'gayrJhvnf; wu,hfudk “tJ'guawmh &Sm&rSmaygah v? 'ga=umihrf @kd v@kd tefwu D ajymwm/
'Drdkua&pDom jrefrmjynfeJ@ udkufnDw,f/ rudkufnDbl;qdkwmu v$wv f u kd w
f m r[kwb f ;l vd@k vnf; wdwu
d sus}u;D 100 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f awmh 21 &mpke@J udu
k n f wD hJ yHpk rH sK;d eJ@ vky&f r,fqw kd m? 'kw,
d yifvn kH vD mcH
tefww D @dk jrefrmawG qH;k jzwf&r,hf udpyP g”? ajymvd@k r&bl;? tefwt
hD aeeJ@awmh rxifb;l vd@k bJ ajym&rSmyJ”? qdw
k muvnf; tefwD txJrmS &Sad ewke;f xGuv f mwmav? a&'D,u kd ae
wcsKdUtaemufEdkifiHawG ,lqwmuvnf; jrefrmtpdk;& tefwhD a[majymyGu J kd vli,fawGvnf; tawmfvmMuw,f? =um;&wm? tJ'w D nf;u tefwD pOf;pm;aew,f? 21 &mpkypkH eH @J vky&f if
ajymwmeJU oGm;wlw,feUJ wlw,f? jznf;jznf;csi;f aygah v? tJ'yD pkH u
H tefwDtaeeJU vli,fawG trsKd;orD;awGudk bmajymcsifvJ? yd+k y;D awmh tqifajyr,faygah emf? enf;vrf;awG bmawGuawmh tefww D @kd
ydu
k u
kd w
f ,fqNkd yD;ajymMuawmh tJ't
D ay:rSmaum tefwt hD jrifu bmvkyaf y;csiv f /J vli,fawGu &Sm&rSmayg?h udpk ed 0f if;wd@k vnf; 0dik ;f +y;D awmh t}u^H m%fawG
b,fv&dk vdS /J “tefwDjrif&wJh tiftm;awGudkav wu,fyJ aoaocsmcsm ay;=uaygh”?
“wqihcf si;f oGm;wJh yHpk u
H kd ydu
k u
kd w
f ,fqw
kd hJ t,ltqudk cdik rf mwJh xda&mufatmif vkyaf pcsiw f ,f? tiftm;awGuawmh &Sw d ,f/ pGr;f &nf [kad eUu rkb d idk ;f zke;f oH;k &wm wpdr;f qefw,fayghaemf/ tck
awGuawmh &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJv f efuef tifwmeufusawmhaum b,fv&kd v
h @dk 'Dtiftm;pGr;f &nfawGukd rSerf eS u dS cJ ifAs/
tifwmeufawGbmawG oH;k zdŒk avSsmufvm$ rSm Edik if aH &;uif;&Si;f
xdxda&mufa&mufeJ@ wdkif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf/ trsm;aumif;usKd; “tefwDu tifwmeuf roHk;zl;bl;av? 'gayrJh uGefjyLwmawmh
a-umif; axmufcHpmyg&r,fqdkawmh EdkifiHa&; ruif;&Sif;ygbl;
twGuf tJ'gvnf; olw@kd &ŒJ wd;k wuf&m wk;d wufa=umif;aygah emf? twW tawmftwef vkyw f wfygw,f? uGejf yLwmeJ@ enf;enf; &if;ES;D ae+yq D &kd if
qdkwmvnf; trSeftwdkif;awmh ajym&rSmyJ/ rSefrSefuefuefyJ
[dw/ y&[dw ESpcf v k ;kH twGuf jzpfatmifv@kd rSerf eS u
f efuef pepfwus
ajym_yD;awmh av#mufrmS yJ? jznf;jznf;csif;jzpfvmwJh 'Dru kd a&pDom jrefrmjynfeŒJ uduk nf w D ,f/
oH;k Edik zf @kd tefwD tm;ay;csiw f ,f? wwfEikd o f r# tultnDay;csiw f ,f”?
rudu
k n
f b
D ;l qdw
k mu tefww D Œdk jrefrmawG qH;k jzwf&r,hf udpyP g?
tawG;tac:awGe@J jyEdik zf @kd vdyk gvrd rfh ,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh jrefrmjynfrmS [kwuf hJ rSerf eS u
f efuefqw kd m olwUkd taeeJU Edik if aH &;xJrmS
vlrsK;d a&; yÉdyuQawG jzpfcw hJ m=umvd@k jznf;jznf;av; 'Dru kd a&pDqD oGm;& yg0ifvm&r,fvUkd qdv k wkd mvm;cifAs/ tifwmeufawGbmawG oH;k zd@k u rcufygb;l ”?
r,fqdkwJh[mu ajymif;jyefajymvdk@vnf; &wmyJ? ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD “tJ'Dvdkawmh r[kwfbl;/ ta[moduH rjzpfoGm;atmifvdk@aygh? e,fudkc&D;xGufzdkU wdkif;&if;om; tzGJUtpnf;awGeJUawGUzdkU
r&Sv
d @kd 'Dvrl sK;d a&; yÉdyuQawGu yd+k y;D awmh jzpfaeao;w,f qd+k y;D awmhvnf; tiftm;awGukd twW[w d oabmeJ@ ud, k t
fh wGuyf J ud, f ;kH r,fq&kd if tpDtpOf&v
k o dS m;cifAs/
ajymvd@k &wmyJ? 'gu ud, k óf uu
d o f vdk ud, k q a&&Snrf mS ud,
k v f nf; tusK;d ray;bl;? bmjzpfv@dk vq
f +JG y;D awmh ajymvd@k &wmyJ? J akd wmh ud,k yfh wf0ef; “avmavmq,fawmh r&Sad o;ygb;l / &efuek rf mS awmif tvkyaf wG
'gayrJh wu,f t"du pOf;pm;&rSmu tcktajctaeawG[m jynfol usiu f kd aumif;atmif rvkyEf ikd v f @kd &&dS if ud,
k w
f a,mufxJ aumif;Edik zf @kd r+yD;ao;bl;”?
vlxkudk b,favmuftxd tusKd;ay;aeovJ/ tusKd;ay;atmifvdk@ qdw
k m rjzpfEikd b
f ;l ? +y;D awmh Edik if aH &;vd@k yJ ajymajym/ vlra_ &;vd@k yJ ajymajym a&G;aumufy0JG ifwhJ Edik if aH &;ygwDawGukd NLD eJU r[mrdwf
b,fvv dk yk &f if&rvJ? 'gukd pOf;pm;&rSmyg”? tefw&hD ŒJ t,ltquawmh Edik if aH &;eJ@ vlra_ &;qdw k m cGjJ cm;vd@k r&ygb;l ? zGUJ csiw
f ,fq&kd if tJ'aD y:rSm tefwD b,fvkd oabmxm;vJ/
tefwhD use;f rma&; tajctaeaum b,fv&dk v dS cJ ifAs/ 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfawGuawmh &Sd&r,f? EdkifiHom;wa,muf xm;oihfwJh “tefwuD awmhav xGuv f mwJah e@xu
J ajymw,faygah emf? jynfol
“usef;rma&;uawmh aumif;ygw,f? tvkyfuawmh ¶_yfwmaygh/ pdw"f mwfaygah emf? tefww D @kd acwfwek ;f uawmh jynfo@l ew D d qd+k y;D awmh awGu jynfo@l twGuf 'Dru
kd a&pD uGe,f uf}u;D wck aqmufapcsiw f ,f?
touf&LS zd@k tcsed af wmif enf;enf; enf;aeovdyk ”J ? oif&w,f/ tJvkd pdw"f mwfrsK;d awGayg”h ?
tcsyfykd (5) aumfvH (1) od‹k
pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (2)
(24) Ed0k ifbmv? 2010

jrefrmvlxtk rsm;pkukd cGetf m;jr‡iwfh ifay;jcif;

jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausmt f wGi;f yxrqH;k t}urd f usi;f yrnhf ynmoif E S p f w G i f pwif a c:,l p Of u trsKd ; orD ; 15 µ om yg+yD ; / 80 µ ausmaf om vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G =f u&+y;D onfh aemufwiG yf if
a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf avmaqmf pnf;±H;k ae=upOfY &JarmifEiS fh cifjzL0if;u a,mufsm;av; 473 rSwf (tedrq hf ;kH ) ESihf rde;f uav; 483 rSwf (tedrq hf ;kH ) trsKd;orD;rsm;u tdrfr_udpP taxGaxGudk vkyfaqmif=u&onf[k
jref r mjynf o l r sm; t"d u cH p m;óuH a wG @ ae&onh f jy\emrsm;ES i h f jzihf ac:cJo h nf[k rSww f rf;rsm;u qko d nf? jrefrmEdik if H ynma&;pepftwGi;f ‚if;tpD&ifcpH mu qdo k nf? Tod@k jzpf&yfrsm; a'otwGi;f wGif tvm;wl
xdkolwdk@ESihf ywfoufI EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rnfodk@}uHqum tpDtpOf vdiyf idk ;f qkid &f m cJjG cm;qufqrH _ odompGm &Sad eonfukd awG@&onf? &Sad eaomfvnf;/ umv=um&Snf tvkyv f yk &f +y;D vkycf vpmenf;pGm &&Sad om
a&;qGx J m;=uonfukd qef;ppfavhvmxm;onf? yxrqH;k udpt P aeESifh vltrsm; av;pm;onfh uav;txl;uk q&m0ef}uD; a'gufwm trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;t& z,fusOx f m;r_ukd jzpfay:aponf?
vdifuGJjym;r_tay:wGif wef;wlnDr#r_ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGihfta&; rd;k rd;k vdi_ u
f vnf; tvm;wl usm;-r vdif uGjJ ym;r_tay: jy\em&Sad eonf n 8 em&Dyifausmfae+yD? odk@aomf v_difom,mpufr_ZkeftwGif;
qdik &f m udprP sm;udk avhvmwifjyxm;onf? udk twnfðyajymqdo k nf? “usrwd@k widk ;f jynfrmS trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d om; txnfcsKyfpuf¶kHY tyfcsKyfpuf csKyfoHrsm;ESifh pDpDnHnH jzpfaeonf?
wd k ; I xG u f a y:vmaeaom ok a woepmwrf ; trsm;pk u tcGit hf a&; wef;wlr&wmuawmh txift&Sm; jzpf&yfawG &Syd gw,f”? &maygi;f rsm;pGmaom trsK;d orD;wd@k tdrrf jyefEikd af o;bJ r+y;D Ekid af o;onfh
vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: wef;wlnrD #rE_ iS fh use;f rma&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& “txl;uk aq;cef;wckrSm q&m0ef}uD;awG&JŒ qkdif;bkwfawG[m tvky0f Éfaºu;G oHo&mudk qyfae&=u&onf? tvky&f iS u f au|;onfh
pGr;f aqmifr_ ponhf zG@H òz;d r_&v'frsm;ESifh qufpyfaea=umif; azmfjyaeonf? trsm;}u;D jzpf+y;D tJ'x D u J rS q&m0efr}u;D awG&ŒJ qkid ;f bkwu f enf;enf;yJ naepmrSmvnf; usyf 200 wef aumfzrD pf wxkyEf iS hf 50 wef aygirf ek @f
trSeq f &kd v#if trsK;d orD;ESifh trsK;d om;rsm;t=um;/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;ESifh &Sdygw,f”? wvHk;r#om? vkyfief;cGiftwGif; aomufoHk;a& roef@&Sif;aoma=umifh
rde;f uav;rsm;t=um; wef;wlnrD #r_ tcGit fh a&; ydrk &kd adS om vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf; urBmu h vk or*~. tqdt k & axmifpEk pS q f ikd &f m zG@H òz;d a&; &nfreS ;f txnfcsKyforrsm; 0rf;a&m*g r=umc%jzpfum tcsKŒd qdv k #if aq;rukEidk f
rsm;onf ydI k use;f rmoefprG ;f um vHòk crH &_ adS =umif;ESifh òcI H ajym&v#if ydI k csufrsm;onf urBm}uD;wckvHk;u róuHpzl; oabmwlnDxm;=uonf/h I toufq;kH =u&onf[k od&onf? ‚if;wk@d wv0ifaiG usyf 30˜000
ºu, G 0f csr;f om=ua=umif; jyoaeonf? tus,t f jyef@ axmufcx H m;=uonfh bufpkH wdusonfh zG@H òz;d a&; &nfreS ;f omomr#EiS hf rdom;wpkv;kH roH;k Edik af y? od@k aomf vky&f aom wae@wm
trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD #r_ r&S[ d k cHpm;ae&onhf jy\emtay: csurf sm; jzpfonf? T 8 csuyf g tcsed w f u d spmG owfrw S x f m;r_vnf; tvkyrf mS yHrk eS af e@pm; acgi;f &GuAf syx f ;dk aps;a&mif;olw@kd xufyif em&Dcsed f
rnfo@kd ajz&Si;f ay;rnf[k wdusaocsmonhf vkyif ef;pOfrsm; r&Sb d EJ iS fh jzpfay: &Sad om &nfreS ;f csurf sm;twGuf wdusonfh ude;f *%ef;t& wdik ;f wm&ef ydrk sm;onf? “Ttvkyu f rkd S rvkyvf #if a&G;p&m pD;yGm;a&;tcGit fh vrf;
vmrnhf jrefrmEdkifiH. v$wfawmftopfonf EdkifiH. t"du zGH@òzd;a&; aywHrsm; &Sdae+yD;/ txl; qif;&JrGJawonfh tajctaeudk ±_axmifh vnf ; enf;vSaoma=umifh 0ifaiGr&Sdwmxufpmv#if &Sdaejcif;u
jy\emrsm;udk udik w f iG af jz&Si;f =uvdrOfh ;D rnf jzpfonf? u¾aygi;f pHu k udik wf , G af jz&Si;f Edik &f ef óu;d yrf;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? aumif;ao;onfqkd+yD; vkyfae&onf” [k txnfcsKyfor rvSwif
v$wfawmftrwfavmif;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,f rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@wGif &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh ypfrSwfxm;csufrsm; yg0if+yD;/ (trnf&if; r[kwyf g) u rZÆrd udk &ifziG o fh nf? aiGa=u;&Sd txnfcsKyf
ar;jref;=unhf&m jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; óuHawG@cHpm;ae&onhf jy\em 0ifaiGqif;&Jjcif;/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_/ rdcifESifh uav; aoE_ef;udpP/ vkyif ef;&Sif trsm;pku aiGa=u;csKŒd wJah om trsK;d orD;xkukd tjrwf}u;D pm;
&yfrsm;ESihf tjcm;ta&;udpPrsm;tay: olwdk@em;vnfyHk rnfr#uGJvGJ a&m*gb,rsm;/ rzlvakH om trd;k tum &&Srd _ tajctae/ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m acgi;f yHjk zwfum vl@tcGit hf a&;ESifh trsK;d orD; tcGit hf a&; uif;rJah om
aea=umif;ESihf rnfonhf ta&;udpPrsm;udk ta&;w}uD; ajz&Sif;&ef wef;wlnrD #r_ r&Sjd cif;/ obm0 ywf0ef;usif ysupf ;D r_EiS hf zG@H òz;d a&;twGuf tvkycf iG w f iG f cdik ;f apaeonfukd awG@jrifae&onf?
vdt k yfaea=umif; jyoaeonf? urBmwckv;kH u rdwzf uf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; udprP sm; yg0ifonf? em*pfavab;NyD;aemuf tajctae
Edik if aH &;ygwt D rsm;pku vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m wef;wlnrD #r_ tcGit fh a&; Tod@k jzpf&aomta=umif;rSm Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u ynmawmfoif vkyfcvpmenf;enf;ESihf touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkifa&; &kef;uefae=u
r&Sdr_tay: rnfodk@udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;rnfudk aocsmjyifqifxm;jcif; apv$w&f mwGif usm;-r vdiu f jJG ym;r_t& cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm; &Sad e+y;D / udw k m &olrsm;rSm/ txnfcsKyfpuf±HkrS trsKd;orD; txnfcsKyforrsm;rSom
r&S=d uonfukd awG@jrifae&onf? cGw
J ef;cspepfjzifh ac:,laoma=umifh jzpfonf[k olu qdo k nf? r[kwyf g? {&m0wDjrpf0u|e;f ay:a'o&Sd trsK;d orD;rsm;onfvnf; em*pf
trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;onf axmifpkESpf “vdit f ay:rSm tajcrðybJ pOf;pm;wJh qH;k jzwfcsuf &Szd @kd e@J trsK;d orD;- rkew f ikd ;f +y;D aemufyikd ;f wGif rlvuwnf;u csKŒd iJah eaom oufarG;0rf;ausmif;
zG@H òz;d a&;&nfreS ;f csurf sm; MDG wGif wwd,ajrmuf &nfreS ;f csujf zpfonf? trsK;d om; wef;wltcGit f h a&;&zk@d vdw k ,fv@k d usr jrifw,f” [k olu ajymonf? tvkyt f udik f tcGit fh vrf;rsm;vnf; ysupf ;D oGm;&m ydI k 'kuóQ ucH &hJ onf?
‚if ; teuf ypf r S w f x m;aqmif & G u f r nf h vk y f i ef ; wck r S m rl v wef ; / a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f yg0if,OS Nf ydKifMurnhf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;\ trsK;d orD;trsm;rSm &Gmudpk eG @f um puf±rkH sm;wGif tvkyv f yk cf iG &fh &ef
tv,fwef;ESihf tqifjh rifh ausmif;wufa&mufr_ taetxm;wGif usm;-r usm;-r vdiu f jJG ym;rIEiS fh ywfoufaom rl0g' òrŒd ay:wuf &SmazG=uonf? tdraf zmfvyk o f u l vkyo f nf? od@k aomf r[oFm
wef;wltcGit hf a&; &&Sad &;udk aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef jzpfonf? T&nfreS ;f csuf “usrwd@k a&SŒud=k unfv h u
kd &f if ygarmuQ}u;D / q&m0ef}u;D trsm;pk[m tjzpfu vdiaf &mif;pm;aom jynhw f efqmjzpfc&hJ onf?
jynfhajrmufap&eftwGuf wdkif;wmrnfh enf;vrf;wckrSm oufqdkif&m trsK;d om;awGy?J t"du e,fy,ftpHrk mS trsK;d om;awGuyJ OD;aqmifae+y;D “[dkrSm em*pfjzpf+yD;uwnf;u bmrSaumif;aumif; vkyfpm;vdk@
touftkyfpk&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@ESifh toufwl trsKd;om;rsm; trsK;d orD; acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m tawmfenf;aeygw,f? 'gawGu wef;wl r&awmhb;l ? tdrpf ;D yGm;a&; tajctaevnf; wjznf;jznf; qd;k vmvd@k 'DrmS
ausmif;wufa&mufrE_ e_ ;f ESihf tqifw h ikd ;f wGif Edi_ ;f ,SO&f ef jzpfonf? nDr# tcGit hf a&;w&yf ay:xGe;f vm&ifawmh t&nftcsi;f &Sw d hJ trsK;d orD; tvkyv f mvky&f wmyg” [k 18 ESpt f &G,o f m &Sad o;+y;D / bke;f }u;D vrf;ay:&Sd
ynma&;wGif wef;wlrI i,fav;awGtwGuf a&SŒwef;rSm ae&m&vmrSmyg” [k a':rdk;rdk;vd_ifu jynhw f efqm±Hw k ckwiG f tvkyv f yk uf ikd af eol trsK;d orD;i,fuav;u qdo k nf?
ADB . 2010 ckEpS f tpD&ifcpH mwapmifwiG f tm&S-ypdzw d af 'o zGifh[ajymqkdonf? olu ykord &f dS rdom;pkukd ol@tvkyt f udik t f a=umif; jyefrajymjyyg?
twGif;Y vdifuGJjym;r_tay:wGif rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef; ynma&; rcdik cf ikd u
f wd;k wufr_ tenf;i,fawmh &Sv d ma=umif; ajymqdo k nf? aps;wGif oli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf pkpyf txnfa&mif;aeonf[kom ajymjy
tqifYh usm;-r wef;wlnrD #r_ wd;k I &&Sv d ma=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? “'gayrJh ta0;}u;D oGm;=u&ygO;D r,f”? xm;onf? rcdik cf ikd Ef iS fh rwlno D nht f csurf mS olu azmufonfrsm;tay:
od@k aomf tqifjh rifh ynma&; u¾wGirf l jy\emrsm; &Sad eao;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm; tcGifhta&; wef;wlnDr# r&&Sdr_ESifh ywfoufI wm0efaus+yq D v kd #if jynhw
f efqmcef;rS xGuo f mG ;csiv f #if tcsed rf a&G; xGucf iG fh
ynma&; tqifhjrifhvmavav oif=um;avhvmEdkifr_Y aomfvnf; topfjzpfay:vmrnfh v$wfawmfu ta&;,l aqmif&Gufrnfqdkv#if &onf? ,if;tdrw f iG f ol@vkd trsK;d orD;av; OD;a& 30 xufrenf; &So d nf?
aumif;/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_ yHkpHrsm;t& aomfvnf;aumif; jy\emrsm; pd w f 0 if p m;zG , f tcG i f h a umif ; rsm;vnf ; &S d a eonf ? uk v or*~ . “wvudk 2 ode;f avmuf &atmifpw k ,f? 'grS tdru f rdom;pkukd
&SdaeqJjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; tvm;wl jzpfay:aeonfudk trsK;d orD;rsm; cGet f m;jri‡ w hf ifay;a&;qdik &f m XmetzG@J jzpfonfh UNIFEM jyefaxmufEidk w f m? 'Dtvkyu f kd vH;k 0 rvkycf sib f ;l ? 'gayrJh ausmif;wuf
awG@jrif&onf? u ajym&mwGif ynma&;u¾wGif usm;-r vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: wef;wl aewJ h armif a v;eJ @ aq;uk a e&wJ h tazh r suf E S m ud k jyef j rif a wmh
&efuek rf S rJqEN&iS w f OD;jzpfonfh rcdik cf ikd f (trnf&if; r[kwyf g) u tcGifhta&;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;jzifh EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_twGuf/ rvkycf siv f nf; vkyaf e&wmygy”J ?
olpw d q f if;&Jae&onfh ta=umif;udk ajymjyonf? jrefrmEdik if &H dS a&a=umif; qif;&JrGJawr_ usqif;a&;twGuf “odomxif&Sm;pGm taxmuftul odk@aomf ol@tvkyfu rvHkòcHvSyg? “'DrSmu &Juvnf; olwdk@
wuUov kd w
f iG f 2009-2010 ynmoifEpS Yf wuUov kd 0f ifciG ahf e&m 450 wGif ðya=umif;” azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k tjyif tm[m& csKŒd wJrh /_ om;zGm;E_e;f / ac:csiw f t hJ csed f ac:w,f? olw@kd uakd wmif jyefyu dk q f aH y;&ao;w,f” [k
trsK;d orD; 20 µ om ac:qdrk nf jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifv h nf; wuUov kd f uav;aoE_e;f rsm;vnf; usqif;aponf[k azmfjyxm;onf? r[oFmu ajymonf?
0ifciG hf pmar;yGrJ sm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;rS trSwyf jkd rif&h ef vdt k yfonf? odk@aomf vuf&SdumvwGif &&Sdxm;onfh a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef “jynhw f efqmcef; ydik &f iS af wGu aiGtiftm;awmihw f if;wJh pD;yGm;a&;
Tjy\emu jrefrmEdkifiH. tqifhjrifhynma&;u¾ ae&mtESH@ &Sdaeaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. rl0g'rsm;t& Todk@ cGJjcm;qufqHonfh orm;}u;D awG/ txuftzJ@G tpnf;awGuv kd nf; vkyif ef;rxdcu kd af tmif
tjym;wGif wnf&adS eonf? Oyrm azmfjy&v#if r=umao;cifu &&Sad om vkyx f ;kH rsm;udk z,f&mS ;&ef tpDtpOfrsm; rawG@jrif=u&yg? vmbfxdk;pDrHxm;=uw,f” [k cdkifcdkifu ajymonf? r=umao;rDu
pm&if;rsm;t& aq;wuUov kd rf sm;wGif ausmif;om; 2˜400 ac:,l&mY pD;yGm;a&;t& z,fusOx f m;cH&rI em*pf'%foihf a'orsm;rS trsK;d orD;i,fav;rsm;udk vdu k &f mS xm;=u+y;D
60 µ udk a,mufsm;av;rsm;udk ac:,l+y;D / trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf 40 µ pD ; yG m ;a&; yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f a &;ES i f h zG H @ òzd ; a&;tzG J @ OECD . tusK;d tjrwf jzpfae=ua=umif; od&onf?
om tcGihf &&So d nf? owif;rsm;t&qdv k #if TuJo h @kd upd rP sK;d u r=umc% tpD&ifcHpmt& rSwfcsufðyxm;onfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;. wef;wlnDr# jynfyodUk xGucf mG aeMu&jcif;
jzpfay:ae+y;D / trsK;d orD;rsm;u trsK;d om;rsm;xuf ydI k òyid q f ikd rf r_ sm;um tcGit hf a&; &r_onf “Edik if rH sm;. Oya'jyÏmef;r_jzifh umuG,af y;¶Hrk #yif jrefrmEdkifiHonf urBmhukvor*~. vdifuGJjym;r_ESihf pyfqdkifaom
trSwv f nf; ydjk rif&h ef vdt
k yfonf? r[kwb f /J xH;k wrf;pOfvmt& umuG,af y;&efvt kd yfonf” [k qdo k nf? zG@H òz;d r_ne$ ;f ude;f UN Gender-related Development Index (GDI) wGif
tem*wf\ trsK;d orD;rsm; jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f "avhx;kH wrf; Oya'rsm;t& usm;-r vdiu f jJG ym;r_tvdu
k f Edik if aH ygi;f 182 Edik if tH euf 138 ckajrmuf Edik if t
H jzpf usa&mufaeonf?
a&a=umif;ynm wuUodkvf ausmif;olrsm;udk 2008-2009 tvkyfcGJa0wm0efcsxm;r_ wduspGm &Sdonf? v,f,mvkyfief;u¾.
wzufpmrsufESmodk‹
 Ed0k ifbmv? 2010 pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (3)
(25)

