Cấu tạo chất

I.
OLYMPIC HA HC VIT NAM:

OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2003:
1) Trnh by cu to ca phn t CO theo phng php VB v phng php MO (v gin nng
lng). Cho Z
C
= 6; Z
O
= 8.
2) So snh nng lng ion ha gia cc nguyn t C v O, gia phn t CO vi nguyn t O.
3) M t s to thnh lin kt trong cc phc cht Ni(CO)
4
v Fe(CO)
5
theo phng php VB v cho
bit cu trc hnh hc ca chng. Cho bit Z
Fe
= 26, Z
Ni
= 28.
BI GII:
1) Theo phng php VB th phn t CO c cu to:
C O

Hai lin kt c hnh thnh bng cch ghp chung cc electron c thn v mt lin kt cho
nhn.
MO: (KK):
2 2 2 * 2 2
z y x s s
=
2) I
1
(C) < I
1
(O) v in tch hiu dng vi electron ha tr tng t C n O.
I
1
(CO) > I
1
(O): v nng lng ca electron
z
ca CO thp hn nng lng ca electron ha tr
oxy.
3)
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A):
L thuyt lng t d on c s tn ti ca obitan ng ng vi s lng t ph l = 4 (g l k
hiu ca s lng t ph n = 4).
1) Hy cho bit s electron ti a m phn lp ng c th c
2) D on sau phn mc nng lng no th n phn mc ng.
3) Nguyn t c electron u tin phn mc ng ny thuc nguyn t c s th t Z bng bao
nhiu?
BI GII:
1) Phn mc nng lng ng ng vi ga tr l = 4 s c 2l + 1 obitan nguyn t, ngha l c 2.4+1= 9
obitan nguyn t. Mi obitan nguyn t c ti a 2e. Vy phn mc nng lng ng c ti a 18e.
2) Phn mc nng lng ng xut hin trong cu hnh electron nguyn t l 5g bi v khi s lng t
chnh n = 5 th lp electron ny c ti a l 5 phn mc nng lng ng vi l = 0 (s); l =1 (p); l =
2 (d); l = 3 (f) v l = 4 (g). Theo quy tc Klechkowski th phn mc 5g c tng s n + l = 9. Phn
mc ny phi nm st sau phn mc 8s.
3) (Rn)7s
2
5f
14
6d
10
7p
6
8s
2
5g
1
. Z = 121.
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A)
1) Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca phn t v ion di y, ng thi sp xp cc gc lin kt
trong chng theo chiu gim dn. Gii thch.
a) NO
2
; NO
2
+
; NO
2
-
.
b) NH
3
; NF
3
.
2) So snh momen lng cc gia hai phn t NH
3
v NF
3
. Gii thch.
3) Thc nghm xc nh c mome lng cc ca phn t H
2
O l 1,85D, gc lin kt HOH l
104,5
o
, di lin kt O H l 0,0957 nm. Tnh ion ca lin kt O H trong phn t oxy (b
qua momen to ra do cc cp electron ha tr khng tham gia lin kt ca oxy)
Cho bit s th t Z ca cc nguyn t: 7(N); 8(O); 9(F); 16(S)
1D = 3,33.10
-30
C.m
in tch ca electron l -1,6.10
-19
C; 1nm = 10
-9
m.

BI GII:
1) gii thch cu ny ta c th dng thuyt VSEPR hoc thuyt lai ha (hoc kt hp c hai).
a)
N
O O
sp
2
N O O
sp
N
O O
sp
2

(1) v (3): hnh gp khc.
(2) : thng
Gc lin kt gim theo th t sau: (2) (1) (3) do (2) khng c lc y electron ha tr ca N
khng tham gia lin kt, (1) c mt electron ha tr ca N khng lin kt dy lm gc ONO hp li i
cht. (3) gc lin kt gim nhiu hn do c 2 electron khng lin kt ca N y.
b)
N
H
H
H
sp
3
N
F
F
F
sp
3

Gc lin kt gim theo chiu HNH - FNF v m in ca F ln hn ca H l in tch lch
v pha F nhiu hn lc y km hn.
(NH
3
) > (NF
3
)
Gii thch:
N
H
H
H
N
F
F
F

NH
3
chiu ca cc momen lin kt v ca cp electron ca N cng hng nn momen tng
cng ca phn t ln khc vi NF
3
(hnh v).
3)

O
H
H

2

ca phn t bng tng cc momen ca hai lin kt (O H):
T s dng cc h thc lng trong tam gic ta tnh c momen ca lin kt O H l:
1,51D
Gi thit ion ca lin kt O H l 100% ta c:
D lt 60 , 4
10 . 33 , 3
10 . 6 , 1 . 10 . 0957 , 0
) (
30
19 9
1
= =

Ta d dng suy ra ion ca lin kt O H l 32,8%
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A):
Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534nm. Tnh bn knh
nguyn t cng ha tr ca silic v khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca n. Cho bit M
Si
= 28,086g.mol
-1
. Kim
cng c cu trc lp phng tm mt (din), ngoi ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc (site) t din ca
mng c s.
BI GII:
nm
a
r
a
r
D
a D
Si
Si
118 , 0
8
3
4
3
2
2
2
3
= =
= =
=

S nguyn t Si trong mt mng c s: 8.(1/8) + 6(1/2) + 4 = 8
Vy ta tnh c khi lng ring ca Si l: 2,33g.cm
-3
.
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng B):
Hy d on s nguyn t ca chu k 7 nu n c in y cc nguyn t. Vit cu hnh
electron nguyn t ca nguyn t c Z = 107 v 117 v cho bit chng c xp vo nhng phn nhm
no trong bng tun hon?
BI GII:
Nguyn t u tin ca chu k 7 l 7s
1
v kt thc 7p
6

7s
2
5f
14
6d
10
7p
6
: 32 nguyn t chu k 7.
Z = 107: [Rn]5f
14
6d
5
7s
2
: Nhm VIIB
Z = 117: [Rn]5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
7p
5
: Nhm VIIA
nh sng nhn thy c phn hy c Br
2(k)
thnh cc nguyn t khng. Bit rng nng lng
ph v lin kt gia hai nguyn t l 190kJ.mol
-1
. Ti sao hi Br
2
c mu?
Bit h = 6,63.10
-34
J.s; c = 3.10
8
m.s
-1
; N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
BI GII:
E = h(c/).N
A
= 6,3.10
-7
m
nm trong vng cc tia sng nhn thy nn phn hy c v c mu:
1) C cc phn t XH
3
:
a) Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t PH
3
v AsH
3
.
b) So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch.
2) Xt cc phn t POX
3

a) Cc phn t POF
3
v POCl
3
c cu hnh hnh hc nh th no?
b) Gc lin kt XPX trong phn t no ln hn?
3) Nhng phn t no sau y c momen lng cc ln hn 0?
BF
3
; NH
3
; SiF
4
; SiHCl
3
; SF
2
; O
3
.
Cho bit: Z
P
= 15; Z
As
= 33; Z
O
= 8; Z
F
= 9; Z
Cl
= 17; Z
B
= 5; Z
N
= 7; Z
Si
= 14; Z
S
= 16.
BI GII:
gii thch cu ny ta c th dng thuyt VSEPR hoc thuyt lai ha (hoc kt hp c hai).
1) P: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
; As: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
3
.
P v As u c 5e ha tr v tham gia lin kt 3e trong XH
3
.
X
H
H
H
sp
3
Hnh thp tam gic
Gc HPH > HasH v m in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn so vi ca As nn lc y
mnh hn.
2)

P O
X
X
X
n = 3 +1 = 4 (sp
3
): hnh t din
Gc FPF < ClPCl v Cl c m in nh hn flo l gim lc y.
3)

N
F
F
F
sp
3
Si
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
sp
3
S
F F
O
O
O
sp
3
sp
2
B
F
F F
sp
2
Si
F
F
F
F
sp
3

4 cht u tin c cu to bt i xng nn c momen lng cc ln hn 0.
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2002 (Bng A):
1. Liu php phng x c ng dng rng ri cha ung th. C s ca liu php l s bin i
ht nhn.
27
Co
59
+
0
n
1
X? (1)
X?
28
Ni
60
+ ... ; h = 1,25 MeV (2)
(a) Hy hon thnh phng trnh ca s bin i ht nhn trn v nu r nh lut no c p dng
hon th nh phng trnh.
(b) Hy cho bit im khc nhau gia phn ng ht nhn vi phn ng oxi ho-kh (ly th d t
phn ng (2) v phn ng Co + Cl
2
CoCl
2
).
2. C cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
(1)
(a) Dng k hiu lng t biu din cu hnh electron (1).
(b) Cu hnh electron (1) l cu hnh electron ca nguyn t hay ion ? Ti sao ?
(c) Cho bit tnh cht ho hc c trng ca ion hay nguyn t ng vi cu hnh electron (1), hy
vit mt phng trnh phn ng minh ha.
3. Bit E
n
= -13,6.
2
2
n
Z
(n: s lng t chnh, Z: s n v in tch ht nhn).
(a) Tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mt ht nhn ca mi h N
6+
, C
5+
, O
7+
.
(b) Qui lut lin h gia E
n
vi Z tnh c trn phn nh mi lin h no gia ht nhn vi
electron trong cc h ?
(c) Tr s nng lng tnh c c quan h vi nng lng ion ho ca mi h trn hay khng ?
Tnh nng lng ion ho ca mi h.
4. p dng thuyt lai ho gii thch kt qu ca thc nghim xc nh c BeH
2
, CO
2
u l phn t
thng.
BI GII:
1. (a) nh lut bo ton vt cht ni chung, nh lut bo ton s khi v bo ton in tch ni ring,
c p dng:
in tch : 27 + 0 = 27; S khi : 59 + 1 = 60 X l
27
Co
60
.
27
Co
59
+
0
n1
27
Co
60
.
S khi : 60 = 60; in tch : 27 = 28 + x x = 1. Vy c 1e
0
.
27
Co
60

28
Ni
60
+
-1
e; hv = 1,25MeV.
(b) im khc nhau
Phn ng ht nhn : xy ra ti ht nhn, tc l s bin i ht nhn thnh nguyn t mi. V d
(b) trn.
Phn ng ho hc (oxi ho - kh) : xy ra v electron nn ch bin i dng n cht, hp
cht. V d : Co + Cl
2
Co
2+
+ 2Cl

CoCl
2
.
Cht dng trong phn ng ht nhn c th l n cht hay hp cht, thng dng hp cht. Cht
dng trong phn ng oxi ho - kh, ph thuc vo cu hi m phi ch r n cht hay hp cht.
Nng lng km theo phn ng ht nhn ln hn hn so vi nng lng km theo phn ng ho
hc thng thng.
2. (a) Dng lng t biu din cu hnh :

(b) (1) l cu hnh e ca nguyn t v cu hnh d bn bo ho nn thuc kim loi chuyn tip (theo
HTTH cc nguyn t). Thuc kim loi chuyn tip th ion khng th l anion; nu l cation, s e = 24
th Z c th l 25, 26, 27 ... Khng c cu hnh cation no ng vi cc s liu ny. Vy Z ch c th
l 24.
(Nguyn t Ga c cu hnh [ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
1
, ion Ga
2+
c cu hnh [ar] 3d
10
4s
1
bn nn khng th cn
c vo lp ngoi cng 4s
1
suy ra nguyn t).
(c) Z = 24 nguyn t Cr, Kim loi (chuyn tip). Dng n cht c tnh kh.
Cr + 2HCl CrCl
2
+ H
2

3. (a) Theo u bi, n phi bng 1 nn ta tnh E
1
. Do cng thc l E
1
= 13,6 Z
2
(ev) (2)
Th t theo tr s Z: Z = 6 C
5+
: (E
1
) C
5+
= 13,6 x 6
2
= 489,6 eV
Z = 7 N
6+
: (E
1
) N
6+
= 13,6 x 7
2
= 666,4 eV
Z = 8 O
7+
: (E
1
) O
7+
= 13,6 x 8
2
= 870,4 eV
(b) Quy lut lin h E
1
vi Z : Z cng tng E
1
cng m (cng thp). Qui lut ny phn nh tc dng
lc ht ht nhn ti e c xt: Z cng ln lc ht cng mnh nng lng cng thp h cng
bn, bn nht l O
7+
.
(c) Tr nng lng c lin h vi nng lng ion ho, c th:
C
5+
: I
6
= (E
1
, C
5+
) = + 489, 6 eV.
N
6+
: I
7
= (E
1
, N
6+
) = + 666, 4 eV.
O
7+
: I
8
= (E
1
, O
7+
) = + 870,4 eV.

