Luminary 4 of 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.
1
1
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

2
“tvif;tdrf.rl0g'”
(1) ppfreS af ompmayvGwv f yfciG &hf aSd p&ef?
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arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf//

3
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Public Enemy Myu Tsaw 13
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4
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CHANGE rdk;aumif; 61
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5
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6
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om; nDtudak rmifErS rsm;udk “w&m;0ifppfu|ejf yKa&;” t"rR Oya'yifjzpfonf// 2010
a&G;aumufyGJonf xdk t"rR Oya'tm; tajcjyKv#uf ppfu|efvufudkifwkwf
a&G;cs,af &; yifjzpfonf//
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tm%m&Sirf eS o
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7
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14 atmufwdkbm 1999
8
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D aD tmif.arG;ae@ trSww f &a&;zG@J ygonf )

9
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a'gorsm; ESv;kH om;rSm pDwef;vSnv hf nf qENjyaew,f ?

10
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atmifcikd jf rifh

11
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oem;p&m vlwpk ? ?

12
Public Enemy
oef; 50 ausmf
vlx&k @J qENww H m;udk &duk cf sKd ;&if;
yvife@J zif *a[quf
rm,mawGay: &l;csiaf ,mifaqmif
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ig'@kd &@J Public Enemy ?
oef; 50 ausmf
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vlx&k @J 'u k rQ ;D rsu&f nfjyifay: vlx&k @J ar#mv f ifjh cif;
2008 eJ@ rawmfrw&m;avSmcf wf &d;k om;r_ tdyrf ufrsm;xd
ppfuseG Zf wfoiG ;f rJh 2010 eJ@ e,fcs@J / vk,uf / azmufpm;
t&l;trl;}uD; rdu k rf rJ hJ &efoil g;yg; xufru
ppfb&k if&;l }uD; oef;a&$[m cufxefq;kd ,kwf =urf;=uKwf
ig'@kd &@J Public Enemy ? t&l;trl;}uD; rdu k rf aJ ewJh
21 &mpk e,fcs@J vufopf
tm%m&Sif oef;a&$[m
ig'@kd &@J Public Enemy ?
Myu Tsaw
11 Oct 2009
(Public Enemy - vlx&k efol )
It is better to die on your foot than live on your knees.

13
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14
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wifatmifp;kd

15
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tzwfq,f r&atmif ysupf ;D aew,f ?

16
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17
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18
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19
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cef;'gatmifcrf;
(13 / 10 /2009 )

20
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21
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22
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23
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jzpfonf// jzpf=u.//

24
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t&yf&dS oa&cwW&m jynfe,fYvnfaumif; aexdik v f su&f +dS yD//

25
Edik if aH &;[lonf
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jzpfonf//
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ud, k Ehf ikd if H om;. ta&;jzpfonf// Edik if o H m;wdk . h ta&;onfyif Edik if aH &;jzpfonf//
26
Edik if aH &;qdv k #if vlawGu wpfrsKd ;wpfzkH xifwwfonf// tm%mEdik if aH &;/ ygwED ikd if aH &;
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vufa&Smifwwf=uonf//
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tvk y f [ l o nf v nf ; Ed k i f i H . a0,sm0pP t vk y f o mjzpf . // xd k a =umif h
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av;pm;vdkufem&rnf//
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Edik if t H a&; udk yg0ifaqmif&u G =f u&rnf// Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k yg0ifaqmif&u G =f u&rnf/
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u vlonf Edik if aH &;owW0gjzpfonf//Edik if aH &;wGif pdwrf 0ifpm;aomolonf ewfaomf
vnfaumif;/ EGm;aomfvnfaumif;om jzpf&rnf//vlr[kwEf ikd [ f q k okd nf//
Edik if oH m;jzpfv#uf ud, k Ehf ikd if t
H a&;udk pdwrf 0ifpm;v#if xdo k o l nf xdEk ikd if o H m;
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aoa&; &Siaf &;yifjzpfonf[k ocifbaomif;u qdck o hJ nf//
Edik if aH &;. oabm obm0udk Adv k cf sKyfu atmufygtwdik ;f zGiq hf ckd o
hJ nf//
“Edik if aH &;. oabmtrSerf mS u|Eykf w f kd /h vlom;wdk Eh iS hf rwefr&m jrifjh rwfveG ;f

27
onfvnf;r[kwf/ edrfhusvGef;onfvnf;r[kwf/ b,folaoao iawrm+yD;a&m
pdwaf Zm ESihf vky&f aom ta&;udpv P nf;r[kw/f / Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS u|Eykf w f kd h vl
ah vmuwGif ae@pOfEiS t fh r# }uHKawG ah e&aom udpyP ifjzpfonf//
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EGm;ausmif;aejcif;onf Edik if aH &;jzpf.// aumifrav;wpfa,muf yJjyKwfa&mif;aejcif;
onf Edik if aH &;jzpf.// tbGm;tdw k pfa,muf vrf;ab; ta=umfa=umfa&mif;aejcif;onf
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28
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29
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jzpfygw,f//

30
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Ed0k ifbm 30 /2008

31
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32
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34
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aumif;rsm;vmEdik yf gw,f? wqufxrJ mS r±Surf a=umuf [dzk uf-'Dzuf +cHu;l wmawG
vnf;awG@vm&ygvdrfhr,f? [dkyk*~dKvfrsm;ajymwJh“payhpf”awG rsm;vmEdkifw,f
qd k w J h o abmrsd K ;vm;? tif ; - etzxd k ; ay; xm;wJ h rD ; armif ; atmuf r S m
u=uayawmhayg?h

35
etz&vdu k wf mu
jynfwiG ;f jynfyudk vdrn
f mcGi?fh
Armjynf jynfov l xl u k awmh
wHv#yaf v;awmifrjrifvu kd &f ?
aemuf+yD; armifarmifrxl;cifuwnf;u Asmxl;aewJh vlawGvnf; tckxuf
ydrk sm;aumif; rsm;vmEdik yf gw,f? a±G;aumufyOJG ya'xJrmS bmawGyaJ &;xm;xm; 'dk
huawmh trwf wae&m&zdk@ twGuf toufyJay;&-ay;&/ t±SufyJay;&-ay;&
0ifrmS yJqw kd v hJ al wGvnf; tm;wufaumif;wufygvrd rhf ,f?
aocsmwmuawmh Armjynf&@J Eikd if aH &; yd±k y_ af xG;vmr,fqw kd mygy?J wdik ;f jynf
wjynf & J @ ta&;rS m Ed k i f i H } uD ; awG y gvm&if yd k ± S i f ; &vG , f r ,f v d k @ taowG u f & if
rSm;w,fqw kd m jrif&awmhrmS yg? tdb k m;rm;tpd;k &taeeJ@u Armjynfta&;[m bk±&fS @J
enf;vnf;rpGHbl;/ tmpD,Henf;vnf;rpGHbl;/ 'ga=umihfb,fenf;aumif;rvJvdk@
±SmazGprf;oyfaewmyg? xyfajymyghr,f? tdk bm;rm;tpdk;&[m Armjynfta&;udk
b,fenf;eJ@csO;f uyfajz±Si;f wm taumif;qH;k vJv@kd ±SmazGprf; oyfaewmjzpfygw,f?
olwdk@u EdkifiH}uD; qdkawmhtcsdef apmihfEdkif ygw,f? avmp&mrvdkyg? olwdk@tzdk@u
ta±S@awmiftm±Su'Dta&;rSm ighudkcsefxm; vdk@ r&bl;aemfvdk@ajymvdkuf&&ifyJ
&nf±, G cf suw f 0ufausmjf ynfah jrmufaeyg+yD? olw@kd O;D wnf v_y±f mS ;aewmu Armjynf
jynf o l a wG r [k w f y gbl ; ? w±k w f / td E N d , eJ @ tmpD , H t yg 'D a 'ouEd k i f i H a wG u d k
OD;wnfwmyg?
uif;bJvv f moGm;wm[mvnf; olw@kd oabmxm;udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@
±Sif;jyzdk@yJjzpfygw,f? 'DuvlawGeJ@ tzGJ@ tpnf;awG&J@oabmxm;udk tus,f
tjyef@em;axmif zd@k u t"dur[kwyf gb;l ? (Armjynfta=umif;/ Armjynfuvl-tzG@J
tpnf;awG&@J oabmxm;awGukd olw@kd rodwmvnf;r[kwyf gb;l )? olw@kd vyk cf siw f mudk
'DuvlawGem;vnfoabmayguzf @kd / 'grrS [kwf aemiftwGuf vrf;zGix hf m; Edik zf @kd &nf±, G f
wmjzpfygw,f?
tck a wmh td k b m;rm;eJ @ od e f ; pd e f e J @ awG @ r,f q d k w J h tajctaeawmif
a&mufvmaeygw,f? 'DtcgrSm rD'D,mawGu 1960pkESpfrsm;wkef;u Adkvfae0if;
eJ@tar&dueforw*|efqifwdk@awG@=uwmudk jyef!$ef;ae=uwmudkvnf; awG@vm
&ygw,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;twGuf tar&duefu Adv k af e0if;udk ausmoyfcw hJ m/

36
tultnD ay;cJw h mawGukd axmufjy=uygw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd vo kd mG ;wJt h csuw f csuf
useaf ew,fv@kd xifygw,f? tJ'gu tJ'w D ek ;f u0g±iS w f efe@J rqvppftpd;k & tqifajycJh
wm[m tusdK;pD;yGm;csif;oGm;wdkufqdkifaevdk@jzpfygw,f? tar&duefuvnf;
AD,uferfppfyw JG ukd af e&wmrd@k 'Da'orSm uGejf rLepfqef@usio f ul kd ±SmazGaewmjzpf+yD;
Adkvfae0if;uvnf; Auytjrpfðzwfa&;udk jzwfav;jzwfeJ@tjywftowfvHk;yrf;
aecsdefjzpfygw,f?
Adv
k af e0if;u uGejf rLepfqef@usiw f m[m ol@tusKd ;pD;yGm;a=umihrf @kd jzpfygw,f?
tar&duefu em;csv@kd v;kH 0 r[kwyf gb;l ? Armjynfu ppftyk pf ak wG/ ppftm%m±Sif
awG[m awmifA, D uferfu id'k ifZif/ tif'ekd ;D ±Sm;uql[mwd/k zdvd ydik u f rm;ud@k pw f @kd vkd
tar&d u ef tul t nD e J @ tm%m&cJ h w mr[k w f o vd k tar&d u ef & J @ pD ; yG m ;a&;
oHo&m}uD;xJrmS ud, k fh tusKd ;pD;yGm;awGukd ykx H m;&olawGvnf;r[kwyf gb;l ?
tar&duefuajymwdkif;&wJhvlawGr[kwfbl;qdkwm rarhzdk@vdkygw,f?
'g[mAdkvfae0if;vufxufuwnf;u csrSwfcJhwJhvrf;a=umif;jzpf+yD; Adkvfoef;a±$wdk@
z0g;ajcxyf vd k u f a ewmvnf ; jzpf y gw,f ? 'D v d k a v#muf z d k @ [mol w d k @ twG u f
b,favmuf ta&; }uD;w,f qdw k mudk Adv k cf sKyfawGtodq;kH yg?
'Dvkd ppfAv kd cf sKyfawGrsupf rd vnfwu hJ pd u
P kd twku d t f cHawGu rsupf rd vnfz@dk
ta&;}uD ; ygw,f ? Ed k i f i H w umtod k i f ; t0d k i f ; rS m 'grsd K ;awG [ m jzpf ± d k ; jzpf p Of /
bmrSrqef;wm vd@k jrifz@kd vykd gw,f? 'Dvt kd ajymif;tvJawGu ud, k v f yk pf &m±Sw d mawGukd
rxdcdkufzdk@ vdkygw,f? EdkifiHwckeJ@wckqufqHr_udk vdkuf+yD;udk,fhvkyfief;pOfudk
rajymif;zdk@vdkygw,f?
etzppftyk pf &k @J tbd"mefxrJ mS trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&;qdw k hJ a0g[m&[m
r±Sdbl;qdkwm tdrfjzLawmfuyk*~dKvfawG odrodrajymwwfyg? igajym&if&ygw,fvdk@
ud, k u fh , kd u
f tkd xif}uD;vd@k r&wmawmhaocsmygw,f? Edik if iH ,fawGu Edik if }H uD; awGukd
ESyfupm;wm/ EdkifiH}uD;awGurodcsif[efaqmif+yD; wriftESyfcHwmqdkwmawG[m
Edik if cH si;f qufqaH &;rSm rqef;wJh udpaP wGjzpfygw,f? cufwmu 'Dupd aP wGArmjynfrmS
vmay:ayguaf ewmvm;vk@d pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaewmygy?J
&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;

37
a'gif;tvHudk ausmif;eH&HrmS jyefpdkufr,f
tif=uif;ar
(1)
ausmif;0wfpkH qifwluav;awGeJ@ uav;rsm; qkawmif;uAsmawG
&GwfqdkaeoH/ qkawmif;arwWmydk@oHESifhtwl arG;ae@&SiftwGuf*k%fjyKoHawG[m
'Duae@wae@wm&Jh om,mcsr;f ajrhru _ kd xyfavmif;jznfph u
G v
f @kd =unfE;l zG,f jzpf ap
cJhygw,f?
'Duae@ usrwdŒk bma=umifh tckvkd arG;ae@&iS t f wGuf *k%jf yKyGaJ wG vky&f
wmvJ/ bm a=umifhpmoifausmif;awGudka&G;cs,f+yD; arG;ae@yGJvkyfwmvJqdkawmh
arG;ae@&iS [
f m ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifjzpfv@kd yg?+yD;awmh arG;ae@&iS [ f m wdik ;f jynfe@J
vlrsKd ;twGuf pGe@f peG @f pm;pm; wdu
k yf 0JG if ae wJth wGuf tusO;f axmifxrJ mS 'Dae@xd
wdik af tmif etz&Jh rw&m;zrf;qD; axmifcswmudk cHae& qJjzpfvŒkd ygy?J
olŒudkcspfcifav;pm;=uwJh jrefrmjynfolawGu arG;ae@&Sif udkrif;udk
EdkiftwGuf arG;ae@ txdrf;trSwfyGJawGjyKvkyfae=uayr,fh ol@udkf ta=umuf}uD;
a=umuf v ef @ aewJ h etzppf t pd k ; & uawmh ES p f a ygif ; (20)eD ; yg; arG ; ae@&S i f u d k
tusO;f pcef;xJrmS ydwaf vSmif xm;cJyh gw,f?
38
(2)
'Duae@[m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkrif;udkEdkif&Jh(47)ESpfjynfh arG;ae@
jzpfygw,f?
'DaeŒud*k %k jf yKwJh arG;ae@txdr;f trSwyf t JG jzpf uav;awGtwGuf tvSL'ge
jyK=uwmyg?
ausmif;om;qdkwm jzLpifw,f/oef@&Sif;w,f/&dk;om;w,f/ owWd&Sdw,f/
&J&ihwf ,f/ pwJh *k%yf 'k af wGe@J jynfpyHk gw,f/tJ'D ausmif;ol/ausmif;om;uav;awGukd
ukov kd f vky&f jcif;tm;jzifh arG;ae@&iS t f wGuyf +kd yD; *k%jf yK&ma&mufw,fv@kd usrwdŒk u
,lqvdk@ygyJ?
tckvdk tvSL'gejyK ausG;arG;{nfhcH*k%fjyKcJh=uwmawG[m arG;ae@&Sifudk
atmufarh/vGr;f armowd&pGmjzifh jyKvkycf =hJ uwmyg? uav;rsm; pm;aomufaewJh
jrifuGif;udk awGŒvdkuf&awmh usrpmoifcJhwJhe,f+rdKŒuav;udkawmif jyefvnf
owd&pdwaf wG jzpfryd gw,f ?bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh tckvkd pD;yG;a&;=uyfwnf;aewJh
tcsdefrSm jrefrmjynfu usr&Jh wynfh uav;awGtwGuf tvSL'ge vma&muf
au|;arG ; Ed k i f o l a wG r S &S d y gtk H ; rvm;/ tck v d k r sd K ;a&m aumif ; aaumif ; rG e f r G e f r S
pm;aomufzdk@tcGifh}uHKygtkH;rvm; qdkwmawG;=unfh&if; qufrawG;0Hh atmif
cHpm;vdkufrdygw,f?
wzufEdkifiHrSm 'kuQa&mufw,fqdkayr,fh r=umr=um tvSL&SifawG&Jh
ukvo kd jf yKr_awG &Sd wm/ ausmif;ynmtcrJo h ifciG &hf wmawGuu kd 'Duuav;av;awG&ŒJ
tcGit hf a&; wckvkd jzpfae wmyg?
'DjrifuGif;rsdK; 'DvdkyGJrsdK;udk jrefrmjynfrSm w&m;0ifjyKvkyfcGifh r&Sdygbl;/
jyKvkyfcJhonfjzpfap/ tJh'DarG;ae@udk udk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonfjzpfap tjyefvrf;
[mawmh axmifEKS wfcrf;ay: vrf; avSsmuf&ovdrk sKd ; pGe@f pm;+y;D jyKvky&f rSmbJjzpfygw,f?
(3)
tckvv kd rG ;f armowd&vSsujf yKvkyw f yhJ rJG sKd ;udk xdik ;f Edik if H rJaqmuf+rdKŒomru
EdkifiHwum a&muf arG;ae@&SifudkcspfcifolawGjyKvkyfae=urSmjzpfovdk arG;ae@&Sifudk
*k%fjyK=ur,fh oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;awG[m atmufwdkbmv(18)&uf/
2009ckEpS rf mS usa&mufr,fh udrk if;udEk ikd &f hJ (47) ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@ukd axmifawGxrJ mS
awmifjyKvkyaf e=urSm aocsmygw,f?

39
ud k r if ; ud k E d k i f & J h touf ( 47)ES p f a jrmuf a rG ; ae@rS m arG ; ae@&S i f t wG u f
ukodkvfjyKr_awGudk um,uH&Sifudk,fwdkif odcGifhjrifcGifh &SdcJh&ifb,favmufrsm;
0rf;omyDwd jzpf&mS avrvJ usr awG;=unfrh yd gw,f?
arG;ae@&Sifuawmh etzppftpdk;&u rw&m;zrf;qD;+yD; jrefrmjynf&Jh
tpGeftzsm;jzpfwJh usdKif;wkHtusOf;axmifxJrSm tusOf;csxm;jcif; cHae&ygw,f?
'ga=umifrh @kd 2009ckEpS /f atmufwkd bmv(18)&ufae@rmS usa&mufr,fh udrk if;udEk ikd &f hJ
(47)jynf h a rG ; ae@ud k * k % f jyKaomtm;jzif h Arm Ed k i f i H v k H ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;
or*~rsm;tzGŒJ csKyf(Edik if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwD)rS OD;aqmif+yD; ta0; a&muf Edik if aH &;orm;
nDtudak rmifErS rsm;&Jh tultnDef @J rJaqmufa'o a&GŒajymif; tvkyf orm;rsm;&Jh
om;orD;rsm; aexdkif&mausmif;aygif;pkHrSm jyKvkyfcJh=uwmyg/'DarG;ae@yGJudk tcsdefawG
cGJjyD; ausmif;aygif;(7)ausmif;udk usrwdk@awG oGm;a&mufvSL'gef/ukodkvfjyKr_awG
jyKvkycf =hJ uyg w,f?
arG;ae@&Sif[m wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK;twGuf toufudky"gerxm;yJ &J&J0Hh0hH
wdu k yf 0JG ifaewm uae@xw d ikd af tmifygy?J tusO;f axmifxrJ mS 'kurQ sKd ;pkcH g;pnf;cH&if;
ppftpd;k &udk tHwu k mrdrd Edik if H twGuf trSew f &m;twGuf vlrsKd ;pHjk ynfoal wGtwGuf
pGef@vGwfpGef@pm; wdkufyGJ0ifaewm jzpfyg w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; EdkifiHwumu
qkaygif;(5)qkcsD;jrSifhjcif;cHh&wmjzpfygw,f?
(4)
pmoif a usmif ; wck u d k a&muf w d k i f ; a&muf w d k i f ; (Auo) tzG J Œ 0if n D
tudkawmfrsm;eJ@ EdkifiH a&;vkyfaz:udkifzuf nDtudkarmifESrrsm;u udkrif;udkEdkif&Jh
EdkifiHa&;rSm xJxJ0if0ifyg0ifvkyf udkifcJhr_awGeJ@ tckcsdefxdvnf; “avScGufcsnf;usef
tvHrvJ”qufvufcsDwuf wdkufyGJ0ifaeqJyJ qdkwmawGudk *k%fjyKvufaqmif
pum;awGtjzpf jyefvnfajym=um;ay;cJ=h uw,f?
'DyaJG wGrmS rsLd ;qufopfvil ,fawGu udrk if;udEk ikd ef @J ywfoufwt hJ a=umif;
awGe@J jrefrm Edik if &H hJ tajctaeawGukd ar;cGe;f awGxyk =f uygw,f?tJ'J aD r;cGe;f awGukd
usrwd@k armifErS awGu tm;}udK;rmefwufe@J ajzqdck w hJ hJ jrifuiG ;f awG[m usrtzd@k awmh
&ifoyf&a_ rmvd@k vGr;f armp&m awGe@J yDwjd zpfra_ wGukd w+yKd ifeufwnf;cHpm;=u&ygw,f?
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf 'Dae@arG;ae@yaJG v;[m ydik &f iS rf ahJ rG;ae@yq
JG akd yr,fh

40
udrk if;udEk ikd u
f , kd w f ikd f wufa&muf arG;ae@pum;vufaqmifreG f ac|aeovdk usr&ifrmS
cHpm;rdwmtrSefyg?
wcsKd Œpmoifausmif;awGrmS qdv k nf; q&m/q&mrawGu olw@kd &ahJ usmif;ol/
ausmif;om; av;awGukd udrk if;udEk ikd t f wGuf *k%jf yKaomtm;jzifh uAsmav;awGe@J
*k%fjyKpum;vuf aqmif ay;cJhwm[mvnf; rsdK;qufopf vli,fausmif;om;
awGtwGuf tpOftvmaumif; w&yft jzpfawG@c&hJ w,f?
tJv h u kd AsmawGxu J wpfy'k u f akd wmh rSwrf w
S &f &yJ usr&ifrmS tckwikd =f um;
a,mifaerd w,f? uAsmav;uawmh ²²²²
“wyg;u|e/f ppfu|ef
b,fu|erf S vufrcH
a'gif;tvHudk
ausmif;eH&HrSm jyefpdkufr,f”vdk@ xefeJ@rmefeJ@ &GH&GHcsGHcsG$H &GwfqdkoGm;cJhwJh
ausmif;olav; awGuakd wmh rsupf x d t J ck xdwikd jf rifa&mifaerdw,f?
olwdk@av;awGonfvnf;yJ waeŒaeŒrSm aemiftem*gwf&Jh rsdK;qufopf
acgi;f aqmif awGjzpfvmvdrrhf ,fqw kd m b,fojl iif;&JvŒkd vJ?
olw@kd av;awG&hJ ud, k pf rG ;f nm%fprG ;f &So d rSse@J tm;wufoa&mar;vdu k w f hJ
“usaemfw@kd bmvkyaf y;&if udrk if;udEk ikd v f w
G af jrmufEikd rf vJ“
qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f awGu oufaownfaew,fvŒkd usr &J&aJ jymcsiw f ,f?
usrtwGufuawmh ydkif&SifrJhaewJh udkrif;udkEdkifarG;ae@yGJrSm
yg0ifulnDfcGifh& wm&,f/ arG;ae@pum; vufaqmifrGef ajymcGifh&wm&,ftwGuf
0rf;omyDwd jzpfv@kd rqk;H Edik af tmifygb?J
(5)
udrk if;udEk ikd f tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;=um;uae a&;om;yd@k ay;cJw h hJ
arG;ae@vuf aqmifrGefpum;av;jzpfwJh a[mh'Day;pmav;udk usrb,fawmhrS
arhEdkifvdrfhr,fr[kwfygbl;?
“EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;odk@”
tm;vk;H yd@k aom arwWm
tm;ay;ulnDr_rsm;a=umifh
,ckvkd e_wcf eG ;f qufz@kd tcGit hf a&;

41
&jcif;ygyJ
ud,k pf rG ;f nm%fprG ;f &So
d rSs
avmuvl@abmif tusKd ;o,fy;kd &eftvd@k imS
ynmoifaeol tm;vk;H “ausmif;om;/ausmif;om;csi;f &dik ;f yif;r_
vl@abmiftusdK;&nfpl;xrf;&Gufr_tay:
todtrSwfjyK,kHrSsjzifh
wm0efxrf;&Guf&usdK;eyfyg+yD”
opPmjzifh
oifwdk@tm;vkH;&Jh
rif;udkEdkif
udrk if;udEk ikd f ud,

k w
f ikd af &;om; ay;yd@k vu kd w
f hJ pum;vufaqmifav;vdŒk od&ygw,f/
'Dpmav;udk usrwdk@ ausmif;om;vli,fawG=um;xJrSm jzef@a0ay;wJh
vufurf;pmapmifav; xJ rSmaz: jyay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
'Dpmav;udk udrk if;udEk ikd f b,fvakd &;cJw h ,f/b,fvx kd yk af y;cJw
h ,f/qdw
k mawG
udak wmh usr pOf;pm;=unfv h @kd awmif rpGr;f Edik af tmifygy?J
udrk if;udEk ikd u
f Edik if w
H umrSm jyef@EaHS ewJh ausmif;om;nDtudak rmifErS awGukd
E_ w f q uf vd k u f w J h E_ w f q uf p um;av;yg?'D p um;av;[m usrwd k @ &if x J
usrwd k @ ES v k H ; om; xJ t xd pl ; 0if xd & S o G m ;apEd k i f w J h pum;av;jzpf w ,f v d k @
usrajymcsifw,f?
udrk if;udEk ikd uf kd usrwd@k cspw f ,f? usrwd@k wefz;kd xm;w,f?
ol@ukd usrwd@k vGwaf jrmufapcsiw f ,f?olvw G af jrmufwm[m trdjrefrmEdik if H vGwf
ajrmufz@kd twGuf ajcvSr;f wpjzpfw,fv@kd usrav;av;eufeufukd ,k=H unfygw,f?
udrk if;udEk ikd f tjrefq;Hk vGwaf jrmufygap?
tif=uif;ar
atmufwdkbm(18)&uf/2009?
42
(1)
ppftyk pf k usi;f yrnfh 2010 a&G;
aumufyo JG nf rnfonfah e@&uf/ em&DwiG f
usi;f yrnfenf;? &efopl pftyk pf u k ,ckxd
rxkwfjyef&ao;ojzifh rod&ao;? odk@
aomf ppfu|eftjzpfeSifh qufvuf &yf
wnfv=kd uonfh tnHch aH &;orm; ppfu|ef
rsm;onf ocifu t&dk;t&if; jyojzifh
t+rD;wES@H E@HS jzpfaeaom tdraf rG; acG;uJo h @kd
t&l;x+rL;=uG ae=uonf?
wcsKd @ppfu|erf sm;u &efo. l a&G;
aumufyu JG 0kd ifa&;twGuT f od@k ta=umif;
jy=uonf? a&G;aumufy+JG yD;onfeiS hf v$wf
awmfxw J iG f ukvm;xdik f wae&m&&Sv d rd hf
2010 a&G;aumufyGJ rnf? elid if aH &; vkyu f uG f &&Sv d rd rhf nf? a&G;
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44
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45
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46
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49
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rSm tckaemufydkif; ajymif;vJvmwJh xl;jcm;csufwckudk
xGif;azmuf
axmufjyzdk@vdk r,fxifygw,f? tprSmawmh etzppf
xGufvmwJh
tpdk;&&J@vlrqefwJ@vkyf&yfawGa=umifhrdk@ Armjynf EdkifiH&J@
ta&;[m Edik if w H umcGi/f ukvor*~ tpnf;ta0;cef;r/
a±$*Hkwdkif tmpD,Hpum;0dkif;/ tD;,lpum;0dkif; pwmawGudk a&muf
ukeyf gw,f? 'DtwGuf etz[m tifrwefrv S nf; pdwq f ;kd
a}unmpmwef;udk a'go xGuyf gw,f? olw@kd acgi;f aqmifawG Edik if pH kH tpnf;
ta0;awGukd rwuf&/J rwuf0jhH zpfcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh tck
tarSmifcsxm;zdk h etz awmh tajctaeawG[m ajymif;vJpðyaeygw,f? tJ'gu
awmh etz[m Armjynfta&;udk Edik if jH cm;om;awG &J@
uvkyaf eygw,f? vufxJxdk; xnfhaew,fvdk@ ,lqp&m tjcif;t&mawG
jrifawG@ae&wmygy?J
'Da}unmpmwef;udk
wu,hjf zpf&yfu urBmEh ikd if aH &; tcif;tusi;f udk
u ajymif;vJpðyvmwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvt kd cgrmS Adv k f ae
vlxu k
0if; vufus ppftyk pf [ k m urBmt h iftm;}uD; Edik if jH zpfwhJ
tm±Hkrpdkufrdatmif/ tar&duefEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;usqif;+yD; t±Sdef=oZmawG
arS;rdSefovdkjzpfvmwmudk olwdk@twGuf tcGihfaumif;y
urBmu q
J +kd yD; Edik if w
H um t0ef;t0dik ;f udk 0ifw;kd zd@k atmufvrf;
owdrxm;atmif enf; awGe@J óud;yrf;aewmvd@k q&kd ygr,f? wdu k wf u kd q f ikd q
f ikd f
'g[m etzppftkyfpk&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ 2010
*±kwpdu k f a±G;aumufyGJudk yGJxkwfcsdfefjzpfaeygw,f? etz ppfAdkvf
csKyfawGtzd@k aoa&;±Siaf &;wr# ta&;}uD;wJh Edik if aH &; t
vkycf hJ ygw,f? csKd ;tauG@e@J aetus ydik ;f udk jzwfoef;ae&wJh tdb k m;rm;