jrefrmvlxt
k rsm;pkukd cGet
f m;jr‡iw
hf ifay;jcif; rSæ tpd;k &wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfonf[k qdo k nf? azmfjyxm;&mY trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ppfr_xrf;jcif; cGihfrðybJ &Sdae+yD;/
jynfwGif;wGif tvkyftudkif tcGihftvrf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;a=umihf “xdyw f ef; a&mufz@kd qw
kd m ae&may;zd@k tydik ;f eJ@ wku
d ¶f u
kd o
f ufqidk f xd@k twGuaf =umihf ppfwyfrS v$waf wmfwiG ;f Oya'ðya&; ae&mXmersm;
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf rdef;uav;i,frsm;pGmonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ ygw,f” [k ajymonf? twGuf ay;rnhf udk,fpm;vS,f 4 yHk 1 yHkwGif uef@owfwm;jrpfxm;
xGucf mG ae=u&onf? aiGa=u;wwfEikd o f rl sm;u ynmoif&ef xGu=f uonf? pmayavmutwGif;Yyif jy\em t}uD;tus,f &Sdaeonf[k onhEf , S f &Sad eonf[k qdo k nf?
wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f wGif ynma&; tcGit
fh vrf;rsm;uvnf; &Sm;yg;aejyefonf? qdkonf? t"du r*~Zif;}uD;/ *sme,f}uD;rsm;wGif pma&;q&mrESihf (jrifomonht f csu)f &Sr;f trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDygwwD iG f a&G;aumufyJG
trnfrazmfjyvdo k nhf befaumufòrŒd ywlerfaps;wGif tenf;qH;k t,f'Dwmrsm; enf;yg;ae&onhfta=umif;rSm olwdk@udk jr‡ihfwifray; yg0if,SOfòydifrnhf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 157 OD;teuf 10 OD;rSm
3 ESpf=um aps;a&mif;csaeol trsKd;orD; aps;onfwOD;u ajym&mwGif trsK;d orD;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
“'DrmS u bwf 100 qdk wae@v;kH pm wrdom;pkv;kH pm;vd@k &ae+yaD v? ‚if ; tpD & if c H p mu azmf j y&mwG i f zG J @ pnf ; yH k t ajccH Oya't&
[drk mS u aps;xGuaf &mif;awmif 1000 &zd@k tqifrajybl;” [k qdo k nf? txufEiS fh atmufvw $ af wmf 2 &yfwiG f ppfwyfu ud, k pf m;vS,f 25 µ
“udk,hfjynfudk,hf&Gmawmh jyefcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh &efukefrSmu ae&m,l rnf[k twdtus xnho f iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;+y;D / Trlt& ud, k Yf yif
pD;yGm;a&; tcGihftvrf;uvnf;ydwf/ trsKd;orD; tcGihfta&;uvnf; cGjJ cm; zdEydS rf _ &Sad eonf[k qdo k nf?
tm;enf;awmh tck xdik ;f rSmyJ vmvkyaf e&wmyg” [k olu zGi[ fh qdok nf? yavmiftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;ESihf WLB . tzGJ@0if
trsK;d orD; tcGit
fh a&;rsm;twGuf Oya'aMumif;t& wOD;jzpfol vG,frdk;crf;u rZÆdrudk ajymjy&mY rnfonhftpdk;&ur#
tumtuG,af y;rI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf odompGm aqmif&Gufay;cJhr_
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f umv=um&Snpf mG uyif trsK;d orD;rsm;udk Edik if aH &;/ r&Sad =umif; qdo k nf? ,ck a&G;aumufyo JG nfvnf; vuf&t dS m%m&Si. f
pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf vlr_a&;e,fy,frsm;wGif “±k y f a o;tpd k ; &” xG u f a y:vm±H k r # vG J I xl ; jcm;onh f & v'f
cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHjcif;twGuf umuG,fr_ay;xm;onhf Oya'jyÏmef; xGuaf y:vmrnf rxifa=umif; ajymqdo k nf?
csufrsm;pGm &Sdae+yD; jzpfonf? Todk@&Sdaea=umif;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmf “tu,fI a&G;aumufyaJG wGukd 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us usi;f yay;r,f
at;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (etz) u vufrSwfa&;xdk; qd&k if tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k yg0ifEikd cf iG fh &S&d r,f? vGwv f yf+y;D w&m;r#w&rSm
xm;onhf tzG@J 0ifrsm; yHrk eS v f u
kd ef m&rnhu f six fh ;kH wcktjzpf ukvor*~. jzpfovdk tpd;k &taeeJ@ yxrtqihf trsK;d orD;awGukd olw@kd tcGit fh a&;
trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cGjJ cm;zdEydS f qufqaH er_rsm; tqH;k owfa&;aumfrwD awG b,fv&kd adS ew,fqw kd m ynmay;zd@k vdt k yfygw,f? vltrsm;=um;rSm
Cedaw od@k wifjyonhf tpD&ifcp H mwGif xnho f iG ;f azmfjyxm;onf? tJovdk trsK;d orD; tcGit fh a&;awGukd od&edS m;vnfvmzd@k / vufcv H mzd@k
1947 ckESpf/ 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rsm;ESihf vdt k yfygw,f” [k ajymonf?
tjiif;yGm;zG,f trsK;d om;nDvmcHu a&;qGcJ o hJ nhf 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk jrefrmEdik if u
H rnfoUkd aqmif&u
G o
f ihyf goenf;
tajccHOya'wGiv f nf; trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd jyÏmef;xm;cJo
h nf? ukvor*~. trsKd;orD;rsm; ta&;qdkif&mXme (Unifem) .
trsKd ; orD ; rsm;twG u f tcG i h f t a&;rsm;ud k umuG , f a y;xm;onh f tqdt k & trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD # r&Srd u _ kd ajz&Si;f rnhf Edik if rH sm;taeESifh
Oya'rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;u TOya'rsm;udk atmufygupd rP sm; aqmif&u G &f ygrnf?
toH;k ðyr_ enf;vSonf? rde;f uav;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ynmoifay;&ef ? ? ynmwwf
“usrwd@k Eidk if rH mS trsK;d orD;umuG,af pmihaf &Smufa&; tufOya'awG ajrmufonhf rdef;uav;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;t& ydkI vGwfvyfonhf
&S+d y;D om;yg? 'DrmS tr_awG wufvm&ifvnf; ajz&Si;f zd@k &ydS gw,f? cufwmu jcif;a=umihf jzpfa=umif;ESifh trSew f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;u a,mufsm;awGxuf trsK;d orD;rsm; jzpfvmEdik o f nf? xdo k rl sm;taeESifh tdrw f iG ;f wGi/f &yf&mG wGi/f
olw@kd awGu, kd w f idk u
f aiGa=u;t& vkyu f idk af ewmtay: jyefrajym&Jv@kd omvGeo f nfrsm; &Sad =umif; olu &Si;f jyonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; b0rsm;wGif ydI k ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;Edik =f uonf? ynmwwf
jzpfrvmwmawmh usrwdk@ b,fvdkrS ajz&Sif;ay;vdk@ r&ygbl;” [k “trSeu f rde;f rawGu a,mufsm;awGxuf aphpyfaocsmr_tydik ;f u ajrmufonhf rdef;uav;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsm;jynfolESihf
&efuek w f idk ;f w&m;¶k;H wGif vuf&dS wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom trsK;d orD; ydyk gw,f? wdusry_ ikd ;f rSm omvGew f ,f qdwk muvnf; urBmph pfwrf;awGu qdik o f nhf vkyif ef;b0rsm;wGif ydI k yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd =f u+y;D / xdok rl sm;u
w&m;ol}u;D wOD;u qdo k nf? txift&Sm;jyaewmyg” [k &Si;f jyonf? obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;udk ydI k a&&Snw f nfwahH tmif xde;f odr;f
‚if;trsKd;orD;rsm;onf “wdwfqdwfae=uonf/ rjrifombJ jzpf tEkynm*sme,fwapmifrS trsKd;orD;t,f'DwmcsKyf wOD;u Edik o f rl sm; jzpf=uygonf?
aeonf” [k olu qdak o;onf? ol@qENudk xkwaf zmfajym&mwGif “jrefrmacgi;f aqmifawG =unhv f u
kd &f if rd e f ; uav;rsm; ausmif ; aeEd k i f a &;twG u f tcuf t cJ r sm;ud k
“tr_ww JG ufvm&if Oya'eJ@tnD aqmif&u G rf mS yg” [k olu qdo k nf? trsK;d om;awGcsn;f yJ? trsK;d orD; tawmfenf;w,f? rm*&ufoufcsm/ vGeaf jrmufapyg ? ? MDG . t"du OD;pm;ay;r_rsm;wGif rde;f uav;rsm;udk
&efuek &f dS trsK;d orD;a&S@ae wOD;uvnf; ol. tqdu k kd oabmwl a[vm&Dwdk@vkd trsKd;orD; acgif;aqmifawGudk t&rf;=unfndKrdw,f? rlvwef;wufciG &hf apa&; udpu P kd txl;csŒJ xGiEf ikd &f ef óu;d pm;ae=uygonf?
onf? od@k aomfvnf; Oya'a=umif;Yyif jy\emrsm; &Sad ea=umif; olu udk,fwkdifvnf; tJ'Dvdkjzpfcsifw,f? jzpfzdk@twGuf tcGihftvrf;&zdk@yJ od@k aomfvnf; rde;f uav;rsm;twGuf Tod@k aom &&Sad tmifjrifro _ nf
jznhfpGufajymonf? “trsKd;orD; tcGihftvrf;awG enf;aewm/ &oihf ar#mv f ihrf w
d ,f” [k qdo k nf? tv,fwef;tqifhodk@ wufvSrf;Edkif&ef óud;yrf;aomtcgY aysmufqHk;
&xdu k w f mawG r&wmawGuawmh Oya'awG&ŒJ tm;enf;csuaf wGygovd/k ESpx
f yfurG ;f cGjJ cm;zdEydS cf &H rI =u&onfvnf; &So d nf? ta=umif;rSm trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@/
&JawGuvnf; 'DudpPawGrSm rsufuG,fðyovdk jzpfaewmawGvnf; aus;vufa'oae trsK;d orD;rsm;/ txl;ojzihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk vHòk caH om/ t&Suu f ,G af om oef@&iS ;f a&;tdro f mrsm; r&Sad oma=umifh jzpf
ygw,f” [k qdo k nf? trsK;d orD;rsm;rSm cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm;udk ESpx f yfurG ;f / oH;k xyfurG ;f ydIk cHpm; onf? ausmif;oGm; vrf;wGi/f ausmif;rsm;wGif vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m csK;d ESrd rf r_ sm;/
‚if;a&SŒaeu t}uHðy&mwGif tpdk;&opftaeESihf trsKd;orD;rsm; epfemae=u&onf? jzpfay:vmrnhf v$waf wmftopfonf TudprP sm;udk t=urf;zufrr_ sm; cH=u&onf? ta=umif;rSm ausmif;oifcef;pm oif±;kd
twGuf pD;yGm;a&; tcGit fh vrf;opfrsm; ydI k zefw;D ay;oihu f m vpmwd;k txl;tav;ay; ajz&Si;f &ef vdt k yfa=umif; jynfy&Sd trsK;d orD; tzG@J rsm;u n$e;f wef;udk jyefvnfjyifqifrr_ sm; vdt k yfae+y;D / ydI k t&nftaoG;&Sad om
ay;oiho f vdk u¾tm;vH;k wGiv f nf; vkyif ef;cGif tajctaeudk jri‡ w fh if awmif;qdk=uonf? ausmif;rsm;twGuf q&moifwef;rsm;vnf; vdt k yfaeonf? od@k ro S m
ay;oihfa=umif;ESihf jynhfwefqmu¾wGifvnf; tvm;wl aqmif&Guf {&m0wDr*~Zif;u ,ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif aumuf,lcJhaom rde;f uav;rsm;. aexdik rf b _ 0twGuf ydI k udu k n f rD _ &Sad prnfjzpfonf?
ay;oihaf =umif; olu ajymonf? ppfwrf;wckt& Ed0k ifbmv 7 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yrnhf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f Edik if aH &;ESihf tpd;k &0efaqmifrr_ sm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;. toHukd jr‡iw hf if
“'Dvkd jynhw f efqmvkyif ef;awGu tjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS vnf; &Syd gw,f? 8 µ xufenf;onhf trsKd;orD; udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;om yg0if ay;Edik o f nfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm; jr‡iw hf ifaqmif&u G af y;yg ? ? Tvkyif ef;pOf
'gayrJh usr =um;zl;odz;l oavmufawmh tvkycf sed f wdwu d sus vkyEf idk f ,SOòf yid =f ua=umif; od&&dS onf? rsm;wGif tus,t f jyef@ yg0if+y;D / tcsK;d us ud, k pf m;ðyyg0ifciG hf pepfraS eI
ovdk olw@kd tay: tcGit fh a&;csK;d azmuf&ifvnf; xda&mufpmG ta&;,lciG fh umv=um&Snf jzpfyGm;aeaom jynfwGif;ppftwGif; ypfrSwfxm; trsKd;orD;rsm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&&ef tcGifhtvrf;udk ydkrdkrsm;jym;
&Sdw,fvdk@vnf; odygw,f? usrwdk@EkdifiHrSmvnf; 'Dvdkvkyfudkifae&wJh wdkufcdkufcH&ojzihf aus;vufa'oae/ wdkif;&if;ol trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm vmaprnf jzpfonf? Edik if aH &; ygwrD sm; a&G;cs,rf _ vkyif ef;pOfwiG f ydI k
trsK;d orD;awGtwGuf 'gawG &So d ihw f ,f/ vdt k yfw,fv@kd usr jrifygw,f? txl;qif;&JrGJawr_ESihf vl@tcGihfta&; csKd;azmufcH&r_rsm;udk óuHawG@ae yGiv hf if;jrifom&ef vdt k yfovd/k v_y&f mS ;pnf;&H;k r_rsm;wGif tpd;k & &efyakH iG
2010 a&G;aumufyJG+yD;vdk@ wufvmwJh aemuftpdk;&taeeJ@ 'DudpP&yf =u&onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;tzG@J csKyf (jrefrmEdik if )H WLB u ajymqd&k mwGif toH;k csrr_ sm;wGiv f nf; ydI k yGiv hf if;jrifom&ef vdt k yfonf?
awGay:rSm Oya'wpHw k &m xkwjf yefEidk &f ifawmh yd+k y;D aumif;vmr,fv@kd Ta'orsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;. qif;&JraJG wr_onf “ppfwyfw;kd csŒJ csxm; vltm;vH;k twGuf wef;wlnrD #onfh pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf a&;rsm; csrSwf
usrjrifw,f” [k olu ajymonf? vmjcif;/ a&wdt k usK;d tjrwftwGuf obm0 o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfyg ? ? wef;wlaom tvkyrf sm;twGuf wef;wlaom
trsK;d orD;rsm;\ acgif;aqmifrI tcef;u@ tjrwfxkwf,l toHk;csaer_rsm;/ twif;tusyfEdkifvSonhf pdkufysKd;a&; vkycf vpm&&Sad &;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef; (od@k r[kwf ) tvkyt f udik f
jrefrmEdik if u
H aemufxyf pGr;f aqmif&nf edru fh saeonhf u¾wckrmS rl0g'rsm;a=umihf jzpfonf” [k qdo k nf? udk vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG /hf tvkyo f rm; iSm;&rf;cef@xm;&mwGiEf iS hf
vdifuGJjym;r_t& zGH@òzd;a&;qdkif&m n$ef;udef; GDI wGif azmfjyxm;onhf ppfwyfu ppfpcef;opfrsm; wnfaqmuf&ef a'ocHrsm;. ajrrsm;udk &mxl;wd;k jri‡ ahf y;&mwGif wef;wlnrD #r/_ cGiEhf iS hf tvkyv f ufrhJ tajctaewGif
trsK;d orD;rsm; acgi;f aqmifrt _ cef;u¾wGif yg0ifaer_EiS fh Edik if aH &; udpP odr;f ,laeonhf tcsed w f iG /f ppfwyf. 0ifaiG&&Sad &; pDru H ed ;f rsm;twGuf cHpm;cGifhrsm;/ vkyfief;cGifwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&m aESmifh,Sufapmfum;r_rS
rsm;wGif qH;k jzwfcsuf csyikd cf iG afh e&mwGiyf if jzpfonf? tcsKŒd xif&mS ;onhf odrf;,laeonhftcsdefwGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ uif;a0;apa&;ESifh tjcm; ta&;}uD;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wdk;I
trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fYuyif xkwfazmfajymqdk&mY vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. rsm;vnf; jzpfay:aeonf? Oya'rsm; jyÏmef;aqmif&u G af e=u+yjD zpfonf? od@k aomf TOya'rsm;udk
u¾tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; acgif;aqmifr_ trSefwu,f edrhfus WLB u ajymqd& k mwGif “TtusK;d qufa=umihf txl;usyw f nf; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mY tm;enf;r_rsm; &Sad eao;+y;D / trsK;d orD;
aeao;onf[k qdo k nf? onhf tajctae/ pm;eyf&duQm rvHkòcHonhf tajctae óuHawG@&+yD; rsm; wef;wlnrD #a&;ESihf cGet f m;jri‡ w hf ifay;a&;twGuf xdcu kd ef pfemr_rsm;
arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyif ef;u¾rS vkyif ef;&Sif trsK;d orD;wOD;u Tod@k trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm tqdk;&Gm;qHk; cHpm;epfemae&onf” [k qdkonf? &Sdaeonf?
rnDrr# jzpfae&jcif;ta=umif;udk azmfjyajymqdk&mY “t"duae&m “wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ppfwyfu vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: trsKd;orD;rsm;. vkyftm;udk xnfhoGif;a&wGufyg ? ? vdifuGJjym;r_
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd;orD;awG enf;yg;ae&wJh tcsufuawmh tajccHonhf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; tygt0if/ vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk pepfwus tvdu k f cGjJ cm;azmfjyaom aumif;rGeo f nfh a'wm tcsut f vufrsm;
ynma&; tajccHeJ@ ¶dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ twm;tqD;awGa=umihfvnf; csKd;azmufusL;vGefaejcif;a=umihf vltrsm;rSm jynfwGif;Yyif xGufajy; aumuf,&l ef Edik if aH &;t& pdwq f EN r&S=d ujcif;ESihf &efyakH iGcsKŒd wJjh cif;rsm;
trsm;}u;D ygygw,f” [k oH;k oyfonf? yke;f atmif;ae&onhf jynfwiG ;f 'kuo Q nfrsm; jzpfvmaponf/ od@k r[kwf qufvuf&adS ejcif;a=umifh vkycf vpmESihf ywfoufI/ yHrk eS rf [kwaf om
“'DrSmu rdef;uav;wa,muf 10 wef;atmif&if +yD;wmyJ? 'kuQonftjzpf aomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;r0if vkyfom;rsm;tjzpf tvkyfESifhywfoufI/ vkyfcvpm r&aom apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;a&;
a,mufsm;&+yD;vnf; tdrfr_udpPawGyJ vkyf&rSmqdkwJh tjrifawGu tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;od@k xGuaf jy;cdvk v H_ m=u&onf” [k qufajymonf? tvkyfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ tjcm;ta&;ygonfh trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0if
rdef;uav;awG a&SŒwef;a&mufzdk@twGuf xdyfwef;twm;tqD;}uD; vTwaf wmftwGi;f &Sd trsK;d orD;rsm; aqmif&u G rf _ udprP sm;ESihf ywfoufI xda&mufaom rl0g'rsm; csrw S &f ef
jzpfaew,f? 'Dtay:rSm eif;+y;D a,mufsm;awGuvnf; olw@kd &ŒJ ae&meJ@ trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cGjJ cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; tqH;k owfapa&; aumfrwDo@kd aESmifah ES;xdcu kd af e&qJ jzpfonf?
tm%mawGukd &atmif ,lomG ;wmyg” [k olu ok;H oyfonf? wifoiG ;f onhf pifòyid t
f pD&ifcpH mwGi/f tpd;k &u trsK;d orD;rsm; tcGit fh a&; (rl&if;? ? Making Change Happen: Actions Necessary to Accelerate
xif&mS ;onhf trsK;d orD; pma&;q&mrwOD;u rZÆrd udk ajymjy&mY taumiftxnfazmfaer_ukd apmih=f unho f ;kH oyfxm;+y;D / WLB u 2008 the Achievement of all Millennium Development Goals [Unifem]. Undated.)
trsKd;orD;ESihf trsKd;om;wef;wl nDr#a&;twGuf tkyfcsKyfaeaom ckESpfwGif aocsmpGm pm&if;Z,m; ðypkxm;cJhonf? ‚if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif
tcsyfykd (5) aumfvH (2) od‹k
pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (4)
(26) Ed0k ifbmv? 2010

jrifah rmif (Ek0d ifbm 6)