4. Phn t thng c 3 nguyn t c gii thch v hnh dng : Nguyn t trung tm c lai ho sp (l lai
ho thng).
BeH
2
, cu hnh electron ca nguyn t : H 1s
1
; Be : 1s
2
2s
2
. Vy Be l nguyn t trung tm c lai
ho sp:

lai ho sp
2 obitan lai ho sp cng trn trc Z, mi obitan xen ph vi 1 obitan 1s ca H to ra lin kt .
Vy BeH
2
HBeH (2 obitan p thun khit ca Be khng tham gia lin kt).
CO
2
, cu hnh electron : C 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
; O 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
. Vy C l nguyn t trung tm lai ha sp

lai ho sp

2 obitan lai ho sp ca C xen ph vi 2 obitan p
z
ca 2 O to ra 2 lin kt . 2 obitan p thun khit
ca C xen ph vi obitan nguyn cht tng ng ca oxi to ra 2 lin kt (xx ; y y) nn 2 lin
kt ny trong 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau v u cha 2 lin kt . Vy CO
2
: O= C = O
Ghi ch: Yu cu phi trnh by r nh trn v cc lin kt , trong CO
2
(ch : phi ni r c s
tng ng obitan gia C vi O : xx; y y)
1. Nhm clorua khi ho tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi nhit khng qu
cao th tn ti dng dime (Al
2
Cl
6
). nhit cao (700
0
C) dime b phn li thnh monome
(AlCl
3
). Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t dime v monome; Cho bit kiu lai ho ca
nguyn t nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t ; M t cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t .
2. Phn t HF v phn t H
2
O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn bng nhau (HF 1,91
Debye, H
2
O 1,84 Debye, M
HF
20,
2
H O
M 18); nhng nhit nng chy ca hidroflorua l
83
0
C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca nc l 0
0
C, hy gii thch v sao?
BI GII:
1.
* Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t dime v monome.
Nhm c 2 s phi tr c trng l 4 v 6. Ph hp vi quy tc bt t, cu to Lewis ca
phn t dime v monome:

Monome ; dime

* Kiu lai ho ca nguyn t nhm : Trong AlCl
3
l sp
2
v Al c 3 cp electron ho tr;
Trong Al
2
Cl
6
l sp
3
v Al c 4 cp electron ho tr .
Lin kt trong mi phn t:
AlCl
3
c 3 lin kt cng ho tr c cc gia nguyn t Al vi 3 nguyn t Cl.
Al
2
Cl
6
: Mi nguyn t Al to 3 lin kt cng ho tr vi 3 nguyn t Cl v 1 lin
kt cho nhn vi 1 nguyn t Cl (Al: nguyn t nhn; Cl nguyn t cho).
Trong 6 nguyn t Cl c 2 nguyn t Cl c 2 lin kt, 1 lin kt cng ho tr thng thng
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
Al
Al
Cl
Cl
Cl
v lin kt cho nhn.
* Cu trc hnh hc:
Phn t AlCl
3
: nguyn t Al lai ho kiu sp
2
(tam gic phng)
nn phn t c cu trc tam gic phng, u, nguyn t Al
tm cn 3 nguyn t Cl 3 nh ca tam gic.

Phn t Al
2
Cl
6
: cu trc 2 t din ghp vi nhau. Mi nguyn
t Al l tm ca mt t din, mi nguyn t Cl l nh ca t
din. C 2 nguyn t Cl l nh chung ca 2 t din.
Al
O Cl

2.
* Phn t H-F Jt ; H-O-H

c th to lin kt hidro H
F c th to lin kt hidro H
O
* Nhit nng chy ca cc cht rn vi cc mng li phn t (nt li l cc phn t)
ph thuc vo cc yu t:
- Khi lng phn t cng ln th nhit nng chy cng cao.
- Lc ht gia cc phn t cng mnh th nhit nng chy cng cao. Lc ht
gia cc phn t gm: lc lin kt hidro, lc lin kt Van der Waals (lc nh hng, lc
khuch tn).
*Nhn xt: HF v H
2
O c momen lng cc xp x nhau, phn t khi gn bng nhau v
u c lin kt hidro kh bn, ng l hai cht rn phi c nhit nng chy xp x
nhau, HF c nhit nng chy phi cao hn ca nc (v HF momen lng cc ln hn,
phn t khi ln hn, lin kt hidro bn hn).
Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy T
nc
(H
2
O) = 0
0
C > T
nc
(HF) = 83
0
C.
* Gii thch:
Mi phn t H-F ch to c 2 lin kt hidro vi 2 phn t HF khc hai bn
H-F
H-F
H-F. Trong HF rn cc phn t H-F lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt hidro to thnh

chui mt chiu, gia cc chui lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals yu. V vy khi
un nng n nhit khng cao lm th lc Van der Waals gia cc chui b ph v, ng
thi mi phn lin kt hidro cng b ph v nn xy ra hin tng
nng chy.
Mi phn t H-O-H c th to c 4 lin kt hidro vi 4
phn t H
2
O khc nm 4 nh ca t din. Trong nc mi
phn t H
2
O lin kt vi 4 phn t H
2
O khc to thnh mng li
M = 20
= 1,91 Debye
M = 18
= 1,84 Debye
O
O
O
O
O
O
Al
Cl
Cl Cl
120
0
120
0
120
0
khng gian 3 chiu. Mun lm nng chy nc cn phi ph v mng li khng gian 3
chiu vi s lng lin kt hidro nhiu hn so vi HF rn do i hi nhit cao hn.
1. Trong s cc phn t v ion: CH
2
Br
2
, F
-
, CH
2
O, Ca
2+
, H
3
As, (C
2
H
5
)
2
O , phn t v ion no
c th to lin kt hidro vi phn t nc? Hy gii thch v vit s m t s hnh thnh lin
kt .
2. a) U
238
t phn r lin tc thnh mt ng v bn ca ch. Tng cng c 8 ht c phng ra
trong qa trnh . Hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng chung ca qu trnh ny.
b) Uran c cu hnh electron [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
. Nguyn t ny c bao nhiu electron c thn? C
th c mc oxi ho cao nht l bao nhiu?
3. Trong nguyn t hoc ion dng tng ng c t 2 electron tr ln, electron chuyn ng
trong trng lc c to ra t ht nhn nguyn t v cc electron khc. Do mi trng thi
ca mt cu hnh electron c mt tr s nng lng. Vi nguyn t Bo (s n v in tch ht
nhn Z = 5) trng thi c bn c s liu nh sau:
Cu hnh electron Nng lng (theo eV) Cu hnh electron Nng lng (theo eV)
1s
1
1s
2

1s
2
2s
1

-340,000
-600,848
-637,874
1s
2
2s
2

1s
2
2s
2
2p
1

- 660,025
- 669,800
Trong : eV l n v nng lng; du - biu th nng lng tnh c khi electron cn chu
lc ht ht nhn.
a) Hy trnh by chi tit v kt qa tnh cc tr s nng lng ion ho c th c ca nguyn t Bo
theo eV khi dng d kin cho trong bng trn.
b) Hy nu ni dung v gii thch qui lut lin h gia cc nng lng ion ho .
4. Nng lng lin kt ca N-N bng 163 kJ.mol
1
, ca NN bng 945 kJ.mol
1
. T 4 nguyn
t N c th to ra 1

phn t N
4
t din u hoc 2 phn t N
2
thng thng. Trng hp no
thun li hn? Hy gii thch.
BI GII:
1/ Cc vi ht CH
2
Br
2
, Ca
2+
, H
3
As khng c nguyn t m in mnh nn khng th to lin kt
hidro vi phn t nc.
Cc vi ht F
-
, CH
2
O, (C
2
H
5
)
2
O c nguyn t m in mnh nn c th to lin kt hidro vi
phn t nc:

2/ a) U
238
t phng x to ra ng v bn
92
Pb
x
cng vi ba loi ht c bn:
2

4
,
-1
o
v
o
o
.
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: x = 238 4 8 = 206. Vy c
82
Pb
206
.
. . .
H
C
H
H
O
H
. . .
F O
H
H
C
2
H
5
O
C
2
H
5
H
O
H
O
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch :[ 92 (82 + 2 8)] / (1) = 6. Vy c 6 ht
-1
o
.
Do phng trnh chung ca qa trnh ny l:
92
U
238

82
Pb
206
+ 8 He + 6.
b) Cu hnh electron [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
c s electron ngoi c biu din nh sau:

Vy nguyn t
92
U
238
c 4 e c thn (cha ghp i); mc (s) oxi ho cao nht
l +6 v U[Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2

6 e U [Rn]
+6
.
3/ a) Tnh cc tr nng lng ion ho c th c ca Bo:
T cu hnh electron cho , ta xc nh c cc vi ht tng ng cng vi tr nng
lng nh sau:
Cu hnh
electron
Vi ht Nng lng
(theo eV)
Cu hnh
electron
Vi ht

Nng lng
(theo eV)
1s
1
1s
2

1s
2
2s
1

B
4+
B
3+
B
2+

- 340,000
- 600,848
- 637,874
1s
2
2s
2

1s
2
2s
2
2p
1

B
+
B
- 660,025
- 669,800
C nh ngha: Nng lng ion ho (ca mt nguyn t) l nng lng t nht cn tch 1 e
khi nguyn t trng thi c bn m khng truyn thm ng nng cho e .
Vy gia nng lng ca 1 e trng thi c bn v nng lng ion ho I tng ng c lin h:
I = - (1).

Vy vi s ion ho M
(k 1)+
- e

M
k+
; I
k
(2),
Ta c lin h: I
k
= - = - [E
M
(k -1)+ - E
M
k+ ] (3)
Trong : k ch s e b mt (do s ion ho) ca vi ht c xt, c tr s t 1 n n; do k+
ch s n v in tch dng ca ion M
k+
;
I
k
l nng lng ion ho th k ca nguyn t M c biu th theo (2).
Xt c th vi nguyn t Bo: v Z = 5 nn nguyn t c 5 e; vy k = 1 n 5. p dng phng
trnh (2) v (3), dng s d kin bng trn cho Bo, ta c:
* B
o
e

B
+
; I
1
( vy k = 1);
I
1
= - [ E
B
E
B
+] = (669,800 + 660,025 ). Vy I
1
= 9,775 eV .
* B
+
e

B
2+
; I
2
( vy k = 2);
I
2
= - [ E
B+
E
B
2+] = (660,025 + 637,874). Vy I
2
= 22,151 eV .
* B
2+
e

B
3+
; I
3
( vy k = 3);
I
3
= - [E
B
2+ E
B
3+] = (637,874 + 600,848). Vy I
3
= 37,026 eV .
* B
3+
e

B
4+
; I
4
( vy k = 4);
I
4
= - [E
B
3+ E
B
4+] = (600,848 + 340,000). Vy I
4
= 260,848 eV .
* B
4+
e

B
5+
; I
4
( vy k = 5);
I
5
= - [E
B
4+ E
B
5+] = (340,000 + 0,000). Vy I
5
= 340,000 eV .