50
wu,fu trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf&J h a±$*Hkwdkifa}unmcsuf[m twdkuftcH
tm;vHk;taee hJ wjcm;tzGJ htpnf;awGeJ h vufwGJvkyfudkif&mrSm tedrfhqHk;
bHkwlnDcsuftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifrvm; pOf;pm;}u/ aqG;aEG;ndE+dif;}uoihfwJht&m
jzpfygw,f?
tpd;k &wd@k [m'DtauG@rmS a=umifcw H iG ;f ysuef @J quf&ufawmifyu H sKd ;vdk óuaH wG@=uwm
jzpfygw,f? olw@kd tajctae[m &nf;pm; pmay;wJh tqifu h akd usmv f @kd ESpb f ufrv l usD
vky=f uwJt h qifu h akd wmif a&mufae+yDv@kd ,lqp&mjzpfygw,f?
tar&dueftrd jf zLawmf&@J ay:vpDtajymif;tvJv@kd qdv k u kd w f meJ@wcsKd @val wG
&J@tm±Hk[m tJ'Daemufudk ygoGm;yg awmhw,f? 'gjynfwGif;uvla&m/ jynfyae
vlrsm;xJrmS yg awG@&wmyg? wcsKd @rsm;qd&k if ud, k &fh @J tajccH vkyif ef;pOfawG/ vrf;pOfawGukd
tJ'D wu,frjzpfao;wJh tajymif;tvJe@J tnD vdu k x f ed ;f nd/‡ ðyjyifae=uwmawmif
awG@&ygw,f? olw@kd vyk yf [ kH m jynfwiG ;f tajctae/ jynfwiG ;f uvlxq k EN pwmawGukd
arhypfvdkuf+yDvm;vdk@ ar;&rvdkawmif jzpfoGm;ygw,f? bmrSr=um ao;cifuyJ
trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu wifcw hJ hJ a±$*w kH ikd af =unmcsuf ta=umif;udv k nf;
pum;rp=uawmhygbl;?
wu,fu trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@ a±$*Hkwdkifa=unmcsuf[m
twdu k tf cH tm;vH;k taee@J wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J vufwv JG yk u f ikd &f mrSm tedrq hf ;kH
bHwk nl cD sut f jzpf owfrw S Ef ikd rf vm; pOf;pm;=u/ aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f =uoihw f thJ &m jzpfyg
w,f? txl;ojzihf vufawG@vyk if ef;ydik ;f rSmyg? etz&J@ a±G;aumufy/JG zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'wd@k tay:oabmxm;awGrmS &yfwnfcsupf nf;vdik ;f owfrw S &f r,f xifygw,f?
'g[m Edik if aH &;orm;wdik ;f / tzG@J tpnf;wdik ;f tzd@k 'DwauG@&yf wnfcsu[ f m ordik ;f rSm
armfueG ;f wif use&f pfvrd rhf ,fqw kd m oHo,jzpfp&mrvdyk gb;l ?
tcktcsed rf mS trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyftcsuf igw@dk tuGuq f +kd yD;oabm
xm; vkyu f ikd af e=uwmawGvnf; awG@ae &ygw,f? olw@kd wawG acwfysuf olaX;
awG; ac:r_eJ@ vkyfae=uw,fqdkwm vlwdkif;odygw,f? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ wwd,
tkyfpkvdk@yJqdkqdk/ pwkwˆtkyfpkvdk@yJajymajym ordkif;rSmawmh etzppftkyfpkudk @
a&±Snfpdk;rdk;zdk@twGuf ykcHk;eJ@xrf;wif ay;cJholrsm;tjzpf armfuGef;wif usef&pfrSmyg?
Adkvfae0if;udk ykcHk;eJ@xrf;wifay;cJholrsm;xufawmifrS emrnfysufvdrfhOD;r,f
qdw k mrarh=uyge@J ?
A-o
51
jynf trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;(odk@)
trd s K;om; &if = um;aph a &;qd k w J h p um; [m
tif r wef ajymvd k @ aumif ; wJ h / +id r f ; csrf ; a&;
ol qefwJh wl&lcsufudk wdrf;nGwfwJh pum;vkH;rsdk;
jzpf a eovd k / Ed k i f i H w umtcif ; tusif ; rS m
axmufcHrl&aprJh pum;vkH; rsdK;jzpfygw,f //
vl od k h a yrJ h Armjynf e J @ jynf o l v l x k
twGufu awmh aoaocsmcsm qef;ppf =unfh
xk r,fqdk&if h h hppftm%m&l;vlwpfpk&J@ wdkif;jynf

tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk rw&m; &,lxm;zdk@eJ@
ol w d k @ &J Œ &yf wnf c suf &S n f = uma&; twG u f
udk oufoufom jzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@&vdrfh

r,f//
bma=umifhqdk jynfolvlxkeJ@ ppfwyf
a&S &h w
l ,f =um;rSm bmEdkifiHa&;jy\emrSr&SdygbJ wdkif;&if;
om; vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif;=um; wdkif; jynftm%m
qdk&if a0cGJa&;twGuf tcsif; rsm;jyD; jzpfay:aewJ
h j ynf w G i f ; ppf r &S d b J (ppf t m%m &S i f u ae
wdkif;&if;om; tiftm; pkrsm; eJ@ vlrsdK;pkjynfo
lrsm;udk acsrlef;wdkufcdkufaewJh a'o tvdku
fjzpfyGm; aewJh jynfwGif;ppfrsdK; awmh&Sdae
w,f ) trsd K ;om;nD n G w f a &;ysuf j ym; aeo
a,mif / wdkif;jynfjydKuGJawmhrvdkvdk / wdkif;wyg;
oufxeG ;f uvm +yD;odrf;ydkufawmhrvdkvdk /tJ'D a,mif
a,mifawG vdkvdkawGeJ@ jynfolvlxkeJ@ wdkif;jynf
udk umuG,f&rJh trsdK;om; ppfwyfudk zufqp
fwyfvdk toGifajymif;apjyD; / jynfol awG&JŒ
tcsKyf t csmtm%mud k jynf o l @ oabm
qENrygbJ rw&m;odrf;ydkufxm;jyD; / wdkif;jynf

52
ppfacgif; aqmifawGajymaeovdk
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qdkwm / ppftm%m&l;vufw qkyfpm
vlwpfpkeJ@ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm bmrSvkyfp&mrvkdtyfovdk /
&SdvJr&Sdygbl; / wu,fjzpfay: aewJh
Armjynf&J@EdkifiHa&;jy\emtm;vkH;[m ppftm%m&Sifvlwpfpka=umifh
omjzpfay:aewmjzpfjyD; h h h
&JŒ ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmwawGudk tvGJokH;pm;jyKaewJh / ppfacgif; aqmifwpf
csdKŒa=umihf jzpfay:aewJh / vufeufudkifwdkufyGJawGeJ@ vlrsdK;wkH; owfjzwfrl awG /
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK; azmufrlawG / Oya'rJh tEdkifusifh tkyfcsKyfrlawG /wkdif;jynf
tm%mudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf aerlawG omjzpfw,f //
wu,f u wk d i f ; jynf w ck & J @ tcsKyf t csmtm%mqd k w m jynf o l v l x k
xHuom qif;ouf wmjzpfovdk / trsdK;om;ppfwyfqdkwm vlwef;pm;wpf&yf
r[kwfovdk / vlrsdK;pkw&yf vnf;r[kwfygbl;//ppfwyfqdkwm wdkif;jynf0efxrf;
tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckomjzpfjyD; / jynfol udk tvkyftau|;jyKzdk@omjzpfygw,f// wdkif;
&if;om; vlrsdK;pkawG&J@ &ydkifcGifhawG / jyXmef;ydkif cGifhawGqdkwm EdkifiHa&;t&
pm;yGJ0dkif;rSmajz&Sif;&rSmomjzpfygw,f / 'ga=umifh ppfacgif; aqmifawGajymaeovdk
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qdkwm / ppftm%m&l;vufw qkyfpm vlwpfpkeJ@
jynfolvlxk=um;rSm bmrSvkyfp&mrvkdtyfovdk / &SdvJr&Sdygbl; / wu,fjzpfay:
aewJh Armjynf&J@EdkifiHa&;jy\emtm;vkH;[m ppftm%m&Sifvlwpfpka=umifh
omjzpfay:aewmjzpfjyD; / vuf&SdrSm jzpfay:aewmuvnf; jynfol@vlxk&J@
tm%mud k jynf o l v l x k & J @ vuf x J j yef v nf a &muf & S d j yD ; / jynf o l v l x k & J @
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk zGifhjzdK;wdk;wuf atmifvkyfvdkolawGeJ@ jynfolvlxk&J@tm%m udk
vufeufeJ@ tEdkifusifh odrf;ydkufxm;jyD; / udk,fusdK;pD;yGm; &SmaeolawG=um;
uwdkufyGJomjzpfw,f/'ga=umifh Armjynfudk ( jynfolwpf&yfvkH;&J@b0awG )
wnf j id r f z d k @ / jid r f ; csrf ; zd k @ / wd k ; wuf apzd k @ qd k w J h tajzrS e f u awmh
ppftm%m&l;wpfpkeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tjrpfjywfz,f &Sm;EdkifrSomjzpfw,f/

53
/
wcgw&HrSm EdkifiHa&;pum;vkH;awGudk z,f&Sm;jyD;=unfhzdk@vdktyfygw,f /
bma=umifhvJqdkawmh pum;vkH;awGudktumtuG,fvkyfjyD; ppfwyfudkr_dif;wdkuf
xm;wJh / jynfoludk jcdrf;ajcmuf xm;wJh / EdkifiHwumudkvdrfv,fxm;wJh ppftm
%m&l; wpk&JŒta&G@eJ@twGif;o&kyfudk &Sif; &Sif;vif;vif;jrifEdkifatmifvdk@ygbJ// b,f
EdkifiHrSm rqdk ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfaqmufcGifh / touf&SifcGifhay;ae oa&G@
/jynfol[m tzdESdyfcHb0eJ@qif;&JwGif;u b,fawmhrS vGwfajrmufrSm r[kwfygbl;
//
tck t csd e f r S m Armjynf & J @ taetxm;[m 'D r d k u a&pD a &; v_ y f & S m ;rl
twGufoufoufom ruawmhygbl;/jynfolwpf&yfvkH;twGuf ppftm%m&Sif
pepfatmufuae vGwfajrmuf zdk@yg &kef;uef&r JhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;
usdK;yrf;rl wdkufyGJyHko¾meftqifhudk OD;wnf oGm;jyDjzpfygw,f//
'Dae&mrSm tvGef}uD;rm;wJhtcuftcJwpfcku ppftm%m&Sif pepfudk
z,f&Sm;zdk@usdK;pm; aeolawG}um; &ljrifyHkawGaxGjym;a00g;aewJh udpP[m wae@
wjcm; ydkrdk&lyfaxG;vmusjyD; uGJjym;rlawGu ydkrdkeuf&dlif;vm wmbJjzpfw,f? OD;pGm
pOf;pm;}unfh&if tawG;tac: ydkif;t& pdrfac:rlaw Gjzpfay:vmovkd&SdaecJhayrJh /
wu,fhjzpfpOfawGt&uawmh tawG; tac:rwlnDusoa,mifa,mifeJ@ (wu,f
uawmh) &yfwnfcsuf rwlnD=uwJhjy\em jzpfygw,f / tawG; tac:wdkufyGJvdk@
ajymvdk@ r&wmuawmh ppfwyftkyfcsKyfwmraumif; a}umif;eJ@ppfacgif;aqmifawG
raumif;a}umif;udk odygw,fvdk@ wzGzGajymaeolawGwcsdK@ubJ ppfacgif;aqmif
awGudk wdkif;jynfu,fwif&Sifvdkvdk wdkif;jynfudkw&m; 0iftkyfcsKyfaeol awGvdkvdk
owf r S w f a y;aeuswJ @ ud p P u &yf w nf c suf q d k w J h &l a xmif h u ae=unf h j rif
aewmjzpfwJh twGuftawG;tac:vrf;a}umif;ay:u aeaoGcGmjyD;tusdK;pD;yGm;
qdkwJhbufudka&mufoGm;wJhtwGuf'Dvkyf&yfrsdK;[m wdkif;jynf wpfck twGuf vrf;
a}umif;rSeu f &kd mS azGuswt hJ cgrmS awmhawmfawmft}unf&h &kyq f ;kd wJjh y\emjzpfw,f
yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;taeeJ@ udk,hf&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;ay:uae =unfhjrifcsOf;uyf
uswm[m}uD;us,fwJhjy\em wpfckrjzpfayrJh wdkif;jynfwpfckvkH;twGuf (odk@)
jynfolwpf&yfvkH; twGufusawmh yk*~dKvftusdK;pD;yGm;uaez,fcGmjyD; &ljrifoifh
csOf ; uyf o if h y gw,f ? 'ga}umif h j ynf o l t wG u f v k y f a eol a wG y gvd k @ a=uG ; a=umf

54
aeusolawGtm;vkH;rSm ig bmjzpf csifwmvJqdkwmxuf wdkif;jynf twGuf
jynfoltwGufbmjzpfcsifwmvJqdkwmu ydkta&;}uD;ygw,f //
tawG ; tac:yd k i f ; t& jynf o l v l x k t wG u f t ajccH j yD ; awmh p Of ; pm;
w,f q d k & if jynf o l a wG iwf a ew,f q d k w m avmuf e J @ rvk H a vmuf a wmh y gbl ;
iwfae wmudkau|;xm;Edkifzdk@ pD;yGm;a&;txdkifwpfckxJuae&ljrifaevdk@ r&EdkifwJh
ta}umif;tcsufu pD;yGm;a&;pepfwck wnf +idrfzdk@ wdk;wufzdk@&m cdkifrmwJhEdkifiHa&;
jzpfpOfr&SdbJr&Edkifvdk@jzpfygw,f / bma}umifhqdk }udK;eDpepfeJ@xdef;csKyfxm;wJh
b,fvdkpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsdK;rS rSefrSefuefuefwdk;wufrl r&Edkif ovdk / tcsuftcsm
uswJ h p D ; yG m ;a&; jzpf p Of a wG t m;vk H ; [m vl w ef ; pm;wpf c k 'grS r [k w f
vufwpfqkyfpm vlawGvufxJrSmbJ&SdaerSmjzpfvdk@jzpfw,f //
'ga}umifh vGwfvyfwJhb0wnfaqmufrleJ@ wnfjidrfcdkifcef@wJhvl@tzGJ@
tpnf ; rsd K ; rjzpf a y:Ed k i f w J h t aetxm;rsd K ;rS e f o rS s ud k z,f & S m ;ypf z d k @ &m ta&;
t}uD;qkH; udpP&yfjzpfvmw,f? tajccHrrSefwJh EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr lawGeJ@
jynfoludk ppfppfrSefrSeftusdK;&Sdapzdk@ qdkwmuawmh twW rmeeJ@ pdwful;,OfqefwJh
olawG&JŒ jynfolawG&JŒ b0vGwfvyfat; csrf;zdk@&mtwGuf taumiftxnfjzpf
rvmEdkifwJh EdkifiHa&; csOf;uyfrlrsdK;omjzpfay vdrfh r,f//
wpfpHkvkH;ajymif;vJrS&rJhtaqmufttkHwpfckudk [kdae&majymif; / 'D
ae&mvJ vkyf&HkeJ@ jynf olawG&J@ppfudkvdkeDvufatmufu eif;jym; b0eJ@ tusyf
twnf ; tm;vk H ; [m aumif ; rG e f vmp&mr&S d y gbl ; / cG J p d w f y pf z d k @ vd k a ewJ h
tcktcsdefrSm Armjynf&J@taetxm;[m 'Drdkua&pDa&;

v_yf&Sm;rl twGufoufoufom ruawmhygbl;/
jynfolwpf&yfvkH;twGuf ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmufuae
vGwfajrmuf zdk@yg
&kef;uef&rJhtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;usdK;yrf;rl
wdkufyGJyHko¾meftqifhudk OD;wnf oGm;jyDjzpfygw,f//

55
jynfoltwGufvkyfaeolawGygvdk@ a=uG;a=umf
aeusolawGtm;vkH;rSm ig bmjzpf csifwmvJqdkwmxuf
wdkif;jynf twGuf jynfoltwGufbmjzpfcsifwmvJqdkwmu
ydkta&;}uD;ygw,f //
ppftm%m&Sif uifqmpepfqdk;atmufuae vkH;0vGwfajrmufrSom jynfolawG&J@
b0[m vl c sif ; wl w l o l c sif ; rS s rS s b0rsd K ;ud k a&muf Ed k i f r ,f q d k w m od x m;zd k @
vdkygw,f? ppftm%mpepfqdk;&JŒ wjznf;jznf;v_dufpm;vmr_ a}umifh (b0&yf
wnfrl eJ@ qufvuftouf &Sifoefa&; twGuf&kef;uef a&G@&Sm;}u&if;) rod rom
tajc tae uae ckqdk&ifododomomjzpfay:vmjyDjzpfwJh jynfolwpf&yfvkH;&JŒ
pdwf"gwfydkif; qdkif&m csdK@,Gif;ysufqD;aerl[m tem*gwfrsdK;quftm;vkH;twGuf
ta&;t }uD ; qk H ; pd r f a c:rl w pf & yf j zpf a e+yD D q k d w m Ed k i f i H a &;0ef ; usif w pf c k v H k ;
taeeJŒudk xnfhoGif; wGufcsuf&rJhtcsufjzpfw,f //
t"d u swJ h a=umuf p &mtaumif ; qk H ; taetxm;ES p f & yf u awmh
ta=umuf w&m;vGrf; rdk;cHxm;&wJhpdwfeJ@udk,fusifhw&m;udk wef;bdk;rxm;wwf
awmhwJhpdwfbJjzpfw,f//'Dt ajc .taeudkbma}umifha&mufvm&ovJqdkawmh
Oya'rJhrw&m;zdESdyf&ufpufrlrsm;udk toufoGif;}uD;xGm;aeapwJh ppftm%m&Sif
pepf q d k ; e@J @ 'D p epf u d k armif ; ES i f a eol a wG G a =umif h j zpf j yD ; / wzuf r S m avsmf u ef
oifhjrwfwJh EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifwpf&yfr&SdwJhtwGuf rdrd wdk@&J@rl&if; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm
&SdwJh pHwefbdk;awGudkypfcsjyD; b0udk&yfwnfae&wJhta&GŒ aawGa}umifhbJjzpfw,f
'ga}umifhwdkif;jynfudkcspfw,f/ jynfoludkcspfw,fqdkjyD; aumif;atmif
vkyfcsifolrsm;taeeJ@ jynf olvlxktwGufpm;&&Hk / 0wf&&kH / ae&&kHpOf;pm;ay;
=urJhtpm; pdwfydkif;eJŒ&kyfydkif;ESpfckpvkH; vGwfvyf &SifoefwJhb0rsdK; awGjzpfay:vm
atmif tajccHpOfpm;csufawGudkjyifqif=u r,fqdk&if ydkaumif;wJh csOf;uyfrl
jzpfygvdrfhr,f//
(wu,f u vl @ b0qd k w m pm;0wf a erl qd k w J h a bmif x uf a usmf v G e f
w,fqdkwmudk xnfh oGif; ykHazmfay;Edkifzdk@vdktyfygw,f//)
oufxGef;
56
(u)
edik if aH &;jy\emrSm tm%mjy
\emjzpfonf? ppftyk pf u k tm%mudk
txdyg;rcH? t"rRord ;f ydu k f &,lxm;aom
tm%mud k tajymrcH ? Tenf ; vrf ;
wpf c k w nf ; ES i f h y if ppf t k y f p k o nf
vlxk.&efoljzpfvmcJhonf? &efolonf
EdlifiHa&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef owWdr&Sd
t+rJwrf; aoG;a=umifavonf? vlxk
tpdk;&tm; vlxktm%mv$Jajymif; a&;
twGufESrf;waphr#yif aqG;aEG; !SdE_dif;
vd k p d w f r&S d a y?'D r d k u a&pD t if ; tm;pk
rsm;uvnf; zufqpfppftyk pf t k m; tm
uajrmufuajcmuf %m udpu G kd pum;&dyrf oef;&Jay? trsKd ;
om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;[laom acgi;f
uarmufur edki fiHa&;avm pOfuykd J a&G;cs,v f i$ x
hf u l m 2zuf/ 3zuf
aqG;aEG;&ef &efoludk awmif;qdk&jcif;
jzpfonf?
trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk
aoe*FAsL[mtjzpf xm;vmcJ=h uonf?
vif;opfatmif awG @ qH k a qG ; aEG ; a&uk d t"d u enf ; y&d
,m,f tjzpfxm;&SdvmcJhonf? tkyfpdk;
zdEydS f tElid u
f siahf eonfh &efopl pftyk pf u k kd
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;zdk@ wGifwGi fawmif;qdk
vmcJh=uonf? xdkawmif;qdkr_ vd_if; *
,ufrsm; atmufwiG f ppftm%m &Sipf
epf zsufodrf;a&;onf4if;/ ppftm %m
&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf vlxk wdu k f
yGEJ iS hf vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG enf;y&d ,m,f

57
rsm;onf4if;/ tzdEydS cf H ppfu|ev f w l ef;pm;rsm;. wyfO;D vnf;jzpfonfh trsKd ;om;
nDnwf a&; wyfaygi;f pkz@JG pnf; a&;onf4if; tm;enf;onfxufenf;um ydev f adS o;
auG; vmcJ o h nf? 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wdu k yf u JG kd pdwrf 0ifpm;awmh/
wdkufyGJvufvGwfuif;rJhjcif;ESifhtwl wdkufyGJtawG;tac: / pdwf"gwf udk,fcHtm;yg
&kyfavsmhvmcJh=uonf?
wdu k yf v JG nf;r&S/d wdu k yf uJG v dk nf;rjyifqif/vlxt k iftm;ukv d nf;pm&if;xJ
xnfrh wGu/f vlxv k w G af jrmufz@kd vx l u k t kd ajccHa&; tawG;tac:vnf;uif;rJh olw@kd rmS
&efolppftkyfpkESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udkom [pfa=uG;awmif;qdkae=uawmhonf?
wu,fuppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf awmfveS af &;vm;/ awG@qkH aqG;aEG;
a&;vm;/ bmvJ/ b ,fvv kd aJ r;&ayvdrrhf nf?awmfveS af &;qdo k nfh pepfop w f nf
aqmuf&ef pepfa[mif;udkzsufodrf;jcif;ESifhtwl tzdESdyfcH vlxkudk tjywf acsr_ef;
ypfaeaom &efoludktzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;0if trsdK;om;vlxktoD;oD;u jyefvn
af csre_ ;f &jcif;jzpfonf? wnf&adS eqJzEd ydS af &;ESihf aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S af &; yHo k ¾mefrsm;udk
wGe;f vSe+f zdKcsa&; wdu k yf yJG ifjzpfonf?
(c)
&efoEl iS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;onf ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf
aoe*FAsL[m r[kwaf y?enf;y&d,m,frsm;xJrS enf;y&d,m,f wckr#om jzpf&ay vdrhf
rnf? tb,fo@kd aom enf;y&d,m,f jzpfoifyh goenf;?wdu k yf jJG yifqif/ jyifqif+yD;wdu k /f
jyifqif,if;wdu k yf 0JG if/ tus,jf yef@tus,0f ef;qH;k wdu k yf q
JG ifE&JG if; &efoEl iS hf aqG;aEG;
yGJwuf&rSm jzpfonf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tzdESdyfcHvlrsdK;pHk/ vlxktiftm;jzifh
wdu k yf qJG if&if;/&efo. l vnfrsKd eif;um aqG;aEG;&rSmjzpfonf? wdu k yf rJG sm; tqifq h ifh
ray:xGufor# tm%m&pfrl;vGefa&m*g pGJuyfaeonfh ppftm%m&l;zufqpf
ppftyk pf u k kd Edil if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGu J kd wufcikd ;f I r&Edil /f ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,fu oufaojycJ+h yD;
jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;yGw J uf&ef &efoEl iS v hf x l w
k yfO;D =um;wGi4f if;/ &efoEl iS hf 'Dru kd a&p
tD iftm;pk =um;wGi4f if;/ tenf;qH;k tiftm;wl&vdrrhf nf? ppftyk pf o k nf vlxak xmuf
cHrr_ &or# vlxt k oD;oD;. tiftm;rSm rD;k ESiahf jrudk ajymif;vJEikd o f nfh yifr tiftm;}u;D
jzpfonf r[kwaf yavm? xdt k iftm;}uD;jzifw h u
kd yf zJG efw;D um &efopl pftyk pf u k kd pdef
ac:&rSmvnf;jzpfonf? xdt k iftm;xkrmS &efow l yfxuf tiftm;vGeu f J vsu&f dS
onf? vlrp_ epfajymif;vJa&;twGuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;wGif awmfveS af &;rsm;
&Scd =hJ uonf? xdv k x l t k iftm;}uD;ESiyhf if atmifycJG cH =hJ ujcif;jzpfonf?
58
(*)
tzdEydS cf v H xl k oabmxm;um;tb,fenf;? tzdEydS cf v H nfpif;cHae=u&aom
tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH rSm &efopl pftm%m&Sif ppftyk pf u k kd jiKwfqx kH x J u hJ m
tr_e@f acsypfcsiaf e=uonf? rdrw d @kd .vlb0udk wd&pd m> efb0od@k twif; t"rRweG ;f yd@k
cHae&ojzifx h &kd efopl pftyk pf t k m; jyefvnfweG ;f vSef ajcr_e;f ypfvv kd o S nf? v,form;/
tvkyform;rsm;rSmygwDpnf;vHk;a&; pm&Gufrsm;ay;rnfhtpm; aoewfyJay;yg[k
wpmpm awmif;qdk aejcif;rSm ,if;oabmw&m;yifjzpfonf? vlxb k 0udk at;csrf ;
wnf +idrfap&ef/ wdk;wufzG@H+zdK;ap&ef }uHaqmif}uDK;yrf;Edlifrnfh vlxktpdk;&w&yfudk
xdv k x l t k oD;oD;uyif zG@J pnf;xlaxmifv=kd uonf? ppftyk pf k ppftm%m&Siq f o kd nfrmS
raumif;qd;k 0g; &mZ0wfaumif&efojl zpfaeojzifh b0xJrS armif;xkwaf jcr_e;f ypfvv kd S
onf? vlxu k olw@kd .&efoEl iS hf aphpyfvjkd cif;r&S?d vufawG@b0wGif trsKd ;om; jyefvnf
oifjh rwfa&; awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pum;0dik ;f jzpfay:a&;onfum; avxJwiG f wdu k t f rd f
aqmufjcif;r#om jzpfayonf? xd@k a=umifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk vlxu k r}udKufawmh?
vufrcH pdwrf &SnEf ild af wmh? aqG;aEG;yGw J uf&ef tyfwzsm;pm oabmxm;r&So d nfh
(u|yJ g;apmif;wD;)&efou l kd &G@rH ek ;f pufqw k o f uJo h @kd yif aqG;aEG;yGu
J zkd w d af c:onfh yk*Kd~ vfukd
vnf; tav;teufr&Sad wmhay? xdt k cgawG@qkH aqG;aEG;a&;rSvI JG tjcm; vkypf &m
r&Sq d akd om 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf vlxt k =um;wGif qef@usiu f v JG JG vmaecJ+h yDjzpf
onf?
(C)
ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&; ppfppfvnf;r[kw/f awmfveS af &;vJr[kw/f
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&;udk apmif;ay; t"duxm;vmonfh umv
wGif uajrmuftajcmufEiS fh uarmufur tacsmiform;rsm;u Edil if aH &; rsuEf mS t
awmf rsm;rsm;wGif v$rf;rdk;aecJhonf? ae&m,lxm;=uonf? ae&m,lcGifh/ ajymcGifh
qdck iG vhf y_ &f mS ;pDpOfciG hf &&Sx d m;=uonf? yxrawmh awmfveS af &;orm;a,mifa,mif
aemufawmh'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if a,mifa,mif/ aemufawmhtacsmiform;/
aemufq;kH awmhx;kH pHtwdik ;f &efoEl iS ahf ygi;f pnf;um azmufjyefomG ;avawmhonf?
xduk ohJ @kd &efoEl iS o hf o d o d momraygi;f pnf;rSD vlx=k um;wGiv f x l u k kd
t[ef@twm; taESmiht f ,Suf txyfxyfay;ygawmhonf? ppftm%m&Sif pepfzsuf
odr;f a&;ESihf &efou l kd awmfveS w f ukd cf u kd af &;twGuf wuf=uGvrS ;f csaD eaom vlxak jc
vSrf;rsm;udk/ a@&Sudkwdk;I wdk;I rwufvSrf;Eldif&eftwGuf enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh &dkufcsdK; ae
jcif;jzpfonf?
59
&efoEl iS ahf wG@qHak qG;aEG;a&;onf ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf
aoe*FAsL[mr[kwfay?
enf;y&d,m,frsm;xJrS enf;y&d,m,fwckr#omjzpf&ayvdrfhrnf?
tb,fokd ah om enf;y&d,m,fjzpfoifyh goenf;?
wdkufyGJjyifqif/ jyifqifjyD;wdkuf/ jyifqif,if;wdkufyGJ0if/
tus,fjyef htus,f0ef;qHk;wdkufyGJqifEGJ&if;
&efolESifhaqG;aEG;yGJwuf&rSmjzpfonf?
oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tzdESdyfcHvlrsdK;pHk/ vlxktiftm;jzifh wdkufyGJqif&if;/
&efol.vnfrsdKeif;um aqG;aEG;&rSmjzpfonf?
wdkufyGJrsm;tqifhqifhray:xGufor# tm%m&pfrl;vGefa&m*g pGJuyfaeonfh
ppftm%m&l;zufqpf ppftkyfpkudk EdlifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk
wufcdkif;I r&Edlif/ ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fu oufaojycJhjyD;jzpfonf?
('Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pk tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;xJwiG f xdt k acsmif
orm;rsm; v$r;f vmygu awmfveS af &;c&D;onf rwGiu f s,Ef ild af wmhay? atmifyo JG nf
a0;onf x uf a 0;oG m ;ayvd r f h r nf ? )vl x k u d k uarmuf u r av;vH
wke@f qikd ;f aprSmjzpfonf? Oyrm- ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;wdu k yf aJG jcvSr;f udk
2010 uvdeu f sonfh a&G;aumufyrJG &J 0kH ifa&;ESihf ppfu|ecf aH &;rJ&0kH ifa&; ajcvSr;f tjzpf
&ku
d cf sKd ;ajymif;vJypfjcif;jzpfonf? aemufxyf Oyrm-ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;
tpm;&efolESifhawG@qHk aqG;aEG;a&;udk wGef;wifvmjcif;tm;jzifh pepfa[mif;
zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf wdu k yf jJG yif&efrvdak wmh/ wdu
k yf &JG &dS efrvdak wmh- [laomtnHch H
a&;enf;jzpf &du k cf sKd ;ypfjcif;?
Tod@k tm;jzifh Armjynf tzdEydS cf H tEdil u f sichf v H w l ef;pm;. &efojl zpfonfh
ppftm%m&Sif ppftyk pf o k nf olxif&mpdik ;f cGi/hf vkycf si&f mvkycf iG &hf onfxuf&vmcJah v
awmhonf? ydI k jyif;xefonfxufjyif;xefaom zdEydS cf iG hf ajcr_e;f cGiu hf kd t&,lonfxuf
,lvmcJhawmhonf?
vif;opfatmif
atmufwdkbm/ 1 /2009