a&G ; aumuf y J G r S m jref r mEk d i f i H o m; 60 &mcd k i f E _ e f ; u rJ a y;&ef 60 &mE+e;f rJxnfrh nf[k olu quf+y;D “60 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u rJay;r,f ajymw,f? b,fa'o/
b,fòrdŒe,frSmvJ? awmvm;/ òrdŒvm;qdkwm =unfh&OD;r,f xifw,f?
tpDtpOf&+dS y;D 30 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u ay;rnfr[kwaf =umif; jynfwiG ;f &Sd vl 4
axmifausmx f rH S rZÆrd aumuf,x l m;onfh ppfwrf;u jyqdak eonf? rZ|dr ppfwrf;u jyqk d usaemfwdk@ oGm;cJhwJh a'oawGudk tajccH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdk&if
odyf+yD;awmh rjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ xifw,f? wcsKdŒaus;&Gmu vlawGqdk&if
u,m;rSvGJI jynfe,f§wdkif; 13 ck&Sd jynfol 4 axmifausmfudk a&G;aumufyt JG a=umif; odwm r[kwb f ;l ? òrŒd u vlawGawmifrS *Ce%
ar;jref;aumufcx H m;ojzifh a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf ywfoufI vwfwavm rodb;l ” [k ajymonf?
ðyvkyfxm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHu vGwfvyfonfh owif;rD'D,mxJwGif a&G;aumufy0JG if 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD (jrefrmjynf) u ppfwrf;wGif
t}u;D rm;qk;H ppfwrf;aumufcrH _ jzpfonf? 60 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rJay;rnf[k ajymqdo k nft
h ay: tm;&a=umif; ajymqdo k nf?
touf 25-40 ESpf=um;&Sd vli,frsm;onf rJay;&eftwGuf “trsm;}uD; tm;&p&m aumif;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh
trsm;qH k ; jzpf + yD ; tjcm;rJ a y;ol r sm;xuf owif ; tcsuf t vuf usrwdk@ tpydkif; pnf;¶Hk;a&;xGufwkef;u tajctaeeJ@ tckaemufydkif;
ydrk o
kd &d x dS m;a=umif;ESihf aumuf,o l rl sm;xJrS 86 &mckid Ef e_ ;f u rJay;&ef tajctae rwlawmhbl;? tckaemufydkif;us olwdk@u rJay;r,fvdk@
a=umuf&ŒHG r_ r&S[ d k ajymqdck o
hJ nf? ajymvm=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'g[m trsm;}uD; auseyfp&maumif;wJh
ppfwrf;t& trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk NDF ygwu D a&yef;pm; tajymif;tvJwckayg”h [k 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;
vlóuduftrsm;qkH;jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd, vlóuduf trsm;qHk;rSm jynfaxmifpk a':oef;oef;Eku rZÆrd udk ajymonf?
}uchH ikd af &;eJ@ zG@òH z;d a&;ygw/D wwd,vdu k o f nfu 88 rsK;d quf ausmif;om; rZÆdrppfwrf;u jynfe,f§wdkif; 13 ckwGif vlawG@ar;jref;r_/
vli,frsm; (jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if )H ygwD jzpfonf? (ppftpd;k &. ,ck w,fvDzkef;jzifh ar;jref;csufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ xdktxJrS 59 &mckdifE_ef;u
aemufq;kH xkwjf yefpm&if;rsm;t&qdv k #if NDF u 163 OD; 0ifòyid cf &hJ m ‚if;wdk@a'orS 0ifòydifrnfh ygwDrsm;ESifh woD;yk*~v trwfavmif;rsm;
16 OD;/ 88 rsKd;qufurl wOD;ESifh }uHhzHG‹u 76 '\r 5 &mcdkifE_ef; ta=umif; oJupJG mG rodao;a=umif; ajymqd=k uonf?
tEkid &f onf[k od&onf?) “wcsed xf rJ mS yJ trsK;d om;v$waf wmf ay;&r,f/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
60 &mcd k i f E _ e f ; u rJ a y;rnf [ l a om ppf w rf ; ES i f h y wf o uf I ay;&r,f/ wdik ;f a'o}u;D ay;&r,f? wdik ;f a'o}u;D rSmvnf; 1-2 qdak wmh
a&G;aumufyGJ oydwfarSmufa&; vH_@aqmfonfh trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD olwdk@u acgif;¶_yfoGm;w,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh a&G;aumufyGJwdk@/
tzGJ@csKyfu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppfwrf;tawG@tóuH enf;ao;a=umif;ESifh Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGe@J vlxu k uif;uGmaewm =um+yaD v? usrwd@k u
rnfr#wu d srnfukd ajym&ef cufcaJ =umif; ,ckvkd axmufjyajymqdo k nf? wcku a&G;aumufyJG tóurd mS rJq, G pf nf;¶H;k r_ vGwv
f yfr/_ owif;rD',
D m awmfawmf}u;D udk &Si;f jyay;cJ&h w,f” [k a':oef;oef;Eku ajymonf?
“aumufcHr_ rSefw,f/ rrSefbl;qdkwm EdkifiHwumrSm ppfwrf; vGwv f yfr_ &Sad ewJh wdik ;f jynfawGrmS awmh awmfawmf Live jzpfw,fv@kd rZÆrd u &efuek w f ikd ;f wGif 2305 OD;/ {&m0wD 177/ yJc;l 97/ ppfuikd ;f
aumufcrH _ qdw k mawGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh tawG@tóuH &S+d y;D om;olawG ajymvdk@ &ygw,f” [k teft,f'D owif;ESifh jyef=um;a&;tzGJ@0if 106/ weomF&D 1/ rauG; 107/ rEœav; 580/ csi;f jynfe,f 2/ ucsif 332/
vkyw f hJ yHpk aH wGuvnf; wu,fu h kd jynfph wkH hJ enf;ynmawGe@J / aemuf OD;tke;f óuid u
f rZÆrd udk ajymonf? u&if 103/ rGef 136/ &cdik f 260 ESihf &Sr;f 7 OD;udk ar;jref;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?

a'gufwma&Smifprpf
tD;,lpuH kd 2010 a&G;aumufyJG csKd;azmuf[k
_Adwod #oH ajym
jref r ma&G ; aumuf y G J o nf Ed k i f i H w um pH o wf r S w f c suf t nD 5 ode;f wif+y;D trwfavmif; trnfpm&if;udk ESpyf wftwGi;f wif&rnf[k olw@kd e@J wpHw k &m vufwaJG qmif&u G Ef ikd yf gw,f[k olu ajymonf?
jynfrh aD tmif rvkyEf ikd cf o hJ jzifh r#wr_&rdS nf r[kw[ f k jrefrmEdik if q H ikd &f m ppftpd;k &u =o*kwv f v,fyikd ;f u a=unmcJo h nf? xdo k @kd r[kwv f #irf l ydwq f @kd '%fcwfrr_ sm; qufvufxm;&So d mG ;rnf
+Aw d o d # oHtrwf}u;D tif'±l;[de;f (Andrew Heyn) u befaumufòrŒd “udk,fpm;vS,favmif;wif&r,fh tar&duefa':vm 500 qdkwJh jzpf+y;D ukvor*~ vHòk caH &;aumifpt D zG@J vuf&dS OuUÏae&m &,lxm;onhf
Edik if jH cm; owif;axmufrsm;uvyfY ,refae@ nwGif ajymcJo h nf? pay:u jyeftrf;rSm r[kww f hJ aiGyg? 'gukd olw@kd u tca=u;aiGtjzpfe@J +Adwdeftaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtay: zdtm;wdk;jr‡ihfay;tyfoGm;rnf[k
vG w f v yf r #waom a&G ; aumuf y G J r sm; usif ; ya&;twG u f ,lrmS jzpf+y;D cifAsm;taeeJ@ jyefr&Edik af wmhygb;l ” [k [de;f u ajymonf? ajymonf?
Oa&myor*~ csrSwfxm;aom vrf;n$efcsufrsm;udk jrefrmtpdk;&u TaiG y rm%onf tvG e f r sm;jym;onf [ k rxif & aomf v nf ; “jrefrmEdik if t H a&;udk +Aw d ed Ef ikd if u H olw@kd &ŒJ Edik if w H um tpDtpOfrmS
enf;enf;av;rS rvdu k ef mcJah oma=umifh “'Da&G;aumufyaJG wG vGwv f yf twdkuftcHygwDrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHjyifyrS aiGrsm; vufcHjcif; rðy&[k txl;ta&;}u;D udpt P jzpf xm;&Syd gw,f” [k oHtrwf}u;D u ajym=um;cJ+h y;D
r#wvdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemf r,H=k unfb;l ? vGwv f yfr#wpGm usi;f yrSmvnf; wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onhf uef@owfcsufvnf; &Sdonf[k [def;u ajym aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nhf txl;tpDtpOf ESp&f yfuv kd nf; n$ejf yajymqdck o hJ nf?
r[kwb f ;l ? xGuv f mwJh tajzuvnf; ud, k pf m;ðyr_&EdS ikd rf mS r[kwb f ;l ” onf? ,if;onf yGifhvif;jrifomr_ &Sda&;ESihf nDwlnDr# tcGifhta&; yxrwckrmS vuf&dS ql'efEikd if t H ay: xm;&So d uJo h @kd yif Edik if w H um
[l o nf h ol . ud k , f y d k i f r S w f c suf u d k ay;&ef r S w yg; tjcm;r&S d y g[k &ydik cf iG &hf adS &; tygt0if tD;,l. vrf;nGecf suf trsm;tjym;udk csK;d azmuf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf Y_ jrefrmEdik if u H kd ‘txl;OD;pm;ay;’ tqifo h abmrsK;d
ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf? vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;tcsufa=umifhyif 'DcsKyfu a&G;aumufyGJudk xm;&efjzpf+y;D / 'kw, d rSm ppftpd;k & vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;twGuf
we*FaEGae@wiG f usi;f yrnfh jrefrmEdik if H a&G;aumufyJG &v'frsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfc&hJ jcif; jzpfonf[k [de;f u ajymonf? pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef ukvor*~ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Siw f &yf zG@J pnf;a&;udk
‘apmih=f unh’f oGm;rnf[k +Aw d od #tpd;k &u w&m;0if xkwaf zmfajym=um; a&G;aumufyu JG kd oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uaom 'Dru dk &ufwpf wGe;f tm;ay; aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef jzpfonf[k olu ajymonf?
xm;onf? okd@aomf aumif;rGefpGmvkyfonhf rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;r_rsm;jzpf&ef twdkuftcHrsm;udk‚if;/ wnfqJpepfwcktwGif; yl;aygif;yg0ifvkyfudkif&ef Ttqdðk ycsuu f kd jrefrmEdik if H vl@tcGit hf a&; txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f
tD;,l (Oa&myor*~) u tcsuf 7 csuyf g pHowfrw S cf suf xm;&So d nf? ar#mf v if h c suf j zif h 0if a &muf , S O f ò yd i f & ef qH k ; jzwf c J h o l r sm;ud k ‚ if ; xd k awmrwfpf tkda[;uifwm;em;u ,ckESpf rwfvu pwiftqdkðy
,if;wdk@rSm a&G;aumufyGJjzpfpOfwckvHk; yGifhvif;r_&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf qH;k jzwfcsut f m;vH;k udk +Aw d o d # tpd;k &taejzifh av;pm;ygonf[k [de;f u wifjycJ+h y;D ,cktcg Edik if 'H gZifausmf axmufccH =hJ u+y;D jzpfonf?
bufrvdu k bf J pGr;f aqmif&nf jynh0f onhf a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Si&f jdS cif;/ ajymonf? ESpfzufvHk;onf wdk;wufr_udk a&S;±_onhf jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom ppftpd;k &udk tm&SEikd if rH sm; txl;ojzifh w¶kwEf iS hf xdik ;f Edik if w H @kd u
EdkifiHawmfrS ay;tyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,favmif; vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ud, k pf m;ðyaeygonf[k olu qufajymonf? yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; ðyvkyaf eonht f wGuf +Aw d ed Ef iS fh taemufEikd if H
tm;vHk; tnDtr# &,lydkifcGifh&Sdjcif;/ EdkifiHydkif rD'D,mrsm;udk tnDtr# tqdkyg vrf;a=umif; ESpfckpvHk;udk óudwiftuJjzwfjcif;aomf‚if;/ rsm;. TudpEP iS fh pyfvsO;f onhf óu;d yrf;csurf mS tuef@towf &Syd gonf[k
oHk;pGJcGifh&Sdjcif;/ rJqEN&Sifrsm;odk@ xda&mufaom ynmay; tpDtpOf zsuv f zkd suq f ;D vkyjf cif;aomf‚if; +Aw d ed u f ðyvkyrf nfr[kw[ f vk nf; olu [de;f u ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajz=um;&mwGif 0efcaH jymqdo k mG ;onf?
w&yf&jdS cif;/ +ird ;f csr;f aom 0ef;usiw f &yf&jdS cif;ESifh jyifyrS tuJcwfrsm;ESifh ajymonf? tðyoabmaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
hJ nfh udpw P &yftaeESifh oHtrwf}u;D u
avhvmapmifh=unhfolrsm; &Sdjcif; paom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf[k olu tu,fI ar#mv f ifo h nht f wdik ;f jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ppfwyf. Edik if aH &; ajymqk&d mwGif r=umao;rDu *D&q d ikd uf vH;k rkew f ikd ;f 0ifa&mufwu kd cf wfchJ
ajymonf? tm%mudk a&G;aumufyGJu &mbmwHqdyfwHk; xkay;vdkufonfqdkv#if +y;D aemuf vlom;csi;f pmemonfh tultnDrsm;udk tD;,l txl;ojzifh
+ird ;f csr;f aom ywf0ef;usi[ f o
l nhf tcsuEf iS phf yfvsO;f I ouFmruif; +AdwdefEdkifiHu bmvkyfrvJqdkonfh ar;cGef;udkrl [def;u rar#mfvifhwm +Aw d ed Ef ikd if u
H ay;tyfEikd cf yhJ gonf[k qdo k nf? wzG@J csi;f a&G;xkwaf jymqd&k mY
zG,f ¹ciG ;f csuu f kd [de;f u wcsu+f y;D wcsuf axmufjyajymqdo k mG ;onf? jzpfvm+yD; wdkif;jynfwGif; tajymif;tvJjzpfEdkifrnfh t&dyfvuQ%mrsm; olu Save the Children tzG J @ taeES i h f rk e f w d k i f ; 'k u Q o nf r sm;ud k
ppf t pd k ; &onf xd k p H E _ e f ; owf r S w f c suf r sm;ud k enf ; enf ; av;rS y if wu,fay:ayguv f m+yq D v kd #if +Awd ed t f aejzifh vuf&dS jrefrmEdik if t H ay: tpm;tpm/ a&ESihf cdek m;&ef ae&mrsm;ay;tyfEikd cf o hJ nf[k ajymonf?
vdkufem&ef óud;yrf;r_ r&SdcJh[k qdkonf? xdkodk@ ðyvkyf&rnfhtpm; xm;&Sdonfh wif;rmaom oabmxm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;vdkygonf[k jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufbuf &cdkifjynfe,fudk atmufwdkbm 22
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif ppfwyfv$rf;rdk;rnfh tcef;u¾udk pdefac:Edkifonfh olu ajz=um;cJo h nf? &ufae@u 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJhaom qdkifuvHk;rkefwdkif; 'kuQonfrsm;
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf uJhodk@aom Oyrmtm;jzifh ppftpd;k &udk tenf;tusO;f vdv k m;onhf wdik ;f &if;om; twGuf u,fq,fa&; tultnDtjzpf tar&duefa':vm 7 odef;
ygwDrsm;udk rJay;cGifh ¶kyfodrf;onhf tpDtpOfrsm;udkom rSefrSef}uD; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD (wpn) u (ppftpdk;&. ygwDjzpfaom) ay;tyfrnf[k +AdwdefEdkifiHu uwdðyxm;onf? xdkrkefwdkif;a=umifh
ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? jynfaxmifpk }uchH ikd zf @G òH z;d a&;tzG@J xuf tajctae ydak umif;v#i/f xd@k jyif tenf;qH;k vl 50 aoqH;k cJ+h y;D vl 7 aomif; td;k rJt h rd rf hJ jzpfomG ;cJo h nf[k
Oyrmtm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJ0if&eftwGuf jyefrtrf;rnfh pay:aiG wpn u ppfrSefaom tajymif;tvJtwGuf vrf;zGifhay;onfqdkv#if &efuek &f dS ukvor*~¶;kH u Ak'[ < ;l ae@u ajymonf?
 Ed0k ifbmv? 2010 pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (5)
(27)