b) T kt qu trn, ta thy c quy lut lin h cc tr nng lng ion ho ca Bo nh sau
I
1
< I
2
< I
3
< I
4
< I
5
(4).
Gii thch: Khi vi ht M
(k 1)+
mt thm 1 e to thnh M
k+
c s n v in tch k+ ln hn (k 1)
nn lc ht tc dng ln e tip theo trong vi ht M
k+
mnh hn so vi trong M
(k 1)+
. Do phi tn
nng lng ln hn tch 1e tip theo khi M
k+
; ngha l I
( k 1)
< I
k
nh c ch ra trong (4)
trn y.
2. a) Xt du ca nhit phn ng H =
i
E
i
-
j
E
j

i j
Trong i, j l lin kt th i, th j cht tham gia, cht to thnh tng ng ca phn ng c xt; E
i
;
E
j
l nng lng ca lin kt th i, th j .
b) Xt c th vi nit :
Phn ng 4 N N
4
(1)
C H
1
= 4 E
N
- E
N4
= 0,0 - 6 163 ; vy H
1
= - 978 kJ .
Phn ng 4 N 2 N
2
(2)
C H
2
= 4 E
N
- 2 E
N2
= 0,0 - 2 945 ; vy H
2
= - 1890 kJ .
Ta thy H
2
< H
1
. Vy phn ng 4 N 2 N
2
xy ra thun li hn phn ng
4 N N
4
.
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2004 (Bng B):
1. Ion no trong cc ion sau y c bn knh nh nht? Hy gii thch.
Li
+
, Na
+
, K
+
, Be
2+
, Mg
2+
.
2. St monoxit FeO c cu trc mng tinh th lp phng tm din (mt) kiu NaCl vi thng s
mng a = 0,430 nm. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th st monoxit .
BI GII:
1.
Li
+
Be
2+

Na
+
Mg
2+
Tng r K
+

Gim r
Be
2+
v Li
+
ng electron vi nhau nhng Be
2+
c in tch ht nhn nhiu hn nn phi c bn
knh nh hn.
Vy Be
2+
c bn knh nh nht
2. i vi tinh th lp phng tm din (mt), mi mng c s c s n v cu trc l
4 6
2
1
8
8
1
= + x x . Vy khi lng ring ca tinh th l:
( )
) cm / g ( 91 , 5
10 . 022 , 6 . 10 . 432 , 0
) 16 8 , 55 ( 4
d
3
23
3
7
=
+
=

Cc vi ht c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng: 3s
1
, 3s
2
, 3p
3
, 3p
6
l nguyn t hay
ion? Ti sao?
Hy dn ra mt phn ng ho hc (nu c) minh ha tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mi vi
ht.
Cho bit: Cc vi ht ny l ion hoc nguyn t ca nguyn t thuc nhm A v nhm
VIII(0).

BI GII:
Cu hnh electron ca cc lp trong ca cc vi ht l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
, ng vi cu hnh ca [Ne].
1. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
1
ch c th ng vi nguyn t Na (Z = 11), khng th ng vi ion.
Na l kim loi in hnh, c tnh kh rt mnh. Th d: Na t bc chy trong H
2
O nhit thng.
2 Na + 2 H
2
O 2 NaOH + H
2
2. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
ng vi nguyn t Mg (Z = 12), khng th ng vi ion. Mg l kim loai hot
ng. Mg chy rt mnh trong oxi v c trong CO
2
.
2 Mg + O
2
2 MgO

3. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
3p
3
ng vi nguyn t P (Z = 15), khng th ng vi ion. P l phi kim hot
ng. P chy mnh trong oxi.
4 P + 5 O
2
2 P
2
O
5

4. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
3p
6
:
a) Trng hp vi ht c Z = 18. y l Ar, mt kh tr.
b) Vi ht c Z < 18. y l ion m:
Z = 17. y l Cl
, cht kh yu. Th d:
2 MnO
4
+ 16 H
+
+ 10 Cl
2 Mn
2+
+ 8 H
2
O + 10 Cl
2

Z = 16. y l S
2
, cht kh tng i mnh. Th d:
2 H
2
S + O
2
2 S + 2 H
2
O
Z = 15. y l P
3
, rt khng bn, kh tn ti.
c) Vi ht c Z > 18. y l ion dng:
Z = 19. y l K
+
, cht oxi ho rt yu, ch b kh dui tc dng ca dng in (in phn KCl hoc
KOH nng chy).
Z = 20. y l Ca
2+
, cht oxi ho yu, ch b kh dui tc dng ca dng in (in phn CaCl
2
nng
chy).
II. OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1996:
Nm 1908 Rutherford, cng vi H. Geiger o tc bc x ht (x) bng radi (trong t nhin,
nguyn t ny c biu th bi mt ht duy nht
226
Ra
88
) v thy rng 1,00g radi bc x x = 3,42.10
10

ht mi giy.
Nm 1911, Rutherford v B. Boltwood o tc to thnh heli t radi. Th nghim ny cho php
cc ng c c tr s chnh xc nht c th c vo thi gian y ca s Avogadro, min l tr s th tch
mol ca kh l tng c bit r. t c mc ch ny, mt mu mui radi c lm tinh khit t
mt sn phm phn r c cha m = 192mg Ra c cho vo mt thit b v o th tch kh heli thot ra.
Sau 83 (t = 83,0 ngy) ngy lm th nghim, thu c 6,58mm
3
kh He (0
o
C v 1atm).
hiu c cc kt qa th nghim, ta cn s ng hc phn r phng x ca Ra cho di
y (ghi trn mi tn l chu k bn hu, ghi di mi tn l kiu phn r).
Ra
> 1500 nam
Rn
3,83 ngay
RaA
3,05ph
RaB
26,8ph
RaC
19,7ph
RaC'
1,63.10
-4
s
RaD
27,1 nam
RaE
5 ngay
Po
138 ngay
Pb
(RaA RaE l cc sn phm trung gian ca s phn r radon)
1. Vit nm phn r phng x u tin, dng cch biu din cho thy s hiu nguyn t, s khi ca tt
c cc ht nhn c lin quan.
c lng ban u cho thy cc chu k bn hy ca tt c cc sn phm phn r ca radi, tr
RaD v Po, c th c coi nh khng ng k so vi thi gian o t. Dng c lng ny tin hnh
cc tnh ton sau:
2. a) C bao nhiu nguyn t He c hnh thnh t mi nguyn t radi phn r sau 83 ngy?
b) C tng cng bao nhiu nguyn t heli c to thnh trong th nghim?
3. Hy tnh tr s gn ng ca s Avogadro t s liu trn. Bit ti 0
o
C v 1atm th V = 22,4L.
tnh c s Avogadro chnh xc hn, chu k bn hy ca Radon (t
1/2
(Rn) = 3,83 ngy)
khng th b qua, v chu k ny l ng k so vi thi gian tin hnh th nghim t; ngha l khng phi
mi nguyn t radon b phn r vo cui th nghim.
4. Chn tng quan gia tc phn r k ca bt k ht nhn no cho so vi chu k bn hu t
1/2
ca
n.
a) k = 1/T
1/2
.
b) k = ln2/T
1/2
.
c) k = ln2.T
1/2
.
d) k = /T
1/2
.
5. a) Dng s ng hc n gin: A
2 1
Ra Rn Ra
k k

(trong k
1
v k
2
l hng s tc ca cc phn ng tng ng). Vit biu thc quan h gia s
nguyn t radon vo lc cui th nghim N
Rn
v s nguyn t radi N
Ra
.
- N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
/k
2
.
- N
Rn
= k
2
.N
Ra
/k
1
.
- N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
/2k
2
.
- N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
/3k
2
.
b) Tnh N
Rn
dng tc phn r radi cho trn (x = 3,42.10
10
ht mi gam radi trong mt giy).
6. C bao nhiu nguyn t heli c th c to thnh t cc nguyn t radon cn li lc cui th
nghim N
Rn
, nu tt c cc nguyn t ny phn r thnh RaD?
- 4N
Rn
.
- 2N
Rn
.
- 5N
Rn
.
- N
Rn
.
- 3N
Rn
.
7. Dng li gii ca cc cu hi trn, hy tnh mt gi tr gn ng tt hn ca
a) S nguyn t Heli to thnh.
b) S Avogadro.
BI GII:
1)

e Pb Po
e Po Bi
e Bi Pb
He Pb Po
He Po Rn
He Rn Ra
+
+
+
+
+
+
210
82
214
84
214
84
214
83
214
83
214
82
4
2
214
82
218
84
4
2
218
84
222
86
4
2
222
86
222
88

2) a) 4
b) N
He
= 4xmt = 4.3,42.10
10
.0,192.(83.24.3600) = 1,9.10
17
.
3) S Avogadro N
A
l s ht vi m c trong 1 mol
N
A
= N
He
/n
He
vi N
He
l s nguyn t heli v n
He
l s mol He to thnh trong khong thi gian t.
Nu gi thit rng tt c cc nguyn t radon to thnh t cc nguyn t radi u phn r trong thi gian
th nghim (gi thit ny theo sau gi thit l chu k bn hy ca radon c th b qua so vi thi gian 83
ngy, iu ny dn n sai s khong 5%), khi y s nguyn t heli bc x trong khong thi gian t l
N
He
= 4xmt v ta c th tnh c N
A
= 6,4.10
23
mol
-1
.
4) b)
5) a) N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
/k
2
.
S nguyn t radon t n trng thi gn tnh (cn bng phng x), ti tc to thnh bng
tc phn r k
2
N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
, t N
Rn
= k
1
.N
Ra
/k
2
.
b)Tc phn r ca radi l k
1
N
Ra
= xm, t ta c th tnh c N
Ra
= 3,14.10
15
.
6) 3N
Rn
.
7) a) N
He
= 4xmt 3N
Rn
= 1,79.10
17
.
b) N
A
= N
He
/V
He
= 6,09.10
23
.
St kim loi nng chy 1811K. Gia nhit phng v im nng chy ca n, st kim loi c
th tn ti cc dng th hnh v cc dng tinh th khc nhau. T nhit phng n 1185K, st c cu
to tinh th dng lp phng tm khi (bcc) quen gi l st-? T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu
to mng lp phng tm din (fcc) v c gi l st-? Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st
chuyn v dng cu to lp phng tm khi (bcc) tng t st-? Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c
gi l st-?
1) Cho bit khi lng ring ca st kim loi nguyn cht l 7,874g.cm
-3
293K,
a) Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cm).
b) c lng khi lng ring ca st (tnh theo g.cm
-3
) 1250K
Ch : B qua cc nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit ca kim loi.
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia nguyn t st (cc hc)
trong mng tinh th b chim bi cc nguyn t nh l cacbon. Hm lng cacbon trong hp kim ny
thng trong khong 0,1% n 4%. Trong l cao, s nng chy ca st cng d dng khi thp cha 4,3%
theo khi lng. Nu hn hp ny c lm lnh qa nhanh (t ngt) th cc nguyn t cacbon c
phn tn trong mng st-?. Cht rn mi ny - c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin
dng, cu to tinh th ca cht rn ny l ging nh cu to tinh th ca st-? (bcc).
2) Gi thit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c phn b u trong cu trc ca st.
a) c tnh hm lng nguyn t cacbon trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s) ca st-? trong
martensite cha 4,3%C theo khi lng.
b) c tnh khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca vt liu ny.
Khi lng mol nguyn t v cc hng s:
M
Fe
= 55,847g.mol
-1
.
M
C
= 12,011g.mol
-1
.
N
A
= 6,02214.10
23
mol
-1
.
BI GII:
1) Cc bc tnh ton:
1. nh ngha cc tham s ca chiu di (a, b, c, d
1
, d
2
v r) v th tch (V
1
v V
2
) cho c
hai cu to bcc v fcc ca st.
2. Tnh th tch V
1
ca mng n v ca st - nh khi lng ring ca n (
bcc
)
293K, khi lng mol nguyn t ca st (M
Fe
), v s Avogadro N
A
.
3. Tnh chiu di d
1
cnh ca mng n v bcc t th tch ca n.
4. Tnh bn knh nguyn t r ca st t chiu di d
1
.
5. Tnh chiu di d
2
ca cnh mng n v fcc ( 1250K) t bn knh nguyn t r ca
st.
6. Tnh th tch V
2
ca mng n v fcc ca st - t chiu di d
2
ca cnh.
7. Tnh khi lng m ca s nguyn t st trong mt mng n v ca st - t khi
lng mol nguyn t M
Fe
ca st v s Avogadro N
A
.
8. Tnh khi lng ring (
fcc
) ca st - t cc ga tr ca m v V
2
.
Mt hng khc tm khi lng ring
fcc
ca st - l tnh ti l phn trm khong khng gian
chim ch trong c hai loi mng n v bcc v fcc, c th thay th cc bc t 5 n 8 bng cc bc
t 5 n 8 sau y:
5. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v bcc.
6. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v fcc.
7. T t l fcc/bcc ta suy ra c t l:
bcc
/
fcc
.
8 T ga tr cho trc b 7 ta tnh c
fcc
.
2) Cc chi tit:
1. 293K st - c cu trc tinh th bcc.
Mi mng n v thc s cha hai nguyn t, trong mt nguyn t tm ca mng.
1250K, st - c cu to tinh th fcc.
Mi mng n v thc s cha 4 nguyn t v tm ca mi mt c mt na nguyn t.
r: bn knh nguyn t ca st
a: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v bcc.
b: chiu di ng cho qua tm ca mng n v bcc.
c: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v fcc.
d
1
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
d
2
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
V
1
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
V
2
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
V
a
: th tch chim bi mt nguyn t.
V
a1
: Th tch chim bi hai nguyn t trong mt mng n v bcc.
V
a2
: Th tch chim bi bn nguyn t trong mt mng n v fcc.
R
1
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v bcc.
R
2
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v fcc.
V
a
= (4/3)r
3
V
a1
= 2V
a2
V
a2
= 4V
a

b = 4r a
2
= 2d
1
2
b
2
= d
1
2
+ a
2
= 3d
1
2
d
1
= (16r
2
/3)
1/2
.
V
1
= d
1
3
= [(16r
2
/3)
1/2
]
3
c = 4r c
2
= 2d
2
2
d
2
= (16r
2
/2)
1/2
.
V
2
= d
2
3
= [(16r
2
/2)
1/2
]
3