60
“ om; av;/orD ; av; rD ; uk d
oGm;rukdifeJ haem emfæyl
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æ
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owday;pum; qkw d wf =uygw,f? tJ'D
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prf;vkpd w d Ef iS hf rdbawG&J ph um;ukd tav;
rxm;wJh pdwaf =umifv h @dk ,lq rdygw,f?
rD ; uk d u k d i f j yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m awmh rd b &J
ph um;[m rSew f ,f (trSew f &m;) tav;
xm;&r,f v k d @ rS w f , l x m; wwf = u
vdrrhf ,f xifygw,f?
wcgæ“om;av;/ “om;av;/ orD;av;
ukd,fawGylaevkdufwm? aeaumif; oGm;
atmif aq;aomufvkdufOD; aemf? 'Daq;
av;u csKdw,f” qkdjyD; awmh arwWm
CHANGE pdwfa=umifh vdrfnmjyD; ajymqkd wwf
ygw,f? rdbpum;ukd ,k=H unfpw d ft
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rSm;onfjzpfap/ rSeo f nfjzpfap emcH/ rSwf

61
em=uygw,f? rdbeJ@ o h m;orD;rsm;&J h tjyeftvSex f m;&Sw d hJ em;vnfrE_ iS hf apwem
a=umifv h dk h ,lqrdygw,f? 'Dvydk gyJ q&mESiw hf ynfah wG&J h =um;rSmvJ oif,jl cif;/emcHjcif;
wkd@ &Sd=uovkd tzGJ htpnf;/ toif;tyif;awG&J h qkdif&mqkdif&mawGrSm txufu
ay; tyfvmwJt h rdef Eh iS hf pum;awGudk emcHrw S o f m;&avh&ydS gw,f? b,fywf0ef;usi/f
todik ;f t0kid ;f rSmyJjzpfjzpf rvGrJ aoG&=dS uwJh usi0hf wfwck vkd q h &dk ifvJ rSm;r,frxifygb;l ?
jrefrm"avhrmS vJ rdbusi0hf wf/om;orD;usi0hf wf q&musi0hf wfqw dk mawG
&So
d vkd tjcm;aom bmom awGrmS vJ aumif;rGeaf jzmifrh eS w f hJ tqk;H trESihf vku d ef m
oifw h hJ usi0hf wfawG&ydS gw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&mawGtm;vk;H ukd vku d ef m&r,f rSeu f efw,f
,k=H unf&r,f vkd h rqkv d ydk gb;l ? 'gudk Ak'b < &k m;uvJ a[mxm;wm&Syd gw,f? Ak'b < &k m;&J
h umvmr okwx f rJ mS tcsuf (10) csuef J ah [mxm;ygw,f?
rdb/ q&morm;&J q h pdk um;rkd v h dk h rSef w,fvdk x h ifjyD; r,kzH dk /h pmayusr;f
*efawGrmS a&;xm;vk@d rSew f ,fxifjyD;awmhvJ r,kzH @dk qjdk yD; a[mxm;ygw,f? trSef
w&m;ukd vGwv f wG v f yfvyf&mS &r,f/ vufawG ph rf; oyf&r,f/ uk, d af wG v h yk jf yD; w
u,ftusK;d &Srd S qufvyk &f r,fvdk q h ydk g w,f? 'Dvv dk yk Ef idk zf dk q h &dk if rdrrd mS uk, d yf idk Of m%f
&S&d ygvrd rhf ,f? prf;oyf&w J hJ owW&d &dS r,f? a0zefqef;ppfEidk w f hJ uk, d yf idk Of m%fr&S&d if ol
rsm;ajymwmukd tvG,w f ul vufcjH yD; vufn;d‡ axmif acgi;f ndwf qkw d hJ b0rsK;d ukd
a&mufomG ;r,fqw dk m aocsmvGe;f vSygw,f?
tcsed u f mvwck[m &yfwefrh aeygb;l ? acwfumvawG ajymif;oGm;wmESihf
tr# tawG;tac:/ t,ltqawG[mvJ acwfumvukv d u dk jf yD; jyKjyifay;&avh&ydS g
w,f? tJ'v D kd ajymif;vJEidk zf dk t
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oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOftcgwkef;rSmvnf; tajctaeukd vkdufjyD;jyKjyifay;cJh&wJh
0denf;ynwfcsuf rsm;pGm&Scd yhJ gw,f? qkv d &dk if;u b,ft&mrSm taorSw, f rl xm;zkd
/h t,krH vG,=f uzkd yh gy?J acwfumveJ t h nD jyKjyifay;&wm[m ykrd o dk ifah v#mjf yD; vku d f
av#mnDaxGr,f,q l vkd h jyKvky&f ay;wmawGyJ r[kwv f m;?
usaemfh touft&G,f t&qkv d #if rqvacwf&J h wykid ;f wp taiG t h oufe@J
eh 0w/ etzacwftwGi;f rSm =uD;jyif;vmcJ&h ygw,f? 1962ckEpS rf mS awmfveS af &; tpk;d &
wuf v mjyD ; qk d & S , f v pf p epf u k d w nf a qmuf c J h y gw,f ? ygvD r ef a cwf r S m
trSm;t,Gi;f awG vkt d yfcsuaf wG &Sad ew,f,q l vkd h 'ga=umifh qk&d , S v f pfpepfeJ ch sw D uf
r,fqkdjyD; jyKjyifa&; oabmeJ h wnfaqmufcJhwmvkd h usaemf Om%frDSoavmuf

62
pOf;pm;rdygw,f? acwfum veJ h vku d af v#mnDaxGr,fxifvdk h jyKjyifcahJ yrJh atmifjrif
jcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;&J h &vm'f taeeJ h jrefrmEkid if [ H m tqif;&Jq;Hk Ekid if H tqifu h dk
a&mufc&hJ wmawmh trSeyf gy?J wu,f tusK;d &Sd r&Sq d w dk mawmh rqv 26 ESpw f m
um v twGi;f rSm vlwpktaeeJ h rodomayrJh Ekid if w H cktaeeJ h tawmfyJ txdemjyD;
aemufus useaf ecJyh gw,f?
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wmuvnf; trSeyf gy?J okd ah omfvnf; aq;wkid ;f rcg;wwfygb;l qkw d mukad wmhjzifh
touft&G,f =uD;jrifh vmwmESifhtr# csifhcsdefwkdif;xGmEkdifwJh todOm%fa=umifh
trSeEf iS t hf rSm;ukd odjrifvmEkid yf gw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiHukd ppfwyftpOftquf tkyfcsKyfvmcJh/ tkyfcsKyfaeqJqkdwm
oifah v#mrf &_ rdS &Su d vdk nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;apcsiyf gw,f? rqvtpk;d & vufxuf/
e0wESihf ,ck etz ppftpk;d & vufxufawGrmS usaemfwdk h jrefrmEkid if o H m;awG[m
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0ifwkdif; ezl;ay:vufwifjyD; pOf;pm;apcsifygw,f? rpGwfryGwf vkyfykdifcGifhawGay;cJh/
ay;aeOD; r,fqv dk #iaf wmh jrefrmEkid if &H J h taetxm;[m Ek@d r0wJh uav;wa,mufvdk
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vli,fawGukd aumif;rGefwJh "gwfpmawG tv#Hty,fau|;jyD; jyKpk ysKd;axmifay;
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d ;l vkd ah jym&if ykjd yD; rSeyf g
vdrrhf ,f? 'Dynmawmfoif vli,fawGudk ae&mwck (oifah v#mf rSeu f efw)hJ ay;jyD; Ekid f
iHeJ v h rl sK;d tusK;d &Sad pzkd h ukid w f ,G t f ok;H cswphJ epfudk w&kwt f pk;d & jyKjyifajymif;vJ usio hf ;Hk
aewmawG@&ygw,f? w&kwEf idk if &H @J t&Sed t f [kejf yif;jyif;eJh wk;d wufra_ wG[m 'Dvdk
jyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wG&J h tusK;d oufa&mufra_ wG yJvm;[k awG;xifp&mygy?J
pifumylEidk if &H J h 0ef=uD;csKyfv&D eS v f eG ;f [mvnf; pifumylEidk if &H J h awmufywJh
rsK;d qufopfawGudk *&kwpku d ef J h apmif=h unfah eygw,f? t&if0ef=uD;csKyfawG rvkycf w hJ hJ
enf;vrf;topfawGudk vufawG@ ph rf;oyfaeygw,f? vli,fawGrmS r&Sw d /hJ 0,f,v l @dk
63
ol@&@J tawG t h =uKHawGudk vli,fawGudk ay;vku d rf ,fq&dk if aemifpifumylEidk if &H @J ta&;ukd
aumif;rGefpGm ukdifwG,fEkdifrSmvkd h ol,lqrdykH&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh vli,fawGrSm
tiftm;awG/ pGr;f tm;awG &Sad ewmukd odwt hJ wGuf vufwaJG c:aqmifaewmukad wG@
&ygw,f?
tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGrSm ajymif;vJr_awG[m tpOfwpkduf&SdaeayrJh jrefrm
Ekid if rH mS awmh wpfaoG;/wpfo/H wpfred f h qkad om a&n‡w d uf aewJh qkid ;f yk'/f r_wd ufaewJh
tawG;tac: ta[mif;awGeJ h tm;aumif;pGm &Sad ewke;f ygy?J 2010ckEpS q f dk wm[m
reufjzef/ obufcgvdk eD;aeygjyD? etzppftpk;d &taeESihf olwdk jh zpfcsiw f hJ ykpH t H wkid ;f
vkyzf dk h tpDtpOfawGcsjyD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gudk rSeyf gw,f/ aumif;rGeyf gw,f qdjk yD;
jynfwiG ;f /jynfyrSm &Sad e=uwJh tz@JG t h pnf; toD;oD;/ tpk;d &0efxrf;tm;vk;H (ppfwyf/
&J ESihf tjcm;) jrefrmEkid if o H m;awGtm;vk;H wkd [ h m olw@dk ajymwJt h wkid ;f vku d ef m
=uawmhrmS vm;´´ txufv=l uD;u ay;wJt h rdef [h m rSeu
f efw,f/ oifah v#mw f ,f/
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ukd tok;H rcsyJ ae=uawmhrmS vm;´´ trSew f &m;ukd r&SmazGyJ olrsm;ajympum;ukd
vG,v f , G ef @J vufcaH wmhrmS vm;/ ,k=H unf=uawmhrmS vm;´´
tvkyfwck jyD;ajrmufatmifjrifatmif vkyfwm[m vljzpfovkd Oya'/
pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;awGukd vkyfwm[mvnf; vlygyJ? enf;wlpGmyJ tajymif;tvJ
vkyfwmvnf; vlqkdwm ajr=uD;vufcwfrvGJygbl;? tajymif;tvJukd vkyfEkdifwm
vlqkdwm aocsmayrJh olrsm;tm;ukd;vkd h tajymif;tvJjzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;?
&kad r;eD;,m;/ tif'edk ;D &Sm;/ zdvpfyidk /f &k&mS ;/ *smr%D/ tD&wf/ tmz*efepfpwefawG rSm
ajymif ; vJ r _ a wG t=uD ; tus,f j zpf c J h y gw,f ? toH E S i f h v nf ; tajymif ; tvJ
jzpfrvmovkd tarGaumif;wckudk usaemfwdk h vufqifu h rf; ay;&rJw h m0ef&ydS gw,f?
rsKd;qufaumif;awG xGufzkd htwGuf vrf;jyaumif;rSvJ jzpfrSmyg? a&S@uEGm;u
ajzmifah jzmifo h mG ;rS/ aemufuEGm;u wnfw h nfv h udk rf ,fqwdk hJ pum;ykt H wkid ;f vkyd gy?J
rSef&if rSefw,f/ rSm;&if rSm;w,fvkd hajymjyD; vkdtyfaewJh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG
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rd;k aumif;
(31/ 10/ 09 eHeuf 2 em&D)

64
p-um0VmxJu
'dkif,mvufwpf
(12)
rd;k ajropf
(u)
urBmay:wGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmonfrSpI vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
. acgif;aqmifrludk &,l&ef &nfrSef;}udK;pm;vmonfh vlwef;pm;rsm; tm;vHk;rSm
aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S af om vlwef;pm;rsm;om jzpfonf? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm
xdv k w l ef;pm;rsm;xJwiG f ryg0ifc=hJ uay? aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S af om vlwef;pm;wdik ;f onf
,if;wdk@. wuf,hf&yfwnfcsufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;wwf=uonf?
ol w d k @ . pd k ; rd k ; jc,f v S , f r l / zd E d S y f a oG ; pk w f r l o nf w&m;r#wI xm0&
opPmw&m;jzpfonf[k a=uG;a=umfc=hJ uonf?
a&S;a[mif;aus;ydkifuGsefydkif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y tbd"rRmq&m}uD;wqljzpf
onfh t&pPww dk ,fvu f (vlrsm;onf obm0tm;jzifh uGserf sm;omjzpfaoma=umifh
aus;ydik u f sG eyf ikd pf epfonf obm0u zefw;D ay;vdu k af om pepfjzpfonf?)[k qdck o hJ nf?
xdkaumufcsuf/ xdkaoG;pkwfjcvS,faom vlwef;pm;uom awG;ac:azmfxkwfcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? ,if;wdk@. wu,fh &yfwnfcsufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; udk rnfodkyif
zHk;uG,fxm;wwfapumrl zHk;zdI r&ay? uGsefydkif&SifESifh uGsefvlwef;pm; t=um;
qufqaH &;u zH;k zdIr&ay?
ajr&Sifya'o&mZf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; pef;yGifhonfhumvwGifvnf; Oa&my
acwfv,f tawG;tac:ynm&Sif}uD;wOD; ay:xGufvmcJhbl;onf? aomrwfpf
tufuDGemhpf?olu (p=u0Vm}uD;wckvHk;onf ya'o&mZfpepf wrsKd;jzpf onf)[k
qdck ohJ nf? bk&m;ocifonf wrmefawmfrsm; 0dik ;f &Hvsu&f aSd om ya'o&mZfpepf ESihf
ya'o&mZf vl w ef ; pm;ud k acgif ; aqmif r l ay;vd k u f j cif ; jzpf o nf ? xd k a cwf
ajruGset f vkyo f rm;rsm;. tawG;tac: r[kwcf ahJ y?

65
ajr&S i f y a'o&mZf pepf . aES m if } ud K ;rsm;ud k jzwf a wmuf + yD ; jzpf a om
t&if;&SifpepfwGifvnf; aoG;pkwfjc,fvS,faom vlwef;pm;uyif acgif;aqmifrludk
&,l&ef}udK;pm;vmcJh=uonf? t&if;&Sif tawG;rsm; pwifxGef;um;vmcsdefwGif +Adwdef
tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf sm;. tawG;tac:rsm;xJwiG f xif&mS ;pGm awG@jrifEikd o f nf? olw@kd .
tvd k t & (wck j cif ; pD oD ; jcm;wnf & d S a eof n h tEk j rLrH _ u av;rsm; tcsif ; csif ;
qufoG,faygif;pyf zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;udk urBmavmu}uD;[lI &_jrif=uonf?),if;rSm
}uD;xGm;aeaom "e&Siv f w l ef;pmp;u t&if;&Siv f @l tzG@J tpnf;}uD;udk &_jrifyjkH zpfayonf?
TawG;ac:rljzifh "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;onf vnf;aumif;wd@k vr$ ;f rd;k cs,v f , S f a&;ESihf
tjrwf&&dSa&; ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;ayonf? ,if;wdk@. tbd"rRmt&
tvkyform;ESihf t&if;&Sifonf oD;jcm; wckjci;fpDwnf&dSae=uaom rEko (vlom;)
tEkjrLrHu _ av;rsm; jzpf=u+yD; tcsi;f csi;f tvdt k avsmuf qufo, G f aygi;f pyfr=d uum
wa,mufu tvkyfvkyfay;&+yD; wa,mufu t&iftEDS;xkwfum tca=u;aiGay;&
jcif;jzpfonf[k owfrw S x f w k af zmf=uonf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u xdk tbd"rRmudk vufrcHcJhay? tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;onf aoG;pkwcf sK,fv, S af &; pepfopfw&yfukd xlaxmifjcif; jyKrnfr[kwb f ?J
vl vljcif; aoG;pkwjf cif;tm;vH;k udk zsuq f ;D ypf&efom vdv k m;ayonf?
aemufwcsu?f tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;onf vnf;aumif;wd@k . vlwef;pm;udk xm0pOf
wnfwef@apvdkaom qENr&dSay? r&dS&Hkr#ru tvkyform; vlwef;pm; w&yftaejzifh
wnf&dSaer_udk jrefonfxufjrefpGm zsufodrf;um vlwef;pm;rJh/ aoG;pkwfjc,fvS,f
rluif;rJo h nfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckukd wnfaqmufvakd yonf? tjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf
rdrwd @kd u, kd uf kd rdrwd @kd tpOfxm0&wnfwef@apvd=k uonf? xdak =umifh p=um0VmxJwiG f
olw@kd tm; xm0&ae&mwae&may;rnfh tbd"rRmqdik &f m pepfrsm;udk ESpcf sKu d o f abmus
=uonf ? vnf ; aumif ; wd k @ pepf r sm;onf p=um0Vm}uD ; . obm0ud k
teuft"dyg` ,zf @JG q&kd ef }udK;pm;=u&mwGif wpHw k ckaom vlrpl epfonf wckv;kH twGuf
vdtk yfaom tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yf jzpfav[efvnf; vnf;aumif;wd@k u yHak qmif=uonf?
Ttcsurf sm;onf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;ESihf t&if;&Sit f =um; wGif uGmjcm;vGe;f onfh
tcsufjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh wu,fr[kwaf om wu,fyJ tawG;tac:&Siw f @kd . pdwuf ;l Om%fjzifh
azmf x k w f x m;aom pd w f u l ; xnf r sm; vuf a wG @ b0xJ w G i f rwnf & d S E d k i f o nf h

66
(xm0&wnf a erl ) ud k azmf j yonf ? tbd " rR m qd k i f & m pepf r sm;onf tvk y f o rm;
vl w ef ; pm;twG u f bmr# toH k ; r0if a y? tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;onf topf
jzpfvmaomt&mrsm;/ ajymif;vJaeaom t&mrsm;ESihf csKyf+idr;f aeaom t&mrsm; udo k m
&S m azG I ajymif ; vJ r l u d k o m tod t rS w f j yKayonf ? xd k t csuf o nf o m
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; &yfwnfrlESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfayonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;onf t&if ; &S i f v l w ef ; pm;u v$ r f ; rd k ; jc,f v S , f a &; ES i f h
tjrwftpGef;&&dSa&; ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;ouJhodk@ zHk;uG,fvdkjcif;r&dSay?
zHk;uG,fvdkonfh qENr&dSojzifh t&m0wKˆrsm;udk yuwdt&dStwdkif; odem;vnfaom
qEN&aSd yonf? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;onf opPmw&m;udk ydrk o kd ed m;vnfvm onfEiS t hf r#
vnf;aumif;wd@k . wdu k yf t JG wGi;f Y ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmrnfom jzpfonf?
tawG ; tac:ynm&S i f } uD ; rsm;vnf ; jzpf urB m h t vk y f o rm; vl w ef ; pm;.
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;vnf;jzpfonfh rmufpf ESifh tdef*s,fvpfwdk@onf tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;tm; (ud, k uf u kd , kd f od&&Sd efEiS hf em;vnfoabmaygu&f ef) oif=um;cJ+h yD;aemuf
(tvkyform;xk}uD; ESifh aoG;pkwfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&olrsm;tm; vHk;bufrSm&yfwnfum
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;. awmf v S e f a omoabmw&m;ud k xl a xmif c J h = uonf ?
TawmfveS af om oabmw&m;onf t&if;&Siaf oG;pkwjf c,f vS,rf u l kd wGe;f vSezf ,f&mS ;
ypfEikd o
f nfh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; ESihf jynfov l x
l rk sm; tm;vH;k udk OD;aqmifayonf? xd@k jyif
vl@tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;wGif &daS ernfh vlvcl si;f aoG;pkwcf s,v f , S jf cif; zdEyS jf cif;ponfw@kd rS
t+yD ; tyd k i f v G w f a jrmuf E d k i f a ponf h vrf ; wd k @ wG i f ol w d k @ ES p f O D ; . awmf v S e f a om
oabmw&m;onf tvif;a&miftjzpf xGe;f !daS y;cJh avonf?
acwf o pf u mvwG i f tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;onf vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; wG i f
acgif;aqmifrludk&,l&ef &nf&G,fv#uf&dScJhay+yD? xdka=umifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;.
vlwef;pm;tjrifudkvnf; tawG;tac:qdkif&m yHko%efjzifh azmfjy&efvdktyfvmcJh onf?
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; vnf;aumif;.vlwef;pm;tbd"rRmjzifh aoG;pkwfjc,fvS,faom
vlwef;pm;. tbd"rRmudk qef@usiw f u kd zf su&f ef vdt k yfvmcJo h nf? xd@k a=umifyh if rmufpEf iS hf
tde*f s,w f @kd onf oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom urBmt h vkyo f rm;xku, kd pf m;/ omrmefjynfow l @kd .
ukd,fpm; awmfvSefaom tawG; tac:oabmw&m;rsm;udk xlaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
tEkyVdavmr&kyf0g'onf awmfvSefaom tvkyform; vlwef;pm;ESifh jynfolvlxk.

67
awmfveS af om tawG;tac:w&yf jzpfonf?
(c)
tawG;tac: ordkif;jzpfpOfxJwGif tEk y Éd a vmr&kyf0g' ESifh puf,E W,m;
&ky0f g'wd@k onf wqufwnf; wpyfwnf; qufpyfaomfvnf; tawG;tac: ESp&f yfonf
vHk;0jcm;em;aeayonf? a&S@wGifazmfjycJhonfh puf,E W,m;&kyf0g'onf t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKcJah =umif; azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfonf? q,fu h ;kd &mpk tpydik ;f umvtxd
tm;aumif;armif;oef jzpfcahJ om t&if;&SiEf iS hf ya'o&mZf tawG;tac:rsm;udk wpjcif;
wv$mjcif; qGx J wk uf m rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f s,v f pf w
f @kd onf ydik ;f jcm; azmfjycJ=h uonf? ,QK
Ttcef;wGif puf,E W,m;&kyf0g'udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm,if; tzdESdyfcH/ jc,fvS,faoG;pkwfcH
urBmjh ynforl sm; tvkyo f rm;rsm;bufrS &yfum ud, k pf m;jyKonfh tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'udk
awG;ac:cJha=umif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?
(rSwfcsuf? ? puf,E W,m;&kyf0g'udk rzwf&_ ravhvm&ao;aomolonf
,if;0g'udk tusOf;r#azmfjycJhonfh tcef;10ESifh 11udk zwf&_avhvmoifhonf[k
,lqygonf? od@k rS qufpyfxif[yf qufpyfawG;ac:Edik rf mS jzpfonf?)
puf,E , W m;&ky0f g'udk awG;ac:cJo h nfh tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf sm;onf olw@kd .
tawG ; tac:ud k wif j y,if ; w&m;ao,l q csuf r sm;ud k azmf j yvmcJ h = uonf ?
qdkcJh+yD;onfhtwdkif; t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;. &yfwnfcsufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f
zHk;zdonfESifh tr# yuwdt&dSw&m;ESifh vGJacsmfonfhtjyif w&m;ao,lcsufrsm;yg
yg0ifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh w&m;ao,lqcsuf 4csuf&dSvmcJhonf? xdk
w&m;ao(4)csuo f nf tEkyVdavmr&ky0f g' twGu&f iS o f ef tm;aumif;apcJo h nf?
wpf//
puf , EW , m;&k y f 0 g'tjrif w G i f urB m avmu=uD ; onf rajymif ; vJ a om
&yfwef@wnfjrJaeaom t&m0wKˆrsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? xdt k &m0wKˆrsm;Y ajymif;
vJjcif;r&Sdaom ylaomowWdrsm;&Sdonf? ,if;uJhodk@aom t&m0wKˆrsm;udk tajccHI
ajymif;vJrt _ m;vH;k jzpfay:vm&onf[k ,lqonf?
tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'onf ,if;t,ltqudk y,fonfh puf,E , W m;&ky0f g' u
!GefjyouJhodk@ urBmavmu=uDonf t&m0wKˆrsm;jzihf zJG@pnf;xm;onf[k r,lq?
jzpfpOfrsm;jzifhom zJG@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? jzpfpOfwav#mufY rvSKyfr&Sm; wnfjrJ
wnfwhHaeonf[k xif&aom t&m0wWKrsm;onf jzpfvm=u ysufoGm;=uojzifh t

68
qufrawmfbJ tjrJwapajymif;vJaewwfonf? (tde*f s,v f pf .
f ajym=um;csu)f
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,lqcJo h nfh tEkjrLudk tDvufx&Ge/f y&dw k eG f /!lx&Gef "gwrf sm;tjzpfo@kd cJpG w d I
f &vm cJoh nf?
xdk@a=umifh urBmavmu. zJG@pnf;rSKtajccHrSm t&m0wKˆrsm;r[kwfbJ obm 0.
tqH;k r&Sad om jzpfpOfrsm;omjzpfonf? TjzpfpOfrsm;jzifo h m t&m0wKˆrsm;onf jzpfvm=u
ysufoGm;=uESifh tqufrjywff tjrJwap ajymif;vJae=ujcif;jzpfonf? t opfrsm;udk
aemufxyfawG@&Sdvm=uonfhwdkif xdktopfonfvnf; tqHk;pGefaom t pdwftydkif;rsm;
r[k w f = uao; ,if ; wd k @ onf aemuf x yf cJ G j crf ; pd w f z smI &Ed k i f o nf h t&m
00wKˆrsm;omjzpfacsonf?
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ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdonfh yHkaoum;csyf tzJG@tpnf;wckr[kwfay? vlrSKjzpfpOfrsm;onf
jzpfay:v#uf&Sdonf? xdkvlrSKjzpfpOfrsm;t& pepfESifh vlom;rsm;onf ajymif;vJjzpfay:
ae=uonf[k tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'u vufccH o hJ nf?
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&ky0f wKˆ/ &kyo
f nf jyifyt&m0wKˆwpHw k ckEiS w hf eG ;f yd@k &u
kd cf wfrKS ygrS ajymif;vJvKS yf&mS ;onf [k
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aqmfaeaom t&mrSm b,ft&mrSrjzpfEdkif? teEWwefcdk;&Sifomjzpfonf[k rSwfcsuf
csvdkuf=uonf? awG;ac:vdkuf=uonf? ,if;wef;cdk;awmf&Sifu pwifwGef;ydk@ aphaqmf
vduk rf oS m &kyo f nf tqifq h ifh wGe;f yd@k armif;ESi;f vSKyf&mS ;vmonf[q k o
kd nf?
tEkyÉdavmr0g'onf &kyEf iS yhf wfoufI ,if;uJo h @kd aomtoufuif;rJph mG awG;ac:
=unfhjrifrSKudk ypfy,fqef@usifonf? puf,EW,m;&kyf0g'atmifjrifu &kyfESifhvSKyf&Sm;
ajymif ; vJ r S K ud k wjcm;pD c J G = unf h o nf ? &k y f u d k a oaeaom tpd k i f t cJ = uD ; wck t jzpf
oabmxm;onf? tEkyÉdavmr&kyf0g'onf xdkt,ltqudk jiif;y,fcJhonf? vSKyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJjcif;onf &ky. f wnf&adS eyHk pepfyifjzpfonf[k tde*f s,v f pf u
f qdck ohJ nf?