a&G;aumufyGJESihf yk*~vdu rD'D,m

rZÆdrowif;Xme (atmufwb dk m 21) EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umihf axmifuscJhzl;wmwdk@/ ta=umif;a=umif; owif;pmawGbmawGrSm azmfjyr_r&Sdbl;av? wDADrSmvnf;yJ w}udrfyJ
2010 a&G;aumufyGJ eD;uyfvmonfESihftr# a&G;aumufyGJESihf a=umihf txdef;odrf;cHcJh&wmrsKd;awmh &SdcJh=uwmyJ? tJvlawGta=umif; azmfjycGi&fh w dS ,f? tJ'aD wmh yk*v ~ u d rD', D mawGuawmh tywfpOfwikd ;f rSm
ywfoufonhf owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;/ awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;udk a&;wJhtcg t&ifwkef;u ay;ra&;bl;? tcka&G;aumufyGJ vkyfawmhr,f tvSnu fh sxu G af ewmqdak wmh *sme,fawG bmawGaygah v? 'Dr'D , D mawG
jynfwGif;jynfy owif; yk*~vdurD'D,mrsm;wGif pOfqufrjywf azmfjy a&G;aumufyOJG ya' xGuv f m+y?D Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J ywfouf+y;D a&;wJh udyk J jynfoal wGu zwf¶c_ iG &fh w,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd
vm=uonf? tcgrSmusawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; v$wfay;w,f? 'gu t&ifxuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zwf¶_cGihf&w,f? usefwJh tpdk;&rD'D,mawGrSmu
ESpfaygif; 20 twGif; yxrqHk; usif;yrnhf Edk0ifbm 7 &uf pm&ifawmh ydv k w G vf yfvmwmayg”h [k olu qko d nf? azmfjycGirfh &awmh olw@kd yk*v ~ u d rD', D mawGuykd J tm;ud;k &ygw,f? 'D
a&G;aumufyGJESihf ywfoufonhf azmfjycsufrsm;udk jynfwGif; yk*~vdu vl x k t aejzih f Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;ES i h f v$ w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f rD', D mawGuae+y;D azmfjyrSyJ olw@kd u jynfoal wGuae+y;D awmh Edik if aH &;
owif;rD'D,mrsm;taejzihf tawmftoihf a&;om;cGihf &&Sd=u+yD;/ rsm;ta=umif; odvdkonhftwGuf *sme,frsm; 0,fzwfvdkaomfvnf; ygwaD wG v_y&f mS ;r_ukd odr,f? odv@kd q&kd if olw@kd u yd+k y;D awmh pdw0f ifpm;
}uzhH @GH ygwt D ay: a0zefaxmufjyr_rsm;/ 1990 ckEpS t f wGi;f u a&G;aumufyJG zwfEikd o f nhf OD;a& enf;aeonf[k &efuek òf rŒd cHwOD;u ,ckvkd ajymonf? vm=uvdrhfr,f? a&G;aumufyGJudk ydk+yD;awmh atmifEdkifa&;twGuf
tajctaersm;udk jyefvnfazmfjy a&;om;jcif;rsm;udk azmfjycGihfr&Sd[k “0,fzwfEikd zf @kd vlxu k odyef nf;w,fAs? ygwaD wG/ ud, k pf m;vS,f trsm;}u;D yJ taxmuftulðyr,fv@kd usaemf ,H=k unfw,f” [k qko d nf?
od&onf? awGe@J ywfoufv@dk vlxu k awmh ppfppfreS rf eS f odEikd w f hJ tcGit fh a&;uawmh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS Edik if yH ikd f rD',
D mrsm;udk toH;k ðyI rJq, G pf nf;¶H;k
a&G;aumufyJG eD;uyfvmcsed w f iG f *sme,fxw k af 0r_EiS fh ywfoufonhf vHk;0 r&Sdygbl;? pdwf0ifpm;vdk@ zwfw,fqdkwmxuf *sme,fawGxJrSm &mwGif qifqmjzwfawmufrr_ sm; óuaH e=u&onfuv kd nf; csi;f trsK;d om;
tajctaersm;ud k od & S d E d k i f & ef Ed k i f i H a &; owif ; rsm;ud k OD ; pm;ay; zwfwt hJ cgrmS Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG awG@&r,f/ olw@kd &ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; ygwD OuUÏ OD;ZdZk rfu ajymonf?
azmfjyavh&Sdonhf jynfwGif; owif;*sme,fwckrS t,f'DwmwOD;udk awG awG@&r,f? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J olw@kd &ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;awGu “¶kyfjrifoH=um;rSmav }uHhcdkifzGH@òzd;a&;toif;uae }uHhcdkifzGH@òzd;a&;
rZÆrd u ar;jref;=unh&f m - vlxu k kd b,fvv kd yk af y;Edik rf vJ/ [db
k ufu vkycf w hJ meJ@ vuf&dS tajctae ygwv D uf ajymif;oGm;wmawGrsK;d usaemf ajymvdu k v f @kd ? tJ'grsK;d awGawmh
“rJay;zdk@ vH_@aqmfwJh oabmrsKd; usaemfwdk@ a&;vdk@&wJh tae rSma&m b,fvdkuGJvGJaeovJ/ olwdk@tajccH a'oawGrSm vlxkudk ygrvmbl;? usaemfwdk@ e,fbufrSmuawmh wDAD&Sd=uwmayghAsm?
txm;udk &Sw d ,f? wygweD @J wygwD wdu k cf u
kd wf mrsK;d udk vufrcHygb;l ? b,favmuftxd vkyaf y;Edik rf vJ/ vl@tcGit fh a&;awG vGwv f yfciG afh wGukd *sme,fuawmh odyfra&mufbl;? usaemfwdk@ csif;awmifrSmqdkawmh
}uHhcdkifzGH@òzd;a&;ygwDayghaemf/ 'grsKd;awGrSm usaemfwdk@twGuf owdxm; ol w d k @ ud k , f w d k i f b,f a vmuf wd k u f y G J 0 if o G m ;Ed k i f r vJ pwmawG u d k tJ'DwDADav;udk usaemhf[mqdk&if 15 rdepf vkyfxm;wJh[mudk 5
a&;&wJh taetxm;rsK;d &Sw d maygAh sm? aemuf+y;D awmh 90 wke;f u tajc usaemfw@kd u csed zf @kd twGuaf =umihf zwfwmaygAh sm” [k olu qko d nf? rdepfpmavmuf qifqmrdw,f? qdkawmh 9 rdepfav;eJ@ usaemf 'DrSm
taeudk wcsKŒd [mawG jyefoiG ;f &mrSm usaemfw@kd twGuf tqifrajybl;? tcsKŒd aom rJqEN&iS rf sm;uvnf; 'Da&G;aumufyu JG kd pdw0f ifpm;r_ r&S[ d k awmfawmfav; tcufawG@aewm” [k olu &Si;f jyonf?
b,fvdkvGwfvyfcGihf&Sdw,f/ b,fvdkvkyfcGihf&SdovJ tJ'grsKd;awG jyef+yD; rEœav;òrŒd cH trsK;d orD;wOD;u ,ckvkd ajymjyonf? a&SŒvmrnhv f wGif usi;f yrnhf a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf Edik if aH &;ygwD
vkyfwJh [mrsKd;rSmawmh r&ygbl;? usefwJhtydkif;rSmawmh awmfawmf “*sme,fawG tJvdkrsKd;awG trsm;}uD;rSm [dka&;'Da&;awGudkawmh rsm;. owif;ESihf tcsufvufrsm;/ ygwDrsm;. pnf;¶Hk;v_H@aqmfr_
rsm;rsm;udk azmfjycGihf&Sdygw,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; ajymEdkif=u awG@awmh awG@&w,f? +yD;awmh udk,fvnf; odyfpdwfr0ifpm;vdk@av? rl0g'rsm;udk jynfot l rsm; od&EdS ikd &f ef yk*v ~ ud rD',D mu¾onf ta&;yg
ygw,f” [k olu ajz=um;onf? em;vnf;rvnfawmh rzwfjzpfwmrsm;w,f? tvkyu f ydk J vH;k yef;ae&awmh onf[k Edik if aH &; ygwrD sm;u ajymaeaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf
&efukeftajcpdkuf emrnf& *sme,frsm;jzpfonhf jrefrmwdkif;rf/ tJ'u D pd aP wGukd odyaf cgi;f xJrxnht f m;bl;” [k olu ajymonf? Ed k i f i H w um owif ; Xmersm;ES i h f apmih f = unh f a vh v ma&; tzG J @ rsm;
&efuek w f ikd ;f rf/ Weekly / The Voice / Monitor ponhf *sme,frsm;wGif Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;taeESifh rJq, G pf nf;¶H;k &mwGif Edik if yH ikd f rD',D mrsm;udk jrefrmEdik if u H kd vm&ef rvdt k yf[k a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif OuUÏ OD;ode;f pd;k u
a&G;aumufyJGESihf ywfoufonhf owif;rsm;udk u¾cGJwcktaejzihf w}udrfwnf;om toHk;ðycGihf&Sdonf? woD;yk*~v udk,fpm;vS,frsm; atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufae@wGif ajymcJhonf[k EdkifiHwum owif;
azmf j yvmonf u d k awG @ vm&+yD ; a&G ; aumuf y G J E S i h f ywf o uf o nh f taejzihf EdkifiHykdif rD'D,mrsm;udk toHk;ðy a[majymcGihf r&Sdonhfjyif Xmersm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
owif;rsm;udk us,jf yef@pmG azmfjycGifh &vmonf[k tjcm;*sme,f wckrS ae@pOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; azmfjycGihfr&Sdyg? xdk@a=umihf ,ck jrefrmEdik if o H nf 1962 ckEpS f ppfwyftm%mrodr;f cif tapmydik ;f
t,f'w D mwOD;u ajymonf? yk*v~ u d rD', D mrsm;onf jynforl sm;udk xdawG@qufq&H ef taxmuftul umvrsm;twGi;f owif;pmaygi;f 30 ausmf xkwaf 0Edik cf +hJ y;D tm&SEikd if H
“vGefcJhwJh ESpf 20 xufpm&ifawmh 'Dtcsdefu EdkifiHa&;ygwDeJ@ jzpfaponf[k trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk ygwD. &efukefwdkif; rsm;wGif owif;pmvGwv f yfciG fh t&Sq d ;kH jzpfco
hJ nf? ,cktcsed w f iG f Edik if yH ikd f
ywfouf+y;D awmh/ Edik if aH &;ta=umif; a&;&wmuawmh tvGwv f yfq;kH pnf;¶H;k a&;rSL; a'guw f m oef;0if;u ajymqko d nf? owif;pm 2 apmifwnf;om xkwaf 0Edik +f y;D / owif;vGyv f yfciG fh tqd;k qH;k
tcsed af yg?h bmjzpfv@dk vq J akd wmh t&ifwek ;f u Edik if aH &;ygwrD mS vkyaf ewJh olu “usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;rSm yk*~vdu rD'D,m&JŒ ta&;ygr_u eHygwf 5 Edik if t H jzpf jyifopftajcpdu k f e,fpnf;rjcm; owif;axmufrsm;
v$wfawmf&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,favmif; wcsKdŒawGuvnf; t&ifwkef;u trsm;}u;D yJ toH;k 0ifw,fv@kd ajym&r,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J kd olw@kd ae@pOfxw k f tzG@J . ,ckEpS f 9 }urd af jrmuf ppfwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?

a':atmifqef;pk-unfEiS hf rZdÆr tifwmAsL; rSæ
jrefrmvlxt

k rsm;pkukd cGet
f m;jr‡iw
hf ifay;jcif; rSæ jynfo@l 0efxrf; trsKd;om;/ touf 29 ESpf (&rnf;oif;òrdŒe,f/
tJ'aD wmh tJ'rD mS qd&k if r[mrdwaf wG trsm;}u;D &S&d rSmayg?h vlwikd ;f eJ@ rdrw d Ukd \ yxrOD;qH;k vTwaf wmftaeESihf rnfonfu h pd u ö kd aejynfawmf)
vufwEJG ikd w
f m r[kwb f ;l qd&k ifawmif ud,
k ef @J t"duuswhJ &nf&,
G cf suf udik wf , G af qmif&u
G of ifyh goenf;/ tem*wftpdk;&taeeJ@ vlxkawGt=um;rSm a=umuf&GHŒpdwfawG
wlwhJ vlawGe@J wG+J y;D awmh vkyEf ikd wf hJ tajctae jzpfatmifv@kd tefwD trsKd;orD; v,form;wOD;/ touf 40 ESpf (rdk;[ef;aus;&Gm/ jzpfay:aewm av#meh nf;oGm;atmif vkyaf qmifoifw h ,f? Oyrmay;&&if
vkycf siw f ,f? tefwD ajymxm;+y;D yg+y/D a&G;aumufy0JG ifwhJ 37 ygwx D u J rd;k n‡i;f òrdŒe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f) vlawGu Edik if aH &;rSm yg0ifywfoufz@kd a=umufae=uw,f? tm%mydik f
b,fygwDyJjzpfjzpf wu,fyJ tefwDwdk@eJ@ &nf&G,fcsufwl+yD;awmh vlawGukd vGwv f yfciG ahf y;zd@k vdt
k yfygw,f? vlo;kH ukef aps;E_e;f awG awGu olw@kd ukd Adv k uf stEdik u
f sirhf mS udk a=umufae=uw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtwGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufcsifw,fqdk&if tefwDwdk@uvnf; csay;zd@k vdyk gw,f? tJ'gtjyif usrwd@k a'orSm usaemfw@kd bmvkyv f yk f vdifuGJjym;rItay: wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;ESifh
yl;aygi;f aqmif&uG zf @kd tqifoihyf gy”J ? ar;cGe;f vmxkwrf ,fh tm%mydik af wG trsm;}u;D jzpfae=uw,f? ywfoufí tpd;k &opfu rnfoUk daqmif&u G af y;vdrrh f nf[k xifygovJ/
rZÆrd 0dik ;f awmfom;awGukd tefwaD jymcsiw
f hJ pum;u bmrsm; vdifuGJjym;rItay: wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;ESifh usaemfawmh enf;enf; ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
jzpfrvJcifAs/ ywfoufí tpd;k &opfu rnfoUkd aqmif&u
G af y;vdrrhf nf[k oif rdrw
d Ukd \ yxrOD;qH;k vTwaf wmftaeESihf rnfonfu
h pd u
ö kd
“ajym&r,fqdk&ifawmhav owif;orm;awG&JŒ u¾u tck xifygovJ/ udik w
f ,G af qmif&u
G o
f ifyh goenf;/
tcsed rf mS tifrwefrS ta&;}u;D ygw,f? tckacwfrmS tifrwefrS ta&;yg usr xifwmu bmrS ajymif;rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? td r f a xmif & S i f r wOD ; / touf 53 ES p f (ajrmuf ' *H k ò rd Œ e,f /
ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh owif;orm;awG&JΠ=oZmuvnf; renf;bl;? rdrw
d Ukd \ yxrOD;qH;k vTwaf wmftaeESihf rnfonfu
h pd u
ö kd &efuek w
f ikd ;f )
tJ'aD wmh 'D=oZmudk taumif;twGuf oH;k ygv@kd tefwo D wday;csiw f ,f? udik w
f ,G af qmif&u
G o
f ifyh goenf;/ vlawGtwGuf tvkyt
f udik rf sm;rsm; ydzk efw;D ay;oifw
h ,f? vuf&dS
wcsKŒd owif;orm;awGu ud, k o
f wif;xl;zd@k owif;OD;zd@k tJ'gukd t"du NGO vkyo f m; trsKd;om;/ touf 35 ESpf (jrpf}uD;em;òrdŒe,f/ tajctaerS m vl t rsm;pk u wcsKd Œ u bG J @ &ayr,f h tvk y f v uf r J h
xm;=uw,f? owif;xl;wm owif;OD;wmvnf; aumif;ygw,f? 'gwif ucsifjynfe,f) jzpfae=uw,f?
ruao;bl; owif;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd vkyw f ahJ e&mrSm wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tusK;d udk wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udk ajz&Sif;yg? rvdktyfwJh tpdk;&,E W,m; vdifuGJjym;rItay: wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;ESifh
b,favmuf aqmif&Gufay;EdkifovJqdkwm pOf;pm;ay;apcsifw,f? k a&pDukd av#mch syg? tpd;k & 0efxrf;awGukd vpmaumif;aumif;eJ@ ywfoufí tpdk;&opfu rnfodkUaqmif&Gufay;vdrfhrnf[k
AsL±du
aemuf+y;D awmh tefwaD pmapmu ajymjzpfvm;awmhrodb;l ? xGuv f mwJh cHpm;cGifhawGay;yg? xifygovJ/
tcsed rf mS qufo, G af &; u¾u yd+k y;D awmh us,jf yef@vmw,f? qJvzf ek ;f vdifuGJjym;rItay: wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;r&Sdjcif;ESifh usr xif w mawmh trsKd ; orD ; awG t wG u f tvk y f t ud k i f
av;awGaygah emf vlwikd ;f rSm &Sw d ,f? tJ'aD wmh owif;awG[m ody+f y;D awmh ywfoufí tpdk;&opfu rnfodkUaqmif&Gufay;vdrfhrnf[k tcGit hf vrf; ydrk sm;vmr,f xifygw,f? tJ'ga=umifyh J vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay:
ta&;}uD;ygw,fvdk@? tJ'Dta&;}uD;wmudk rarhygeJ@vdk@? udk,f[m xifygovJ/ rnDrr# jzpfaewmawGvnf; avsmu h somG ;r,f xifygw,f?
ta&;}uD;wJh ae&mrSm &Sdaeygw,f? 'ga=umihfrdk@vdk@ tJ'Dae&mrSm usaemfawmh odyaf r#mv f ifch suf r&Syd gb;l ? zed'g/ ud0k ikd ;f ESihf cGeaf tmifw@kd rS jznfph u
G f owif;ay;yd@k ygonf?
rSerf eS u
f efuefe@J tefww D @kd trsm;pk aumif;usK;d twGuf vkyaf y;ygv@kd yJ rdrwd Ukd \ yxrOD;qH;k vTwaf wmftaeESihf rnfonfu h pd u
ö kd (Empowering the Burmese majority udk qDavsmfatmif
arwWm&yfccH siyf gw,f? wm0efow d hJ pdwef @J vkyo
f ihyf gw,f”? udik wf ,G af qmif&u G of ifyh goenf;/ jyefqdkazmfjyygonf?)
pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (6)
(28) Ed0k ifbmv? 2010