2. 1,000cm
3
st c khi lng 7,874g 293K (
bcc
).
1 mol st c khi lng 55,847g (M
Fe
).
Vy 0,1410mol (7,874/55,847) ca st chim trong th tch 1,000cm
3
hoc 1mol st s
chim th tch 7,093cm
3
.
1 mol tng ng chim 6,02214.10
23
nguyn t.
V
1
= 7,093.2/(6,02214.10
23
) = 2,356.10
-23
cm
3
mi n v mng.
3. d
1
= V
1
1/3
= 2,867.10
-8
cm.
4. Vi cu to bcc, ga tr ca d
1
c th c biu th l: d
1
= (16r
2
/3)
1/2
. Vy ga tr ca r
s l: r = (3d
1
2
/16)
1/2
= 1,241.10
-8
cm.
5. 1250K, trong cu to fcc, d
2
= (16r
2
/2)
1/2
= 3,511.10
-8
cm.
6. V
2
= d
2
3
= 4,327.10
-23
cm
3
.
7. Khi lng m ca 4 nguyn t st trong mng n v fcc s l:
m = 55,847.4/(6,02214.10
23
) = 3,709.10
-22
g
8.
fcc
= m/V
2
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
Cch gii khc tm khi lng ring
fcc
ca st - :
5. R
1
= [(V
a1
)/V
1
].100% = 68,02%
6. R
2
= [(V
a2
)/V
2
].100% = 74,05%
7.
bcc
/
fcc
= 74,05/68,02 = 1,089
8.
fcc
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
3) Cc bc tnh ton:
1. T phn trm cu thnh ca martensite (theo khi lng), tnh s mol tng ng ca cacbon v
st.
2. a t l mol C/Fe v mt mng n v (Ghi ch: Hai nguyn t Fe trong mi mng n v).
3. Tm s nguyn be nht cc nguyn t C trong s nguyn b nht ca mng n v (khng bt
buc).
4. Tnh khi lng st trong mt mng n v
5. Tnh khi lng cacbon trong mt mng n v
6. Tnh tng khi lng st v cacbon trong mt mng n v
7. Tnh khi lng ring ca martensite [(martensite c 4,3%C)] t tng khi lng ca C v Fe
v th tch V
1
ca mng n v st - cu to bcc.
4)Chi tit:
1. Trong 100,0g martensite c 4,3%C n
C
= 0,36mol v n
Fe
= 1,71mol.
Vy c 1 nguyn t cacbon c 4,8 nguyn t st hay 0,21 nguyn t cacbon cho mi nguyn t
st.
2. Martensite c cu to tinh th bcc (2 nguyn t st cho mi mng n v). Nh vy s nguyn
t cacbon trong mi mng n v l: 2.(1/4,8) = 0,42 nguyn t.
3. 5 nguyn t C [(0,42 nguyn t C/0,42).5] trong 12 mng n v [1 mng n v/0,42).5]
4. S gam Fe trong mi mng n v l: 55,847.2/6,02214.10
23
= 1,8547.10
-22
g
5. S gam C trong mi mng n v l: 12,011/6,02214.10
23
= 1,9945.10
-23
g
6. Tng khi lng C v Fe = 1,8457.10
-22
+ 0,42.1,9945.10
-23
= 1,938.10
-22
g.
7. Mi mng n v ca st - chim th tch V
1
= 2,356.10
-23
cm
3
.
(martensite c 4,3%C) = 1,938.10
-22
/(2,356.10
-23
) = 8,228g.cm
-3
.
Nathan Thompson l mt trong nhng c dn u tin ca o Lord Howe trng trong vn
nh mnh mt s cy si chu u. Tuy nhin ngi ta khng th bit chnh xcv thi gian trng v
quyn nht k ca ng ta b tht lc trong bo bin. Pha sau nh Nathan c mt ci h nh. Qua nhiu
nm, l cy si chu u v cc ht tch t y h. Mt lng rt nh ng v phng x Pb-210 (chu k
bn hy l 22,3 nm) cng ng thi lng ng. Nn bit rng cy si chu u rng l ngay t nm u
tin. Nm 1995 mt nhm nghin cu ly mu t bn t y h. t bn c ct thnh nhng lt dy
1cm v kho st trm tch v ch phng x Pb-210.
S kho st t bn cho thy:
Trm tch ca si chu u v ht ca n tm thy u tin su 50cm.
phng x ca Pb-210 phn trn ca t bn l 356Bq/kg cn su 50cm l 1,40Bq/kg.
1) Nathan Thompson gieo ht nm no?
Ch phng x Pb-210 l mt trong nhng phn r ca U-238. U-238 c trong v tri t v do
mt s nguyn nhn, mt lng nht nh Pb-210 thot vo kh quyn v bm vo cc phn t trm tch
lng ng di y h.
Chui phn r U-238 l:
U-238 U-234 Th-230 Ra-226 Rn-222 (Po-218 Bi-214)* - Pb-210 Pb-236 (bn)
*: Chu k bn hy rt ngn, tnh theo pht v ngy:
2. Bc no trong chui phn r gii thch bng cch no Pb-210 li c trong nc ma trong khi
nguyn t m U-238 ch c trong v tri t.
BI GII:
1) Ti su 50cm s phn r ca Pb-210 tng ng vi:
356 178 89 44,5 22,5 11,25 5,63 2,81 1,39 =8 chu k bn hy.
= 8.22 = 176 nm
Nu nm khai qut l 1995 th nm gieo ht l 1995 176 = 1819(2)
2) Ra-226 Rn-222.
Mt trong cc chui phn hy phng x t nhin bt u vi
232
Th
90
v kt thc vi ng v bn
208
Pb
82
.
1. Hy tnh s phn hy xy ra trong chui ny.
2. Trong ton chui, c bao nhiu nng lng (MeV) c phng thch.
3. Hy tnh tc to thnh nng lng (cng sut) theo watt (1W = Js
-1
) sn sinh t 1,00kg
232
Th
(t
1/2
= 1,40.10
10
nm).
4.
228Th
l mt phn t trong chui thori, th tch ca heli theo cm
3
ti 0
o
C v 1atm thu c l bao
nhiu khi 1,00g
228Th
(t
1/2
= 1,91 nm) c cha trong bnh trong 20,0 nm? Chu k bn hy ca
tt c cc ht nhn trung gian l rt ngn so vi
228
Th.
5. Mt phn t trong chui thori sau khi tch ring thy c cha 1,50.10
10
nguyn t ca mt ht
nhn v phn hy vi tc 3440 phn r mi pht. Chu k bn hy tnh theo nm l bao nhiu?
Cc khi lng nguyn t cn thit l:
4
He
2
= 4,00260u
206
Pb
82
= 207,97664u
232
Th
90
= 232,03805u
1u = 931,5MeV.
1MeV = 1,602.10
-13
J.
N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
Th tch mol ca kh l tng ti 0
o
C v 1atm l 22,4L.
BI GII:
1) A = 232 208 = 24 v 24/4 = 6 ht anpha.
Nh vy in tch ht nhn gim 2.6 = 12 n v, nhng s khc bit v in tch ht nhn ch l
90 82 = 8 n v. Nn phn c 4 ht beta bc x.
2)
+ + 4 6
4
2
208
82
232
90
He Pb Th
Nng lng phng thch Q = [m(
232
Th) m(
208
Pb) 6m(
4
He)]c
2
= 42,67MeV.
3) 1,00kg c cha =
24
23
10 . 60 , 2
232
10 . 022 , 6 . 1000
= nguyn t
Hng s phn hy ca
232
Th

Dps N A
s
6
1 18
7 10
10 . 08 , 4
10 . 57 , 1
10 . 154 , 3 . 10 . 40 , 1
693 , 0
= =
= =

Mi phn hy gii phng 42,67MeV
Cng sut = 4,08.10
6
.42,67.1,602.10
-13
= 2,79.10
-5
W.
4) He Pb Th
4
2
208
82
228
90
5 +
Chu k bn hy ca nhng ht trung gian khc nhau l kh ngn so vi
228Th
.

( )
1 20
23
10 . 58 , 9
228
10 . 022 , 6 . 00 , 1
91 , 1
693 , 0

=
= = y N A
S ht He thu c:
N
He
= 9,58.10
20
.20.5 = 9,58.10
22
ht
V
He
= 3,56.10
3
cm
3
= 3,56L.
5) A = .N
75 , 5
. 693 , 0 693 , 0
2 / 1
= = =
A
N
t
nm.
S ph thuc gia di sng v quang ph vch ca nguyn t hydro c bit n ln u
tin bi mt lot cc cng trnh ca mt gio vin ngi Thy S l ng Johan Jakob Balmer. Balmer
a ra cng thc thc nghim:
=
2 2
1
2
1 1
n
R
H

Vi R
H
=
1
3 3
4
109768
. . . 8
.

= cm
c h
e m
o
e

R
H
l hng s Rydberg, m
e
l khi lng electron. Niels Bohr chng minh c cng thc
trn bng l thuyt nm 1913. Cng thc ny ng vi h nguyn t, ion ch c 1e.
1.1. Tnh bc sng di nht bng (1 = 10
-10
m) trong dy Balmer ca ion He
+
, b qua s chuyn
ng ca ht nhn.
1.2. Mt cng thc tng t nh cng thc ca Balmer c p dng cho cc vch ph khc sinh ra
khi i t mc nng lng cao hn xung mc nng lng thp nht. Vit cng thc v hy s
dng n tnh nng lng trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro (eV)
Nguyn t hydro muon
1
cng tng t nh nguyn t hydro nhng cc electron b thay th
bng muon. Khi lng ca muon gp 207 ln khi lng electron trong khi in tch ca n cng
ging nh in tch ca electron. Muon c thi gian tn ti rt ngn nhng bi ton ny chng ta
khng xt n s km bn ca n.
1.3. Xc nh mc nng lng th nht v bn knh Bohr th nht ca nguyn t hydro muon. B
qua s chuyn ng ca cc ht nhn. Bit bn knh ca qy o th nht ca nguyn t hydro l
o
e
o
o
A
e m
h
a 53 , 0
2
2
= =

Bc tranh ton cnh v l thuyt qy o ca Bohr c thay th bng l thuyt lng t
vi khi nim v obitan. Obitan
1s
(r) trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro c cho di y:
0
/
3
0
1
1
a r
s
e
a

=

r l khong cch t electron ti ht nhn, a
o
l bn knh Bohr.