69
vSKyf&mS ;ajymif;vJrKS r&Sad om &ky[ f ol nf b,frmS rSr&Sad y? &Sv d nf;r&SEd ikd af y? aumharpf
av[mjyif&dS vSKyf&mS ;ajymif;vJrKS onf4if; / awaZm"gw/f v#ypf pf"gw/f oH vdu k "f gwf ponfh
y&rmtEkjrLrsm;. vSKyf&mS ;ajymif;vJrKS onf4if;/ "gwrf sm;. aygi;f pnf;rSKESihf cJjG crf;pdwjf zmrSK
rsm;onf4if; / ouf&b dS 0onf4if; urBmavmu=uD;twGi;f &Sd t&mrsm;onf wpHw k ckaom
tcsed w f iG f vSKyf&mS ;ajymif;vJrKS yHo
k %eftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh vSKyf &Sm;ajymif;vJae=uonfcsn;f jzpfonf?
ajymif ; vJ j cif ; r&S d / wnf j id r f a eonf [ k xif & aom t&mrsm;onf
jrifvG,fxifvG,fajymif;vJvSKyf&Smaeaom t&mrsm;ESifh ESdKif;,SOf =unfhaoma=umifhom
ajymif ; vJ j cif ; r&S d wnf j id r f a eonf [ k xif & jcif ; jzpf o nf ? trS e f tm;jzif h
rlajymif;vJvKS yf&mS ;v#u&f adS vonf[I l tde*f s,v f pf u
f qdo k nf?
,if;tawG;tac:rsm;udk qef@usifum ar;cGef;rsm;xkwfvmEdkifonf?urBm
avmu=uD;udk teEWwefcdk;&Sifwyg;uzefqif;ovm;// &kyf.rlvtponfbmvJ/ ajymif;
vJvSKyf&Sm;jcif;. tprlvonfbmvJ/ t&m0wWKrsm;. rlvtponfbmvJ/ ta=umif;
w&m;onfbmvJ/ Tar;cGe;f rsm;twGuf tajzrsm;&Scd jhJ yD;om;jzpfaeonf?
urBmavmu=uD;udk teEWwefc;kd awmf&iS u f zefqif;jcif;r[kw?f &ky. f wpHw k ckaom
jzpfpOfw@kd YtpjyKonf? ,if;rSmjyD;cJah om ajymif;vJvKS yf;&Sm;aeonf&h yk . f wpHk wckaomjzpfpOf
jzpfonf? &kyzf @GJ pnf;rSKta[mif;rS &kyzf @GJ pnf;rSKtopfjzpfay:vmonf
&kyfjzpfpOfta[mif;rS &kyfjzpfpOftopfjzpfay:vmonf? wzef&kyfzJG@pnf;rSKta[mif; &kyf
jzpfpOfta[mif;onf b,fuvmoenf;? xdk@xufa[mif;aom &kyfzJG@pnf;rSK xdk@xuf
a[mif;aom &kyjf zpfpOfrv S monf? Tod@k tm;jzifh qufIqufum oGm;jcif;jzpfonf? &k&mS ;
vl@tzJG@tpnf;.acgif;aqmif tawGtac:ynm&Sif vDeifu obm0onf tqHk; r&Sd
tpr&Sad cswum; [ka&;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
wnf j id r f v #uf & S d o nf [ k x if & aom t&mrsm;onf twG i f ; Ytquf r jywf
ajymifvJvSKyf&Sm;ae=uonf? tEkjrLonf 4if;.tpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;u tqufr
jywfvSKyf&Sm;aejcif;jzifh wnf&Sdae=ujcif;jzpfonf ? &kyfESifhajymif;vJvSKyf&Sm;rSKrSm cJGr&
Edik af =umif;udk odyyH` nm&Sirf sm;u !Gejf ycJjh yD;jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh ajymif;vJrKS . ta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk avhvm&mwGif xdak jymif; vJrKS .
jyif y A[d ' < t a=umif ; rsm;ud k c snf ; ravh v mtH h jzpf p Of t wG i f ; vS K yf & S m ;rS K twG i f ; &S d
ajymif;vJrKS ta=umif;w&m;udyk g xnfo h iG ;f avhvmtyfayonf? tvm;wlyif vlrKS wd;k wufrKS
ajymif;vJrKS rsm;udk avhvm&mwGiv f nf; xdv k rl KS ajymif;vJrKS rsm;onf xif&mS =uD; us,af om

70
yk*~Kdvf=uD;rsm;. aqmif&GufrSK xdkyk*~Kdvf=uD;rsm;u wnfjirfajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd aom
vl@tzJG@tpnf;udk yHkoGif;,lrSKwdk@a=umifh ay:aygufvmonf[k r,lq(r,lq) tyfay?
vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJ&h dS twGi;f tiftm;rsm;. jzpfay:wd;k wufrKS ukev f yk rf KS / vlrKS tiftm;rsm;.
jzpfay:wd;k wufrKS wd@k a=umihf xdak jymif;vJrKS rsm; ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpf ayonf?
Oyrm - qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf tb,fodk@ay:aygufvmchJoenf;? pdwful;,Of
0g'orm;rsm; xifouJhodk@ qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf avmu=uD;udk jyKjyifvdkaom jyKjyifa&;
orm;rsm;. pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;rS ay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfay? t&if;&Sifvl@tzJG@ t
pnf ; onf rd r d t m; tqH k ; pD & if r nf h qd k & S , f v pf a wmf v S e f a &;ud k a&muf a prnf h t
a=umif;w&m;rsm;udk rdrdtwGif;Y vG,fydkufxm;&onf? rdrd.toufukd qHk;&SKH;aprnfh
oaE<om;udk ydu k xf m;&aom rdcifajrGayG;uJo h @kd jzpfonf? oJaomif ausmufcsyf =um; wGif
O Ocsjy;D toufq;kH &SKH ;aprnfh ig;Oudv k ,
G yf ukd x f m;&aom q,fvrGef rdcifig;r uJo h @kd jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'onf t&if;&Sifvl@tzJG@tpnf;. wdk;wufjzpay:rSKtwGif;rS
ay:aygufvmjcif;omjzpfonf?
oH;k ? ?
puf , EW , m;&k y f 0 g'. wwd , w&m;ao,l q csuf r S m Tod k @ jzpf o nf ?
"gw0f wKûav;rsm;onf jyifytiftm;pkrsm;. aphapmfrSKa=umifh puf,EW,m;qef aom
ajymif;vJvSKyf&Sm;rSKrSm omrefajymif;vJrSKomjzpfonf? ,if;vSKyf&Sm;rSKonf tpGrf;ukef /
tqH k ; pG e f a jymif v J v S K yf & S m ;rS K omjzpf o nf / / xd k a jymif ; vJ vS K yf & S m ;rS K onf &k y f .
tajccHusq;kH aom ajymif;vJrKS yHo k %efjzpfonf[k ,lqonf?
xdpk uf,EW,m;&ky0f g'. w&m;ao,lqcsuu f kd tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'u vuf
rcHay? "gwfo wKˆwck odk@r[kwf &kyf0 wKˆwckonf ajymif;vJvSKyf&Sm;&mwGif rlao
yHo
k %efwckxrhJ mS &yfraeay? ajymif;vJa&G@vsm;jcif;jzifh tjcm;aomyHo k ¾ef topf wckonf
ay:xGuaf jymif;vJvmonf? ydI k jrifrh m;jy;D ydI
k &SKyfaxG;aom ajymifvv J KS yf&mS ; rSK yHo
k %efonf
ydIk edrjhf yD; ydI
k omrmefusaom ajymif;vJvKS yf&mS ;rSKrS ay:xGuv f mjcif; jzpfonf?
Oyrm - OD;acgi;f xJwiG f ay:ayguv f maom awG@=uHKrSKrsm;onf &kyw f nf[l aom
OD;aESmuftwGif;wGif "gwkaA'qdkif&m odk@r[kwf v#yfppf"gwftm;qdkif&m ajymif; vJvSKyf
&Sm;rSKa=umifh ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh oufrJh&kyfonf tjrifh qHk;
t&SKwfaxG;qH;k yHo k ¾efuakd qmifI wd;k wufjzpfay:vmjyD;aemuf wpHw k ckaom t qifo h @kd
a&mufvmonft h cg ouf&&dS yk jf zpfay:vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf?

71
puf,EW,m;&ky0f g'wd@k . t"dutusq;kH rSm;,Gi;f csurf mS &kyaf jymif;vJrKS
[lor#udk puf,EW,m;wck. omrefvSKyf&Sm;rSKrsKd;tjzpfESifh xyfwljyKI =unfhjcif;
jzpfonf? puf,EW,m;wckonf puf,EW,m;jzpfonfEiS t hf nD puf,EW,m;twdik ;f yJ
wckEiS w hf ck tnrn(tjyeftvSe)f wke@f jyefvKS yf&mS um puf0ikd ;f yrm t&pfywf ywf
vSnfhaerSm jzpfonf? odk@aomf puf,EW,m;wckr[kwfonfh &kyf0wKˆwckckonf
xdo k @kd r[kw?f t&nftcsi;f t& ajymif;vJaejcif;jzpfonf?
av;? ?
puf , EW , m;&k y f 0 g'. pwk w W a jrmuf w &m;aot,l t qrS m Tod k @
jzpfonf? p=um0Vm=uD;wGif pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;rSK =uD;wckjzpfay:vmatmif tnrn wke@f
jyefvKS yf&mS ; =uonf? t&m0wKˆrsm;ESihf &ky0f wKˆrsm;Y 4if;wd@k tvdt k avsmufo;D jcm;&yf
wnfaeom obm0&So d nf[, k ql onf? t&m0wWKwdik ;f onf wckEiS w hf ck uif;uGm&yf
wnfaeum vGwfvyfonfh,lepfrsm; jzpfonf[k,lqonf? xdkuif;uGmaeaom
t&m0wKˆrsm; &ky0f wWKrsm;onf jyifyqufpyfrKS (twGi;f qufpyfrKS t&r[kwaf om)
pkaygi;f xm;jcif; jzpfonf?
tEkyÉdavmr0g'onf xdt k ,ltqudk y,fzsuaf vonf? &So d r#t&m
wdik ;f onf wckEiS w hf cko;D jcm;uif;uGm &yfwnfIrjzpf uif;uGmIr&yfwnfae wckEiS hf
wck qufpyfwnfrw DS nf&adS e=uonf? wnf&jdS cif;rS a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJomG ;onf? t&m
0wKˆrsm;onf ,if;od@k aomenf;jzifh qufpyf,u S Ef ,G of mG ;=uaom tcgwiG f ,if;wd@k
onf wckvHk;.tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfvmcJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif wckvHk;t&monf
tpd w f tyd k i f ; rsm;ud k aygif ; pyf z J G @ pnf ; xm;jcif ; r[k w f a y? wck v H k ; t&mES i f h
tpdwt f ydik ;f uav;rsm;onf tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af e=uonf? wckv;kH udk tpdwf
tydik ;f uav;rsm;u qH;k jzwfI tpdwt f ydik ;f uav;rsm;udk wckv;kH u qH;k jzwf onf?
Tod@k tm;jzifh qufo, G af e onf[ck , H o
l nf?
Tod@k tm;jzifh aysm! h chH surf sm; usO;f ajrmif;rSKrsm; ESihf w&m;t,ltqrsm;
&Sad eaom puf,EW,m;&ky0f g'udyk ,fum &ky0f g'opfukd xlaxmifc=hJ uonf? ,if;&ky0f g
' topfonfum; tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'aywnf? tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'onf puf,EW
,m; &ky0f g'xuf tESpo f m& =uG,0f um jynfph u kH ek v
f ckH ahJ vownf;?
a&S@vqufygrnf?
rdk;ajropf
atmufwb
kd m / 19
72
usaemfhb0ESifh 'Drdkua&pDc&D;
vlAdkvf
'Drdkua&pDEiS hf pwif&if;ES;D rdjcif;
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyrkH wdik rf t D xd 'Dru kd a&pDEiS yhf wfoufaom A[kow k
[lI rdrdwGif vHk;0eD;yg;r&SdcJh? ausmif;+yD;aom ausmif;om;wOD;/ ynmwwfwOD;
tjzpftrnfcu H m &yfwnfc&hJ ayr,fh ausmif;wGio f if=um;cJ&h aom Edik if aH &; odyH̀
bmom&yfukd (uGejf rLepfpepfonf raumif;/ t&if; &Sipf epfonf raumif;? qd&k , S v f pf
pepfonfom taumif;qHk;jzpfI jrefrmEdkifiHESifh toifhawmfqHk; jzpfonf[k)
pmar;yJaG tmif&kH avhvmcJ&h a=umif;udk ud, k uhf , kd u f okd m todq;kH ?
ta&;tcif;umvrSom 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfha0g[m&rSm *&dbmomrS
qif;ouf vma=umif;/ DEMOS ESifh KRATIA rSwqifh CRACY udak ygi;f pyf+yD;
'Drdkua&pDjzpfay:vma=umif;? DEMOS . t"dy`g,frSm jynfolrsm;[lIjzpf+yD;
KRATIA .t"dy`g,frSm tkyfcsKyfjcif; (odkŒ) tm%m[lIjzpfa=umif; ESifh 'Drdkua&
pDqo kd nfrmS jynfov l xl tk yk cf sKyfjcif;[k t"dyg` ,&f a=umif;wdŒk udk pwifocd iG &hf cJo h nf?
xdktodav; ESifhyif qENjyrSKrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&; wdkŒta&;qdkonfh awmif;
qdrk KS rsm;udk oHuek [
f pf cJo h [l o k wfrw S vf sS iv
f nf; 0efc&H rnfom?
tajctaerSeyf ifjzpfI rjiif;omaomfvnf; rdrEd iS b hf 0wlvil ,frsm;twGuf
'Drdkua&pDqdk onfudk avhvmEdkifcGifhESifh avhvmp&me,fy,frsm; zefwD;ay;rxm;
jcif;udv k nf; xnfw h uG of if. h ?
rnfodkŒyifqdkap &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkumvwGif aysmfonf? tb,fh
a=umifh aysm&f oenf; [kar;vSsif vGwv f yfrKS &SI d [kajzrnf? vGwv f yfrKS udk rnfonfh
t&mESihf wdik ;f rnf enf;[kxyfar;vSsif a=umufp&mrvd/k a=umuf&r,fh vlr&SI d [k
ajzrnf? aemufxyfajym&rnfh aysmf&onfhtcsufxJwGif tpktzJGŒvdkufvSKyf&Sm;
aqmif&Guf& onfhtwGuf aysmfjcif;vnf;ygonf? pdwful;Om%fopfrsm;udkvnf;
xkwaf zmfciG &hf onf? pkaygi;f wdik yf if/ pkaygi;f tajz&Sm/ pkaygi;f vSKyf&mS ;cGi&hf onfh t&om
xl;udk jrnf;prf; cGi&hf jcif;twGuf 'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nfukd auseyfpmG vufcrH cd o hJ nf?

73
TrSsavmufaomtydkif; tpuav;rsm;udk aumuf,loHk;pJGcGifh&onfh
tcdu k t f wef@umvwGiyf if auseyfrKS ay;pGr;f Edik af ompepf wGif xd@k xufyrkd ekd uf&KS id ;f I
wefzdk;}uD;aom tESpfom&rsm;pGm usef&SdaeOD;rnf[k,lqrdcJhonf? xdkxdk aom
tESpfom&rsm;udk rdrduJhodkŒaomolrsm;ESifh aemifrsKd;qufrsm;twGuf vufaqmif
ay;csio f nfh pdwaf pwemrsm;vnf; zl;yGiv hf mcJrh yd g.?
tcdkiftrmajymEdkifonfrSm &Spfav;vHk;rwdkifrDumvESifh &Spfav;vHk;
umvES p f c k [ m rd r d t wG u f tjcm;em;}uD ; jcm;emygonf ? ,E W , m;qef q ef
vSKyf&Sm;oGm; vmae=u&mrS vlom;qefqef touf&Sif oGm;vmEdkifvmovdkvdk?
vl w OD ; . pd w f c H p m;csuf r sm;/ pd w f u l ; pd w f o ef ; rsm;ES i f h taumif t xnf f a zmf
aqmifvrkd KS rsm;onf vlŒavmu}uD;ESihf wqufwpyfxJ &Sv d movdv k ?fkd
Ttcdu k t
f wef@ umvtwdak v;twGi;f rSmyif tm;enf;csut f csKŒd udvk nf;
qkyuf ikd vf u
kd rf d ygonf? pdwcf pH m;rSKrsm;aemufo@kd tvGet f usv HG u
kd w
f wf=ujcif;[laom
obm0rsm;a=umif h qif j cif wH k w &m; tm;aumif ; aomol r sm;. t=uH j yK/
wm;jrpfuefŒowfcsurf sm;udk trsm;pkqENtm;ud;k jzifh ypf y,fum tEdik , f l ajz&Si;f rSK
trSm;rsm;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk tcGifhta&;oufouftjrifjzifh 'Drdkua&pDrSm 'DtcGifh
ta&;av; awmifr&Sb d ;l vm; qdo k nfh rlabmifrhJ tawG;/ tajymESihf vky&f yfrsm;twGuf
&wuf rat;&onfh pdwcf pH m;rSKS udv k nf; }udKwiftqpf jrnf;prf;cGihf &vdu k af o;onf?
ausmif;om;wyfrawmfEiS fh 'Drdkua&pD
pufwifbmtm%modr;f rSKt+yD;wGif 'Dru kd a&pD&mS yHak wmfziG rhf KS rsm; acwfpm;
vm.? touf tpdwaf usmpf m;cJrh ad om tpmonf rpifreS ;f odc+hJ yDjzpfI xyfrpm;
vdkawmh? 'Drdkua&pD&rSjyefr,f[l aom toHydkif&Sifrsm;pkpnf;um ausmif;om;
wyf r awmf u d k zJ G Œ pnf ; vd k u f = uonf ? jref r mEd k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;
'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D onf jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u
kd a&pD&&Sad &;udk pGr;f aqmifEikd rf nft h zJŒG t pnf;
wckjzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh wyfzJGŒ0ifwOD;tjzpf toufESifhb0udk
yHak tmum yg0ifco hJ nf?
ausmif ; om;wyf r awmf w G i f 'D r d k u a&pD E S i f h yd k r d k e D ; pyf c G i f h & cJ h j yef o nf ?
avhvmcGifhrsm;ESifhtwl avhusifhcGifhrsm;udkyg wpHkwnf;&vdkuf.? tjynfhtpHkqHk;

74
tajctaer[kwaf wmifrS rvdv k m;olrsm; twGuf tvSst H y,f[yk ifqikd Ef ikd yf gonf?
'Drdkua&pDESifhywfoufaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk zwfcGifh/ avhvmcGifhrsm;rS 1995
ck E S p f w G i f x k w f a 0aom 'D r d k u a&pD a vh v ma&;pmpOf o nf rd r d v uf v S r f ; rD o rS s
jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0orSsxJwGif xdktcsdeftcgu tjynfhpHkqHk;[kyifqdkEdkif.?
jynf o l ' D r d k u a&pD / qd k & S , f ' D r d k u &uf / vpf b &,f ' D r d k u a&pD p ojzif h
a&S Œ u0d a ooud k v d k u f I 'D r d k u a&pD t rsKd ; tpm;rsm; ajymif ; oG m ;a=umif ; ES i f h
jynfoŒl 'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nfrmS tm%m&Sit f rsK;d tpm; pepfwckomjzpfa=umif; wd@k ukd
xyfrHod&SdcGifh&cJhjyefygonf?
xdpk mtkyEf iS yhf wfoufI xl;jcm;onfjh zpfpOfwck&cdS zhJ ;l .? rdrw d Œkd &Jabmfrsm;
u&ifjynfe,f vSKyf&Sm;e,fajrwckwGif&SdpOf +rdKŒw+rdKŒodkŒoGm;rnfh vl}uHKwOD;ESifh
ypP n f ; rS m .? ypP n f ; trsKd ; trnf rsm; aeojzif h pma&;rS m &ef v d k a e&m
tvG , f w ul y gaom tqd k y gpmtk y f r S usrf ; ud k ; pm&if ; aemuf q H k ; pm&G u f ud k
jzKwf + yD ; oH k ; vd k u f r d o nf ? pm&G u f r S m wrsuf E S m eD ; yg;vG w f a eojzih f
vdt k yfonfypPn;f rsm;pm&if;udk a&;ay;vdu k of nf? xdv k }l uHKrSmvnf; +rdKŒodŒk a&muf+yD;
qdik w f iG yf pPn;f rsm;ud0k ,fum tqdyk gpm&Gurf mS trSww f rJyh if usecf . hJ ? qdik &f iS q
f okd rl mS
ynmwwfwa,mufjzpf+yD; xdt k csed u
f a&G;aumufy0GJ ifxm; onfh Edik if aH &;ygww D ckrS
acgi;f aqmifwOD;[ko&d onf? ?yk*Kd~ vfonf useaf ecJah ompm&Guu f kd zwf =unfrh +d yD;
aps;0,foGm;aomvlaemufodkŒ tajy;vdkufum tqdkygpm&GufESifhywfoufaom
pmtkyfudk vdkcsifa=umif;ESifh rnfrSsyifay;&ay;&[kqdkum twif;awmif;0,f.?
vl}uHKuvnf; &if;ES;D pdwcf s& aomqdik &f iS u f kd tajctaerSef ud&k iS ;f jyum jyefc&hJ onf?
aemufydkif;rSm xdkowif;udk=um;&ojzifh rdrdwdk@ tzJGŒrS qdkif&Sif xHodk@ xdkpmtkyfudk
ta&mufpDrHIydkŒay;vdkufygonf?
xdkpmtkyf.trSmpmwGif rdrdtESpfoufqHk;pmom;av;&Sd.? 'Drdkua&pDudk
vdv k m;awmif;qdk aeaom jrefrmjynforl sm;t=um;wGif 'Dru kd a&pDtay: odjrifem;
vnfrKS rsm; uGmjcm;Edik yf gonf? 'Dru kd a&pDta=umif; ajymqdak &;om;/ a0zef/ aqG;aEG;
rSKrsm; tqufrjywfjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtay: toduGm[rSKudk xdrf;!SdEdkif+yD;
'Dru kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepfukd taxmuftuljyKEdik af yonf [laom tcsujf zpfonf?
rrdwŒkd ud, k w f ikd f rusi=hf uHEikd cf ahJ om tcsu[ f vk nf;qdEk ikd yf gonf?
ausmif;om;wyfrawmfwiG f nDvmcHrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Ofukd usio fh ;kH

75
Edik af om wck wnf;aom ae&mjzpf+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD&eHŒt&qH;k ae&m[kvnf; qdEk ikd af y
onf? xdek nf;wl 'Dru kd a&pD ,Ofaus;rSKpH b,favmuf&+dS yDv S /J 'Dru
kd a&pDpw d "f gwf
b,favmuf&dS +yDvq J o kd nfrsm;udk prf;oyf&m ae&mvnf;jzpfcahJ yonf? xdŒk a=umifyh if
nDvmcHrS xGuaf y:vmaom tajzrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pD rSwaf usmuf wif+yD;jzpfae
wwfonf? xdt k ajzrsK;d udk tzJŒG tpnf;. uset f pdw f t
f ydik ;f rsm;wGif &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;?
&S p f a v;vH k ; umvwG i f ; cH p m;rS K rsKd ; ud k wwd , t}ud r f n D v mcH w G i f
&&Sv d u
kd zf ;l .? od@k aomfxyfwl xyfrsS awmh r[kw?f
rdom;pkwGi f;'Drdkua&pD
vlxt k "duvlŒtzJŒG tpnf; (civil Society) bmom&yfukd jrefrmEdik if H
a&S Œ aersm;aumif p D w G i f avh v mcG i f h & cJ h o nf ? tod a emuf u sonf [ k y if
aemifw&rdonf? rdru d o hJ Œkd yif tjcm;olrsm;udv k nf; odciG /hf avhvmcGihf &apcsio f vd/k
aemif r sKd ; quf u d k v nf ; 'D r d k u a&pD u J h o d k Œ yif avh v moif h a om
ynm&yfwck[kqdkcsifonf? rdrdudk,frdrd Tbmom&yfudk oif=um;vdkuf&jcif;jzifh
vlyDooGm;oa,mif xifvdkuf&onf? 'Drdkua&pDudk ta&mifwifay;Edkifaom/
tEkpw d t f m;jznfah y;Edik af om pGr;f tifrsm;&Sd onfh bmom&yfwcktjzpf em;vnfr. d ?
tqd k y g vl x k t "d u vl Œ tzJ G Œ tpnf ; bmom&yf w G i f vl Œ tzJ G Œ tpnf ;
qdkonfudk vlwOD;xufr u&Sdjcif;jzifh t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;+yD; rdom;pkonf tao;
i,fq;kH vl@tzJŒG tpnf;[k avhvm&.? xdrk S wqifh rdr&d vdu k of nfum; jrefrmhv@l
tzJG@tpnf;udk jyifEdkifzdkŒ rdrdrdom;pkudk t&ifqHk;jyifqifzdkŒ? xdk@aemuf arSsmfvifh
vdvk m;onfh vlŒtzJŒG tpnf;yHak zmfzŒkd [kyif? rdom;pktwGi;f tjyeftvSex f rd ;f !Scd iG hf
udk zefw;D xm;oifo h nf? ud, k yf ikd &f yfwnfprD cH iG hf udzk efw;D ay;oifo h nf? rdom;pk.
,Ofaus;rSKwefz;kd udk zefw;D wnfaqmufoifo h nf[jk rifr. d ?
urBmOD;tpY vlonf w&dpm>eEf iS hf ,Ofaus;rSKtqifw h [l qk . kd ? ydak umif;
onfqo kd nfrsm;udk vkv d m;pGm &SmazGojd rifwwfjcif;rsm;a=umifh vlonf wppydI k ydI
k
,Ofaus;vm.? vlawGb,favmuf ,Ofaus;vm+yDvJqdkonfudk w&dp>mefrsm;
xufb,favmuf yd, k Ofaus;vmvm+yDvq J okd nfah ywHEiS hf wdik ;f wmEdik af yonf? wzef
w&dpm>ew f iG yf if &dik ;f jcif;ESihf ,Ofjcif;rsm;&Sad ejyef&m vlwiG v f nf; xdek nf; wljzpfwef&m.?
vlŒtzJŒG tpnf;twGuv f nf;tusK;d r&S/d ud, k t hf wGuv f nf;tusK;d r&Sd rdu k af eolrsm;