tvkyftudkif zefwD;ay;jcif;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ESpfaygif; 20 twGif; yxrqHk;a&G;aumufyGJukd 'guvnf; jznf;jznf;csi;f yJ vky&f rSm? vlawGu pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJukd trsK;d om; pD;yGm;a&;’ rl0g'udk usio fh ;kH oGm;rnfjzpf+y;D yd@k uek t
f om;ay;
usif;y&ef pdkif;jyif;aecsdefwGif rZÆdru jynfolrsm; &ifqdkifae&aom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHcJh&wm/ 'ga=umifh 'Djy\emudk csufcsif; ajz&Sif;vdk@ vGwv f yfaom aps;uGut f wGi;f pD;yGm;a&; vkyu f ikd o
f mG ;=u&rnfqo
kd nf?
t"dujy\em}uD;rsm;ESifh ,if;jy\em}uD;rsm;udk Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;u r&wm? +y;D awmh 'gu jynfoal wG vdv k m;r_ tay:rSmvnf; rlwnfw,f? vlro _ [Zmwjzpfr_ wnfaqmuf&ef vlrsm;pktyk pf rk sm;/ vlenf;pktyk pf k
rnfo@kd udik w
f ,G af jz&Si;f &ef pDpOfxm;onfukd avhvmcJyh gonf? ,ck pnf;±H;k a&;awGvyk wf ek ;f u rJqEN&iS af wGe@J pum;ajym=unhaf wmh olw@dk u rsm;/ wOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;t=um; t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tnDtr# cGJa0
'kw,
d ydik ;f wGif tvkyt f udik f tcGit hf vrf;rsm; zefw;D ay;jcif;ta=umif; ynma&;udk t"du vdck siw f m ajym=uw,f? usrwd@k ynma&;pepfukd ay;rnfjzpf+y;D vlrz_ v l akH &; apmifah &Smufru _ vkd nf; tnDtr# &&Sad p&ef
aqG;aEG;xm;onf? b,fvdkjyefvnfjyifqif&if aumif;rvJqdkwm ajym=uw,f? 'kwd, aqmif&u G af y;oGm;rnf[k qdo k nf? vlra_ &;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òz;d wd;k wufr_
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; tjrif jy\em}uD;u usef;rma&;udpP/ +yD;awmh rD;rSefrSef&zdk@eJ@ ywf0ef;usif rSerf eS }f u;D wd;k wufap&efEiS fh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh b¾ma&; wnf+ird rf &_ adS p&ef
OD;tkef;vGif npfnrf;r_ jy\emawGvnf; ygw,f? twGuv f nf; ygwu D txl;óu;d yrf;aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnf? obm0o,HZmw
(jynfo@l v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif;) ygwDr0l g'rsm; rsm;udk wm0efodod pDrHcef@cGJoGm;rnfjzpf+yD; tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;
trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; r[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@csKyf/ bdkuav;òrdŒe,f/ trsKd;om;Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk (NDF) tusK;d qufvufcpH m;cGifh &apa&; aqmif&u G rf nf? enf;ynm v$aJ jymif;
{&m0wDwdkif; r_rsm; yg0ifonfh Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS r_ sm;udv k nf; wd;k wufatmifvyk rf nf?
ppftpd;k &udk tar&duef/ +Aw d ed ef @J Oa&myor*~vkd Edik if }H u;D awGu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ukeo f ,G af &;wGif ygwo D nf Edik if w H um pnf;rsO;f enf;Oya'
oabmrusbl;qdkwm usaemf jynfolawGudk &Sif;jyw,f? wu,fvdk@ rsm;twdik ;f vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifomG ;rnf?
vlxu k a&G;cs,w f hJ tpd;k &om wufvmr,fq&kd if 'DEidk if }H u;D awGu 'D jynfaxmifp'k rD u kd a&pDygwD
vlxt k pd;k &udk axmufc=H urSmyJ? 'Dawmh Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS a_ wG wd;k vm
r,f? 'gt h jyif urBmb h %fe@J tm¶Sb%fawGuvnf; aiGawG acs;=ur,f?
'gawGukd wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ obm0o,HZmwawGe@J om aygi;f +y;D vkyv f u
kd &f &if
usaemfw@dk wkid ;f jynf[m wc%csi;f csr;f omwJh wdik ;f jynf jzpfomG ;r,f?
'Dawmh vlxu k a&G;cs,w f hJ tpd;k &w&yf&zdS @kd vkw d ,f? t&yfbuf tkycf sKyf
a&;udk ppfbufe@J om cGx J w k v f udk &f if wdik ;f jynfe@J pD;yGm;a&;rSm trsm;}u;D
tusK;d &Sv d mr,f? tvkyt f udik f tcGit hf vrf; awGvnf; wd;k vmr,f?
OD;vSodef;
('kw, d 'kOuUÏ trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDEiS fh zG@òH zd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD -
NDPP)
pufr_vkyfief;eJ@ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;ðr‡yfESHr_udk tm;ay;&r,f? EdkifiHjcm; tef'DtufzfygwD. pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'wGif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; jyefvnf
&if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS a_ =umifh puf±akH wG zGiv hf mEdik &f if Edik if o
H m; tm;vH;k twGuf emvefx&l eftwGuf Edik if w H um aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J (IMF)/ urBmb h %f
tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdvmr,f? tckavmavmq,fawmh (World Bank) wd@k uo hJ @kd Edik if w
H um pD;yGm;a&; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESifh eD;uyfpmG
vlwikd ;f udk tvkyaf y;Edik af vmufatmif puf±akH wG r&Sad o;bl;? vpmawG yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G u
f m aps;uGut f av;ay;onfh a&maESmpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd
r=umc% wd;k ay;aeayr,fh aiGa=u;r+ird w f m&,f/ vlaer_p&dwf jrifw h m usifhoHk;taumiftxnf azmf&ef &nf&G,fonf[k a&;om;xm;onf?
&,f/ 0ifaiGenf;wm&,fw@kd a=umifh &wJh vpmu ravmufb;l jzpfaew,f? tcGifhxl;cH a&ay:qDvlwef;pm;u pD;yGm;a&;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;rS
pD;yGm;a&; rwnf+idrf&if wdk;wufr_vnf; &SdrSm r[kwfbl;? 'Dawmh umuG,&f ef tef't D ufzu f Oya'rsm; jyÏmef;rnf[v k nf; a&;xm;onf?
pD;yGm;a&;wnf+ird zf @kd u yxrqH;k ajz&Si;f &r,fh jy\emyJ? obm0o,HZmwrsm; toHk;ðyjcif;ESihf a&mif;csjcif;rS&onhf tjrwfaiG
a':oef;oef;Ek rsm;udk jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tnDtr# cGJa0a&;/ tvkyfvufrJh
'kOuUÏ - 'Dru dk a&pDygwD av#mhcsa&;ESifh tvkyftudkifopfrsm; zefwD;a&;wdk@udkvnf; ðyvkyf
oGm;rnfqdkonf? jynfwGif;pm;oHk;r_ wdk;wufvma&;ESihf jynfwGif;
aps;uGucf ikd rf mawmihw f if;a&;wd@k twGuf a'oE &W ESifh aus;vufp;D yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufct H m;ay;oGm;rnf[v k nf; ajymonf?
wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;ygwD (NUP)

ygwDonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wHcg;zGifhaps;uGufudk aemufxyfzGHΘzd;

wdk;wufatmif vkyfrnf? odk@aomf jynfwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif
ta&twGuf wdk;wufvma&;twGuf axmufcHtm;ay;oGm;rnf?
Edifk if jH cm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESifh &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef oHS rl sm;udk rufv;kH ay;jcif;jzifh
wdik ;f jynfp;D yGm;a&;udk vuf&dS aus;vuftajccH pD;yGm;a&;rS owWKwGi;f
vkyif ef;/ pdu k yf sK;d a&;/ opfawm ESifh a&vkyif ef; wk@d ukd tav;xm;onhf
pufrt _ ajccH pD;yGm;a&;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJrnf? obm0o,HZmwrsm;
a&mif;cs&aiGrS &&So d nhf 0ifaiGukd jynfaxmifpEk iS fh jynfe,frsm;t=um;
aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f I cGaJ 0oGm;&ef ygwu D &nf&, G o f nf? obm0ywf0ef;usif
xde;f odr;f umuG,af &; rl0g'rsm;udv k nf; aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f csrw S o f mG ;rnf?
jrefrmEdkifiH tygt0if a'owGif; zGHΘzd;r_tenf;qHk; EdkifiHrsm;
qif;&JraJG wr_av#mch sa&;ESifh tvkyt f udik o f pfrsm; zefw;D ay;a&; enf;vrf;
3 oG,u f kd ukvor*~ tm&Sypdzw d af 'o vlra_ &;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;aumfr&Sif
(UNESCAP) u csrw S xf m;onf? tvkyo f rm;aps;uGut f wGi;f pGr;f aqmif&nf
jrihrf m;a&;ESifh txGuEf e_ ;f wd;k wufa&;/ ynma&;ESifh enf;ynmu|r;f usirf _
pD;yGm;a&;u usrwd@k yxrOD;pm;ay; ajz&Si;f &r,f[
h m? a&G;aumufyJG zG‹H òz;d wd;k wufa&;wd@k wiG f &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS r_ sm; wd;k wufðyvkyo f mG ;&ef/ 'kw, d
+yD;wmeJ@ (pD;yGm;a&;jy\emawG) udk csufcsif; ajz&Sif;&rSm? 'gayrJh ygwDrl0g' pm&Gufpmwef;rsm;t& wpnonf ‘vGwfvyfaom
wzufpmrsufEmS od‹k
 Ed0k ifbmv? 2010 pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (7)
(29)