1
muon l mt loi ht nng (h lepton)
1.4. Xem bn knh ca lp v hnh cu l a
o
v c l 0,001a
o
. c lng xc sut tm thy
electron trong lp v ny. Th tch ca hnh cu c bn knh trong r v c c r c tnh
bng cng thc V = 4r
2
r.
- Phn t H
2
c th c phn ly theo hai hng:
(i): H
2
H + H (hai nguyn t hydro c lp)
(ii): H
2
H
+
+ H
-
(1 proton v 1 ion hydrua)
th nng lng ph thuc vo khong cch (E = f(R)) ca H
2
c ch ra mt cch s lc
s di y. Nng lng nguyn t v phn t c cho trong cng mt t l:

1.5. Cho bit phn ng (i) v (ii) ng vi ng cong no?
1.6. Xc nh gi tr ca nng lng phn ly (D
e
) bng n v eV ca H
2
ng vi phn ng (i) v (ii).
1.7. T cc s liu cho tnh nng lng ca qa trnh H
-
H + e
1.8. H
-
l h 2e. Gi s rng cng thc tnh nng lng ca Bohr l ph hp vi mi e v in tch
tc dng ln mi e l in tch hiu dng Z*. Tnh Z* ca H
-
.
BI GII:
1. Bc sng di nht
L
ng vi n = 3.
i vi He
+
:
o
H
A
n
R 1 , 1641
1
2
1
4
1
2 2
=

2. ... 4 , 3 , 2 ;
1
1
1 1
2 2
=
= n
n
R
H

E = -hcR
H
= -13,6eV.
3 Mc nng lng thp nht = -207.13,6 = -2,82keV.
Bn knh ca qy o Bohr th nht = 0,53/207 = 2,6.10
-3
o
A
4 Xc sut =
4 2 2
2
10 . 41 , 5 004 , 0 001 , 0 . 4 ) (

= = e a a a
o o o

5 ng cong nng lng ca phn ng (i) thp hn (ii).
6 (i) 4,7eV
(ii) 17,6eV
7 i lc electron = -13,6 (-14,3) = 0,7eV
8 Z
*
= 0,7.
Khong cht trong ct bin monazit l ngun giu thori c sn bang Kerala (n ). Mt
mu monazit cha 9%ThO
2
v 0,35% U
3
O
8
;
208
Pb

v
206
Pb l nhng sn phm bn tng ng vi cc
qa trnh phn r
232
Th v
238
U. Tt c ch c trong monazit u c ngun gc t cng mt cht phng
x.
T s cc ng v (
208
Pb/
232
Th) o c bng ph khi lng trong mu monazit l 0,104. Chu
k bn hu ca
232
Th v
238
U ln lt l 1,41.10
10
nm v 4,47.10
9
nm. Gi s rng
208
Pb;
206
Pb;
232
Th
v
238
U tn ti nguyn vn t khi hnh thnh khong monazit.
1. Tnh tui (thi im bt u hnh thnh) khong monazit.
2. Tnh t l (
206
Pb/
238
U) trong mu monazit.
3. Thori 232 l nguyn liu ch to nng lng ht nhn. Trong qa trnh chiu x nhit ntron n
hp th 1 ntron v sinh ra ng v
233
U bng phng x . Vit cc phn ng ht nhn hnh thnh
233
U t
232
Th.
Trong phn ng phn hch ht nhn ca
233
U mt hn hp sn phm phng x c hnh thnh.
S phn r sn phm
101
Mo

bt u chu tc dng ca phn r nh sau:
Ru Tc Mo
ph t ph t
101
44
3 , 14
101
43
6 , 14 101
42
2 / 1 2 / 1

= =

4. Mt mu tinh khit ch cha
101
Mo cha 5000 nguyn t
101
Mo. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t
101
Mo;
101
Tc;
101
Ru s xut hin sau 14,6 pht.
BI GII:
1. N =
2 / 1
/ 693 , 0 t t
o
e N

1
2 / 1
/ 693 , 0
=
t t o
e
N
N N

(N
o
N): S nguyn t
232
Th phn r = s nguyn t
208
Pb hnh thnh.
Thay s vo ta tnh c: t = 2,01.10
9
nm.
2. t x = (
206
Pb/
238
U). Ta c:
1
2 / 1
/ 693 , 0
=
t t
e x
Thay t = 2,01.10
9
nm v t
1/2
= 4,47.10
9
nm ta thu c kt qa x = 0,366
3. U Pa Th Th
n
233
92
233
91
233
90
) , ( 232
90

4 S nguyn t ca
101
Mo (N
1
) trong mu sau mt chu k bn hy l: N
1
= 2500
S nguyn t
101
Tc c cho bi h thc:
( )
t t o
e e
N
N
2 1
1 2
1
2

=
Vi N
o
= 5000 l s nguyn t
101
Mo ban u
3 , 14
693 , 0
6 , 14
693 , 0
2
1
=
=

V ti thi im t = 14,6ph ta tnh c N
2
= 1710
S nguyn t
101
Ru ti 14,6ph l N
3
= N
o
N
1
N
2
= 790 nguyn t.
1. V cng thc Lewis ca mi phn t sau:
a) N
2
.
b) NH
3
.
c) O
3
.
d) SO
3
.
2 V cng thc Lewis ca cacbon monoxit v xc nh in tch hnh thc, trng thi oxy ha ca
cacbon v oxy trong cacbon monoxit.
Thioure S, S dioxit c khung cu to nh sau:
O
S
O
C
N
N
H
H
H
H

3 Vit cng thc Lewis cho Thioure S, S dioxit vi in tch hnh thc ca tt c cc nguyn t
bng khng.
4 Da vo thuyt sc y cp electron (VSEPR). Hy xc nh dng hnh hc ca nguyn t lu
hunh, cacbon v nit da vo cu trc Lewis ra cu 3.
4a. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t lu hunh l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T
4b. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t cacbon l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T.
c. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t Nit l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T.
Cu trc phn t trng thi rn thng c xc nh bi phng php ph tia X. Da vo
phng php ny th cu trc ca Thioure S, S dioxit s nh sau:
S
O
O
C
N H
N H
H
H
65
o

Tt c cc nguyn t N, H u nm trong cng mt phng vi S, C v gc nh din gia mt phng
OSO v SC(NH
2
)
2
l 65
o
.
5. Vit cng thc Lewis v cc cng thc cng hng ph hp vi cc d kin cho
BI GII:
1:
O
O
O
O O
O
N N a)
c) N
b)
H
H
H
d)
S O
O
O
S
O
O
O

C th chp nhn cc cu tr li sau:
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O

Nhng cc cu tr li sau l sai:
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
O

2:
C O
hay C O

in tch hnh thc: C
-1
; O
+1

Trng thi oxy ha: C
2+
; O
2-
.
3:
Cu trc ng:
S C
N
N
O
O

Cu trc khng ng (phi thm in tch hnh thc):
S C
N
N
O
O

4:
S (b): tam gic phng
C (b): tam gic phng
N (a): thp tam gic
5:
S C
N
N
O
S C
N
N
O
O
S C
N
N
O
O
+
O

III. BI TP CHUN B CHO CC K THI OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
Cc kh him tng c ngh l hon ton tr v hon ton khng c kh nng to lin kt ha
hc. Ngy nay nhn thc trn thay i, hu ht cc sch gio khoa ha hc m t mt s hp cht
c cha krypton v xenon c lp c.
a) Dng thuyt lin kt ha tr (VB), d on hnh hc phn t c th c ca XeF
2
v XeF
4
.
b) S oxy ha ca Xe trong mi hp cht trn l bao nhiu? Ta d on chng phn ng nh mt cht
oxy ha hay cht kh?
c) Heli c bit nh l mt nguyn t tr nht trong mi nguyn t; d vy tnh "tr" ca heli cng ch
gii hn trong phn ng ca n vi cc nguyn t v phn t trung ho khc. Cc hp cht ca heli, vi
cc lin kt ha hc hnh thc ca heli v cc nguyn t khc, c th tn ti khi xt ton b tiu phn c
mang in tch (thng l in tch dng). V d, nguyn t Heli c th to c cc hp cht quan st
c (khng nht thit tn ti lu) vi H
+
, vi He
+
v vi He
2+
. Dng thuyt MO xc nh bc lin
kt cho mi trng hp.
d) Cc cation 2+ (di-cation) hai nguyn t bn vng c cng thc XHe
2+
thng ch c th c khi nng
lng ion ha IE(X
+
) < IE(He): ngha l, khi nng lng cn thit ion ha tip X
+
nh hn nng
lng cn thit ion ha He. Khng cn da vo bng tr s cc mc nng lng ion ha k tip ca
nguyn t, hy xc nh nguyn t 'Z' no trong khong t H n Ar ph hp nht vi tiu chun ny.
e) Nguyn t no ngay st vi nguyn t Z nh trn (ngha l nguyn t st tri, st phi, st trn, st
di nguyn t Z trong bng tun hon) l thch hp nht cng to c mt di-cation bn vng vi
He? Nguyn t no ngay st nguyn t Z l kh c th to c di-cation nh trn?
BI GII:
a)
Xe F F Xe F
F
F
F

XeF
2
c 5 i electron trn Xe, vy cu to s da trn cu hnh electron lng thp tam
gic. Trong 3 kh nng sau:
Xe
F
F Xe F
F
Xe F F

cu to thng hng lm gim n ti thiu lc y gia cc cp electron khng lin kt
(cc i ny gn Xe hn nhng i electron tham gia lin kt trong lin kt Xe-F) v do vy
dng hnh hc tuyn tnh (thng) c u i hn.
XeF
4
c 6 i electron trn Xe, nn cu to da trn cu hnh tm mt (bt din). Trong
hai kh nng.
Xe
F
F F
F
Xe
F
F F
F

Cu to phng lm gim ti a lc y gia cc i electron khng lin kt v c u
tin hn.
b) F lun c s oxy ha l -1. V vy cc s oxy ha tng ng ca Xe l +2 (XeF
2
) v +4
(XeF
4
). Cc tiu phn ny l nhng tc nhn oxy ha rt mnh.
c) Khng k s sai bit mc nng lng ca H v He, ta c th v cc gin MO sau:

1s 1s
H
+
He
*

T cc gin ny, c th thy rng c HeH
+
v He
2
2+
u c bc lin kt l , trong khi He
2
+
c
bc lin kt l 0,5.
d) Cc nguyn t nhm II c nng lng ion ha th hai kh thp (V Be
+
Be
2+
hoc Mg Mg
2+
to
ra mt lp ngoi cng bo ho, c cu hnh kh him 1s
2
hay 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
). Mg
2+
c hiu ng mn che tt
hn Be
2+
nn IE(Mg
+
) < IE(Be
+
). Do Mg ph hp nht vi 'Z'.
e) Trong cc nguyn t k cn Mg: Ca c nng lng ion ha th hai thp nht trong s cc nguyn t
(Be, Na, Al, Ca). V nhng l do tng t nu trn. Nn Ca thch hp nht to dication bn vi He.
Na
+
c lp v ngoi cng bo ho, nn rt kh xy ra qa trnh Na
+
Na
2+
. V vy kh nng na
to dication vi He l t nht
Heli l nguyn t duy nht trong bng tun hon tm thy c trong mt vt th ngoi tri t
(ho quang mt tri) trc khi c lp c trong phng th nghim. Ta bit c nhiu tnh cht l hc
v ha hc ca heli; nhng trong gn 30 nm, t nm 1868, ph mt tri l ngun duy nht cung cp
thng tin v nguyn t him ny.
a) Vi kin thc hin nay v l thuyt lng t, ph ny cha nhiu d kin hu ch phn tch. Chng
hn nh ph thy c bao gm mt dy cc vch hp th ti di sng 4338, 4540, 4858, 5410 v
6558 (1 = 10
-10
m). Khong cch gia cc vch ch ra rng s hp th tu thuc trng thi kch thch
ca nguyn t hoc ion "kiu hydro" (nh nhng tiu phn c cu hnh electron tng t H). Tiu phn
ny l He, He
+
hay He
2+
?
b) Ta thy rng mc nng lng chung cho cc trung gian lin quan n vch hp th ny u trng
thi nng lng thp n
i
= 4. Cc vch hp th tng ng trng thi n
f
cao hn c c im g? Tnh
hng s kiu Rydberg (ngha l hng s tng ng R
H
trong quang ph hydro nguyn t) ca tiu
phn hp th (He
i+
) th hin trong cc trung gian trn?
c) Nng lng ion ha (Ionization energy, vit tt l IE) ca cc tiu phn thng c o theo
electronvon (eV). T nh IE(He
i+
)?
d) T ph nguyn t, c bit rng IE(He
+
)/IE(He) = 2,180. Tng ca hai nng lng ion ha ny l
nng lng xut hin, AE(He
2+
), ca s to thnh He
2+
t He. Tr s AE(He
2+
)

l lng t b nht ca
nng lng phi cung cp cho He tch c hai electron ca nguyn t. Tnh tn s v di sng ca
photon c nng lng thp nht c kh nng nh hng n s ion ha kp ca heli. nh sng mt tri
ti b mt tri t c th l ngun cung cp cc photon ni trn c hiu qa khng?
Cc hng s cn thit:
c = 2,997925.10
-8
ms
-1

h = 6,62618.10
-34
Js
1eV = 96,486kJ.mol
-1
= 2,4180.10
14
Hz

1s 1s
He
+
He
1s 1s
He
2+
He
*
BI GII:
a) Nguyn t heli c 2e; tiu phn "kiu hydro" ch c 1e. Do tiu phn cp phi l He
+

b) Ph hydro tun theo biu thc:
=
2 2
1 1
f i
H
n n
R E
Trong trng hp ny, cc vch ca He
+
s tun theo:
=