76
onfvnf;aumif;/ vlŒtzJGŒtpnf;tusKd;r&Sd udk,ftusKd;&Sd rdkufaeolrsm;onf
vnf;aumif; ynm/ OpPm rnfrsS yifjynfph akH eapumrl ,Ofaus;onfv h [ l k ,lqIr&?
vlŒtzJGŒtpnf;tusKd;&Sd/ udk,fhtusKd;&Sdaqmif&Gufwwfolrsm;ESifh vlŒtzJGŒ
tpnf; tusKd;&Sd/ udk,fhtusKd;r&Sd aqmif&GufwwfolwdkŒonfom ,Ofaus;rSK
tqifjh rifv h ol m;tjzpf vlŒtzJu G tpnf; u pHxm;oif=h uayonf? tb,fa=umifrh l
'Dru kd a&pDwiG f trsm;pka&G;cs,rf KS jzifh acgi;f aqmifqo kd nf udak &G;cs,&f m.? acgi;f aqmif
rsm;onf rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qJGcsrSwfum a&SŒaqmif=u&.? ,Ofaus;rSKt qifhjrifh
olrsm;udk a&G;cs,rf rd o S m vl@tzJŒG tpnf;tusK;d trSew f u,f jzpfxeG ;f Edik af yrnf? ,Of
aus;rS K tqif h j rif h o l r sm;onf o m vl t rsm;pk u d k av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;wwf I
!SEd KS id ;f wdik yf ifwwfonfh tavh txrsm;&SEd ikd af ayvdrrhf nf?
vlŒtzJGŒtpnf;tp rdom;pkuqdkonfhpum;udk jyefaumuf&rnfqdkvSsif
,Ofaus;rSKtqifh jrifhrm;rSKudk todtrSwfjyKay;jcif;jzifh yHkazmfay;Edkifonf? pnf;
urf;wus aexdik w f wfrKS / tjypf&vdS sS if jypf'%fc&H onft h avhtxudk vufcH wwfrKS /
w&m;rsw S rSKudk av;pm;jrwfE;kd wwfrKS ESihf w&m;rSsw rSKudk &SmazGzefw;D vdpk w d w
f Œkd udk
jyKpkysK;daxmifxm;oifhayonf? vufOD;q&mjzpfonfh rdbrsm;rS yHkoGif; rSefvSsif
vlŒtzJGŒtpnf;tusKd; jzpfxGef;EdkifrnfrSmrvJGay?qdkvdkonfrSm rdom;pktwGif;
a&G;cs,fwif ajrêmuf&ef/ Oya'awGxkwfae&efr[kwf? vlŒtzJGŒtpnf;twGif;
yHak zmfvo kd nfrsm;udk avhusi/hf yHo
k iG ;f ay;&Hrk sS om? odŒk qdv
k sS if yHo
k iG ;f ay; Edik af vmufonfh
todrsm; rdbrsm;wGi&f zdS Œkd vdak ejyef+yD?24 em&DwiG f 8 em&DrsS wm0ef,al e&aom q&m/
q&mrrsm;wGiv f nf; tvm;wlyif?
'kuQonfpcef;twGi f;'Drdkua&pD
Edk@zdk;'kuQonfpcef;a&mufp &yfuGuftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;twGuf yg0if
wnfaqmufciG u hf kd tcdu k t
f wef@&cJzh ;l onf? jrefrmEdik if u
H w
kd nfaqmufciG rhf &ayr,fh
jrefrmEdik if t
H pdwt f ydik ;f wckukd wnf aqmufciG &hf jcif;twGuf tm;pdu k rf .
d ? tpydik ;f wGif
wuf=uGrSKrsm;a=umifh atmifjrif.? aemufydkif;wGif avsm&Jvmum tajctae
rjynfhpHkrSKawGt=um; ysufpD;oGm;cJh&.? qdkvdkonfrSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ay;xm;
onfhtaetxm;rS yHkrSeftwdkif; xdkif;tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufodk@ jyefa&mufoGm;jcif;yif?
ta=umif; &if;rSm udk,hfEdkifiHtwGif;r[kwfjcif;ESifh twnfwus&Sdae&rnfh vl@tzJG@

77
tpnf;trsK;d tpm; r[kwjf cif; qdo k nfh tcsurf sm;yg0ifayonf?
rd r d p d k ; &d r f r d o nf r S m txuf y gtajctaersm;tay:wG i f rl r wnf ?
tjcm;qufpyftawG;tac: rsm;ESihf tajctaersm;a=umif?h OD;pGmqdck o hJ vdk jrefrmjynf&hJ
tpd w f t yd k i f ; wck q d k a yr,f h &mcd k i f E S K ef ; t& qd k v S s if vuf & S d 'k u Q o nf p cef ; &S d
vl t rsm;onf ynmwwf r sm;jzpf = uI Ed k i f i H a &;jzwf o ef ; rS K &S d = uol r sm; .?
&Si;f &Si;f qd&k aomf 'Dru kd a&pD vdv k m;olrsm;ayonf?
odk@aomf jy\emum; 'Drdkua&pDtESpfom&udk qkyfudkifrdol&Sm;.?
'Drdkua&pDukd For the people - by the people avmufEiS o hf m auseyfI
&yfwef@ aeolrsm;.? rdrw d @kd rS em;vnforl sm;ESihf tawGŒt}uHK&So d rl sm; !SEd KS id ;f wdik yf ifI
zJŒG pnf;yHpk nf;rsO;f ? jypfrKS qdik &f mOya'/ &yfuu G o f m;rsm; vduk ef m &rnfph nf;urf;ESihf
vHkjcHKa&;qdkif&mrsm;vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk a'oESifudkufnDatmif/ rus,f
rusOf; jyKpkxm;=uonf? trsm;oabmwlnDrSKudk wwfEdkiforSs&,lxm;onf?
Tonfuykd if tcsKŒd vlrsm;u Edik if w H ck wnfaqmufaewmusaewmyJ? 'DrmS b,f
avmuf=um=um aezd@k jyifxm;vdv k J qdo k nfrsm;ESihf qef@usi yf su&f ,frKS jyK=uonf?
rdrw d @kd ,q
l onfu vlqo kd nfrmS azmufjyefwwfonf? rSm;,Gi;f wwf onf? vlwOD;.
rSm;,Gif;vJGacsmfjcif;/ tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdjcifrsm;udk rnfonfhpHrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmI
rSm;,Gi;f onf[k ajymqd=k urnfenf;? rnfo@kd tjypfay; ta&;,l=urnfenf;? owfrw S f
csuf r sm;/ oabmwl n D r S K rsm;r&S d v S s if rnf o nf h t csuf r sm;ES i f h c sd e f x d k ; I
rnfo@kd taumiftxnf azmf aqmif=urnfenf; qdo k nfyif?
'Drdkua&pDqdkonfudk jrwfEdk;onfqdkygvSsif pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;ur;f/ Oya'
qdkonfrsm;ESifh uif; uGmIr&yg? y&rf;rwmvkyf&yfrsm;/ rif;rJhqefaerSKrsm;ESifh
oGm;aeIr&yg? rdrw d @kd vckd sio f nfh tem*wf wdik ;f jynftwGuf ckxu J yif &onfah e&mrS
avhusiw hf nfaqmufae&rnfom? rdrw d @kd tawG@t=uHKt& twm;tqD;jzpfapaom
tcsurf sm;teuf axmifvu kd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;(od@k ) AsL&duk a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk vH;k 0 jiif;qef
aejcif;yifjzpfayonf? ae&mwum tvsm;vdu k ef nf;emrsm;jzifo h mG ;vd=k uojzifh tcsed f
uk e f / tvk y f r jzpf o nh f jy\emrsm;ud k v nf ; r=umc%awG @ cJ h & ayonf ?
tcsKyf a jym&vS s if AsL&d k u a&pD ES i f h ' D r d k u a&pD u d k uJ G u J G j ym;jym;rod j cif ; ES i f h
pepfwusroH;k Edik jf cif;wd@k a=umifh &yfuu G t f yk cf sKyfa&;,E , W m; rSm tcsed w f t kd wGi;f rSmyif
ed*Hk;csKyfcJh&ayonf?

78
udk,fcHtm;enf;vsSif a&m*g0ifvG,fonf/ }udKwifumuG,fjcif;onf
ukojcif; xufaumif;. [lI aq;ynmwGif ajymprSw&f =Sd uonf? vl@tzJ@G tpnf;wGif
vnf ; 'D r d k u a&pD , E W , m;ysuf o nf E S i f h tm%m&S i f ,E W , m;tvG , f w ul
0ifa&mufwwfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDrmS a&qefrsK;d jzpfI ,Ofaus;rSKjrifh onfEiS t hf rSs pnf;
rsOf;/ pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh }udKwifusm;uefxm;&pjrJ jzpfayonf? tcGifhta&;rsm;
wnfjrJ&zdS @kd qokd nfrmS owfrw S f xm;onfh pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;&Srd o S m touf0ifI
tmrcHcsuv f nf; &SEd ikd af yrnf? Tonfukd 'kuo Q nf&yfuuG w f iG ;f 'Dru
kd a&pDukd usiohf ;kH
rdpOfr&S vduk af om tawG@t}uHK rsm;yifjzpfayonf?
tqdyk g 'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Of tpydik ;f wGiv
f nf; &Spaf v;vH;k umvrS &eH@rsK;d udk
&vdkufayonf?
'Drdkua&pDEiS hf axG&mav;yg;
'Dru
kd a&pDukd rwlno D rl sm; yl;aygi;f aexdik =f urSom &&SEd ikd o f nf[ ak vhvmzl;
.? rdrt d jrifwiG f xdrk sS avmufEiS hf rvHak vmuf[, k ql rdonf? xdak exdik rf KS onf a&&Snf
oabmaqmif+yD;/ wd;k wufzŒGJ +zdK; rSKudk OD;wnfEikd rf o S m jynfph EkH ikd rf nf[k ,H=k unfonf?
vl@tzJGŒtpnf;wckvHkudkrqdkxm;ESifh toif;tzJG@rsm;yifvSsif xdktajccH
t,ltqrsm;ESihf wnfaqmufEikd zf @kd vt kd yfygonf? rdrw d @kd rsuaf rSmufwiG f tzJ@G tpnf;
aygif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhzl;.? rsm;r=um vSaomumvwGifyif wcsKdŒrSm pkef;pkef;
jrKyfaysmufu, G o f mG ;I tcsKŒd rSm emrnfomuseaf wmhonf? tcsKŒd rSmrl vufwzufyif
rjynfv h aS om acgi;f aqmifcsn;f oufoufEiS hf csw D ufae=uqJ? tm; aumif;aumif;ESihf
vSKyf&mS ;Edik o
f nft h zJŒG tpnf;[lI &SmrS&mS ? jrefrmhordik ;f ESichf sI D tm;aumif;cdik rf m onfh
tzJŒG tpnf;[lonfrmS rl h h h ?
toif;tzJŒG rsm; tm;aumif;cdik rf mrSKonf vlwOD;csi;f pDw@kd . oefprG ;f rSKxuf
vl@tzJG@tpnf;. zHGŒ+zdK;wdk;wufrSKtay:wGif xda&mufrSK ydkEdkifrnfrSm taotcsm?
od@k twGuf vl@tzJŒG tpnf;wckv;kH zHŒG +zdK;wd;k wufEikd af pa&;twGuf toif;tzJŒG rsm;.
tcef ; ¾onf t"d u usaeayonf ? toif ; tzJ G Œ rsm; tm;aumif ; cd k i f r mzd k @
rnfonfw@kd vdt k yfoenf;qdo k nfrmS pdw0f ifpm;p&mjzpfvmygonf? t&if;ppfawmh
tjrpf a jruqd k o nf h t wd k i f ; toif ; tzJ G @ rsm; tm;aumif ; cd k i f r ma&;twG u f
vl w OD ; csif ; pD t&nf t aoG ; &S d r S K ud k y if jyef I tajcqd k u f . ?

79
olcsn;f oufoufvm;qdak wmh jynfph o kH nf [krqdo k m? tzJŒG tpnf; qefqefvyk u f ikd f
wwfrSK&Sdzdk@ vdkaeao;a=umif; vufawGŒjrifawGŒae&ayonf? rl0g'a&;qJGol/
taumiftxnfazmfaqmifoEl iS hf pDrcH ef@co GJ rl sm; tcsK;d tpm;nDn/D o[ZmwrSs wpGm
vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G w f wfzŒkd vdak yonf? tzJ@G tpnf;. tm;enf;csurf sm;udk azmfxw k f
jyifqif/ jznfhpGufum tm;aumif;cdkifrmrSKrsm; wdk;yGm;vmapa&;udk =uHqwwfzdk
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfvmygonf?
Tae&mwGif 'Dru kd a&pDtay: rdrt d jrifwckukd wifjyvdyk gonf? 'Dru kd a&pD
oabmwGif vltrsm;utkycf sKyfjcif;[laomoabmY vltrsm;[kqjkd cif;onf rdrw d @kd
jrifaeonfxuf ydrk t kd "dyg` ,&f dS Edik yf gonf? ocsmF oabmt& ta&twGurf sm;jcif;
xuf &v'fwefz;kd rsm;jcif;udk qdv k [ kd ef&o dS nf?
Oyrm 1 š 1 onf aygi;f jcif;oabmoufoufrsS omjzpf+yD; &v'f 2 rSm
vnf; yHrk eS f t&nftwGuo f abmrso S m? ydrk &kd iS ;f vif;atmifajym&vSsif t&nftcsi;f
wrsKd;pD&Sdaom vlESpfa,mufaygif;jcif;jzifh t&nftcsif; ESpfrsKd;&Sdaom tvkyfvkyf
Edik =f ujcif;onf yHrk eS o f csmo F abm? 'Dru kd a&pDoabmt&qdk vSsif 1 š 1 . tajzonf
'Drdkua&pDusifh=uHEdkifrSKtm;tay:rlwnfI 3/ 4/ 5 ponfh &v'ftrsKd;rsKd;udk
jzpfapEdik af yonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGiu f m; ocsmo F abm aygi;f pnf;jcif;xufyif
&v'fyI kd enf;ae onfrmS xifomjrifomyif? t&nftcsi;f &So d rl sm; pkaygi;f vkyu
f ikd f
umrS wOD ; csif v k y f a qmif r S K xuf yd k e nf ; aom&v'f o m xG u f & S d o nf q d k v S s if
xdt k zJ@G tpnf;onf r=umcifysuaf wmhrnf?
wOD;csi;f vkyaf qmif&mrS pkaygi;f vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh ta&twGux f ufyakd om
tusK;d &v'f jzpfxeG ;f rSom 'Dru kd a&pDusiphf OfreS [ f k qdv k &kd ifjzpfayonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpf
vl@tzJ@G tpnf; jzpfwnfrKS vrf;a=umif; trSe[ f qk Ekd ikd af yrnf? od@k ygI wOD;csi;f oefprG ;f
a&; wnfaqmufrKS / wzJ@G csi;f tm;aumif; cdik rf ma&;wnf aqmufrKS rsm;onf vlŒtzJ@G
tpnf;wnfaqmufrKS ESihf oD;jcm;uif;vGwo f nf/ rouf qdik [ f k ,lqIr&Edik af wmh?
&nf&, G cf su&f &dS w
dS nfaqmuf=uvSsirf u l m; h h h ?
wOD;csif;/ wzJG@csif;rSonf jrefrmhvl@tzJGŒtpnf;.&v'faumif;rsm;udk
zefw;D azmfxw k Ef ikd pf rG ;f &dS =uygapa=umif; h h h ?
&Spaf v;vH;k oif;&eHŒ tm;&yg& &SL&SKu d cf iG uhf kd arsmS v f ifah pmifph m;vSsuf h h h ?
30 / 12 / 2008
vlAdkvf
80
Zmwfaumif
aumhom;
w&kwfEdkifiHrSm ajrivsif}uD;v_yfawmh +ydKusysufqD;aewJh twHk;t&Hk;awG
=um;xJ orRw}uD; [lusi;f awmif ud, k wf ikd v
f m+yD; tm;ay;pum;ajymwJh tcg ol h
jynfoal wGu orRw}uD;udk tm;yg;w& zuf+yD; id=k uowJ/h / orRw}uD;vnf; ol h
jynfoal wGukd jyefzuf+yD; rsu&f nf awGxu G af tmif 0rf;enf;idak =uG;cJyh gw,f//
jrefrmjynfrSm em*pfrkefwdkif;}uD; wdkufawmh em*pf'g%fcH jynfolawGudk
bk&m; ab;uGif;xJ xdkifcdkif;xm;+yD; “xrif;pm;zdk h cGufay;r,f ”vdk h ajymwJh
0ef}uD;csKyfqdkol }uD;&,f h h h &uftawmf=umrS urBmu [dkvlajym/ 'Dvlajym/
[d k v l u 0if r ,f / [d k v l u u,f r ,f qd k w J h +cd r f ; ajcmuf o H a wG = um;&awmh r S
vljrifraumif;vdk h vm=unfw h hJ rif;w&m;}uD; h h h // w&kwef J u h mG jcm;yHrk sm; ajymygw,f/
/ tckawmh h h h 'kw, d t}udr/f /
tar&duefu ppfav,mOfwpif; eJ v h jl zLwodu k f aejynfawmfukd a&muf
vm awmh h h w h iG ;f atmif;aewJh rif;w&m;}uD; em*pfwu kd v
f kd h vloed ;f csaD owJh ae&mudk
'kw, d yH d paw;a&Smifwmudk jynfwiG ;f rD', D mawGrmS txl;tqef;jzpf vdk h aeygw,f/
/yg;pyfu tjrKyfxu G rf wwf vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 20 ausmaf vmufuwnf;u ajymcJw h hJ
pufr_ Edik if H xlaxmifa&; rdef ch eG ;f awG//
rawG ch siv f kd yh jJ zpfjzpf/ yJrsm;csif wmyJjzpfjzpf olomG ;a&Smifwmu ta&;r}uD;
ygbl;// ta&;}uD;wmu tJ'DrSm 'kuQawGudk 'keJ ha'; &ifqdkif ausmfv$m;ae&wJh
jynfoal wG “vkyt f m;ay;”qdw k hJ 'ku}Q uD; 0ifaqmifw h mygb/J /omrefr[kww f vhJ al wG
vmw,fqakd wmh &yfuu G o
f ef &h iS ;f a&; / vrf;azmuf/ &[wf,mOfqif;zdk h uGi;f &Si;f
pwJh tvkyaf wGu ydv k mygw,f// 'Dxufq;kd wmuawmh jrpfxrJ mS ol o h bm0 ol
t
h vdv k kd arsmygvmwwfwhJ aA'g zkwaf wGukd vrf; a=umif; rvGwf vdk q h +kd yD; yifyify
ef ; yef ; q,f c d k i f ; +yD ; urf ; em;rS m yH k & ygw,f / / xm;ygawmh 'gawG u [d k ; t&if

81
aejynfawmf
Zmwfne$ ;f eJ h 'g&u
kd w
f mtzG@J u
e*du
k wnf;u 'Dae&m / 'Dtcef;a&muf&if /
'Dvkd &,f&r,f/ a[m'Dvkd id&k r,f qdw k m Zmwfne$ ;f xJrmS
yg+yD;om;// t"duvdt k yfwmu usKyfwkd u h ,kd w
f ikd f
ZmwfaumifawG rjzpfz@kd yJ vdwk ,f//
qd&k ,
S v f pfacwfuwnf;u vl}uD;vmr,fq&kd if vkypf &mr&S&d ifawmif +cHpnf;&d;k xH;k
okw+f yD; }udKqd&k wm r[kwv f m;//
tckvnf; tar&duef}uD;vmr,fqakd wmh wrif[efvJG txGujf y wdik ;f cef;
vSnv fh nfaewmyg// ,ufawmudk vmac:wJh v$waf wmftrwftqifah vmufwek ;f
uawmif xGuaf wG h pum;ajymao;wm// tckvkd 'kw, d 0ef}uD; tqifv h mwmudk
rawG@ wm[m vSnu hf uG w
f pfcv k kd xh ifygw,f// oabm&d;k vdk rh xifrw d mtrSeb f /J /
xifp&m ta=umif;vJr&Syd gb;l // ausmrcscifuwnf;u "g;jyrSe;f odxm;+yD;
om;yg// tckvdk a&G;aumufyGJ eD;aecsdef jynfwGif;u jynfolvlxkudk tar&duefudk
bef;jy+yD; pdwv f nfomG ;atmif vSnphf m;r,f// jynfwiG ;f u twdu k tf cHawGukd [dv k el J
ah y;awG v h ukd f 'Dvel J ah y;awG v h u kd ef J h tvkyaf wG &_yaf tmifvyk x f m;r,f// tJ't D ay:rSm
jynf y uae tjiif ; tcH k a wG vk y f r ,f / / twd k u f t cH a wG u d k uG J o nf x uf
uGJatmifvkyfr,f//
jref r mEd k i f i H o rd k i f ; rS m ppf w yf u vk y f a y;wJ h a&G ; aumuf y G J a =umif h
b,ftpd;k &rsm; tm%m &zl;vdk v h /J / av;}udraf wmif&+dS yD// tckvnf; 2010 vmtk;H r,f/
/ vdkcsifwmr&&if wpfuae jyefpzdk h &SufwwfwJh vlpm;rsdK;awG r[kwfbl;qdkwm
arh&ifawmh cH&tH;k r,f//
a=omf h h ah &;ae&if vufanmif;&Hyk /J / aejynfawmf Zmwfne$ ;f eJ h 'g&u kd w f mtzG@J
u e*du k wnf;u 'Dae&m / 'Dtcef;a&muf&if / 'Dvkd &,f&r,f/ a[m'Dvkd id&k r,f
qd k w m Zmwf n $ e f ; xJ r S m yg+yD ; om;// t"d u vd k t yf w mu usKyf w d k h u d k , f w d k i f
ZmwfaumifawG rjzpfz@kd yJ vdw k ,f//

aumhom;
82
awG hqHk NHK NEWS rS bmomjyefazmfjyygonf//
aeatmi
aeatmiffausmf
0ef}ud;csKyf [mwd;k &mronf *syefa&muf jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyf ode;f pdeEf iS 0hf ef}uD;

csKyf tdraf wmfwiG f vufcaH wG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJo h nf? vmrnfEh pS t f wGi;f usi;f yrnfh a&G;
aumufyJG rwdik rf D a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;tm;vH;k v$wf
ay;+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD qufvufjzpfxeG ;f a&;udk awmif;qdck @J onf?
jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyf odef;pdefonf ta&S@awmiftm&S rJacgifjrpf0Srf; (5)EdkifiH
xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0; wufa&muf&ef *syefokd h a&muf&adS eonf?
aqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f 0ef } uD ; csKyf od e f ; pd e f u vmrnf h E S p f w G i f u sif y rnf h
a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf ywfouf+yD; ( tpd;k &ESihf pOf;pm;r_ uGjJ ym;onfh Edik if aH &;ygwD / vly*k Kd~ vf
tm;vH;k yg0ifEikd af p
&ef pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm; a&;pGaJ ea=umif;)ajym=um;cJo h nf?
4if;udpEP iS yhf wfouf+y;D 0ef}u;D csKyf [mwd, k mru 'Dru kd a&pD vrf;pOf wd;k wuf
jzpfxeG ;f r_ukd ,H=k unfarSsmv f ifvh sS u&f +dS y;D cs;D rGr;f axmyemjyKvdak =umif;/ a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG &hf o
dS l
jynfot l m;vH;k u yg0ifqENjyKapr_ t"dujzpf+yD; a&G;aumufyrJG wdik rf D a':pk tygt0if
EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;tm;vHk; vGwfajrmufa&;onf tvGefta&;}uD;a=umif;

83
ajymqdck +hJ yD; 'Dru
kd a&pD qufvufw;kd wufjzpfxeG ;f a&;udk awmif;qdck o hJ nf?
qufvuf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf ,mwdk&mronf jrefrmtpdk;&u a':pkESifh
jyef v nf a wG @ qH k aqG ; aEG ; r_ r sm; jyKvk y f v monf h t wG u f
vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;onfh tultnDrsm;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfavhusifh
ysKd ;axmifrr_ sm;udk tqifv h u
kd f wd;k cs@J ay;rnf[k t&dyt
f rGuf ajym=um;+yD; vmrnfEh pS f
a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'fonf rdrdwdk@ arSsmfvifhcsuftwdkif;jzpfygu *syefEdkifiHtaejzifh
u¾toD;oD;wGif tultnDrsm; wd;k jrSiahf y;Edik rf nfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf?
rJacgifjrpf0Srf; tpnf;ta0;udk 7 / 11/09 wGif *syefEdkifiHY usif;ypOf//
rJacgifjrpf0Srf; tpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufvmonfh 0ef}uD;csKyfqdkol odef;pdeftm;

*syefa&muf'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;rS *syefv$wfawmfa&S hwGif qef husifqENjy//
84
tcef;quf
wHv#yfa&$jynf tydkif;(6)
cGmnKd
“'DrmS ..'DrmS .. usrtdru
f b,fem;av;rSmvJ[if”
“trf²²” [k wifwifx h rH S tmarÉdwo f wH ;kd wd;k av;udk 0if;0if;rm =um;vdu k &f
ygonf? pum;rsm;yH&k aom trsK;d orD;u olrae@utokwEf iS hf ygvmwmjzpfa=umif;/
vkt d yfwmawG0,f&if; tdrrf &Smwwfawmha=umif;awGukd tmabmiftm&if; oefoef
ESihf &Si;f jyaeao;onf?
“trtdru f eHygwb f ,favmufvJ rSwrf v d m;” [k jyefar;vku d o f nf?
“tif; æ eHygwf 650 awmh ausmw f myJ”
“tJ'gqdk teft,fvf'D tkyfpkbufrSmjzpfvdrfhr,f? 'Duaewnfhwnfh
qufavSsmufomG ; tr? a&SŒem;us xyfomar; vku d af wmhaemf? tJ'D bufjcrf; rSmy
&J rdS mS yg”aus;Zl;yJ nDra& qdo k nft h oHukd cse&f pfcu
hJ m txkyt f yd;k awG weifh wyd;k
o,fvmaom xdt k rsK;d orD;u &$ŒH ap;ajray: acsmrf vJatmif atmufuykd J iH@k =unf+h yD;
qufavSsmufomG ; onft h wGuf ol@trd u f kd cvkw0f ifwu kd rf v
d sS if awmifrS odt;kH rSm
r[kww f maocsmonf? 0if;0if;rmwd@k vnf;yJ wntdy+f yD;onfEiS hf ukex f w
k vf @kd &onfh
pmtkyu f av;oGm;vkyzf @kd onfvykd J aps;wef;av;awG/ a'ocHu&if &yfuu G f uav;
awGujkd zwfum *dak 'giaf wGukd wck+yD; wck oGm;cJ=h u&onf? 'eft;kd ? zsm/ jcifaxmif/
apmifwxnf ponft h wJaG wGuakd y; onfu *dak 'gif wck? aemuf+yD; rD;aoG;ESihf rD;zdk
udk rsuEf mS csi;f qdik uf ,l? qefu w*dak 'gi?f vlawGu w&ke;f &ke;f ESifh =unf&h if; yifyef;
vmonf?