tvkyt
f udik f zef;wD;ay;jcif; rSæ wcsed u f ppfwyf. 0ifaiGukd wd;k wufapcJo h nhf xifovdk pnf;rJu h rf;rJh jrefrmjynf vlO;D a& trsm;pk aexdik &f m aus;vufp;D yGm;a&;ESifh zG@òH z;d a&;
taejzifh ud, k yf ikd vf yk if ef;rsm;ESifh pGe@f O;D wDxiG f vkyif ef;rsm; jri‡ w hf ifay;Edik o f nfh tcGeaf umufonhf pepfuv kd nf; olu t"du ajymoGm;onf? Tod@k jzifh odompGm jzpfxeG ;f vmEdik o f nf? xkwv f yk rf _ ukeu f sp&dwf av#mch sEikd I f
tajctaersm; zefw;D ay;a&;ESifh aemufq;kH tqdyk g ud, k yf ikd v
f yk if ef;rsm; a'ocHrsm;twGuf zdtm;ydak ponf[k qdo k nf? v,f,mxGuu f ek rf sm; aps;aumif;&v#if aus;vuf0ifaiG wd;k vmEdik o f nf?
acs;aiGaps;uGuu f kd vufvrS ;f rDatmif ðyjyif&efw@kd jzpfonf? TOya'ESihfrnDbJ xifovdkaumufcHaeaom tcGeftaumuf a&eHEiS fh "mwfaiG@rS &aiGrsm;udk tajrmftjrif&&dS dS toH;k csa&;
TtpDtpOfonf &Si;f vif;+y;D wef;wef;rwfrwf &Sv d aS omfvnf; rsm;ukd ‘vrf;rsm;/ qdyu f rf;rsm;/ wHwm;rsm;/ jrpfrsm;ay:u jyef@usaJ eaom jrefrmtpd;k & a&eHEiS fh "mwfaiG@rS &aiGrsm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;udk Ed;_ qGay;&ef/
jrefrmEdik if u H pd rP mS xdo k @kd wef;wef;rwfrwf r&Syd g? jrefrmhpufrv _ yk if ef; ppfaq;a&;*dwrf sm;’ wGif aumufc=H uonf? ,if;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;zvS,rf _ jynfo@l 0efxrf;vkyif ef;ESifh tajccH taqmufttHw k @kd wiG f &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS r_ sm;
acwfaemufusa=umif; pufr_ukefxkwfvkyfief; ao;i,f+yD; tvGef ta&twGuf usvm+yD; (tvkyftudkifopfrsm; zefwD;ay;&rnfhtpm;) ðy&ef tcGithf vrf;rsm; ay:vmaprnfh ‘acwfopfw&yf zGiahf y;Edik v f rd rhf nf’
acwfaemufusonf[k avhvmoHk;oyfolrsm;u axmufjy=uonf? tvkyftudkifrsm; qHk;&H_;oGm;onf? ,if;ESihftwl 0ifaiGvnf; avsmh [k rES p f u *sKd ; Zuf p wpf * vpf jref r mEd k i f i H v mpOf u tav;xm;
ppftpk;d &u pD;yGm;a&;udk q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGm v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd cf +hJ y;D Oya't& oGm;aponf? ajymoGm;onf?
tumtuG,af y;r_uvnf; csnehf @J vo S nf? wdik ;f jynfrmS arSmifcpkd ;D yGm;a&; “ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGrSm aumufaewJh tcGefawGudk zsufay;zdk@ Source: Noleen Heyzer, Myanmar’s Political Transition:
ESihfom vnfywfaeojzifh yHkrSef r[kwfaom tqkdyg pD;yGm;a&;rSm vd k w ,f ? tck t xd a wmh b,f t pd k ; &urS ppf a q;a&; *d w f a wG r S m Opportunities for Economic and Social Development´ http://
tvGe}f u;D rm;+y;D xde;f csKyfrv _ nf; r&Sad y? aumufaewJh tcGeftaumufawGudk z,f&Sm;ay;EdkifwJh tvm;tvm www.unescap.org/oes/opeds/2010/myanmar-political.html
jrefrmEdkifiH. tajccHtaqmufttkH csKdŒwJhr_ESihf ao;i,faom r&Sdao;bl;”? vpmESifh tvkyt f udik f tcGit hf vrf;rsm; wd;k yGm;vma&; tpd;k &
ukex f w k vf yk rf _ u¾wk@d u tm;enf;csuf jzpfaea=umif;ESifh xd@k twGuf tvk y f t ud k i f jy\emES i f h quf E G , f a eonh f ud p P w &yf u bmvkyfoifhovJ
tvkyt f udik o f pf rsm;zefw;D a&;wGif twm;tqD;jzpfaea=umif; trsm;u 0rf;0±Hv
k yk af e&onhf tao;pm; v,form;rsm;tay: uef@owfcsurf sm; “aiGa=u;wefzdk; jrifhwufvmatmif tpdk;& aqmif&Gufoihfonf?
jrif=uonf? Tjy\emudk ajz&Si;f &efrmS jrefrmEdik if . H tjcm;jy\em jzpfonf? ,ck& aeaom vpmonf (wae@u)dk usyf 800 rS 1˜000 =um;om&Sv d #if
trsm;pkvykd if pdeaf c:r_w&yfjzpfonf? “ppfwyftpk;d &u vkyif ef;vdik pf ifxw k af y;xm;wJh ukeo f nfawGukd ,if;0ifaiGonf qefwjynfzdk;om &Sdonf? tpdk;&opfonf vkyfcrsm;
wdkif;jynfwGif &ifqdkifae&aom jy\emrsm;teuf t}uD;qHk;rSm tm;udk; p&mrvdkbJ v,form;awGeJ@ (udk,fpm;vS,fawG) u olwdk@ wd k ; wuf a tmif aqmif & G u f o if h o nf ? yxrqH k ; arS m if c k d p D ; yG m ;a&;
v#ypf pfr;D &&Sad &;yif jzpfonf? v,f,m xGuu f ek af wGukd vGwv f w
G v f yfvyf o,fy@kd Eikd zf @kd vdw
k ,f”? ay:ayguaf ponhf vmbfay;vmbf,u l kd wm;qD;&rnf? vmbfay;r_&v dS #if
“tajccHtaqmufttkaH wG raumif;wm/ txl;ojzihf pdwrf cs&wJh oihw f ifah umif;rGew f hJ tvkyq f w
kd m bmvJ aiGa=u;wefz;kd usqif;vmrnf? Tvkyv f yk af om jynfow l @kd pGr;f tifukd
v#ypf pfr;D a=umihf jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ukex f w k uf ¾rSm Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS u _ dk urBmhtvkyform;tzGJ@ (ILO ) . owfrSwfcsuft& oihfwifh ðzef ; wD ; &ma&muf o nf ? jynf w G i f ; xk w f u k e f w ef z d k ; pk p k a ygif ;
qGJaqmifzdk@ cufw,f” [k rufuGdKif;,m;wuUodkvf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefaom tvkyfqdkonfrSm “oifhwifhaom 0ifaiG&&Sdap+yD; wdk;wufvmv#if xkwfvkyfr_ t&nftaoG;ESihf aiGa=u;wefzdk;vnf;
apmih=f unft h zG@J rS ynm&Sio f ak woD t,fvpfqif Apfu&D (Alison Vicary) vdkufygwdk;wufvmrnf?” (trsKd;om;rJqEN&iS w f OD; - a&póudòrdŒe,f/
u ajymonf? rauG;wdkif;)
“cifAsm;qDrmS v#ypf pfr;D rS raocsm&if ukex f wk u f ¾qdw k mvnf; “ol w d k @ rS m tvk y f t ud k i f tcG i f h t vrf ; ay;p&m r&S d b l ; /
r&SdEdkifbl;”? b,fvt kd vkyrf sK;d olw@kd u ay;Edik rf mS vJ” (rJqEN&iS w f OD; - rwW&mòrdŒe,f/
v#ypf pfr;D rSerf eS &f onfqv kd #iyf if vuf&u dS ek xf w k v f yk rf u _ ¾wGif rE Wav;wdkif;)
jy\emrsm;pGm &Sdonf? txdef;tuGyfrJhjcif;/ tvkyfcGif usef;rma&; “yxrqH k ; tpd k ; &0ef x rf ; awG wjcm;Ed k i f i H a wG r S m &aeovd k
apmifha&Smufr_/ vHkòcHr_tqifhtwef; edrfhusjcif; ponfwdk@ jzpfonf? vpm vH k v H k a vmuf a vmuf &oih f w ,f ? vmbf a y;wmud k v nf ;
axmuf j yp&m vk y f i ef ; cG i f r S m txnf c sKyf v k y f i ef ; cG i f jzpf o nf ? zsufodrf;oihfw,f? t&ifqkH; tpdk;&0efxrf;tm;vHk;&JΠvpmawGudk
vkyfcvpmenf;yg;jcif;ESihf tvkyfortrsm;pk. vkyfom;aps;uGufudk wdk;jr‡ihfay;&r,f? +yD;&if pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awGu tusKd;tjrwf&aewJh
acgi;f yHjk zwf tjrwfxw k cf aH e&jcif;wd@k jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGe@J tpd;k &0efxrf;awGukd oifah wmfr#wpGm ay;&r,f/
pD;yGm;a&; zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufr_ESihf tvkyftudkifopfrsm; zefwD;a&;wGif w&m;r#wr_&adS tmif vkyaf y;&r,f? vpmaumif;aumif;&wJh tvkyaf wGukd
aemuf x yf tcuf t cJ twm;tqD ; rsm;pG m &S d a eonf [ k v nf ; usaemfwdk@ vdkcsifw,fqdkayr,fh usaemfwdk@rSm ausmif;raeEdkifwJh
t,fvpfqifu ajymonf? uav;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? pmrwwfwJh olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yJ?
“&ef u k e f q d y f u rf ; tajctaeu tawmf q d k ; wm” [k rpf 'Dawmh 'DvdkpmroifEdkifwJh olawGtwGuf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
t,fvpfqifu qufajymonf? 'grrS [kwf urBmt h qifrh D tjcm; qufpyf&m oifwef;wckck oifay;Edik rf ,fh
“ydk@ukeform;qdkwm ol@ukefypPnf;udk wwfEdkifor# tjrefqHk;eJ@ tusK;d &So d nhf tvkyv f yk cf iG hf tcGit hf vrf;/ vkyif ef;cGif vHòk caH &;ESifh rdom;pk tzGJ@tpnf;wckck &Sdzdk@vdkw,f? todtrSwfðy vufrSwfwckck&EdkifwJh
aps;taygq;kH wkid ;f jynftjyif xkwo f mG ;zd@k vdw k ,f? qdyu f rf;eJ@ vrf;awG vlrt _ umtuG,/f yk*Kd~ vfa&; wd;k wufrE_ iS fh vlra_ &;aygi;f pnf;a&;twGuf oifwef;rsKd; wufEdkif&if tqifhtwef;&Sdw,fvdk@ todtrSwfðycH&r,fh
raumif;&if p&dwfawG wufvmr,f/ wjcm; vkyftm;c aps;aygwJh yd k a umif ; onh f tvm;tvmrsm;&S d j cif ; / vl x k p d k ; &d r f a =umif h = ur_ u d k tvkyfrsKd;udk &Edkifw,f? yxrqHk; tvkyform;awG&JΠu|rf;usifr_eJ@
Edik if aH wGe@J Ei_d ;f &if òyid q f ikd Ef ikd pf rG ;f avsmo h mG ;r,f”? vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG &hf jdS cif;/ olw@kd b0udk tusK;d oufa&muf Edk;=um;r_udk jr‡ifhwifay;&r,f? 'grS t&nftcsif;&SdwJh vkyfom;awGudk
od@k aomf aemufxyf pdeaf c:csuf pm&if;&Sn}f u;D &Syd gao;onf? Edik of nhf qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S &f mwGif pnf;±H;k cGiEhf iS fh yg0ifciG &hf jdS cif;/ trsK;d orD; b,fa&G@ b,fr# ay;&r,fqw kd m Oya'eJ@ owfrw S Ef ikd rf ,f?” (rJqEN&iS w f OD;
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif ryGifhvif;r_rsm; &Sdaejcif;a=umifh jcpm;r_ trsKd ; om; tm;vH k ; twG u f tcG i f h t vrf ; wl n D a &;ES i h f wl n D p G m - wmarGòrdŒe,f/ &efuek w f ikd ;f )
t}u;D tus,af y: vmap+y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd &f mwGif pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;/ qufqcH &H jcif;” wk@d jzpfonf? rl0g'a&;&mwGif tm±Hpk u kd of ifah om txl;tkypf rk sm;
&if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef o HS rl sm;taejzifh pmjzifah &;xm;aom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk jrefrmjynfu bmvkyo f ifo
h vJ jrefrmtygt0if tm&Sypdzdwfa'o&Sd zG@Hòzd;r_tenf;qHk; EdkifiHrsm;rS
tm;ud;k rvkyEf ikd af wmhay? aemufq;kH pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wck atmifjrif&ef jrefrmtpdk;&udk enf;ynmESihf rl0g'ulnDay;a&; tpDtpOft& vkyfom; pkpkaygif;. 85 &mE_ef;jzpfaom vkyfom; 105 oef;onf
twGuf ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ olwdk@vuf&if; vl,Hkrsm;ESihf yk*~dKvfa&; urBmhukvor*~ tm&Sypdzdwfa&;&m pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlr_a&;aumfr&Sif w&ufv#if tar&duef a':vm 2 a':vmatmufom &onf? olw@kd onf
qufqrH a_ umif;jcif;ay:wGio f m rlwnfaeawmhonf? (ESCAP) u Edb k ,fp;D yGm;a&;qk&iS f *sK;d Zufpwpf*vpf (Joseph Stigliz) ‘qif;&Jtvkyo f rm;rsm;’ jzpf=uonf?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufa&;ESihf tvkyftudkifopf udk jrefrmEdik if H ac:vmcJo h nf? qif;&JraJG wr_ av#mch sa&;ESifh zG@òH z;d wd;k wufa&; odk@aomf tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_ESihf t&nftcsif;ESihf oifhawmfaom
zefw;D ay;a&;. aemuftcuftcJrmS jynfwiG ;f aps;uGut f wGi;f Edik if yH ikd f twGuf pwpf*vpfu t}uHay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf tufpfuyftzGJ@u tvkyftudkif r&&Sdr_rsm;a=umifh tcsKdŒtkyfpkrsm;wGif tcsKd;rnDpGm
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_udk wdkufzsufa&; jzpfonf? qif;&JrGJawr_av#mhcsa&;ESihf tvkyftudkifopfrsm; zefwD;a&;twGuf xdcu kd af eonf[k okawoeu jyqdo k nf?
tvkyt f udik o f pfrsm; zefw;D ay;a&;udk Ed;_ qGay;Edik &f ef jynfwiG ;f pD;yGm;a&;udk tpd;k &opf vkyo f iho
f nfh t"duvkyif ef; 4 &yfukd wifjycJo h nf? 1? zGH@òzd;r_tenf;qHk; (LDC) vlO;D a&wGif vli,fyg0ifr_ tcsK;d tpm;u
zGiahf y;a&;/ ydak umif;aom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; azmfxw k af &;/ vlxak cs;aiG yd@k uke&f aiGukd jynfwiG ;f wGif jyefvnfðryfEaHS &; }u;D aeonf? tm&Sypdzw d af 'o&Sd t,fv'f pD rD sm;wGif (touf 15 rS 24
&&Sad &;wd@k vkyaf qmif&rnf[k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sirf sm; ajymqd=k uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. urf;vGef"mwfaiG@vkyfuGufrsm; qufvufzGH@òzd; ESp=f um;) tvkyv f ufrv hJ il ,f 2 oef; &So d nf? tufpu f ufa'owGi;f &Sd
Tpdefac:csufrsm; tm;vHk;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifonfqdkv#ifyif jrefrm wdk;wufaeonfhtwGuf tpdk;&opftaejzifh ydk@ukef&aiGrsm; odompGm t,f'DpD vli,fxk. 6²2 &mE_ef; jzpfonf? ,if;udef;*%ef;onf
vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ‘oihfwifhaumif;rGefaom’ tvkyftudkif &&Sda&;rSm wd;k wuf&&Sv d m+y;D T0ifaiGrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlra_ &; &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef rHS w _ iG f tm&Sypdzdwfa'o t,fvf'DpD EdkifiHrsm;. pkpkaygif; tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&
tmrcHcsuf r&Sad o;ay? oHk;Edkifonf? w0ufe;D yg; ¶So d nf?
vkyfief;cGif usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ESihf vHk+cHKa&;/ tvkyfcsdefESihf atmufq;kH tv$m jynforl sm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; vrf;zGiahf y;jcif; 2? tvk y f a ps;uG u f w G i f ; 0if & mwG i f trsKd ; orD ; rsm;u
tcsdefydkvkyfcsdef owfrSwfa&;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifhðya&;/ vlra_ &;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vHòk crH &_ adS &;twGuf zG@òH z;d wd;k wufr_ uGm[csuf trsK;d om;rsm;xufyI kd twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh óu&H onf?
tvkyform;tcGifhta&;udk Oya't& umuG,fay;a&;/ tvkyform; av#mhcsa&;rSm ta&;ygonf? TudpPwGif qif;&Jom;rsm; wufºuGpGm r=umc%yif trsK;d orD;rsm;onf tjcm;a&G;p&mr&SI d yHrk eS rf [kwf
pHcsdefpHn$ef;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;twGuf yg0ifrj_ zifh vsijf refpmG atmifjrifapEdik o f nf? qif;&Jom; tvkyo f rm;rsm;. aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; (informal economy) wGif 0ifvyk =f u&onf?
enf ; vrf ; rsm; &S m azG a &;wd k @ uJ h o d k @ tvk y f o rm; pH c sd e f p H n $ e f ; rsm; u|rf;usifr_ t&nftcsif;udk jr‡ihfwifay;jcif;/ jynfol@0efxrf;tvkyfrsm; tm&Sypdzw d af 'o t,fv'f pD ED ikd if rH sm;rS trsK;d orD;trsm;pk pdu k yf sK;d a&;
jrefrmjynfrmS ¶kyv f ;Hk ay:atmif azmfaqmifz@dk vdo k nf? vkyfudkifapjcif;wkd@a=umifh wdkuf±dkuftm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_udk vk y f i ef ; wG i f 0if v k y f = u&onf ? (b*F v m;a'h & S f w G i f 78 &mE_ e f ; /
v$wfawmfopfu rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm; vkyfcvpmwdk;wufa&;ESihf jri‡ w fh ifay;+y;D pD;yGm;a&;wckv;kH udv k nf; wnf+ird af ponf? atmufajcxk uarBm'D;,m;wGif 75 &mE_e;f )
tvkyt f udik o f pfrsm; zefw;D a&;twGuf pOf;pm;&mwGif pufrv _ yk if ef;ESifh xuf0ufudk tusK;d &Spd mG yg0ifaqmif&u G af pjcif;jzifh Edik if rH sm; vsijf refpmG 3? tjrpf w G , f a eaom t,f v f ' D p D qif ; &J r G J a wr_ a =umif h
ukex f w k v f yk if ef;udk txl;tm±Hpk u kd jf cif;a=umifh olw@dk t"du tm±Hpk u kd f wkd;wufvmcJhonf? uav;oli,f trsm;tjym; tvkycf iG f 0if=u&onf?
oiho f nhf v,f,mu¾ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyif ef;rsm;rS vrf;vGo J mG ;rnfh pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHEk iS fh rl0g'ykid ;f ðyjyifr_ wurBmvHk;wGif uav;vkyfom;avsmhusaeonf xif&csdefwGif
tE W&m,f&Sdaejyefonf? pD ; yG m ;a&;wG i f vl r sm; yd k r d k y g0if v mapjcif ; ES i h f aus;vuf E S i h f tm&Sypdzw d f a'oY uav;tvkyo f rm; cef@reS ;f acs 127 oef; &Sad eqJ
jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;wGif ppfwyfu¾udk ajymif;vJa&;rSm xdyyf ikd ;f wGio f m vlrt _ aqmufttHrk sm;wGif &if;ES;D ðry‡ Ef jHS cif;/ ,SOòf yid rf u _ kd tm;ay;jcif;ESifh jzpfonf? xkyd rm%rSm urBmu h av;OD;a&. xuf0ufausmo f nf?
vkyjf cif; rjzpfoifyh g? e,fpyfwiG f pcef;csxm;=uaom ppfom;rsm;a=umifh vkyfief;i,frsm; wnfaxmifjcif;wdk@onf tpkd;&opf ta&;w}uD; Source: Employment Issues in Asia-Pacific LDCs,
vnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk yHyk suaf ponf/ xde;f csKyfreG ;f usyaf eaponf? vky&f rnfh tvkyrf sm; jzpfonf? Presentation by Mr. Kim Hak-Su, United Nations Under-
“'Dppfom;awGudk A[kdtpdk;&u vHkvHkavmufavmuf axmufyHh tao;pm; ukeo f nfrsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;udk ulnjD cif; Secretary-General and Executive Secretary, Economic and
xm;wm r[kwb f ;l ? a'ocHawG vkyt f m;ay:rSm rScD +kd y;D ae&wm? 'Dawmh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESihf aus;vufpD;yGm;a&;wGif AsL[musus Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) http:/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd t[ef@twm; jzpfapw,f? 0ifaiGe@J t&if;tjrpf &if;ESD;ðr‡yfESHjcif;u tusKd;rsm;pGm &aponf? ,if;a=umifh pm;eyf&duQm /www.un.org/docs/ecosoc/meetings/2006/hls2006/
awGu ppfwyfqD a&mufomG ;r,f”? vHkòcHr_ESihf aus;vufpm;0wfaea&; jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifonf? documents/ESCAP.pdf
pmrsuf
tcsyfEySmkd (8)
(30) Ed0k ifbmv? 2010
a&G ; aumuf y G J t wG u f jref r mjynf r jyef c if =umoyaw;ae@
naecif;uvnf; jrefrmjynfqikd &f m +Aw d ed o f t
H rwf}u;D tif'±l;[de;f udk
Edik if jH cm;om; owif;axmufrsm;uvyfwiG f awG@c&hJ ao;onf? Ed0k ifbm
7 &uf ae@v,f 3 em&DcGJcef@u rJ¶kHrydwfcifwGif olESihf w,fvDzkef;
tifwmAsL;vkyfcGihf &cJhonf? vlrsm; rJoGm;ay;onfukd jrif&onfrSm
[kwfovkdvkd&Sdaomfvnf; vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfyrm rwufºuGbJ vufav#mh
t¶_;H ay;aeovdk jrif&a=umif; olu ajymonf?
tpD & if c H p mrsm;t& rJ v uf r S w f r sm;wG i f wOD ; csif ; eH y gwf r sm;
wyfxm;+y;D xdt k wGuf vrf;p&Smvku d Ef ikd uf m rJrmS ;ay;rdv#if vufpm;acs
cH&rnfudk a=umufae=uonfvnf; qdo k nf?
csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ESifh ta=umufw&m; ay:vGio f nhf vuQ%mrsm; &Srd &Sd