2 2
1
4
1
f
He
n
R E
Vi E = hc/, chuyn thnh:
1
2 2
1
4
1

=
+
f
He
n
hc
R

Nay th cc ph vo biu thc tng quan trn. Gi s rng di sng di nht quan st c l
6558 (l chuyn tip c nng lng thp nht) tng ng vi n
f
= 5; ta c:

N
f
"R(He
+
)"
6,558.10
-7
5 1,35.10
-17
J
5,410.10
-7
6 1,06.10
-17
J
4,858.10
-7
7 0,97.10
-7
J
4,540.10
-7
8 0,93.10
-17
J
4,338.10
-7
9 0,91.10
-17
J
Nu ng, mi chuyn tip phi cho cng ga tr R(He
+
). R rng l khng ng nn phi chn li:
Nu ta chn n
f
= 6 cho chuyn tip 6558, ta c:

N
f
"R(He
+
)"
6,558.10
-7
5 8,72.10
-18
J
5,410.10
-7
6 8,72.10
-18
J
4,858.10
-7
7 8,72.10
-18
J
4,540.10
-7
8 8,72.10
-18
J
4,338.10
-7
9 8,72.10
-18
J
Ga tr thu c ca R(He
+
) khng i, vy kt qa ny l ng.
c) IE(He
+
) bng R(He
+
). i thnh electronvon, cn nhn cho 6,02205.10
23
mol
-1
v chia cho
96486J.mol
-1
.eV
-1
: tnh c IE(He
+
) = 54,44eV
d) IE(He
+
)/IE(He) = 2,180; nn IE(He) = 24,97eV
Vy AE(He
2+
) = 79,41eV = 1,272.10
-17
J
C th tnh tn s, = E/h = 1,920.10
16
s
-1
, v di sng = c/v = 15,61nm, ca photon cso nng
lng thp nht c kh nng ion ha kp (2 ln). di sng ny rt ngn hn di sng ca ph thy
c (kh kin) (300nm < < 700nm): mt tri khng phi l "th en" nng to nhiu phtn nh
vy v hu ht s b kh quyn hp th trc khi n c tri t.
Mt mu diclopropadien c phn tch bng khi ph k. Khi ph cho thy mt mi rt r t
l khi:in tch (m/z) l 75, mt mi khc ti m/z = 77. iu kin vn hnh nht nh ch quan st
thy hai mi trn trong khi ph. iu kin khc, cng mt mu th cho mt s mi khc, bao gm
m/z = 82 (khng c 83) v m/z =28 (nhng khng c 27). Khng ty thuc vo iu kin vn hnh, mi
ti m/z = 77 lun c cng bng 60% cng ca mi ti m/z = 75.
C nhng gi thit sau:
Cc ion quan st c u l ion dng 1+ c to ra trc tip t s ion ha phn tch ca
diclopropadien, khng xy ra bt k s di chuyn no trong qa trnh phn mnh.
Diclopropadien c iu ch t cc nguyn t cacbon, hydro v clo theo cch khng c r
rng: cc ha cht s dng c bit c cha mt lng ng v vi t l khc vi t l thng gp ca
hidro, cacbon v clo nhng ch cha cc ng v bn. Hn na, cng khng chun b xc nh loi
ng v ca cc nguyn t c th trong phn t.
a) Cng thc ha hc ca cc ion d thy ti m/z = 75 v 77 l g?
b) Tnh thnh phn phn trm cc ng v c trong mu diclopropadien? Tnh thnh phn phn trm
mi ng v phn ca diclopropadien (ng v phn l cc cht c cng cng thc ha hc nhng
khc nhau cc ng v thnh phn).
c) Khi lng mol phn t ca mu? n gin, gi thit rng nguyn t khi ca mi ht nhn
ng bng s khi.
d) C th xc nh c ng phn ca diclopropadien kho st y khng?
Phng php khi ph truyn thng gn y c pht trin vi phng php khi ph tia
electron (ESMS). ESMS ch khc vi phng php khi ph truyn thng ch dung dch phun vo
khi ph k v khng c ngun ion ha. K thut ny ch d tm nhng ion c sn trong dung dch.
V d nh mt mu cha tetrabutyl amoni bromua (trong dung mi tr) c phun vo mt
ESMS cho mt mi ti m/z = 242 l mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d ion dng. C hai mi
chnh, vi cng gn nh nhau ti m/z = 79 v m/z = 81 trong kiu d ion m.
e) Nhng ion no gy nn ba mi trn?
Mt mu isopropanol (propan-2-ol) c phun vo thit b ESMS cho mt mi ti m/z = 61 l
mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d ion dng. Mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d
ion m xut hin ti m/z = 59.
f) Nhng ion no gy nn hai mi trn?
BI GII:
a) Ion ti m/z = 82 phi l
12
C
35
Cl
35
Cl. S vng mt ca m/z = 83 cho thy rng khng c
13
C trong
mu th.
Nh vy ion ti m/z = 28 phi l
12
C
12
C
2
H
2
H. S vng mt ca m/z = 27 cho thy rng khng c
1
H.
Nh th, ion ti m/z = 75 phi l
35
Cl
12
C
3
2
H
2
, v m/z = 77 l ng v phn
37
Cl ca tiu phn
ny.
b) I(m/z 77) = 0,6I(m/z 75)
n(
37
Cl) = 0,6n(
35
Cl)
%(
37
Cl) = [0,6/(1+0,6)].100 = 37,5%
%(
35
Cl) = 62,5%.
C ba ng v phn trong iclopropadien
%[C
3
D
2
(
35
Cl)
2
] = (62,5)
2
= 39,06%
%[C
3
D
2
35
Cl
37
Cl] = 2.62,5.37,5 = 46,88%
%[C
3
D
2
(
37
Cl)
2
] = (37,5)
2
= 14,06%
c) 1mol tng ng vi 0,3906.110,0 + 0,4688.112,0 + 0,1406.114,0 = 111,50g.mol
-1
.
d) CCl
2
+
v CD
2
+
ch c th c nu cu to ca iclopropadien l:
C C
Cl
Cl
C
D
D

V tr ln sng l ch ct to thnh 2 ion.
e) Mi ti m/z = 242 trong ch d ion dng l do cc tiu phn (C
4
H
9
)
4
N
+
(C
16
H
36
N=242amu)
l tiu phn mang in dng duy nht trong dung dch. Trong ch d ion m, quan st thy
cc mi do
79
Br
-
v
81
Br
-
. Hm lng trong thin nhin ca
79
Br v
81
Br theo th t l 50,7% v
49,3% nn hai mi ny nht thit c cao nh nhau.
f) Cc ph ny ph hp vi s t ion ha:
+
+
2 7 3 7 3 7 3
OH H C O H C OH H C
m/z = 59,1 m/z = 61,1
Vic s dng cc ng v phng x trong y hc ht nhn tng ln gp i. Cc k thut chiu
x bao gm vic bn ph cc ni c s phn chia t bo tiu dit chng. K thut nh ht nhn dng
ng v phng x tm hiu chi tit s trao i cht ca mt c quan trong c th. Mt trong cc k
thut nh vy l xc nh th tch mu ca bnh nhn.
a) Ba hp cht dc phm phng x ln lt c cha cc ng v phng x
71
Zn (t
1/2
= 2,4 pht);
67
Ga(t
1/2
= 78,25 gi) v
68
Ge (t
1/2
= 287 ngy) vi phng x l 7,0.10
7
Bq/mL. Vi mi cht
ni trn
(i). Hy tnh phng x mi mL sau thi gian 30 pht.
(ii). Hy tnh phng x mi mL sau khi pha long dc cht phng x t 1,0mL thnh 25L.
b) Khng k n hiu ng ha hc,
67
Ga c thun li g hn hai ng v phng x kia trong vic xc
nh th tch mu ca bnh nhn.?
c) Kiu phng x ca ba ng v ny l bc x ht (
71
Zn) v bt electron (
67
Ga v
68
Ge). Sn
phm ca qa trnh phng x ny l g?
d) Mt dc s iu ch gali xitrat (GaC
6
H
5
O
6
.3H
2
O) t mt mu gali lm giu
67
Ga (5,0.10
-5
mol %
67
Ga; 10,25mg Ga tng cng). S tng hp gali xitrat l nh lng; tip theo s tng
hp, dc cht phng x c ha tan trong 100mL nc. Tm gi sau khi
67
Ga c iu ch
ln u, 1mL dung dch c tim vo tnh mch bnh nhn v sau 1gi ly 1mL mu mu ca
bnh nhn.
(i). Tnh phng x (theo Bq) ca liu 1mL dung dch gali xitrat.
(ii). Nu mu mu c phng x l 105,6Bq th th tch mu ca bnh nhn l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
a) Nu coi phng x lc u l I
o
(7,0.10
7
Bq.mL
-1
trong mi trng hp) v I
t
l phng x
sau thi gian t th I
t
=
2 / 1
/ t t
o
e I

.
Nu i tt c t
1/2
ra pht:
t
1/2
(
67
Ga) = 4,695.10
3
ph.
t
1/2
(
68
Ge) = 4,133.10
5
ph.
Nay c th xc nh c
i) I
t

ii) I
t
sau khi pha long [tr s sau bng (1/2500) tr s trc].
ng v I
t
(Bq.mL
-1
) I
t
sau khi pha long (Bq.mL
-1
)
71
Zn 261 0,104
67
Ga 6,96.10
7
2,78.10
4
68
Ge 6,9995.10
7
2,80.10
4
b)
71
Zn c chu k bn hy qa nh nn hot tnh khng ko di: sau 30 pht hu nh phn ng
ngng li. Tc m, nht l sau khi pha long vo mu bnh nhn l qa nh c th o
c chnh xc. Hn na, chu k bn hy ngn nh vy c ngha l ng v s dng cn c
tng hp cho tng bnh nhn v khng th lu c.
68
Ge c tr ngi tri ngc: vn cn hot tnh sau 30 pht v vi chu k bn hy gn 1 nm n
vn cn duy tr hot tnh trong mt thi gian di. Nu ng v vn cn trong c th, bnh nhn s
chu tc dng chiu x cao qa mc chi ng trong sut thi gian y, gy cc hu qa nghim
trng v thng tn t bo, v.v
67
Ga c thi gian sng thc hin php o th tch mu tin cy c vi mt lng tng
i nh vt liu phng x.
c) Cc phn ng:
) (
) (
) (
68
31
0
1
68
32
67
30
0
1
67
31
0
1
71
31
71
30
+ +
+ +
+ +
Ga e Ge
Zn e Ga
e Ga Zn

d) i) Dc phm phng x lc u cha 1,47.10
-4
mol Ga, ngha l (1,47.10
-4
.5,0.10
-7
) = 7,35.10
-11

mol
67
Ga hay 4,43.10
13
nguyn t ca ng v ny.
Vi s phn r phng x, tc phn ng c bc 1
v = I
t
= kn
t
(
67
Ga)
k = ln2/t
1/2
= 2,461.10
-6
s
-1
v I
o
= 1,09.10
8
Bq (trong 100mL t = 0)
Vi liu 1mL ti t = 8 gi
I
t
=
2 / 1
/ t t
o
e I