85
tdrjf yefawmh ud, k t hf rd u f , kd f rrSwrf b d J ud, k &hf yfuu G x f rJ mS yif rsupf v d nfvrf;
rSm;aeonf? tdraf v;awGtm;vH;k u qifqifawG? tumryg? 0g;wkid /f 0g;um? 0g;cif;?
oGy}f udK;ESiq hf idk ;f wky?f tckeu trsK;d orD;vdyk J usrwd@k tdrb f ,frmS vJ[ifæ [k ar;rdvk
qJqJ ud, k u hf kd rSwrf ad eaom tdref ;D csi;f tr}uD;u olw@kd EpS af ,muf rsupf d vnfae
wmukd +idr+f yD;apmif=h unfah e&mu ratmifEh ikd af wmhbJ &,fcsvu kd af wmhrS ud, k thf rd u
f kd
jyefawG@& onfhtjzpf? xdktdrfeD;csif; tr}uD;uajymonf? onfvdkudk,fhtdrfa&SŒrSm
tdraf ysmufaeonfo h al wGu w&mrSm (99) a,mufavmuf&o dS wJ?h wifwifEiS 0hf if;0if;
rm wd@k wa,muf udk wa,muf=unfu h m cyfw;dk wd;k &,fvu kd =f uonf? tckawmh
olw@kd enf;enf;yg;yg; &,fEikd v f m=u+yD?
ud, k yhf u
kd q f EH iS u
hf , kd f tdru f t kd jynfu h mvku d +f yD; wcg;av;udv k nf; t[ef@
twm;av;tjzpf wyfvu kd cf +hJ yD;+yD? ayguf aeonfh oufu,fawGukd vku d v
f zH max;
Ivnf;+yD;+yD? apmif/ jcifaxmifawGEiS hf td;k cGuaf wGEiS q hf akd wmh enf;enf;awmh ywf0ef;
usiu f kd ajcanmif; vufqef@xu G =f u&ef ESpaf ,mufom; wdik yf ifxm;=uonf? wtdrf
ESiw hf tdrf trd;k csi;f xdqufrwwf eD;uyfaeonfh nyf=uyfaeaom wJawG=um;uae
vrf;ray:xGuv f u kd af omtcg pdwv f w G v f yfaygyh g;r_ukd jyefvnf&&Sv d ukd o
f nf? rJaqmuf
rSmvdk &Jra=umuf&awmhbJ vHjk cnf0wfum vrf;xGu&f onfh t&omudk ESpaf xmif;
tm;&&Sv d oS nf? vrf;ay:rSm ud, k v f v kd al wGtrsm;}uD; vrf;avSsmufae=uwm u d k
=unf+h yD;tH=h ordonf?
tif;avæ ,lteJ f tpDtpOfEiS hf rJaqmufu 'kuo Q nfawGukd oGi;f zd@k q+kd yD;
pm&if;twkid ;f }udKwifaqmufonfw h aJ ygi;f tvH;k ESpaf xmifuvlawGy?J ae@widk ;f 0,f
vd@k &onfh ukvm;aps;xJrmS vnf; }udw}f udww f ;kd ? wu,fawmh tJ'aD ps;udk olrsm;
b,fvakd c:vnf; 0if;0if;rm rodyg? od@k aomf [db k ufonfbuf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f ESpw f ef;
vH;k rSm aps;qdik rf eS o f rSs ukvm;awGcsnjhf zpfaoma=umifh 0if;0if;rmu ukvm;aps;
[k ac:vdu k w f mjzpfonf? nmbuftpGeq f ;kH wGiaf wmh u&ifqikd af v;wqdik f &So d nf?
toD;t&Guaf wGuawmh wywfukd 2 &ufaps;&So d nf? tJ'gu yvm&H;k a&SŒu vrf;ay:rSm
reufrdk;rvif;cifup+yD; aps;wef;jzpf+yD; (10) em&Davmufqdk aysmufoGm;onfh
,m,Daps;av;jzpfonf? tJonfrSmusawmh jrefrmjynfe,fpyfuae xkdif;bufrSm
tajcusaeonfh xkdif;awmifay:om;u'f&xm;=u+yDjzpfaom u&ifawGjzpfonf?
Armvdrk ajym/ xkid ;f vdo k majymae=uaom u&ifvrl sK;d awG? wcsKŒd u xdik ;f vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf

86
tdrfaxmifus+yD; xkdif; u&ifjzpfaeolawG? u&ifuawmh b,fae&mrSmaeae
u&ifaoG;raysmuf? &k;d om; }udK;pm;onf? awm"avhukd jrwfE;kd onf? ypPn;f OpPmudk
cifw, G uf m qxufwyd;k wd;k vmzd@k qw kd m olw@kd EiS rhf qdik o f vd…k +rdKŒ}uD; jy}uD;awGrmS rsK;d
quf ESpq f ufru tajcusaeonfh u&ifr[kwv f sS if u&ifawG&ŒJ yifraexdik f r_y
o
kH ¾efu tJ't D wkid ;f ygy?J awmifwef;rsm;0kid ;f &Haeonfh Ed@k z;kd *'kuQ onfpcef;ab;u
wckwnf;aom um;vrf;ay:rSm yJaG ps;avSsmufovdk vrf;avSsmufxu G of nfh olrsm;wGif
awmh xdu k &ifvrl sK;d rsm;ryg0ifyg? tm;vH;k 'kuo Q nf topfpufpufawG? onf avmuf
aumif;onfh &moDcsed rf mS avmif;ukwf t&Sn}f uD;0wfum a'guzf ed yfp;D xm;onfh
trsKd;orD;wa,mufudk vnf;awG@&onf? olu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;jzpfcJhzl;ol
[kajym=uonf? wcsKŒd rde;f uav;awG usawmhvnf; aygi&f if;wufaeonfh abmif;bD
wkad v;awGEiS hf vnfyif;ayguu f &ifneG @f uakd usmq f if;aeonfh yg;vSyv f yS f tusrô nf
umrwWawGEiS ?hf toufav;awG&rdS S tvGeq f ;kH ESpq f ,fausm?f 'D=um;xJrmS tom;
t&nfrJGaoG@aoG@ESifh t&ufpJGaeaom toufudk cef@rSef;Ir&Edkifonfhwkdif vlvwf
ydik ;f jzpfy&kH aom vlwa,mufu +yHK;+yHK; +yHK;+yHK;ESihf ol@zmomol pum;ajymvku d f ol@ab;
u jzwfomG ;olukd pum;ajymvku d f &Sad eonf?
awmfveS af &;}uD; t"Ge@f &n S yf gap” [k aigah wmhawm ah jymajym aewmu
v
kd nf; =um;&onf? “reuf reufqdk tdraf wGa&SŒrSm vmatmfwm olayg”h [k wifwi
uf 0if;0if;rmudk vufaxmufcsonf? wifwifu 0if;0if;rmxuf oGuo f nf? 'ga=umifh
ceav;ESifh vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk rdwfaqGrjzpfao;vSsifawmif odawmh odae
+yDjzpfonf? wifwifajymawmhrS reufwidk ;f =um;&onfh toH&iS u f kd wcsujf yef iJ=h unhf
um cyfw;dk wk;d &,fro d nf?
olvmvmatmfwmuawmh-
“yJjyKwfonfawmif yJjyKwfa&mif;vd@k uek af eyD? Ekid if aH &;orm;&yfuu G u f vnf;
tckxd b,fwa,mufrS rx=uao;ygvm;? 'DyHkpHeJ@ usKyfwdk@wdkif;jynf}uD;udk
b,fvdku,fwif=urSmvJ/ x=uygawmhAsKdŒæ” wJh? reufapmapm vmatmfonf
qdak omfvnf; toHus,}f uD;ESihf r[kwaf om a=umifh olwyg;udk taESmifh t,Surf jzpf
apyg? ol@udk vlawGu tnmom;[k ac:=u onf? emrnf&if;u bmvnf;rod?
tnmrSmarG;+yD; tom;rnf;olqkd vSsif ArmvlrsK;d xH;k pHtwdik ;f eHrnfwyfvu dk f wmu
awmh onfvykd gy?J ol@uv kd u
kd =f unfrh ad om 0if;0if;rmudk udt k nmom;u owdxm;
rdomG ;yHEk iS hf vSn=hf unfu h m +yHK;jyonf?
87
[k;d awmifwef;awGay:roGm;eJ@aemf? tJ'rD mS usm;}uD;awG&w dS ,f? vlom;pm;wJh usm;
awG/ [k;d bufu olrsm;pdu k cf if;awG/ wufreif;rdapaeeJ@ov d m;? zsuq
f ;D wJh pdwq f w kd m
aumif;wmr[kwb f ;l ? olrsm; pduk cf if;ae&mudv
k nf; cGirhf awmif;bJ oGm;rpdu k ef @J ? tJ'g
vlrsKd;}uD; pdwfxm;r[kwfbl;” vrf;avSsmufoGm;&mwavSsmuf qHk;r=o0g'awG
woD}uD; ay;oGm; aom udt k nmom; u 0if;0if;rmwk@d EiS hf wajz;ajz;a0; oGm;onf?
“'Dvlu rl;omaewm/ olajymwJhpum;awGusawmhvnf; ynmwwf
qefvu kd w
f maemf? bmvd@k rsm; t&uform;jzpfae&vJrodb;l ”
“olu atbDuausmif;om;wJ?h 88 ta&;tcif;rSm awmcdv k m wmvd@k
ajym=uwmyJ? [d;k buftjcrf;u atbDtyk pf ak ewm? olu tJ'b D ufrmS aew,f” [k
wifwifu oloo d rSs azmufonfcsonf?
“atbD qdw k ma&m odvm;” [k olw@kd aemufem; cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSm&yfaeol
oH;k a,mufteuf wa,mufu ar;onf?
“ausmif;om;tzJG@udkajymwmav” [k 0if;0if;rmajzawmh xdkolrsm;u

88
cyfzGzG&,f=uonf?
“ausmif;om;tzJG@? [kwfw,f? tJvdkyJ ac:=uwmrsm;w,f? tjynfh
tpHkajymr,fqdk&if ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif; om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;wJh?
atbD t uf p f 'D t uf z f v d k @ ac:w,f ? apmapmu nD r wd k @ ud k p um;ajymoG m ;wJ h
tnmom;u q,fwef;udk ajcmufbmom*k%x f ;l eJ@ atmifwEhJ pS rf mS yJ jrefrmjynfrmS
ta&;tcif;awGjzpfawmh ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;xJ ygvm+yD; ausmif;awGuvnf;
jyefrzGi/hf ta&;tcif;xJyg orSsvnf; vku d zf rf;aewmeJ@ awmcdv k mcJw h mav? vli,f
wa,muf&ŒJ tem*wfaysmuf oGm;wJh taetxm;rSm awmxJawmifxJ iSufzsm;
=urf;=urf;xdwt hJ cg aomufp&m aq;tpm;/ +cHKp&m apmiftpm; t&ufyt J m;ud;k
tpm;xd;k p&m&Sw d hJ tajctae rsK;d rSm tckvkd t&ufpo GJ mG ;=uwm tqef; r[kwyf gb;l
uGm” [k &Si;f jyonf?
wa&GŒa&GŒa0;oGm;aom tnmom;. ausmjyifukd vku d af i;&if; 0if;0if;rm
&ifxJrSm enf;enf; v_yfcyfoGm;onf? ightudk²²igharmifrsm;omqdk&ifqkdonfh
tawG;a=umifyh g? ol@tarqdk &ifusK;d rSmygy?J
“tJ'DawmifrSm wu,fusm;&Sdovm;” [k wifwifu pyfpkvkdufawmh
olw@kd tyk pf k &,f=ujyefonf?
“q,fuv D rdk w
D mtuGmrSm &efo@l ppfwyf&w dS ,f? &efoq l w kd ma&modvm;?
etzppftyk pf u k akd jymwm? olu ppfwyfv@kd rajymcsiv f @kd usm;vd@k ajymoGm; wmyg”
&nf&, G f rxm;bJ wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf rdwrf qufjzpfbJ olw@kd twlwl vrf;
avSsmufvmrd=uonf? wajz;ajz; ESifh olwdk@ xdkif;&JawG. tapmifhwJav; em;udk
a&mufvmonf? 0wfpekH ufEiS hf xkid ;f vli,f ppfom; oH;k av;a,muf wJxrJ mS &Sad eonf?
wJuakd usmjf zwfum avSsmuf&vm; ravSsmuf&vm; a0cJrG &onfh naecif;
vrf;avSsmufolrsm; wJem;uae vSnfhvSnfhjyefoGm;=uonf? olwdk@uajcvSrf;udk
r&yf=u? touf (50) t&G,f rsurf eS Ef iS hf cyfyed n f êun f êut f rsK;d om;wa,mufu
olw@kd ukd a&SŒquf ravSsmufz@kd vSr;f ajymonf?
“'DaumifawGu uGerf eJ 'f akd wG/ olw@kd rouFm&if ypfowfciG &hf w dS ,f? ud, k u
f
olw@kd ajray:rSm vm+y;D w&m;r0if aeae&wJo h al wG? owfvnf;cH&rSmyJ? *dwu f akd usm+f y;D
roGm;wmtaumif;qH;k yJAsm” [k ajym&if; olu, kd wf idk v f nf; pdr;f jraom awmifwef;
awm&dyfjrifuGif;udk ausmcdkif;jyefvSnfhoGm;onf? tJonfvlonf urfhxJ 0ifrnfh

89
reufapm bk&ifu h iG ;f xJrmS vlppfw;kH u trwfrif;awGvnf; 'Dvydk J ausmjf zwfc&hJ wmyJ
[kajymum cEd;k ceJ@ &,fcahJ om yk*Kd~ vfqw kd mudk 0if;0if;rm csujf cif;rSwrf v d u kd of nf?
wifwifEiS hf 0if;0if;rmwk@d u tJonfvl oH;k a,mufukd tuJcwfovd=k unfh
awmh olw@kd u olw@kd rt l wdik ;f cyf+yHK;+yHK;ESihf rsucf ;kH yifjh yonf? olrsucf ;kH yifv h u dk w f mu
0if;0if;rmwd@k ukd pdeaf c:vku d o f vdck pH m;rdaponf? pdwq f wfaom wifwifu a&SŒqu
o
f mG ; &ef qH;k jzwfvu kd of vdk aycHcH rsuEf mS ay;ESi&hf adS eonf?
“wu,fawmh ud, k w f @kd 'Dx0J ifvm=u+yDqu dk wnf;u 'DajrrSm w&m;0if
aexdik f =uwmudk todtrSwjf yKvdu k w f hJ t"dym` ,foufa&muf+yD;om;ygumG ? ud, k f
wdk@u olwdk@pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk rcsKd;azmuf&if olwdk@bmrS vkyfcGifhr&Sdygbl;” [k w
a,mufu &Si;f jyonf? wa,mufuawmh pD;u&ufr;D cd;k aiG@awGrw _ xf w k &f if; wJuav;
qDavSsmufomG ;+yD; ppfom;awGukd xkid ;f bmomESihf E_wq f ufvu
kd of nf?
“vlqw kd m ud, k bhf mompum;udk wjcm;vlrsK;d u ajymwwfwmawG@&ifuykd J
tvkdvdk 0rf;omtm;&jzpfyD; &if;ESD;wwwfwJh trsKd;r[kwfvm;? bmompum;u
vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;rSm awmfawmfta&;ygw,f? nDrwdk@a&m xdkif;pum;ajym
wwfvm;” ESpfa,mufvHk; xdkif;vdkrajymwwf=uaoma=umifh 0if;0if;rmwdk@
tajzray;bJ &,fv@kd omaevdu k =f uonf?
“xdik ;f avoHu cufw,f? ESmacgi;f oHe@J ajymwmudk em;axmif&wmeJ@wif
toJ,m;w,f? t*Fvyd pf um;urS pdw0f ifpm;zd@k aumif;ao;w,f”
“'guawmh nnf;wd@k u i,fi,fuwnf;u ausmif;rSm t*Fvyd pf m oifc&hJ
awmh em;,OfaewJt h cHav;a=umifh 'Dvx kd ifwmud;k ? wu,fv@kd t*Fvyd pf mudk avoH
awmif r=um;bl;cJh&if t*Fvdyfpmvnf; cufw,fxifrSmygyJ? xdkif;toHuawmh
ESmoHygv@kd vl}udKufrrsm;wmawmh trSeyf gy”J [k toufenf;enf; yd}k uD;olwa,muf
ajymonf? pum;oGm;ajymaom tud}k uD;jyefvmonf?
“odyaf 0;a0;awmhroGm;eJ@/ wckcjk zpf&if olw@kd rmS wm0ef&w dS ,f wJ”h
onfvEkd iS hf tapmifw h u J kd rjzwf&aJ oma=umifh vSnjhf yefomG ;=uolawGEiS hf
qef@usib f ufo@kd olw@kd pdwaf t;vufat; vrf;avSsmufEikd f cJ=h uonf? awmifurf;
yg;,Hudk azmufxm;aoma=umifh vrf;tauG@awGwdkif;rSm olwdk@rsufESmrl&onfu
0g;awm v$r;f onfh awmife&H aH wGom jzpfonf? pdrahf t;aeaom avxkukd tm;yg;
w& &_u d &f LS &aomtcg vluyd+k yD; vef;qwfomG ;onf?

90
“[m [drk mS arsmuf-arsmuf” [k wifwifu uav;wa,mufvkd 0rf;om
tm;& atmf&if; opfyifxyd zf sm;u arsmufro d m;pkukd vufnêKd ;xd;k jyonf? olw@kd u
arsmufqv kd sS if wd&pd m>e&f . kH avSmiftrd xf u
J ae tjyifu vlawGukd &efvkd 0efwakd om
t=unfEh iS hf oGm;+zjJ yum rmefzaD eaom arsmuftusO;f om;awGuo kd m awG@z;l cJ=h uwmrd@k
vle;D onfh opfyiftyk x f rJ mS at;at;vlvl oef;wkyaf e&if; udu G u Gd u
G aG wG qlnaH e
onfh obm0arsmuf&Gmuav;udk awG@&wmudku t&dkif;qefqef aysmf&$ifr_udk
jzpfaponf? ausmufurf;yg;,HrmS uyfayguaf eonfh opfyifawGu wcsKŒd 0if;0if;rm
rjrifb;l cJb
h ;l [k xifro d nf? tpdr;f a&mifrmS 0gzef@zef@a&maeonfh tyifukd bmtyifreS ;f
rodaomfvnf; ta0;ujrif&wm awmfawmfvyS +yD; ai;vd@k aumif;onf?
“udkrsKd; tJ'Dawmif}uD;udk=unfh&wm udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;wa,muf
aovkaZmeJ@ arsmyD;vJaewmeJ@ rwlb;l vm;” [k tapmifw h q J D oGm;cJo h ul 0if;0if;rm
wd@k ukd pum;pajymcJo h t l m; vSr;f ajymonf?
ausmuf}udKausmuf=um;rSm ajrr&Sb d J tjrpfw, G u f yk u f m &Sio f efaeonfh
ta&mifqef;qef;opfyifwckwnf;udk tm&Hkpdkufaerd&mu 0if;0if;rmt=unfhu
awmifwckv;kH udk +cHKum avhvmjzpfonf? onfawmifuek ;f url. atmufajcrSm uk
vm;aps;&S d a eonf ? uk v m;aps;ud k o G m ;wd k i f ; onf a wmif u d k armh a rmh
=unhjf zpfaomfvnf; ol@vkd rjrifwwfc?hJ wu,fygy?J rsuEf mS t&m/ vnfyif;t[du k /f
rd@k armufaom &ifom;jyif? ylazmif;aeonfh 0rf;Adu k uf ae atmufyikd ;f udk wajz;ajz;
jyefavSsmoGm;onfh trsK;d orD; wa,muftoGif tm;vH;k jynfph akH eonf?
ud, k 0f efaqmifAu dk of m;u omrefu, kd 0f ef&ifrh m+y;D ylae[efxuf azmykyu f m
azmif;um;aeoa,mif [kyif cHpm;&atmif rd@k armufaeonfh awmifurl ausmuf
uwH;k udk 0if;0if;rm armhai;&if; onfval wGu b,fvv dk al wGvJ [k odcsirf v d m
onf? olrsm;ESifhrwlaom tawG;/ tjrifESifh oD;jcm;qefaom tavhtxrsm;
olw@kd qrD mS &So d nf? “'kuo Q nfppfppfawG&ŒJ oauFwaygAh sm? jynfwiG ;f ppf&ŒJ oauF
waygh? xdkif;tm%mydkifawGudku a&G;ay;wwfwm vm;? usaemfwkd@ wkdif;jynf&JŒ
uH=urRmtwGuu f ykd J obm0u zefw;D ay;vdu k o f vm;? 'guawmh 'kuo Q nf pcef;wck
&JŒ oauFwqefae wmawmh trSeyf ”J
pufoHqlqlnHnHESifh Armjynfu axmfvm*sDvdk@ ac:aom awmawGrSm
pyg;cif;xJ toH;k jyKonfh ,mOfwpif; jzwfomG ;onf? armif;olu xdik ;f v,form;jzpf

91
yHk&onfh vlvwfydkif;t&G,f? yvkdif;ESifh oifwdkif;ESifh aq;wHcJxm;onhf rkwfqdwf
wdek @H eŒH ESihf u&ifacgi;f aygi;f ESihf trsK;d om;}uD;wa,muf u&ifvjkH cnf cyf=urf;=urf;udk
wkw d 0kd wfxm;onfh =uHch ikd af om u&iftrsK;d orD;}uD;a,muf/ rsuEf mS jynf0h idk ;f 0dik ;f ESihf
q,fausmo f uf u&ifrav; wa,mufw@kd tJonfay:rSm ygomG ;onf?
“ud,k t hf pd;k &u toH;k rusawmh ud, k vhf rl sK;d awGu olrsm;Ekid if rH mS tajccsae
=u&w,f? 'DavmufacsmwJh uav;rav; xdik ;f wa,mufa,muf&ŒJ ti,ftaESmif;
jzpfomG ;tH;k awmhrmS yJ xifyg&ŒJ ”
“xdik ;f rSm vmaewmeJ@awmh xdik ;f awG&ŒJ ti,fcsnyhf J jzpfrukeEf ikd yf gb;l ”
[k 0if;0if;rmu ol@ukd qifajcwufawmh olu 0if;0if;rmudk iH@k =unhu f m +yHK;onf?
“nDr xdik ;f udak &mufwm b,favmuf=um+yDv”J [kar;&if; wqufwnf;
“rde;f uav;wkid ;f vd@k rqdv k ykd gb;l ? 'gayr,fh taeeD;pyfrt _ &/ pOf;pm;awG;ac:
wwfwJh tajrmftjrift&/ pdwfom,mr_ t&/ pD;yGm;OpPmzdtm;t&ra&SmifomwJh
tajctaet&qdw k mawGu trsm;}uD;av? ud, k w hf idk ;f jynfrmS aevd@k xikd v f @kd tqifajy
=u&ifæ ynmoifEikd =f u&ifæ tvkyt f udik f tcGit hf vrf;awG aygrsm;r,fq&kd if
'DrmS 'DvZkd mwfvrf;awGukd tudw k @kd awG;yD; pdwrf aumif; jzpfrae&bl;aygu h mG ”
“'Dae@awmh 'Davmufqkd awmfoifyh x D ifw,f? enf;enf;vnf;arSmifvm+yD?
jyefvSnfh=updk@” [k olwdk@oHk;a,mufteuf t}uD;qHk;wa,mufu ajymonf?
awmifp, G rf mS aeuG,o f mG ;aomtcg at;pdrphf rd t hf &omu ta&jym;udv k m+yD; wd@k xd
usDp,faeonf?
“tudw k @kd u ausmif;om;wyfuvm;” [k wifwifu pyfpo k nf?
“ud, k w f @kd u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tkypf /k ausmif;om;wyfuvlawGuvnf;
tudkwdk@ oli,fcsif;awGygyJ? udkf,fhus&mZmwf&kyfuae EkdifiHta&;xJ vdkovdk
yg0if y wf o uf c J h = uwmygyJ ? vl @ abmif o pf 'D r d k u &uf w pf y gwD qd k w m
=um;zl;w,frdk@vm;? ausmif;om;awGeJ@ zJG@xm;wJh ygwDav? tJ'DrSm vkyf&if;
axmifus=uwm? oluawmh tJet f ,fv'f D ygwu D ”
0if;0if;rmu em;axmif&orSs pum;awGtay:rSm ud, k Ef iS hf jyefEi_d ;f ,SO+f yD;
vdyjf ymrvHjk zpfrv d monf? Edik if aH &;orm; wcsKŒd . pmwd@k aiGw@kd ukd ol@trd jf yefonft h cg
,lomG ;ay;zl;onf? xkid ;f rSm tvkyv f mvkyaf omolrsm;qdv k sS if ppfaq; a&;*dwaf wGu
ody+f yD; r&SmazGwwf? aiG&mS vmolrsm;rd@k *dwjf zwfa=u;awGuo kd m vnfyif;nêprf wwf

92
&oavmuf awmif;=uzd@k tm;oef=uwmjzpfonf? t0ifvnf;awmif; txGuv f nf;
awmif;w*dwef @J w*dwu f vnf; odyrf a0; wwfonft h wGuf wcgwcg tdrjf yef&vSsif
tJonf *dwaf =u;awGucsnhf ig;aomif;avmuf jzpfjzpfomG ;onft h cgu &Sad o;onf?
ol w d k @ u oH k ; axmif x uf e nf ; vS s if rsuf E S m u r=unf v if w wf = u? (10)
*dwjf zwf&vSsiu f kd oH;k aomif;jzpfae+y?D &J/ ppf/ vl0ifr}_ u;D =uyfa&;? txl;axmufvrS ;f a&;
ponfjzifh tzJ@G awGuvnf; xyfukd rxyfap&?
tJonfawmh vl}uHKay;onfh ypPn;f av;/ pmav;aiGpav;awGukd uspaf e
atmifxw k +f y;D o,f,cl av; enf;enf; yg;yg;awmif;um o,fay;cJzh ;l onf? twGi;f u
tjyef u sawmh v nf ; onf b uf u jyef r S m onf h pmtk y f w d k @ bmwd k @ jyef o ,f
vmay;&onf? tJonf rjzpfpavmuf Ekid if aH &;ESihf ywfoufra_ v;udk yH}k uD;csŒJ um
0if;0if;rmu jrefrmjynf jyefv@kd rjzpfawmhyg[k toem;cHvm$ a&;om;+yD; olw@kd u
,lteJ [ f k tvG,af c:ae=uaom ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfrsm; qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;&H;k rSm
oGm;+yD; 'kuo Q nfpm&if; oGi;f cJw h mjzpfonf?
“=unfph rf;ygt;kH Asm/ 'dik ef mum;eJ@EmG ;ausmif;ae=uwm jrefrmjynfu e,fawG
rSmqdk 'kid ef mwpD;avmuf &Sad e&ifuykd J vlvwfwef;pm;oaX;av; pm&if;0ifaewm”
ocsKiõ ;f ajrtpyfwiG f ayguaf eaom jrufyifrsm;&S&d mod@k EGm;awGvw $ x
f m;aom ydik &f iS f
ukvm;u oHwef;rsm;ESihf +cHcwfxm;onfh 'dik ef mum;ay:od@k EGm;awGukd uke;f bwfay:u
aewqifh jyefarmif;oGi;f aeonf? cyf=uyf=uyfxnfah wmh oH;k av;aumif tomav;
0ifomG ;onf?
cifAsm;u 'dkifemeJ@ EGm;ausmif;wmudk cHpm;ae..usaemfurS csif;rdkifrSm
aewH;k u vrf;avSsmufomG ;vk@d acG;awG woD}uD;vdu k af [mifwmudk cHc&hJ wJh pdwu f
ao&mygawmhrmS ”
“vrf ; avS s muf v d k @ acG ; a[mif w ,f ? b,f t csd e f a vS s muf v d k @ vJ ” [k
0if;0if;rmu ar;vku d af wmh udwk ifvh iG q
f okd u l
“reuf (8) em&Drxd;k cifAsm? aps;eJ@vnf; odyrf a0;awmh vrf;avSsmuf+yD;
aps;udkoGm;wm? tdrfuxGuf+yDqdkuwnf;u vrf;ab;tdrfawGxJu acG;awGu
olw@kd avSmiftrd x f u J ae olw@kd +cH0uae ckeaf ygu+f yD;awmhukd pl;pl;0g;0g; a[mifwm?
tpuawmh ud, k u hf kd a[mifw,frxifrb d ;l ? aemufawmh wtdrv f nf;r[kw/f ESptf rd f
jzwfawmhvnf; a[mif/ qufwdkufjzpfaevdk@ acG;awGudk vSrf;=unfhawmh olwdk@u

93
ud, k uhf kd a[mifaewmud;k ”
“cifAsm;u ud@k ,@kd um;,m; 0wfxm;vd@k vm;”
“b,fuvm udw k ifxÉG &f ,f? *si;f abmif;bDe@J wD&yS ef @J ? uk,
d af y:rSm tydq k v kd @kd
vSsmxd;k OD;xkyf aqmif;xm;wmyJ &Sw d ,f? aemufawmhrS owdxm;rdwmu csi;f rdik rf mS
aps;onfutp vrf;avSsmufwJholrS r&Sdwmudk;As? tqif;&JqHk; aps;onfawmif
qdik u f ,fawmh&w dS ,f? pufb;D pD;wJo h q
l akd wmif &Sm;aeyDajym&r,f? jynfov l xl u k
olwdk@vlr_ p&dwf zlvkH+yD; tqifhjrifhjrifhaeEdkifvmcJhwJh ESpfawGtwGif; xdkif;EdkifiHrSm
acG;rsK;d quf b,fEpS q f ufavmufup+yD; vrf;avSsmufwhJ vlukd rjrifb;l =uawmhv²J ²vd@k
awG;&if; pdwx f J wEke@f Eek @f e@J emaewmav? a[mifwmrS tdraf rG; acG;a&m/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;
vrf;ay:u acG;avacG;vGifhuyg a[mifwmAsm? acG;jrif&if &ifbwfxJuatmifhwJh
a&m*g&wm tJ'u D wnf;uyJ”
“tud k w d k @ &J Œ ayguf u J G r _ o H p Of a wG a =umif h igh n D r awG & J Œ naecif ; av;awmh
ysufpD;oGm;yDxifw,f” [k wdwfwdwf qdwfqdwfavSsmufae=uaom wifwifESifh
0if;0if;rmudk udrk sK;d qdok u l vSr;f ar;onf?
“rysufpD;ygbl;? tJvdkrsKd; Ed_if;,SOfajymjyr,fhol usrwdk@ywf0ef;usifrSm
r&SdcJhbl;awmh udk,fhwkdif;jynfta=umif;udk bmrS rod&bl;av? tvkyfr&SdvJ
udk,fhta=umif;yJ? 0ifaiGeJ@xGufaiGrrSsvnf; 'gu jzpf&dk;jzpfpOfyJ? vrf;avSsmuf
ae&vnf; 'gu vlwidk ;f 'Dvydk q J ykd ;D woufv;kH aevmcJw h m? tpd;k &qdw k meJ@ olrsm;Edik if H
awGrmS awmh b,fvydk gvm; qdw k mrsK;d awG;&aumif;rSe;f udk rodcw hJ m? tckrS ud, k w hf idk ;f
jynfta=umif;udk avhvmrSwfom;cGifh&wmqdkawmh usrwdk@rSm tusKd;trsm;}uD;
&Syd gw,f”
“'Dvq kd &kd if ud,
k w
f @kd twlwl vrf;avSsmufjzpf=u wm aumif;oGm;wmayg?h
tkad u²²aemufawmh awG@=uao; wmayg”h
ud,
fk w
hf w J ef;a&SŒ csK;d 0if&awmhrnfjzpfaoma=umifh ajcvSr;f tpoyf vku
d =f u
aom 0if;0if;rmwd@k EpS af ,mufukd E_wq f ufvsS uf olw@kd xGuof mG ;=uavonf?
cGmndK
Edk0ifbmv (5) &uf/ 2009 ckESpf?