xl;rjcm;em; tajymif;tvJ ar;jref;&mwGif “tckxufxdawmh tJvdk[mrsKd; r&SdcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh

tvky+f y;D oGm;ovdk cHpm;ae=uwmawmh &Syd gw,f” [k qdo
vl@tcGit fh a&; avhvmapmih=f unhaf &;tzG@J tm&Swu
t}u;D wef; okawoerSL; a';Apf roDqefuv
k nf?
kd cf rJG S jrefrmjynf
kd nf; a&G;aumufyaJG emufyikd ;f
a'gufwm a&Smifprpf
qufvufta&;,lyw d q f @kd rE_ iS fh ywfoufI Edik if jH cm;om; owif;axmuf
rsm; toif;wGif ar;jref;cGifh &&Scd o hJ nf?
jrefrmppftyk pf u k kd tm&SEiS fh tjcm;Edik if rH sm; yl;aygi;f r_ tusKd ;qufukd
pOf;pm;&if; a';ApfroDqefu Tta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;onf ypfrSwf
(txl;ojzihf ppftkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;. aiGa=u;ydkifqdkifr_ pm&if;ESihf
vufeuf0,f,rl r_ sm;) ydw k w d u d sus&&dS rnf/ aocsm okawoejyK pOf;pm;&
rnf? od@k ro S m ydwq f @dkru_ dk rvkv d m;aom Edik if rH sm; ykv d ufcv H mrnf[k qdo k nf?
jrefrmjynf vlrt _ ajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufI tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk &efyakH iG ydw k ;kd ay;&rnf/ vlxt k aejzihf jrefrmjynfxYJ
tpd;k &r[kwo f nhf tzG@J rsm; &ifqikd af e&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk em;vnfz@kd
vdo k nf qdo k nf?
jrefrmjynfwGif; r0ifEdkifaom a&G;aumufyGJ apmihf=unhfolrsm; bmawG@w,fqdkwmudk apmihf=unhftpD&ifcHzdk@ wdkif;jynfwjynf[m txl;ojzihf “jrefrmjynfom;awGukd pGr;f &nfjri‡ w fh ifay;wJh tpDtpOf
Edk0ifbm 7 &ufu xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;om; owif;axmufrsm; uvyfwGif owif;orm;awGudk cGihfðy&ygw,f? jrefrmtpdk;&[m 'Da&G;aumufyGJ rsK;d awGukd ydt k m¶Hpk u
kd &f r,f? +y;D awmh ppftyk pf t k aeeJ@vnf; tE &W m,f
pkòyHaejcif;u jrefrma&G;aumufyGJtay: EdkifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;. jzpfpOfawG&ŒJ w&m;r#wr_e@J yGiv fh if;jrifomr_tay: wufvmr,hf ar;cGe;f r&Sb d ;l qH;k jzwfxm;&if 'DtpDtpOfawGukd cGijfh yKrSmyg” [k qdo k nf?
wH@k jyefcsuu f dk jyaeawmhonf? awGtwGuf Edik if w H um owif;axmufawGukd wm;qD;ydwq f @kd cyhJ gw,f”? Ed k 0 if b m 7 &uf u Ed k i f i H j cm;owif ; axmuf r sm; toif ; wG i f
Ed k i f i H w um avh v mapmih f = unh f o l r sm;/ owif ; axmuf r sm;/ “Edik if jH cm;om; owif;axmufawG jynf0ifciG fh r&=uygb;l ? olw@kd awG ðyvkyfonhf tpDtpOf {nhfcHol xdkif;/ jrefrm/ vmtdk/ uarBm'D;,m;
oHwrefrsm;/ vl@tcGit fh a&; jri‡ wfh iforl sm;ESifh Edik if aH &;oabmxm;rsKd ;pkH txJomG ;zd@k c&D;oGm; ADZmawGyJ &cJ=h uygw,f? tJvkd urBmvSnfh c&D;oGm; EdkifiHrsm;qdkif&m uae'goHtrwf}uD; &Gefa[mhzfref;u jrefrmjynfwGif
&Sdolrsm;tay: ppftkyfpk uef@owfcsufrsm;t& “armifwkd@rvmEkdif” yHpk eH @J oGm;wJh Edik if jH cm;om; owif;axmuf 2 a,muf/ 3 a,mufvnf; taumif;bufu ajymif;vJa&;twGuf cdkifrmonhf oufaorsm;
jzpfae=u&onf? a&G;aumufyt JG ay: olw@dk a,bk,soabmwlncD suu f jyefarmif;xkwcf &H ygw,f” [kvnf; qdo k nf? ay:rvmv#if uae'gu jrefrmjynfay:wGif wif;rmpGm qufvufcsO;f uyf
“apmihaf r#m=f unh¶f o _ nf/ od@k aomf trsm;}u;D ajymif;rnf rar#mEf iS ”fh [l.? vGwv f yfaom a&G;aumufyrJG sm; apmih=f unhaf &; tm&SueG , f ufu oGm;rnf[k ajymonf?
vGwv f yfr#waom a&G;aumufyw JG ck jzpfcyhJ govm;[k Edik if jH cm;om; jrefrmhta&; avhvmol xdkif;vlrsKd; cGefpGefp&D [memEkwmqufu Edik if wH um vl@tzG@J tpnf;taejzihf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pD twdu k tf cH
owif;axmufrsm;toif; OuUÏ rm0rf ruefrmumukd yxrqHk; &efuek rf aS eI w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf ajAmifusus ajymonfu “'Da&G;aumufyu JG rsm; udkifqGJxm;onhf oydwfarSmufjcif;ESihf tpdk;&opfukd a0zefr_jzihf
ar;cJhygonf? [mowckyJ r[kwfvm;? 'Dta=umif; ygwDawGeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,fawG yl;aygif;jcif;qdkonhf “vrf;a=umif; ESpfa=umif;” vkH;udk cGJjcm;raebJ
“b,fa&G;aumufyrJG qdk wckar#mv f ih&f wmu a&G;aumufyaJG e@rmS em;a&mvnf=u&JŒvm;” [k qdo k nf? qufvuf vufcx H m;oiho f nf[k [de;f ESifh a[mhzrf ef;wd@k u qdo k nf?

rJay;olenf;onfh a&G;aumufyaJG y: oHo,ykv

d m

(rZPsrd owif;Xme) Ek0d ifbm 10 ajymonf? tjyif;txef a0zefjcif;udk cHae&aom 'DcsKyfcGJxGuftzGJ@ NDF udk
2010 jrefrma&G;aumufy. JG xl;jcm;csurf mS ygwrD sm; ta=umif;ESifh }uHhckdifa&;ygwDurl olwdk@ukd trsm;qHk; rJay;rnfholrSm tpdk;& axmufcHonfxuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. acgif;aqmifr_aemufudk
a&G;aumufyJG rl0g'rsm;ta=umif; vlawGoyd rf od=ujcif; jzpfonf? 0efxrf;rsm;/ yifpifpm;rsm;/ ysHusvkyfom;rsm;ESihf tvkyfvufrJhrsm;[k vduk &f ef ydvk v
kd m;=uonf?
qENraJ y;cGi&hf o dS l 4˜000 ausmu f kd ar;jref;cJah om rZÆrd ppfwrf;t& od x m;onf ? od k @ aomf tpd k ; & 0ef x rf ; ES i h f tvk y f v uf r J h r sm;om 59 &mE_ e f ; aom v,f o rm; tajz&S i f r sm;u udk , f p m;vS , f
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESifh bmoma&; todik ;f t0dik ;f rS axmufcrH &J &ef pdwcf s&onhf tkypf Ek pS cf k jzpfonf? avmif;rsm;. rl0g'rsm;udk odem;vnfa=umif; ajzqdk=uonf? Tokd@
yk*~dKvfrsm;u ygwDrsm;ESihf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ta=umif; 50 &mE_ef; ajzqdkol tpdk;&0efxrf; 145 OD;teuf 65 &mE_ef; u }uHhcdkifa&; 0ifpm;r_rsm;jcif;u ‚if;wkd@ qif;&Jusyfwnf;r_a=umifh EdkifiHa&;tajymif;
ausmf o d o nf [ k ajymqd k = uonf ? bmoma&; tk y f p k u ajzqd k o l uk,d pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk axmufcrH aJ y;rnf ajymcJo h nf? Tygwo D nf tvJwiG f vlra_ &;ESifh zG@òH z;d a&; ajymif;vJru _ kd vdv
k m;ae=uaoma=umifh
ta&twGurf mS rajymyavmufyg? rnfonht f yk pf u
k rS 63 &mE_e;f ausmf vuf&Sdjrefrmppftpdk;&. t&yfom;rsufESmzHk;pGyfxm;aom udk,fyGm; jzpfonf?
em;vnfonf rajym=uay? ygwD o mjzpf o nf [ k trsm;u ,H k = unf a e=uonf ? rJ 0 ,f o nf [ k ausmif;om;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSty usefajzqdkoltkyfpk
od@k aomf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. rl0g'rsm;ta=umif; odem;vnfrr_ mS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pGyfpGJcHae&onfh }uHhckdifa&;ygwD vmbfxdk;r_udk tm;vHk;twGuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;ESihf wdkuf¶dkufxdawG@r_ &&Sd
xduk , kd pf m;vS,rf sm; ta=umif;od&jdS cif;xufyif enf;ao;onf? rJq, G rf _ awmifch EH ikd pf rG ;f r&S[ d k ,lq&onfh tvkyv f ufrahJ jzqko d l w0ufe;D yg;u jcif;uom olw@kd z@dk txda&mufq;kH jzpfaeonf? owif;tcsut f vuf
trsm;qH;k vkycf ahJ om/ ajzqdo k l trsm;qH;k aexdik af om &efuek v f kd ae&m tqdyk g ppftpd;k &ygwu D akd xmufcrH nf[k xkwaf zmfajym=uonf? jzef@jzL;&mwGif vufurf;a=umfjimrsm;onf txda&mufq;kH jzpfa=umif;
rSmyif xdo k @kd oed m;vnfr_ acgi;f yg;a=umif; jyaeonf? twdkuftcHbufu trmcHrsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ awG@&onf?
xdyfqHk;u ajy;aeaom ygwDESpfckjzpfonhf NDF ESihf jynfaxmifpk ausmif;om;rsm;wdk@=um; rJay;a&;ESihfywfoufI trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif 279 OD;teuf 137 OD;u vlcsif;odu|rf;
}uchH ikd af &;ESifh zG@H òz;d a&;ygwD USDP wd@k teuf NDF udk yk*v ~ u
d ESifh Edik if w H um ae=ua=umif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f awG@&Sd&onf? ajzqdkol 141 OD;teuf &if;ESD;r_ESifh tvkyftudkifcsif; eD;pyfqufpyfr_wkd@a=umifh woD;yk*~v
NGO 0efxrf;rsm;/ rSc D rkd sm;ESifh tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u axmufcrH y_ rkd sm;a=umif; oH k ; yH k w yH k r jynh f a om 43 OD ; u woD ; yk * ~ v trwf a vmif ; rsm;ud k ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk rJay;rnf[k ajzqd=k uonf?
awG@&onf? rJay;rnfq=kd uonf? ppftpd;k &. }uchH idk af &;udk axmufcrH nfo h rl mS NDF r=umcifESpfrsm;u rD'D,mvkyfief; odompGm wdk;wufvmaomf
yk*v ~ ud u¾rS ajzqdo k l vkyo f m; 195 OD;teuf 98 OD;u NDF udk udk rJay;rnfholxuf ESpfq &Sdonf? ausmif;om; 24 OD;u }uHhzGH‹udk vnf; vufurf;a=umfjimpm&Gurf sm;udk tm;ud;k ae&jcif;/ ud, k pf m;vS,f
axmufcHonf[k qkdonf? EdkifiHwum NGO 0efxrf; ajzqdkol 123 rJay;rnf[k ajzonf? avmif;rsm;ESifh wdu k ¶f u
kd x
f ad wG@jcif;wk@d u enf;ynmwd;k wufr_ csKŒd wJ+h y;D
OD;teuf 87 OD; od@k r[kwf 70 &mE_e;f ausmu f xkd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD od@k aomf tqdyk gausmif;om;rsm;rSm NLD u awmif;qdkxm;aom owif;vGwfvyfcGifh r&Sdaom jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmu. pD;yGm;a&;
tzG@J csKyf NLD rS yJx h u G v f maom cGx J u G f NDF tzG@J ukd axmufcrH aJ y;rnf rJray;a&;udk vdu k ef mrnho f rl sm; jzpfz,
G &f odS nf? 'DcsKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;. oauFwjzpfaeawmhonf?