.V
lu
/V
tng cng
= 9,84.10
5
Bq.
ii) phng x ca liu 1mL cn li sau 1 gi na s bng
I
t
= 9,72.10
5
Bq
So snh phng x ny vi phng x lc u ca 1mL mu mu thu c h s pha
long = 9,72.10
5
/105,6 = 9201
Th tch mu ca bnh nhn nh vy bng 9,20L.
a) Chui phn r thin nhin
238
U
92

206
Pb
82
bao gm mt s phn r anpha v beta trong mt lot cc
bc k tip.
i) Hai bc u tin bao gm
234
Th
90
(t
1/2
= 24,10 ngy) v
234
Pa
91
(t
1/2
= 6,66 gi). Hy vit cc
phn ng ht nhn ca hai bc u tin trong s phn r ca
238
U v tnh tng ng nng theo
MeV ca cc sn phm phn r.
Cc khi lng nguyn t bng:
238
U = 238,05079u;
234Th
= 234,04360u;
234
Pa = 234,04332u v
4
He = 4,00260u.
1u = 931,5MeV v m
n
= 1,00867u; 1MeV = 1,602.10
-13
J.
ii) Phn r k tip ca
238
U dn n
226
Ra
88
(t
1/2
= 1620 nm) m sau bc x cc ht anpha to
thnh
222
Rn (t
1/2
= 3,83 ngy). Nu mt th tch mol ca radon trong iu kin ny l 25,0L th
th tch ca radon cn bng bn vi 1,00kg radi l bao nhiu?
iii) Hot ca mt mu phng x ca mt phn t trong chui
238
U gim 10 ln sau 12,80 ngy.
Hy tm hng s phn r v chu k bn hy ca n.
b) Trong s phn hch nh nguyn cm ng ntron ca
235
U
92
, cui cng thng thu c hai sn phm
bn l
98
Mo
42
v
136
Xe
54
. Gi s rng cc ht ny c to ra t qa trnh phn hch nguyn thy,
hy tm:
i) Ht c bn no c phng thch.
ii) Nng lng phng thch mi phn hch theo MeV v theo Jun.
iii) Nng lng phng thch t mi gam
235
U theo n v kWh.
Khi lng nguyn t:
235
U
92
= 235,04393u;
136
Xe
54
= 135,90722u;
98
Mo
42
= 97,90551u v
m
n
=1,00867u; 1MeV = 1,602.10
-13
J.
BI GII:
a) i) Nng lng phn ng v tng ng nng:
Bc 1: He Th U
4
2
234
90
238
92
+
Q = K
d
+ K
= [m(
238
U) m(
234Th
) m(
4
He)]c
2
= 4,28MeV.
K
d
v K
l ng nng ca con v ht
Bc 2: ) (
0
1
234
91
234
90
hay e Pa Th

+
Q = K
d
+ K
= [m(
234
Th) m(
234
Pa)]c
2
= 0,26MeV
ii) Ti cn bng (khng i) N
1
1
= N
2
2
= A (A: hot )
Vi
226
Ra;
1
= 1,17.10
-6
ngy
-1

Vi
222
Rn;
2
= 0,181 ngy
-1
.

L V
mol n
N N
N
Rn
Rn
4
5
19
2
6 24
2
24
23
1
10 . 15 , 7
10 . 86 , 2
10 . 72 , 1 10 . 17 , 1 . 10 . 66 , 2 181 , 0 .
10 . 66 , 2
226
10 . 022 , 6 . 1000
222

=
=
= =
= =

iii) N
1
= N
o
e
-t
.
Nn:
) (
2
1
2 1
2
1
t t
t
o
t
o
e
e N
e N
N
N

= =

85 , 3
181 , 0
693 , 0
181 , 0
80 , 12
10 ln
2 / 1
= =
= =
t

b) i) Pha cht tham gia c 92 proton, trong kh pha sn phm c 96 proton. Nh vy phi c 4 v
2n bn pha sn phm
n Xe Mo U n
1
0
136
54
98
42
235
92
1
0
2 4 + + + +
Cc ht c bn c phng thch: 4 v 2n.
ii) Khi lng u vo = 236,05260u
Khi lng u ra = 235,83007u.
Khi lng ca 4 c tnh trong khi lng ca sn phm, nn khng xut hin trong khi
lng u ra.
m = 0,22253u
Nng lng = 207,3MeV = 3,32.10
-11
J cho mi phn hch.
iv) Nng lng mi gam = 8,5.10
10
J.g
-1
.
Vy cng sut theo kWh = 8,51.10
10
/3,60.10
6
= 2,36.10
4
kWh
a) Khi ph ca diclometan CH
2
Cl
2
c mi c trng ti m/z = 49 (mi c bn), 51, 84 (ion phn
t), 86, 88. D on cng tng i ca cc mi:
i) m/z = 49 v 51
ii) m/z = 84; 86 v 88
b) Hy tnh t l cc mi ng v d on trong khi ph ca mt hp cht c cha ba nguyn t
brom.
Bng: Mt s nguyn t chn lc v hm lng tng i:
Nguyn t S khi Hm lng tng i (%)
H 1 99,985
2 0,015
C 12 99,889
13 1,111
N 14 99,634
15 0.366
O 16 99,763
17 0,037
18 0,200
Cl 35 75,77
37 24,23
Br 79 50,69
81 49,31
BI GII:
a) Vi cc mi trong cm ion phn t, ba mi c d tr t hai nguyn t clo. Cng c th
tnh c t (a+b)
n
.
Vi a: hm lng tng i ca cc ng v nh (
35
Cl)
b: hm lng tng i ca cc ng v nng (
37
Cl)
n: s nguyn t halogen c mt
Do hm lng tng i ca
35
Cl = 75,77 v ca
37
Cl = 24,23 th ta c th n gin ha t l
35
Cl:
37
Cl = 3:1
(i) Cng tng i cc mi ti m/z = 49 v 51 tng ng vi s mt mt nguyn
t clo t ion phn t, hai mi do CH
2
35
Cl
+
v CH
2
37
Cl
+
theo th t.
Cng tng i ca cc mi ti m/z 49 v 51 = a + b
= 3 + 1
Ngha l cng tng i ca cc mi ti m/z 49 v 51 = 3 : 1
(ii) Cng tng i ti cc mi ti m/z 84, 86, 88 = a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= 3
2
+ 2.3.1 + 1
2

Ngha l, cng tng i ti cc mi 84, 86, 88 = 9 : 6 : 1
b) Theo hm lng tng i,
79
Br :
81
Br 1 : 1
Cng tng i ca cc mi ng v c th c tnh theo (a + b)
n

Vi a: cng tng i ca
79
Br = 1
b: cng tng i ca
81
Br = 1
n: s nguyn t halogen c mt = 3
Cng tng i = a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3

M : (M + 2) : (M + 4) : (M + 6) = 1
3
: 3 .1
2
.1 .3.1.1
2
.1
3
= 1:3:3:1
Mt s trong cc kin to c nht trn th gii c tm thy vng Isua Greenland. Tui
ca chng c xc nh do hm lng ca cc ng v bn v ng v phng x cha trong cc ht
khong c trng.
S phn r ca ng v uran phng x
238
U thnh ng v bn
206
Pb vi chu k bn hu bng
4,468Ga (Ga = 10
9
n m) qua m t chu i c c ng v k m b n h n nhi u. Tri vi
206
Pb, ng v
204
Pb khng phi l sn phm ca s phn r phng x v v vy, s mol
204
Pb (ghi l n(
204
Pb)) trong
mt mu khong vt c th coi l khng i theo thi gian. thi im (t = 0) khi khong vt kt tinh,
nhng ng v ny c th ln trong khong vt di dng tp cht. Hm lng ban u ca cc ng v
(n
o
(
238
U), n
o
(
206
Pb) v n(
204
Pb) ln trong cc mu khong khc nhau c th cng khc nhau. Tuy nhin t
l ban u ca cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t, v d nh t l n
o
(
206
Pb)/(
204
Pb) s nh nhau i vi
mi mu khong vt kt tinh trong cng mt khi to ).
a) Vit h thc lin lc cho thy n
t
(
206
Pb) l mt hm theo n
t
(
238
U) v n
o
(
206
Pb), k v t, vi t l thi gian
mu khong bt u kt tinh v k l hng s phn r phng x ca
238
U.
Cc mu khong vt khc nhau c cha nhng hm lng ban u khc nhau ca cc ng v tp
cht
238
U v
206
Pb. V vy tui ca mt mu khong vt cho trc khng th suy ra c t s o ca
n
t
(
238
U) v n
t
(
206
Pb) m thi. Tuy nhin n(
204
Pb) t l vi hm lng ban u ca ch trong mt mu
khong vt cho trc, v v th cng t l vi n
o
(
206
Pb).
Cc cp tr s tng quan ca n
t
(
238
U), n
t
(
206
Pb) v n(
204
Pb) vi nhng mu khong vt khc
nhau pht xut t cng mt th c th c xc nh nh khi ph. Mi cp y s biu din tng
im ring bit trn mt th vi trc honh n
t
(
238
U)/n(
204
Pb) v trc tung n
t
(
206
Pb)/n(
204
Pb). Ni vi
nhau, cc im trn s to thnh mt ng thng v tui ca c th tnh c t dc.
Gn y, ngi ta thu c cc cp t l ng v sau ca cc khong vt c trong mt loi
Isua:
n
t
(
238
U)/n(
204
Pb) n
t
(
206
Pb)/n(
204
Pb)
1,106 12,098
1,883 12,733
2,632 13,305
2,859 13,567
2,896 13,588
3,390 13,815
b) Hy tnh tui ca loi Isua
c) im ct trc y ca th c ngha g?
BI GII:
a) Phn tng trong
206
Pb phi bng phn gim t
238
U, nh vy:
n
t
(
206
Pb) - n
o
(
206
Pb) = n
o
(
238
U) - n
t
(
238
U)
Do n
t
(
238
U) = n
o
(
238
U)e
-kt
. thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:
n
t
(
206
Pb) = n
t
(
238
U)(e
kt
- 1) + n
o
(
206
Pb)
b) T phng trnh trn:
( ) ( )
( ) ) (
) (
) 1 (
) (
204
206
204
238
204
206
Pb n
Pb n
e
Pb n
U n
Pb n
Pb n
o kt t t
+ =
Do
( )
( ) Pb n
Pb n
t
204
206
l mt hm tuyn tnh ca
( )
( ) Pb n
U n
t
204
238
. T cc s liu, bng hi quy tuyn tnh cho php
tnh dc bng ,769 = e
kt
- 1, vi
9
9
10 . 551 , 1
10 . 468 , 4
2 ln