94
AdkvfcsKyfajymwJh h h h h h EGm;
0if;Edik f(yef;yJwef;)
&efukef+rdK h.'DZifbmeHeufcif;onf tvGefyifom,mvSyaeonf?

aumif;uif wckv;kH onfvnf; jrLESi;f rsm; a0aevsu&f +dS yD; avajyav!Si;f av;rsm;
wokefokef wdkufcwfaeojzifh at;at;csrf;csrf; &Sdaeavonf? uefawmf}uD;teD;
ywf0ef;usifw0dkuf yef;uefvHk;u|ef; u&0dwfO,smOfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yef;+cH
wavsmufwiG v f nf; tm;upm;0wfprkH sm;0wfqifIvnf;aumif;/ taEG; xnfrsm;
0wfqifI vnf;aumif; touft&G,f}uD;olrsm;u vrf;av#mufI/ vli,frsm;
uvnf ; tajy;avh u sif h o l r sm;/ vrf ; av#muf o l r sm;/ ud k , f v uf v _ y f & S m ;
avhusio hf rl sm;ESihf pnfum;aev#u&f o dS nf?
tm;upm;0wfpHk tpdrf;a&mif txufatmufqifwl0wfqifxm;aom
toufcwf}uD;}uD; vlwa,mufonf ppf&Hk;csKyf}uD;. trSwf(1) *dwfaygufrS
usrf;rma&;twGuf vrf;av#muf&ef xGufcGmvmcJhavonf? xdkolum; tjcm;
olawmhr[kwfyg? jrefrmEdkifiH. ydkufqHtusdK;tjrwfrsm;rsm;&&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;rSeo f r#ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyf xdr;f csKyf}udK;udik f OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKvkyaf eaom
jrefrmhwyfrawmf}uD; tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh &[ef;&Sifvl
ausmif;om;jynforl sm;udk rw&m;!Si;f qJowfjzwfzkd t h pOft+rJpOf;pm;aewwfaom
'kOuUX}uD; 'kw, d Adv
k rf ;_ }uD;armifat;yJ jzpfayonf?
armifat;onf ppf&;kH csKyfrS wa,mufwnf;tazmfryg wud, k w
f nf;xGuf
vm+yD; a&$w*d b kH &k m;vrf;twdik ;f awmifbufr'k b f ufokd v h rf;a&Smufvm+yD; bk&m;
teD;rD;ydKG ifo
h kd h a&mufaomtcg vrf;ray:rSb&k m;udak rmh=unfh vuftyk cf sOD ;D cdu k +f yD;
A[ef;t0dkif;odk ha&mufaomtcg ajrya'omu|ef;twdkif;vrfav#muf+yD;ewf
armufvrf; bufokd ch sKd ;auG u h m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; yef+cHa&SrjS zwfum vrf;quf
av#mufoGm;onf? xd k o d k h v rf ; quf a v#muf a e&if ;

95
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a=u;&kyfa&Sodk ha&mufaom tcg 4if;.trnfudk ac:oH=um;
aoma=umifh taemufokd v h n S =hf unfh vdu k &f m rnforl # rawG yh J jzpfaeojzifh ab;odk
v
h nS =hf unfv h ukd &f m rdr. d trnfuakd c:olrmS Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef; jzpfaeojzifh a=u;&kyaf &S
hodk hoGm;&yf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; usaemfudk ac:ovm;[kar;aomtcg
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u [kww f ,f rif;udk ac:wm igyJ jzpf w,f/ rif;igt h a&S u h ae
ae w h ikd ;f vrf;av#mufomG ;aewm igjrifaew,f? 'Dae ah wmh vdck sipf &mav;wck&v dS kd h
rif;udak c:&wmyJjzpfw,f vdk ah jymw,f? tJ'aD wmh armif at;u Adv k cf sKyf bmrsm;
tvdk&SdygovJvdk h ar;&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u -armifat;- jrefrmjynf}uD;
vGwv f yfa&;&wmvnf; ESpaf ygi;f (60) ausmaf e+y?D igvnf;'Dtwdik ;f rwfwyf&yfae&wm
=umvdk hanmif;aevS+yD h h h'Dawmh rif;reufjzefreuf vrf;av#mufxGufwJhtcg
ightwGufjrif; waumifavmuf ac:vm cJhay;ygvdk h armifat;udkajymwJhtcg
armifat;u h h ah umif;yg+yDAv kd cf sKyf usaemf reufjzefreuf vrfav#mufvmwJt h cg
Adv
k cf sKyftwGuf jrif;waumifac:vmcJh ay;ygrh ,fq+kd yD; tawG;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmeJ h
vr;fqufav#mufoGm;ygw,f?
tJ'aD e &h ;kH wwfwt hJ csed af &mufawmh reufuvrf;av#mufwek ;f u udpu P kd
wyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfr_;}uD;oef;a&$udk ajymjy+yD;rS AdkvfcsKyftwGuf jrif;
waumif&mS ay;Edik &f eftwGuf Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }uD;oef;a&$&J h &H;k cef;xJukd 0ifomG ;wJt h cg
wyfcsKyf}uD;u nDav;bmta&;w}uD;udpP&Sdvdk h 0ifvm&wmvJvdk h ar;wJhtcg
armifat;u-tud}k uD;ESpaf ,mufxaJ jymrSjzpfr,fu h pd P jzpfwthJ wGuf tjcm;vlawG
udk tjyifxu G cf ikd ;f ay;ygvkd h ajymawmh wyfcsKyf}uD;vnf; tvGet f a&;}uD;wJh udpjP zp
fr,fxif+yD;awmh tem;rSm&SdwJholawGudk tjyifxGufcdkif;+yD; wHcg;udk taotcsm
ydwfcdkif;vdkufw,f? +yD;awmh armifat;bufvSnfh+yD; uJ nDav; bmudpPvJ
jrefjrefajymyg/ igvnf;&ifawGwek af e+yDvdk h ajymawmh/ armifat;u udpu P awmh wjcm;
r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemfreufuvrf;av#mufxu G af wmh Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;a=u; &kyaf &S@u
vrf;av#mufoGm;wJh tcg AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfudkac:+yD; jrif;waumif ac:vmay;zdk
hajymvdk@ tudk}uD;udkajym&wmygvdk h ajymvdkufwJhtcg wyfcsKyf}uD;u armifat;
udrk suv f ;kH jyL;=unf+h yD; nDav;pdwaf wmhaumif;ao;ygw,faemfvkd h ajymvdu k wf t hJ cg
armifat;utud}k uD; usaemfpw d af umif;ygw,f/ bmrSrjzpfygb;l ? usaemfajymwm
wu,fajymwmyg? tud}k uD;r,H&k ifvnf; reufzefreuf usaemfvrf;av#mufxu G w f hJ

96
tcg tud}k uD;vnf; vdu k cf yhJ gvkd ah jymawmh wyfcsKyf}uD;u 'gqv kd nf; aumif;+yDav
reuf z ef r euf n D a v; vrf ; av#muf x G u f & if ud k , f h u d k v nf ; 0if a c:vd k u f q d k + yD ;
ajymvd k u f w ,f ? [k w f r [k w f q d k w muawmh ud k , f v d k u f c J h & if t ajzay:rS m bJ
qd+k yD;xyfajym vdu k w f ,f?
aemuf w ae h r euf a &muf w J h t cgusawmh armif a t;vnf ; oef ; a&$
udak c:+yD;awmh reufuav#mufwv hJ rf;twdik ;f pum;wajymajymeJ ah v#mufvmcJ&h m
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;a=u;&kyaf &S u h kd oef;a&$uakd c:oGm;cJw h ,f? armifat;eJ Ah v kd cf sKyfr;_ }u;D
oef;a&$vJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;a=u;&kyaf &S rh mS Adv k cf sKyfu bmajymrvJvkd q h +kd yD; tcsed f
tawmf=um &yfapmifhaewm AdkvfcsKyfu bmrSrajymwmvJjrifa&m AdkvfcsKyfr_;}uD;
oef;a&$u armifat;udk- nDav; rae huajymawmh AdkvfcsKyfu jrif;waumif
ac:vmcdik ;f w,fvkd ah jymw,f?
'Dae u h , kd v f u kd vf mawmh bmrSvnf;rajymygvm;/ nDav;vnf; tvum;
&wJh t&ufawGaomuf+yD; pdwfawG ua,mufajcmufjcm;jzpfae+yDxifw,f?
'Dujyef&ifawmh nDav; pdwu f sr;f rma&;aq;&Hrk mS aq;av;bmav; oGm;ppf=unhOf ;D
vdk ah jym+yD; ESpaf ,mufom; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; a=u;&kyt f a&S u h ae jyefxu G f vm
cJhw,f? armifat;&J hpdwfxJrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyfu ighwa,mufxJwkef;uawmh
jrif;waumif ac:cJyh gvkd ah jymw,f? 'Dae t h ud}k uD;udak c:vmawmh bmrSvnf;rajymbl;
qd+k yD;awmh pdwx f rJ mS Za0Z0gjzpfaewmayg?h
tud}k uD;uawmh igu h &kd ;l ae+yDvkd h xifaervm;rodygb;l qd+k yD; nnf;aeowJ?h
+yD;awmh ig'u D pd P ra=ueyfao;bl;- reufzefreufus&ifigwa,mufwnf; Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;a=u;&kyaf &S h oGm;r,fq+kd yD; pOf;pm;aew,f?
'DvdkeJ haemufwae hreufvnf;usa&m armifat;vnf; rae huudpPudk
tpmra=ujzpf+yD; wa,mufwnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yef;+cHudk xGufvmcJhw,f?
yef;+cHa&mufvkd h Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;a=u;&kyaf &S rh mS &yfvu kd w f ,f qd&k ifbJ Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;u armifat;udjk rifvu kd w f meJ h h h ah rmifat; rif;udik gu ac:vmcdik ;f wmu
jrif;waumifac:vmcdkif;wm/ rif;ujrif;rac:vmcJhbJ EGm;}uD;ac:vmcJhwmudk vdk@
ajymvdu k af wmh armifat;vnf; ol Oh ;D acgi;f u csKd apmif;ESpb f ufukd vufeJ t h om
yGw=f unf+h y;D Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;a=u;&kyt f a&S u kh ae &Su&f uS ef J xh uG cf mG oGm;awmhw,f?
0if;Edkif(yef;yJwef;)
97
Tpmtk y f o nf pma&;q&mr karen
connelly . rl&if;pmtkyfwtkyfjzpfjyD; pmzwf
olrsm; tm; tvGeftrif; zwfapcsifaom qEN
a=umifh =uKd;pm; wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyf
tm; zwfapjcif; jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif; tkyfcsKyf
rif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vufxufwGif jrefrm
EkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G hrnfr#x dvl@tcGifhta&; qkH;
&SKH;aejyD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmifrsm;
twGi;f rnfuo hJ hdk zdp;D ESyd pf uf/ rnfuo
hJ dk qif;&J'u
k Q
cH&I ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd uGufuGuf
uG i f ; uG i f ; od j rif & rnf j zpf y gonf ?
tcef;quftjzpf azmfjy oGm;ygrnf?
bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy(c)armif

(c)armifarmifvwf
tvif;tdrfr**~~Zif;
,cifvrStquf tdraf jrSmifavSmiftrd f
tcef; ( 26 )
aumifav;[m ol@b0udk rarhEikd o f vd/k owdvnf; r&csiyf g? axmifxrJ mS
ae ae&wJh tajcrd@k owdvnf; r&csiyf g? aumifav;&J@ zcif[m axmifxrJ mS &m
xl;i,fwhJ 0g'g wa,mufjzpfw,f? }uD;=uyfwv hJ l r[kwv f @kd ol@zcif ta=umif;/
ajym p&m odyfr&Sdyg?
'gayr,fh aumifav;&J@ tar[m pum;odyrf sm;ovd/k oDcsi;f vnf; t+rJqkd
aewwfw,f? tckq&kd if ody=f umcJ+h yD? ol&J t h ar cGo J mG ;wm =umcJv h @kd / tar&J
o
h cD si;f toHukd aumifav; rrSwrf Ed ikd af wmhyg? 'gayr,fh ol@tarqH;k yg;oGm;apwJh
a&m*g }uD; udak wmh aumifav; rarhEikd yf g?
aiG qdw
k m aumifav;wd@k b0rSm oH;k rsKd ;yJ toH;k 0ifygw,f? qef/ xrif;&nf/
aq;0g; &,f qdkwmyJ//
aumifav;tar[m aq;0g;rsKd ;pHek @J ukoayr,f/h aemufq;kH aq;0g;awG[m
aoG;yJjyefjzpfomG ;w,f? tarhyg;pyfxu J jyefxu G v f mwm/ ajrGao;ao;av;awGv/kd

98
aoG;pawGyjJ zpfygw,f? teDa&mifqakd yr,f/h trJa&mif yd+k yD;oef;ygw,f?
taruG,v f eG w f m =umcJ+h yDr@kd / tarta=umif; xyfrpOf;pm;cJah wmhyg? t
oufquf&iS f aexdik zf @kd y/J ta&;}uD;w,fr[kwyf gvm;? 'Daumifav;[m axmifxu J kd
a&mufvmwJh ta=umif;[m ol@tazudk ulnv D yk uf ikd af y;zd@k t"duyJjzpfygw,f?
ol @ ud k axmif x J r S m quf x m;zd k @ vnf ; / wjcm;0g'gawG cd k i f ; wmrS e f o r#/
aumifav;vkyaf y; ygw,f? ol@tazvnf; ol@tarvdyk /J acsmif;qd;k &if; aoG;awG
tef+yD; qH;k oGm;w,f?
axmifcef;tjyifbufrmS aumifav;wd@k trd &f w dS ,f? vrf;r}uD;wzufrmS jzpf
+yD;/ xef;yifawG/ o&ufyifawG &Sw d ,f? opfom;awGe@J aqmufxm;wJh &Gm}uD;w&Gmvdk
jzpfygw,f? wcsKd @ tdraf wG[m oHjzwfyikd ;f awG/ qdik ;f yk'f awGe@J um&Hxm;w,f? 'g
ayr,fh avjyif;jyif;wdu k &f if 0ufe@H awG/ tdro f meH@awG[m tvGeq f ;kd 0g;vSygw,f?
'Dvekd @J yJ oGm;vdu k jf yefvu kd ef @J taz&J@vufukd udik x f m;&if;/ tazem;rSmyJ t+rJ&w dS ,f?
vufuav;awG[m t&dk;+ydKif;+ydKif;xaew,f? pm;p&mqdkvdk@ qefuGJyJ
&Sdw,f? xRif;&nfaomuf&wm rsm;w,f? t&dk;+ydKif;+ydKif;eJ@ cE<m udk,f[m t+rJwrf;
tpmr0vdk@ qmaew,f?
wcsKd @aomnrSm vlawG t&ufr;l +yD;/ wa,mufe@J wa,muf "g;awGe@J
xd;k =u/ ckw=f u/ ykvif;uGeJ @J x;kd =u/ ykvif;eJ@ &du k =f ueJ@ &eft}uD;tus,f jzpf=uw,f?
axmifxrJ mS ae&wm yd+k yD; pdwcf s&w,f? qd;k wJv h al wG trsm;pk[m axmifxrJ mS ae
=uayr,fh &efrjzpf=ubl;? odyq f ;kd wJh acG;}uD;awGukd vlawG[m a=umuf=uw,f?
tazeJ@ ra0;&atmif tazem;rSm t+rJuyfaew,f? aeraumif;vdk@
acsmif;odyq f ;kd vmwJh tcsed af wGrmS aumifav;[m taztwGuf aq; tjref&mS 0,f
ay;w,f?
tazhukd oloyd *f &kpu kd w f m[m tazr&Sad wmh&if aumifav;[m ol@ukd
rdbrJah *[mudk yd@k vu kd rf mS a=umufwmvnf;ygw,f?
aemuf+yD; vrf;aqmufvyk af &; ausmufcx J w k hJ vkyif ef;awG rvkycf sib f ;l ?
'gayr,fh tazu ajymbl;w,f? igaooGm;&if rif;rdbrJah *[mjzpfjzpf/ vrf;aqmufwhJ
tvkyrf mS yJjzpfjzpf/ a&mufomG ;rSmyJq;kd w,f? 'grrS [kwv f @kd uHaumif;&ifawmh tdrf
aqmufwhJ tvkyrf mS ausmufco J ,f/ bdvyfajr o,fwhJ tvkyyf J vky&f rSmbJ?
'gayr,fh tazudak oapcJw h m[m acsmif;qd;k aoG;yg/ a&m*ga=umifh r[kwf

99
bl;vd@k axmifr;_ ud&k efEikd f ajymjyvd@k od&w,f? &efuek -f rE aW v; vrf;r}uD;ay:rSm
r eufr;kd rvif;yJ/ tarSmifxrJ mS rD;vH;k zGirhf xm;wJh ukew f ifum;}uD;wku d vf @kd / tazqH;k
oGm;cJhw,f?
taz[m ol&@J ykc;kH udk aqmifw h eG ;f vduk w f ,f? ol@b0rSm taz[m ol@ukd
'Dvdk wcgrS emem=uif=uif rwGe;f ykwcf zhJ ;l bl;? aumifav;[m vrf;ab;udk vGio hf mG ;
w,f? zkeaf wG[m yg;pyfxu J kd 0ifvmw,f? rsuaf phxv J nf; 0ifomG ;w,f? touf&_
vd@k r0ovkjd zpfomG ;w,f? ajrjyifay:rSm c%avmuf vSaJ e&if;eJ@ yg;pyfx/J ESmacgi;f
xJ 0ifomG ;wJh zkeaf wGukd }udK;pm;r_wx f w k vf u kd wf ,f? 'gayr,fh E_wcf rf;eJ@ yg;jyifrmS
awmh oJre_ af wG/ zkeaf wG useaf ewke;f bJ?
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf reuf[m rd;k vif;pjyKvm+yD? aea&mifvnf;oef;vm+yD?
ol@ taz vJusomG ;wJh ae&mudk vSr;f +yD; =u!fv h ukd w f ,f? ol@taz[m vrf;rzufrmS
usef cJw h ,f r[kwyf gvm;? ol@taz&J@ ajcaxmufu ol@qu D kd qef@ay;aew,f?
vufukd qef@+yD;/ vSr;f vdu k o f vdk yHrk sKd ;yJ? taz&J@ zdeyfukd vSr;f +yD;=u!frh w d ,f? taz&J@
zdeyf[m topfr@kd v@kd / taz zdeyfr&Sad wmhwm pdwq f ;kd rSmyJv@kd awG;rdw,f? zdeyfu
tazeJ@ ta0;}uD;rSm?
tazh ykq;kd [m +yJae+yD;/ &ifacgi;f ay:a&mufaew,f? tazh cE<mud, k [ f m
wGe@f +yD;vdraf eovdjk zpfaew,f? tazacgi;f [m aoG;awG xGuaf ew,f? b,forl S
r a&mufvmbl;? aumifav;vnf; bmrSrvkyw f wfawmh/ tusO;f axmif}uD;&J@
*dw0f udk tajy;vSr;f oGm;cJw h ,f? ol@&@J oGm;wacsmif;vnf; u|wo f mG ;w,fxifw,f?
axmif0efxrf;ESpfa,muf[m tazhudk x&yfum;ay:wif+yD;/
armif;xGuo f mG ; w,f? tazhukd b,fukd ac:oGm;=uwmvnf;? aumifav;[m
a=umuf v d k @ rar;&J y g? 'gayr,f h aumif a v; od x m;wm wck & S d w ,f ?
vlaoaumif[m ro+*dKvf&if/ o&J/ wap> jzpfomG ;+yD;/ ru|waf wmhb;l qdw k myJ?
aumifav;[m ol@udk,fol tjypfwifrd w,f? ol[m ol@&J@ tazudkawmif
ro+*dKvfEdkifbl;qkdwmyJ? wu,fqdk&ifvnf; ol vnf; bmrS rwwfEdkifyg?
ajr}uD;xkww f hJ ayguwf ;l wacsmif;/ a*: jym;wvufawmif ol@rmS r&Syd g?
tazvJuswhJ ae&mudk wcg olxyfomG ;w,f? ,ifaumifawG[m aoG;awG
ay:rSm em;ae=uw,f? vrf;ray:rSm aoG;ayaewJh ol@taz&J@ oGm;wacsmif;udk
awG @ vd k u f & w,f ? ol a =umuf v ef @ r_ a =umif h ol @ tazud k aoaocsmcsm

100
rqef;ppfvu kd &f wm udk aemifw&rdw,f?
tarhukd wajz;ajz;arhomG ;ovd/k tazhuv kd nf; wajz;ajz; olarh oGm;rSm
pd;k &drrf w
d ,f? tazh oGm;udk udik x f m;wJh ol@vufacsmif;awGay:rSm ,ifaumif awG
vmem;aew,f? ,ifaumifawG[m a'gif;ta&mifvdk tpdrf;a&mifoef;aew,f?
,ifaumifawG ysaH ewJh toH[m/ ol@tazudk wdu k o f mG ;wJh x&yfum;}uD;&J@ toHvykd J
aumifav;em;xJrmS qlnaH ew,f?
ol@taz oGm;ay:u aoG;awGukd opf&u G w f &Guef @J okwyf pfvu kd +f yD;/ oHb;l
av; ao;ao;xJrmS odr;f xm;vdu k w f ,f? aumifav;[m ol@&@J t0wfa[mif;awGe@J
tazvufusef t0wfawGukd pkord ;f vdu k wf ,f? tar t+rJo;kH avh&w dS hJ oeyfcg;Al;av;
xJrmS tazhomG ;udk x!fv h u kd w f ,f?
tdraf &S@rmS tdr&f iS af &mufae+yD/ aumifav;u bmajym&rvJqw kd m rpOf;
pm;wwfyg? aumifav;udk tdrif mS ;c vmawmif;ae+yD? b,fvv kd yk &f rvJ?
aumifav;u h h o h @l rmS aiGr&Sv d @kd tdrv f c ray;Ekid b f ;l ajymvku d w f ,f?”
tdr&f iS u f h h h “aumif;+yD/ rif; tdrv f c ray;Edik &f if/ ig ykvyd af wG ac:vdu k f
r,f? rif;udo k wl @kd axmifcs =uvdrrhf ,fv@kd ” ajymvdu k af wmh/ aumifav;odyaf =umuf
vmw,f?
'gayr,fh aumifav;[mvnf; wu,fyJ axmifxrJ mS yJ aep&m&Sad wmh
w,f r[kwyf gvm;? ol@taztvkyf vkyw f ahJ e&m[m axmifyJ r[kwyf gvm;?
aumifav;u h h h “[kwu f hJ usaemfvnf; axmifxu J o kd mG ;awmhrmS ygv@kd
tavmw}uD; jyefajymvdu k af wmh h h h
tdr&f iS [ f m pdwq f ;kd +yD;/ aumifav; acgi;f udk vufe@J yh w d &f u kd v f u kd +f yD;/ aumif
av;&J@ ykc;kH ESpzf ufukd csKyf+yD; udik x f m;w,f?
aumifav;[m tdr&f iS u f kd jyefawmif;yefvu kd w
f ,f? “usaemfaxmifxJ
jyefomG ;+yD;/ tvkyv f yk yf grh ,f? tazusew f hJ tdrv f cudk wajz;ajz;csi;f jyefqyfygh
r,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f?”
tdr&f iS [ f m aumifav;udk v$wv f u kd af yr,f/h aumifav;&ifbufukd vuf
!d;_ eJ@ xd;k vdu k &f if;/ rif;vdrrf ajymeJ@v@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f?
wu,fawmh aumifav; nmajymwmyJjzpfw,f? avmavmq,f (&)
ESpfyJ &Sdao;awmh/ bmtvkyf/ vkyfEdkifrSmvnf; aocsmrodayr,fh/ uwdudk

101
vG , f v G , f a y; vd k u f r d w ,f ? tJ ' D a emuf r S m aumif a v;[m 0g;/ "ed a wG e J @
ol w d k @ aewJ h t d r f a v;ud k b,f a wmh r S rjyef a wmh y J / ol @ &J h urB m opf j zpf w J h
axmifxrJ mS yJaezd@k qH;k jzwfvu kd w f ,f?
yxrqHk; axmifxJrSm bk&m;ab;taqmifxJu pwdkcef;vdk ae&mrSm
aumifav;aew,f/ tdyw f ,f? wu,fq&kd if tJ'D Z&yf taqmif[m 0g'gawG/ em;
=u/ owif;pmzwf=ueJ@/ em;ae=uwJh ae&maumif;wck jzpfygw,f? tJ'ZD &yf[m aq;
&Hek @J zd}k uD;=um;rSm &Sad eygw,f? axmifr;_ udck spEf ikd ef @J wef;pD; uku d sm;}uD;u aumifav;
udk axmifu pm;zdrk ;_ eJ@ raygi;f yJ/ a0;a0;aezd@k owday; qH;k rxm;w,f? wu,fawmh
vnf; 0g'gawGaewJh taqmifrSm aumifav; raewm ydkaumif;ygw,f? 0g'g t
aqmif[m vlrsm;vk@d axmifpzdrk ;_ tdro f moGm;&if 0g 'gtaqmifukd roH;k &Jyg? 0g'g
awGu pm;zdrk ;_ [m teH@ odyq f ;kd vd@k tem;tuyf rcH=ubl; r[kwv f m;?
omref axmif0g'gawG[m vcenf;wJh 0efxrf;awGr@kd rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;
udk wv/wv tv#irf rDEikd b f ;l jzpf=uw,f? pm;zdrk ;_ uawmh ,mxJu toD;/ tESH
awGukd cd;k +yD; a&mif;pm;&if;eJ@ wae@wjcm; vl[m ydk ydk 0vmw,f?
aumifav;[m ol &Smxm;wJh opfom;acsmif;av;awG/ oHw/kd oHpawGe@J
acG;avSmiftrd f omomvd/k tdrrf sKd ;udk ud, k zhf momud, k f aqmuf&if;/ olyikd w f yhJ pPn;f
awGukd tJ't D rd af v;xJrmS odr;f xm;w,f?
aumifav; tvky}f udK;pm;vkyw f ,f? wdu k yf wd af qmifbufrmS tvkyf vky&f
wmudk aumifav; oabmydu k sw,f? wdu k yf w
d af qmifzufu tusO;f usval wG[m
aumifav;udk cdik ;f +yD;&if/ xrif;(od@k ) aq;aygv h yd wf @kd ay;=uw,f? aq;aygv h yd [
f m
axmifxrJ mS t+rJvt kd yfaewJt h &mjzpfv@kd b,frmS jzpfjzpf a&mif;vd@k &w,f?
aemufxyf wrsKd ;u/ aumifav;[m =uGuo f wf u|r;f usiv f @kd / axmif0ifpm
r&Sw d hJ (od@k ) vmrawG@whJ tusO;f om;awG[m aumifav;udyk J tm;xm;=u&w,f?
wu,fq&kd if/ axmifxu J =uGuaf wG[m/ v,f=uGuaf wGvkd r[kwb f ;l ? t=uGi;f tusef
awG tm;vH;k av#mufpm;aewwfwm? eHvnf;eHw,f? aumifav;[m tusO;f om;
awG&@J wwfEikd rf /_ csr;f omr_ tay:rlwnf+yD;/ =uGuw f aumifudk tenf;qH;k ig;usyu f
p+yD; a&mif;w,f? wwfEikd w f t hJ usO;f om;awGu wq,fvnf; ay;wwfygw,f?
aumifav;[m =uGuo f m;r}udKufb;l ? 'ga=umifh axmiftjyifu tpm;tpmeJ@ =uGuf
oH;k aumif avmufe@J vJwwfw,f?

102
tusO;f om;awG axmif0ifpm vmawG@c&H &if/ ydu k qf &H wwf=uw,f? aiGqkd
wm axmif&J@ tjyifbufrSmvkyfwJht&myJ r[kwfygvm;? aumifav; pdwfxJrSm
aiG puULawG vkyfwJhae&m[m axmif (5) taqmifwJ}uD;rSmyJvdk@ awG;rdw,f?
taqmif (5) rS m puU L awG / uyf a =u;awG & S d w ,f a v? wcgwk e f ; u
oef@&iS ;f a&;vkyaf ewke;f / trJ a&mif uyfa=u;}uD; wckawG@b;l w,f? tvGe&f n S wf hJ
yg;pyf}uD;eJ@wlw,f? aumifav; [m uufa=u;udk jrif+yD;uwnf;u olvnf;
uyfa=u;av;wckavmuf ud, k yf idk o
f rd ;f xm;csiw f ,f?
aumifav;[m axmifxrJ mS oH;k wJh vufeufrsKd ;pHu k kd jrifcb
hJ ;l w,f?
bvdyf"g; tusdK;udk opfom;acsmif;xJrSm ESpfxm;+yD;/ vludkckwf&if vl[m aoG;awG
trsm;}uD ; xG u f v mwwf w ,f ? wcgwav toH k ; jyK +yD ; vk d @ ypf x m;wJ h
aq;xd k ; tyf a wG u d k v nf ; / vuf e uf t jzpf toH k ; jyKvd k @ &w,f ? oH acsmif ;
ao;ao;&&if/ aoaocsmcsm xufatmifaoG;+yD;/ vludkowfvdk@ &w,f? pufbD;
pydk@wkdif[m toHk;t0ifqHk; vufeufjzpfw,f?”
uyfa=u;eJ@ pm&Guaf wGukd !Sy+f yD; yHak z:wwfvmw,f? aumifav;[m
uwH;k r&dwyf /J qHyifukd uyfa=u;eJ@ uk, d [ hf mud, k f !Syaf vh&w dS wfw,f?
ig;usyw f efyukd q
f H puULxJu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;yHu k kd uwfa=u;eJ@ !Sy+f yD;/
eH&rH mS uyfxm;csiw f ,f?
taqmif (4) u wef;pD;[m tqd;k qH;k vlawGukd tkycf sKyf&wJh vljzpfw,f?
oluwqifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; ta=umif;od&w,f? wef;pD; tcef;eH&rH mS vnf; Adv k f
csKyf "mwfykH csw d xf m;w,f?
AdkvfcsKyf[m ol&Jaumif;jzpfw,f? ppfom;aumif;vnf;jzpfw,f?
ppfom;qdw k ahJ e&ma&mufawmh wef;qD;toHyu kd s,vf mw,f?
urBmay:rSm &SdwJh b,fppfom;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rrSDbl;uG vdk@
}uHK;0g;avh&Sdw,f? tckacwf AdkvfcsKyfawGvnf;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk rrSD=ubl;?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m t*FvdyfawGudk armif;xkwfEdkif+yD;/ wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk
tkyfcsKyfaewJh zufppf*syefawGudkvnf;wdkufxkwfEdkifw,f?”
wcgwav aumifav; &efuek +f rdK@ukd oGm;avhvmcsiw f ,f? axmifr;_ OD;
cspEf ikd f ajymjycsut f &qd&k if/ um;eJ@omG ;&if em&D0ufe@J awmifa&mufEikd w f ,fv@kd ajym
wmyJ?

103
'gayr,hf aumifav;[m tif*siyf gwhJ bwf(pf) um;awG/ um;awGukd
wcgrS rpD;zl;yg? vrf;yJav#mufomG ;+yD; =u!fch siw f ,f? wu,fv@kd pdwu f ;l xJu
twdik ;f jzpfvmr,fq&kd if aumifav;[m xl;qef;tHb h , G af wG trsm;}uD;awG@&r,f?
a&$w*d kH bk&m;}uD;/ ql;av bk&m;}uD;/ w&kww f ef;qdw
k ahJ e&m&,f/ w&kwb f akH usmif;
pwmawGukd jrif&r,f r[kwyf gvm;? a&$awGe@J aqmufxm;wJh a&$w*d b kH &k m;}uD;rSm
ausmufoH ywWjrm; awGukd jrifawG@&r,f? aysmpf &m}uD;yJ?
tusOf;usaewJh axmifus tusOf;om;awG&J@ ajymjycsuft&qkd&if/
&efukef+rdK@ }uD;rSm r[mAE<Kv vrf;r}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyfaps;/ tif;,m; uef}uD;
vnf;awG@&r,f? aumifav;b0rSm wcgrS rawG@bl;wJh a&ueft}uD; }uD;/
a&awG t rsm;}uD ; &S d w ,f ? &G u f v $ i f h w J h avS a wG v nf ; &S d w ,f w J h ? 'gayr,f h
aumifav;[m/ ig vrf;av#muf+yD;/ tJ 'D ae&mawGtm;vHk;awG@&zdk@[m
b,favmuf=umrvJ qdw k mawG;+yD;/ pd;k &dro f mG ;w,f?
aumifav; qH;k jzwfxm;w,f? aiGukd ydpk rk ,f? aemufEpS rf mS &efuek +f rdK@
}uD; udk oGm;=u!frh ,f? aumifav; rSwrf w d ,f? olaewJh &Gmwef;av;u vlawG
bwf(pf) um;ay:udk wufomG ;wm/ vlawG trsm;}uD; bwf(pf) um;xJrmS &Sw d ,f?
&efuek +f rdK@ }uD;rSmvnf; vlawGtrsm;}uD; &Srd mS yJ?
wcgwav 'Daxmifacsmuf}uD;xJrmS ae ae&if;/ tjyifu ta=umif;awG
awG;&if;eJ@ axmif}uD;u xGuo f mG ;=u!fch siw f ,f? tjyifbufrmS aumifav;[m
ol@ tazudk um;eJ@wu kd o
f wfcw hJ hJ olukd &SmEdik w f ,f?
axmifr;_ udck spEf ikd [ f m “rif;[m Ak'b < mom0ifjzpfw,f? rif;a&$w*d b kH &k m;udk
t&ifomG ;&r,f? rif;[m ArmvlrsKd ;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif;vnf; oGm;&r,f? rif; bke;f }uD;
ausmif; wcgrS ra&mufz;l bl; r[kwv f m;?? ”
'gayr,fh aumifav; awGa0vmw,f? ol&@J taz[m pDe, D m qm'D
vd@k ac:wJh Armrlpvif wrsKd ; bmom0ifjzpfw,f? ol@ taz reufapmapm rd;k rvif;cif
x+yD;/ bk&m;&Scd ;kd wm rSwrf w d ,f? rlpvif tusO;f om;awG ae@vnfcif;rSm 0wfjyK&if/
yg;pyfu tmvm/tmvm qdw k hJ &Gwo f =H um;zl;w,f? Ak'b < mom0ifawGvnf; Ak'<
&kyf ta&S@rmS bk&m;pm &Gw=f uwmyJ?
OD;cspEf ikd f ajymjywmwckawmh&w dS ,f? Ak'b < &k m;[m aumifav;taz ud;k
uG,w f hJ tmvmeJ@ rwlb;l wJ?h

104
rwlwmawG jzpfEikd w f ,f? OD;cspEf ikd u f igu h kd bmjzpfv@kd a&Gw*d kH oGm;cdik ;f wm
vJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf axmifr_;OD;cspfEdkif[m ol@tay: t+rJaumif;wJhvl r[kwfvm;?
axmifr;_ OD;cspEf ikd [ f m igu h kd aumif;aumif; rGerf eG b f 0udk a&mufapcsiw f mtrSeyf ?J tm
vm qdw k m rsupf ed @J rjrifEikd w f hJ avxk}uD;jzpfv@kd / vlawG avxk}uD; =u!f+h yD; 0wfjyK
=uwmayg?h Ak'[ < m a&$twd&w dS hJ &kyxf }k uD;jzpfw,f? bk&m;wdik ;f rSm Ak'&< yk x f k awG@&
w,f? aumifav;odwmawG&w dS ,f? wefc;kd tiftm;}uD; bk&m}uD; (2) ql &Sw d ,f
qdk wmyJ?
'gayr,fh bk&m;&Scd ;kd yH/k &Scd ;kd enf;udk ol@ukd b,forl rS oifay;bl;? aumifav;
tar[m Ak'b < mom0ifjzpf+yD;/ tdrb f &k m;pif&w dS m rSwrf wd ,f?
axmifr;_ OD;cspEf ikd u f --- “ aumif;+yD rif;bke;f }uD;ausmif;/bk&m;awG &Sw d hJ
ae&m ra&mufz;l bl; r [kwv f m;?? ”
aumifav; acgi;f cgvu kd w
f ,f?aumifav;a=umufwm[m &efuek +f rdK@rmS
vltrsm;}uD;qdak wmh ol@ukd wufeif;oGm;rSm a=umufwmtrSeyf ?J vlyw d mcH&rSm
a=umufw,f/
“aumif;+yD? wae@ ig rif;udk a&$wd*Hk bk&m;qD ac:oGm;r,f? bkef;
}uD;ausmif; vnf;jyr,f/ tJ'Dae&mawG[m odyfat;csrf;om,mwJh ae&m awGyJ?”
[kw+f yD wae@ae@awmh/ tckawmh r[kwaf o;bl;? tckavmavm q,f
q,frmS tvky}f udK;pm;r,f?
olu, kd w f ikd v
f nf; axmifxrJ mS av#mufomG ;&if;/ olrsm;awG cdik ;f wJh tvkyf
vkyaf ew,f? wcgwav waqmifuae waqmif/ vlawG rawG@ atmif oGm;&if;/
v#Kd @ 0Supf m yd@k ay;&w,f? aumifav;[m pum;ajymodyef nf;w,f? 'ga=umifh wcsKd @
axmifus tusOf;om;awG[m ‘t’aew,fvdk@ xifxm;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh
axmif0efxrf; awG[mvnf; 'Daumifav;udk olwdk@ rvkyfcsifwJh tvkyfawGudk
wcgwav ckid ;f wwf =uw,f?
wcgwek ;f u aumifav;ta=umif;udk axmifr;_ }uD; cs;D rGr;f cJzh ;l w,f? 'D=uGuf
owfuav; av;[m pum;rajymyJ aeEdik w f ,f? rif;wd@k vnf; ol@vydk J yg;pyfyw d Ef ikd f
&if aumif;r,f? ‘ol@ukd twk,=l u’ qdyk ?J aumifav; odyaf useyfomG ;w,f? ol
bma=umifh arG;uwnf;u pum;ajymenf;vmovJ rodyg?
bmyJjzpfjzpf tJ'g[m v#Kd @ 0Suw f hJ udpaP wGukd xde;f odr;f Edik w
f hJ tiftm;wck
jzpfw,f? wcgwavvnf; axmif0efxrf;awG&@J ,H=k unfr&_ wJh aumifav;ud/k axmif
105
q&m0efuvnf;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;awGukd axmiftusO;f om; vufxt J a&mufy@kd ay;zd@k /
aumifav;udk tm;ud;k &w,f? tckawmh tvkyt f opf&+yD? oDcsi;f iSuv f @kd trnf
&wJh awZqdw k hJ tusO;f om;udk xrif;yd@k ay;zd@k tvkycf ef@c&H w,f?
taumifao;ao;av;eJ@ vufw/H ajcwH oG,o f , G ef @J qdak wmh/ b,fae&m
b,facsmifrqdk vSpcf eJ 0yfajy;aysmufu, G v f @kd &w,f? axmifxu J taqmifwikd ;f &J@
tavhtx&,f/ b,fou l }uD;pd;k w,f qdw k mvnf; aumifav;odw,f? 'gayr,hf
ol@u, kd of l bmrSem;rvnfwhJ toH;k r0ifwhJ aumifav;vdyk aJ ew,f? pum;rajym
ayr,fh aumifav;[m olvckH snx f rJ mS rl;,pfaq;0g;/ vufeufy;kH / t&uf/ pum;0Suf
awGa&;xm;wJh pm&Guaf wGudk vlrjrifatmif o,f,yl @kd aqmifEikd w f ,f? wcgwav
wef;pD;twGuf opPm&S&d dS tr_xrf;ao;wwfw,f? wef;pD; OD;usm;}uD;udk aumifav;
[m wygwf (3-4) cg ESyd af y;/ eif;ay;w,f? aq;rifa=umifx;kd xm;wJh cg;eJ@ ajc
axmufawGay: wufeif;ay;&wm oabmusw,f?
wef;pD;}uD;u aumifav;udk cspw f ,f? 'ga=umifh wcgwek ;f u aumifav;ukd
owday; ajym=um;zl;w,f? rif;udk 'DaxmifxrJ mS b,faumifyjJ zpfjzpf Adv k u f sc&hJ if
igh udak jym? ig aumif;aumif;qH;k ray;r,f? wcgwav aumifav;udk csaD jrSmuf&if;
aq;rSix f ;kd xm;wJh ykc;kH }uD;ay:xrf;&if; vrf;av#muf+yD; oGm;wwfw,f? wcgwav
wef;pD;}uD;eJ@ a&yufwef; upm;w,f? wcgwavvnf; axmifusawGe@J twl pum;
ajym&if;/ &,farmaewwfw,f?
aumifav;[m rsm;aomtm;jzihf xdik ;f Edik if o H m; tusO;f om;awGe@J aewm
rsm;w,f? wcsKd @ ,d;k ',m;awG[m ol&@J oil ,fcsi;f jzpfvmw,f? pum;odyrf ajym&yJ
oli,fcsif;jzpfvmw,f?
ArmaxmifusawG[m wcgwav [d;k a&S;a&S;wke;f u Armbk&ifawG/ ,d;k '
,m;awGukd t+rJAv kd u f s/ tEdik ,
f cl w
hJ m awGajym ajym+yD; pwwfw,f? vlaumif;awG
qd&k if b,foyl jJ zpfjzpf aumifav; aygi;f oif;w,f? ,d;k ',m;awGuv kd nf; Armp
um; wvH;k / ESpv f ;kH oifay;&if;/ ,d;k ',m;awGqu D vnf; oDcsi;f awG oifcw hJ ,f?
Arm pum;ajymwcsdK@vnf; ,dk;',m;awG wwfvmw,f? ,dk;',m;awG[mvnf;
axmifxJ rSm aumifav;i,fi,fav;udk awG@&wm odyt f =hH o=uw,f? cifvnf;
cifawmh aumifav;udk t+rJwckck ac:au|;wwfw,f?
'D tkwfwdkuf}uD;/ tkwfwHwdkif;}uD;[m aumifav;twGuf ausmif;
jzpfw,f? abmvHk;upm;uGif;vnf;jzpfw,f? ol@twGuf aep&m tdrfvnf;
106
jzpfw,f?
oli,fi,f wke;f u &GmxJrmS aumifav;awGe@J twl abmvH;k uefczhJ ;l wmudk
b,fawmhrS rarhEikd f bl;? wu,fq&kd if ol[m tJ'w D ek ;f u i,fi,fav;&Sad o;w,f?
xdik ;f awG[m aumifav;udk oem;w,f? xdkif;awGajymwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'Dvdk
i,fi,faumifav;[m axmifxJrSm aezdk@ vHk;0rjzpfoifhbl;?
wcgwav nv,facgif/ oef;acgifavmufrSm a=umufp&mtoH awG
=um;&w,f? ESdyfpufvdk@ atmf[pfwJh toHawG=um;&wwfw,f? &ef jzpf+yD;/
atmf o H a wG = um;&ovd k / tusOf ; om;csif ; tEd k i f u sif h + yD ; / rk ' d r f ; usif h vd k @
atmf [ pf i d k a =uG ; oH a wG =um;&w,f ? acG ; avS m if t d r f x J r S m acG ; ud k u f c H & vd k @
atmf[pfwJh toHvnf;&Sdw,f?”
'gawG[m axmifxJrSm &SdwJh vlawGudk &l;oGyfp&m/ =urf;wrf;p&m awG
jzpf v mw,f ? ik d a =uG ; aewJ h vl a wG / aocg;eD ; 'k u Q c H p m;ae&wJ h o l a wG u d k
awG@&wwfw,f?
'gayr,fh aumifav;[m obm0 ta=umif; awmfawmfem;vnfvm+yD
jzpfw,f?aumifav;[m ol@vyk t f m;eJ@ }udK;pm;r_a=umifh aq;aygv h yd af wG/ pm;p&m
awG&w,f? ol@&@J Al;av;xJrmS tdraf jrSmifav; waumiford ;f xm;w,f? wu,fv@kd
tdraf jrSmifav; xGuaf jy;oGm;vnf; aumifav; pdwrf ylyg? bma=umifv h q J akd wmh
tdraf jrSmifukd ol b,ftcsed rf qdk zrf;vd@k &w,f r[kwv f m;?
wcgwav tdraf jrSmifqD u toHao;ao;av;eJ@ oDcsi;f qdw k m =um;&wm
aysmw f ,f? axmifxu J vltrsm;[m aumifav;udk csp=f uvd@k “nDav;/ nDi,fav;”
qd+k yD; ac:=uw,f? oltaysmq f ;kH tcsed [
f m olord ;f xm;wJh tdraf jrSmifav;udk yd;k zvH
av;awG au|;&wJt h csed yf ?J tdraf jrSmifukd olu nDav;vd@k ac:w,f? ol@rmS vnf;
nDav; &Sv d mw,f?
tjyifavmueJ@ wem&Davmuf bwf(pf)um; pD;csed af vmufa0;uGmwJh 'D
axmif}uD;xJrmS arhp&mawGarh/ owd&p&mawG owd&eJ@ aumifav;vnf; wjznf;
jznf; t&G,}f uD;vm&if;/ ol@b0twGuf taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif jyifqif&if;/ ,ck
q,fEpS f ESpt f &G,u f akd &muf&v dS mygw,f?
qufvufazmfjyygrnf?
bmomjyefqdkol Roland Hardy(c)armifarmifvwf

107
'Da&jrifhopf
jroef;wif h
,cifvrStquf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rS xkwfa0

cG i f h j yK+yD ; aemuf yd w f y if w m;jrpf j cif ; cH & aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'D a &jrif h o pf (armf p D w k e f ; ES i f h
w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG hb0 w&kwf
jynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk h avhvm od&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjy
vkdufygonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&; cufcJojzifh today;jcif; r&Sdonfudk cGifhv$wfay;yg&ef
awmif;yeftyfygon)f
armfpw
D ek ;f ESihf 0rfrif;? wwd,
“vuf0”J vrf;pOf
pwmvifu armfpw D ek ;f udk rESpo
f uf? xdyk *k Kd~ vfa&; tmCmwa=umif/h
w&kwf awmfveS af &;onf “&k&mS ;vky”f !$e=f um;csurf sm;jzifh ykvyd af &m*g pGo J vdk
pGcJ &hJ jcif;jzpfonf[k wcsKd @ ordik ;f q&mrsm;u ajym=uonf? pifppf Ttqdo k nf
,kwrdW &S?d 1930 ckEpS af vmufwiG f uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyfu armfpw
D ek ;f udk
ta&;w,l txifw}uD; xm;onfukd jiif;bG,rf &S?d Ttcsuu f kd uGejf rLepf
tifwmae&Sif e,f tzG@J csKyf tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udak xmufI vnf;aumif;/ vDvpD eftm;

108
a0zefo!fh uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,f qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk axmufIvnf;aumif;/
odEikd o f nf? uGejf rLepftifwmae&Sief ,ftzG@J u ausnmo!fh armf uG,v f eG af =umif;
ausnm csuu f kd }u!fv h #if xdt k csuo f nf ydI k xif&mS ;onf? xdak usnmcsuw f iG f
armfpw D ek ;f udk wjcm; w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;xuf cs;D usL;axmyem
jyKxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? Tausnmcsurf sKd ;udk xkwEf ikd &f efrmS pwmvif.
twnfjyKcsufr&yJ xkwfEdkifbG,fr&Sd[k ,lq&onf? xdkpOfu uGefjrLepfygwD
tm;vH;k onf yxrqH;k urBmh qd&k , S v f pfEikd if jH zpfo!fh qkAd , D uf ,le, D u
H dk xdyw f ef;
rSm xm;I pOf;pm;=u&onf?
“&k&mS ;jyef” (28) a,mufw@kd . acgi;f aqmifro _ nf w&kwyf gww D iG ;f wGif
(4) ESprf # oufwrf;&Sncf o hJ nf? 4if;wd@k . vrf;pOfukd 1945 ckEpS u f sro S m taotcsm
acs zsucf &hJ onf? (“usawmfw@kd ygwo D rdik ;f u jy\emwcsKd @EiS hf ywfoufo!fh
qH;k jzwf csurf sm; aemufqufw”JG armfpw D ek ;f vufa&G;pOfusr;f / twG3J ) xdak ygi;f csKyf
oH;k oyf csuYf 0rfrif; acgi;f aqmifaom “&k&mS ;jyef”rsm; ta=umif;udk azmfjyxm;
aomfvnf; &S&mS ; t}uHay;t&m&Srd sm;ESihf ywfoufI wvH;k r# azmfjyxm;jcif;r&S?d
pifppfrmS xdk pOfu “&k&mS ;jyef” rsm;. aemufu, G w
f iG f uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,f
tzG@J 0if t}uH ay;t&m&Sw d OD;jzpfo!fh ayAJvrf pf qko d l wOD;&Scd o hJ nf? “&k&mS ;jyefrsm;
ygwx D w J iG f tm %m&atmif ayAJvrf pf u vrf;pOfcsay;cJo h nfqo kd nf? od@k &mwGif
w&kwu f eG jf rLepf ygwo D nf tjypfrsm;udk olrsm;tay:od@k yHck sco hJ !fh tpOftvmr&S?d
ud, k yhf gww D iG ;f u vlom t"du wm0ef&o dS nf[k ,lqonf? T twdik ;f oabm
xm;cJo h jzifh ayAJvrf pf. tcef;onf w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw. D ordik ;f wGif wjznf;jznf;
rSed of mG ;cJjh cif;jzpf onf?
Zefe0g&v D (31) &ufae@wiG f 0rfrif;wd@k vpl u k ygwu D kd tm%modr;f +y;D aemuf
A[dak umfrwDukd (30) rS (16) a,mufo@kd av#mch svu kd o
f nf? 0rfrif;/ zku d ;l / cseyf ed f
&Se;f ESihf &Seq f rD if;wd@k u aygvpfAsL&du k kd OD;aqmif+yD;/ yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& vl}udKufrsm;I
vl at; wa,mufjzpfaom pifc|ezf udk ygwt D axGaxG twGi;f a&;r_;tjzpf/ &kyjf yxm;
=uonf?
olw@kd }uD;pd;k o!fh (4) ESpw f mumv vrf;pOfrmS ;. &v'frmS ygwED iS hf
wyfeD awmf (90) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / qH;k &_;H oGm;jcif;ESihf ordik ;f wGiaf om c&D;&Snf csw D ufy}JG uD;/
vkyf cJ&h jcif; jzpfonf?

109
1931 ck azazmf0g&v D xJwiG f ygww D iG ;f wdu
k yf JG
1930 ckEpS f tpjyKonf?tpwGifoabmw&m;a&; wdkufyGJyHko¾efjzihf
avmufwiG f jzpfay: cJo h nf? &Se[ f w J iG f &So
d !fh 0rfrif;. aygvpfAsL&du k
uGejf rLepf pmwrf ; wapmif xk w f j yef v d k u f o nf ? xk d p mwrf ; u
tifwmae&Sief ,f “vrf ; pOf E S p f & yf od k @ r[k w f w&k w f u G e f j rLepf y gwD u d k
tzG@J csKyfu abmfv&SAD pf ygwD yDoa&;od@k ” [lI jzpfonf? pmwrf;
armfpw D ek ;f udk t csKyfrmS w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwo D nf uGejf rLepfryDoao;?
xd@k a=umifh ygwu D kd uGejf rLepf yDoatmif vky&f rnf? ygwu D kd
ta&; w,l
uGejf rLepfyo D atmif vkyaf &; wGif t"du twm;tqD;rSm
txifw}uD;
ygww D iG ;f u vusmf tacsmif0g' tawG;tac: (tawG;
xm;onfukd tac:[lonf vlukd qdv k jkd cif; jzpfonf?) rsm;jzpfonf[k
jiif;bG,rf &S?d 0rfrif;u qdk onf? TonfrSm armfudk wdkuf&dkuf
Ttcsufukd &nf!e$ ;f ajymqdjk cif; jzpfonf?
uGejf rLepf &Se[
f aJ ygvpfAsL&kt d zG@J &;kH udk &Se[f uJ jyifopfyikd ef uf
tifwmae&Sif e,f xJwiG f v#Kd @0u S xf m;&So d nf od@k &mwGif Edik if w H umyduk ef ufEikd if H
tzG@J csKyf jcm;yk v d y f r sm;. tul t nD j zif h ul r if w ef v#d K @0S u f
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ykvyd rf sm;u XmecsKyfwnf&mudk odae=uonf? tywfwikd ;f
axmufI uGejf rLepfrsm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ tvkyo f rm; acgi;f aqmid
vnf;aumif;/ rsm; zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif; cHae=u&onf? wcsKd @ vnf;
vDvpD eftm; bufajymif; um tcsi;f csi;f opPmazmuf=uonf? 1931
a0zefo!fh ckEpS f ZGevf wGif [drk if c|e;f ESihf vif,el ef; qdak om ygwaD cgi;f
aqmifESpfOD;udk v#dK@0Sufykvdyfrsm;u zrf;rdum owfypf
uGejf rLepf
vdu k =f uonf? 4if;wd@k u azmfajymojzifh ygwt D axGtaxG
tifwmae&Sief ,f
twGi;f a&;r_; pifc|ezf vnf; towfco H mG ;&onf?
qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;udk 0rfrif;u A[dak umfrwDpn kH D tpnf;ta0;rac:
axmufI yJ/ acwWtaxGaxG twGi;f a&;r_;tjzpf qufvyk o f nf?
vnf;aumif;/ v#dK@0Sufykvdyfwdk@uvnf; oJoJrJrJ vdkufonf? okd@jzihf
odEikd of nf? Zlvikd v f ESihf =o*kwv f xJwiG f XmecsKyfukd rdomG ;um &maygi;f
rsm;pGmaom uGefjrLepfwdk@ vljrifuGif;wGif ypfowfjcif;

110
&Se[ f wJ iG f &Sod !fh 0rfrif;. aygvpfAsL&du
k pmwrf;wapmif
xkwjf yefvu kd of nf? xkpd mwrf;u vrf;pOfEpS &f yf odk rh [kwf
w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwDukd abmfv&SAD pf ygwD yDoa&;odk h [lI
jzpfonf? pmwrf; t csKyfrmS w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwDonf
uGejf rLepf ryDoao;? xdk ah }umifh ygwDukd uGejf rLepf yDoatmif
vky&f rnf?
cH=u&onf? aygvpfAsL&du k kd &Se[

f rJ S a&$@&awmhrnf? vk+H cHK o!fah e&m[lI r&Sad wmh?
pdwfcs&o!fh wckwnf;aomae&mrSm armfpDwkef;. tajc cH a'owckom
useaf wmhonf? od@k widk af tmif xdt k csed u
f rvG,?f cseaf u&Sw d u f armf. a'oudk
wwd,t}udrf 'k}uD;',f}uD;jzifh 0dkif;ywfacsr_ef;a&; xdk;ppf}uD;qifE$J jzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d .
f xd;k ppfonf vefomG ;cJo h nf? refcsL;&D;,m;udk *s yef
0ifodrf;ojzifh ulrifwefwdk@tzdk@ rD;0dkif;aecsdefjzpfonf? odk@jzifh aygvpfAsL&dkonf
armfpw D ek ;f . tajccHa'ook@d tuGu J t
JG jym;jym; a&mufvmcJo h nf? tcsKd @rmS 1931
ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif a&mufvm=u+yD;/ tcsKd @rmS 1932 ckEpS x f uJ srS wzGzJ JG a&mufvm
tm;omv#if udk,fuqkwfay;I/ &efoltm;enf;v#if udk,fuxdk;ESufo!fh
rljzpfonf? ajr,mawmfveS af &; vkyif ef;rsm;tjzpf ajr,ma0jcrf;jcif;/ vlxu k kd
v_@H aqmf pnf;&H;k jcif;/ ygwuD kd wnfaqmufjcif;/ v,form;vlxrk sm;=um;wGif 0g'jzef@
vkyif ef;rsm; vkyjf cif;/ ponfw@kd ukd aqmif&u G o
f nf? usiu f ef;awmif&;kd wGif vkycf o
hJ !fh
oabmrsKd ; jzpfaomfvnf;/ a'otajctaeESihf udu k af tmif yHo k ¾efukd tenf;i,f
ajymif;,l xm;onf? TwGif aysmah ysmif;r_/ wDxiG zf efw;D r_ po!fh armf. vkyif ef;
rsm;udk awG@Eikd of nf?
qufvufaz:jyygrnf? jroef;wifh

111
trdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufeufudkifOya'rJh t"rRtkyfcsKyfv#uf&Sdaom ppfwyftkyfpk.
ppftm%m&Sifpepftm; awmfvSefwdkufyGJ0ifv#uf&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;(ru'w) ABSDF tm;ulnDaxmufyH@&ef
twGuf atmufyg yk*~dKvf rsm; xHwGif yg0ifvSL'gef;Edkifygonf//
1? v_difat; 090-2258-3307
2? &J+idrf; 080-5070-0080
3//oufvif; 090-5526-5507
4?armifarmifvS 080-6521-8254
5?0if;armf 080-5096-4672
6?omxuf 080- 6644-1964
7?nDnv
D iG f 090-6015-9467
8//xGef;+idrf; 090-7198-4763
9//ausmfausmfEdkif 080-3386-3245
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'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;
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112
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;
tm;
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(1) bdb k o kd uf
(2) &Jrif;0if;
(3) ausmx f eG ;f Edik f (14) 0if;Edik (f &SeD m*g0)
(4) cdik Of ;D i,f (15)wifxeG ;f atmif
(5) reDeD (16)jzdK;a0atmif
(6) ESi;f 0wf&nfp;kd (17) [de;f rif;
(7) jrwfausmo f l (18) &D&rD m
(8) 0if;bdb k kd (19) atmifatmifr;kd
(9) tm;opfreG f (20) L NOORA
(10) pdik ;f yef;armif (21)&JEikd f
(11)armifcifaZmfO;D (22) aZ,smOD;
(12)&Jatmifausmf (23) armifatmifaX;
(13)vSaomif; raX;aX;0if;
(24) aevif;atmif
cifcifav;
wdk t
h m; tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS
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h eG ;f

114
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ausmrf ;dk Ekid f / aX;0if;
at;aZmfjrifh / 0if;Edik f
Web Site owif; /rD', D m

rsK;d jrifah tmif / ausmx f ifatmif/
at;oku d /f &Jjrifah tmif
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ausmo f &l / jynf+zKd;&J
rsKd ;ausmo f ed ;f

115
tvi
tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef
Tokyoto shinjuku-ku
shimoochiai 2-8-14
kannekosou 101
goushithu.T 161-0033
Tel - 03 - 3950-4787
Japan.
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 1