= = k . Suy ra t = 3,7Ga
y = 0.7822x + 11259
R
2
= 0.9909
12,000
12,200
12,400
12,600
12,800
13,000
13,200
13,400
13,600
13,800
14,000
14,200
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

c) im ct trc y biu th t s
( )
( ) Pb n
Pb n
o
204
206
ti thi im ca s kt tinh khong cht phn tch.
Phng trnh Schrodinger n gin nht m t s chuyn ng ca ht trong hp th mt chiu
v dn n mt quy lut c bn: s lng t ha xut hin do s ph thuc ca cc iu kin bin vo
hm sng.
a) Mt electron di chuyn hn ch trn trc x trong gii hn t x = 0 n x = L. Gia hai ng
bin th khng c lc no tc ng ln electron.
i. Vit phng trnh Schrodinger (khng ph thuc thi gian) cho hm sng ca
electron
ii. Trong hp th mt chiu th biu thc hm sng cho electron s c dng:
e
-kx
.
cos
L
x n

sinkx
sin
L
x n

k l mt s thc bt k v n l mt s nguyn dng.
iii. S dng hm sng tm c cu ii. Hy chng minh biu thc nng lng c dng:
2
2 2
8mL
n h
E
n
=
iv. Chun ha hm sng cho trng thi c bn ca electron.
b) Mt v d th v v hp th mt chiu trong ha hc l su dch chuyn electron trong cc h c
cha lin kt n v lin kt i lin hp vi nhau. Phn t 1,3-butadien c 4 electron d
chuyn t do trn mt ng thng cha ba lin kt C-C v mi lin kt c di nh nhau l
1,4.10
-10
m. Tnh nng lng cc tiu ca h.
c) iu kin bin ca hm sng dn n kt qa l s lng t ha khng ch i vi nng lng
m cn i vi cc tnh cht vt l khc nh l momen gc. Hm sng ph hp vi ga tr h/2
i vi trc z c momen gc l: () = e
i
. Vi l gc phng v trong mt phng x y v c
s o ph thuc vo trc x. S dng iu kin hm l n tr mi im trong khng gian hy
chng minh rng bc sng cng c lng t ha. Hy tnh cc ga tr lng t i vi hnh
chiu momen gc phng v dc theo trc z.
BI GII:
a) i. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho mt tiu phn bt k trong hp th mt chiu c dng
E
dx
d
m
=
2
2 2
.
2
h
vi
2
h
= h
ii. T iu kin bin dn n: (0) = 0; (L) = 0
Ch c biu thc = sin
L
x n
tho mn iu kin ny.
iii.
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
8 2
sin
2
sin .
2 mL
n
mL
E
L
x n
n
mL L
x n
dx
d
m
n
h h h h
= = =
iv.
L
x
N x
N

sin ) (
1
=
Ly tch phn:
+

= =
2
) ( 1
2
1
L
N dx x
N

Vi N l mt s thc bt k th ta c:
L
N
2
=

L
x
L
x
N

sin
2
) (
1
=
b) L = 5 . 1,4.10
-10
= 7.10
-10
m
Ba mc nng lng u ca h s l:
J E E
J E E
J
mL
h
E
19
1 3
19
1 2
19
2
2
1
10 . 98 , 10 9
10 . 88 , 4 4
10 . 22 , 1
8
= =
= =
= =

Vy mc nng lng cc tiu ca h l: E
3
E
2
= 6,10.10
-19
J.
c) iu kin lm cho () n tr l:
() = ( + 2)
() = e
i
= () = e
i( + 2)

e
i2
= 1
= m vi m = 0; 1; 2; 3
Ta c th thy rng hnh chiu momen gc khng th l mt s thc nhng c th nhn cc ga
tr l m vi m c th nhn cc ga tr t -m n +m (k c s 0)
Obitan l nhng hm sng mt electron, n th hin s dch chuyn ca electron trong nguyn t
(obitan nguyn t) hay phn t (obitan phn t) hay l trng thi rn. Mi obitan ph hp vi xc sut
tm thy electron nhng ni khc nhau trong khng gian.
a) Obitan 1s ca nguyn t hydro c biu thc:
o
a r
s
e
/
1

. Vi a
0
l bn knh Bohr (a
0
= 5,3.10
-11
m)
v r l bn knh phi tr (khong cch t mt im trong khng gian n ht nhn).
i. Chun ha hm sng ny.
ii. khong cch no so vi ht nhn th xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht.
b) Hm sng i vi cc obitan 2s; 2p
z
v 3d
z
2
c dng:
( )
o
z
o
z
o
a
r
o
d
a
r
o
p
a
r
o
s
e
a
r
e
a
r
e
a
r
3 2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1 cos 3
cos
2
2
=
=

Hy xc nh hnh dng ca cc obitan trn.
c) Vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho h nguyn t 1electron ph hp tt vi l thuyt c in
ca Bohr v s lng t ha nng lng.
2
2
6 , 13
n
Z
E
n
=
cho tin s dng th cc ga tr s ca cc hng s xut hin trong cng thc trn c chuyn
ht v n v eV.
iu th v l khi ta s dng cng thc trn cho phn t heli trung ha. Trong nguyn t heli lc
ht nhn tc dng ln electron b gim bt do electron khc chn mt. iu ny c ngha l in
tch ca ht nhn tc dng ln electron khng phi l Z = 2 na m s nh hn gi l in tch
hiu dng (Z
eff
). Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t heli trng thi c bn l 24,46eV. Tnh
Z
eff
.
BI GII:
a) i.
o
a
r
N
s
Ne
=
1

= =
2 3
2
1
1 N a dv
o
N
z
(N l mt s thc bt k)

( )
o
a
r
o
N
s
o
e a
a N
=
=
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
) (

ii. Xc sut tm thy electron gia khong r v r + dr
= ( ) dr e a r
o
a
r
o
2
1
3 2
. 4

Xc sut l cc i khi r = r
max
. Ly o hm bc nht biu thc trn ta c:
o
r r
a
r
a r
e r
dr
d
o
=
=
=
max
2
2
0
max

Vy electron 1s d tm thy nht trong khu vc r = a
o
.
b)
2s
= 0 ti r = 2a
o

Vy hnh dng ca obitan 2s l mt khi cu c bn knh 2a
o
.
Hnh dng ca obitan 3d
z
2
trn mt phng xy
0
2
3
=
z
d
khi 3cos
2

1 = 0
3
1
cos
1
=

Hnh dng l mt hnh nn vi mt phn trm trc xy cn mt phn di.
Lu : Tt c cc hm sng u bin mt khi r . Ti r = 0 th cc hm khc u khng tn
ti (tr
1s
).
c) Mi electron lp n = 1 ca nguyn t heli c nng lng Z
2
eff
= 13,6eV
Mc nng lng thp nht ca heli Z
2
eff
= 27,2eV
trng thi c bn ion He
+
c nng lng = -4.13,6 = -54,4eV
Nng lng ion ho = (-54,4 + Z
2
eff
. 27,2) = 24,46 Z
eff
= 1,70
a) Ta c cc phn ng phn hch
235
U bng ntron nhit:
n Ba n U
Xe Sr n U
3 ...
...
141
56
235
92
140
...
38
94
235
92
+ + +
+ + +

Hy b sung nhng phn cn thiu.
b) Xem nh cc phn ng phn r trn c bc 1. Cc tiu phn khng bn s t phn r cho Zr
v Ce. Vit cc phn ng ht nhn xy ra v tnh nng lng sinh ra (MeV). Cho bit cc s liu
sau:
m(
235
U) = 235,0493u
m(
94
Zr) = 93,9063u
m(
140
Ce) = 139,9054u
m
n
= 1,00866u
1u = 931,5Mev/c
2
.
c) Trong l phn ng ht nhn c s dng 1kg kim loi uran thin nhin. Khi tng nng lng sinh
ra t 1 Megawatt ngy (MWd) th n c ly ra khi h thng phn ng. Hy tnh %
235
U vo
thi im ny. Bit rng trong uran thin nhin th lng uran nguyn cht ch chim 0,72%. Gi
s rng tt c nng lng sinh ra u do
235
U.
BI GII:
a) Cc phn ng xy ra:
n Kr Ba n U
n Xe Sr n U
3
... 2
92
36
141
56
235
92
140
54
38
94
235
92
+ + +
+ + +

b) Phn ng xy ra:
+ + + + e n Ce Zr n U 6 2
140
58
94
40
235
92

Nng lng gii phng Q = [m(
235
U) m(
94
Zr) m(
140
Ce) m(n)]c
2
= 213,3eV
c) 1MWd = 8,64.10
10
J
S nguyn t
235
U phn r =
21
13
10
10 . 53 , 2
10 . 602 , 1 . 3 , 213
10 . 64 , 8
=

Nh vy khi lng uran = 0,99g
Vy m(
235
U) cn li = 7,2 0,99 = 6,21g
%
235
U = 0,621%
ng v phng x
210
Bi l sn phm ca qa trnh phn r
210
Pb ri n tip tc phn r sinh
ra
210
Po.
210
Po cng s tip tc phng x cui cng thu c ng v bn
206
Pb.
210
Pb
210
Bi
210
Po
206
Pb
T
1/2
= 22,3y

T
1/2
= 5,01d

T
1/2
=138,4d

Mt mu
210
Bi tinh khit phng x c iu ch t
210
Pb v sau n tip tc phng x ra
210
Po. Mu
210
Bi ban u c phng x 100Ci (1Ci = 3,7.10
10
dps)
a) Hy tnh khi lng ban u ca mu
210
Bi.
b) Hy tnh thi im m s nguyn t
210
Po l cc i v s nguyn t
210
Po l bao nhiu?
c) Xc nh tc phn r ca
210
Po v phn r ca
210
Bi vo thi im ny?
BI GII:
a) 1Ci = 3,7.10
4
dps nn 100Ci = 3,7.10
6
dps
Ta c:
12 0
1
6
1 1
0
1
10 . 31 , 2
10 . 7 , 3 .
=
= =
=
N
Dps N
dt
dN
o
t

Vi N
o
1
l s nguyn t
210
Bi thi im ban u
T N
o
1
trn ta tnh c m(
210
Bi) ban u = 8,06.10
-10
g.
b) S nguyn t
210
Bi thi im T (l thi im m s nguyn t
210
Po l cc i):
t o
e N N
1
1 1

=
S nguyn t
210
Po (N
2
) thi im ny c cho bi phng trnh:
2 2 1 1
2
N N
dt
dN
=
Thay th biu thc ca N
1
vo phng trnh hnh thnh
210
Po v nhn hai v cho
t
e
2
ta c:

( )t o t t
e N e N
dt
dN
e
1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
2

= +

( )
( )t o t
e N e N
dt
d
1 2 2
1 1 2

=
Ly tch phn biu thc trn ta thu c:
( )
C e N t e N
t o
+
=

1 2
1
1 2
1
2 2

tnh t ta thay N
2
= 0 v t = 0 vo ta suy ra c C =
1 2
1 1

o
N

iu ny dn n:
( )
t t o
e e N N
2 1
1
1 2
1
2

=
Ti thi im t =T ta c:
0
2
=
=T t
dt
dN

Gii phng trnh ny ta thu c: T = 24,9 ngy
T y ta tnh c s nguyn t N
2
= 2,04.10
12
v khi lng
210
Po = 7,11.10
-10
g
c) tc phn r ca
210
Po ti t = T l 1,18.10
5
Dps
tc phn r ca
210
Bi = tc phn r ca
210
Po = 1,18.10
5
Dps
1) C bao nhiu nh hp th i vi mt phn t CO, mt phn t H
2
O, mt phn t benzen, ahy my
phn t C
60
trong ph hng ngoi.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) xp x 30
f) 54
g) 120
h) 174
i) 720
j) Khng th xc nh c nu cha c thm thng tin.
2) Hai phn t gm hai nguyn t cha bit cho mt pic n ca hp th dao ng trong vng hng
ngai ca ph cng hng t electron (EMR). Phn t XY hp th tn s cao hn phn t WZ.
Khng nh no sau y l ng?
a) XY v WZ l cc ht nhn khc nhau.
b) Lin kt gia X v Y mnh hn lin kt gia W v Z.
c) M
XY
ln hn M
WZ
.
d) Tn s dao ng c trng ca XY cao hn WZ.
BI GII:
1) S dao ng c trng l 3N 6 cho phn t khng thng v 3N 5 cho phn t thng. Chnh v vy
ta s c cc kt qa sau:
CO : 1; H
2
O : 3; C
6
H
6
: 30; C
60
: 174
2) Nhng phn t c tn s dao ng trong ph hng ngoi u l nhng phn t c tn ti lng cc
hay l nhng ht nhn bn trong cc phn t l d hch.
i vi nhng phn t hai nguyn t c dao ng i xng th tn s c trng c cho bi
phng trnh:

k
2
1
= (vi k l hng s lc v l khi lng rt gn ca phn t). Nu khng
cho bit cc yu t khc th ta khng th ni trc iu g v hng s lc cng nh khi lng rt
gn ca phn t ( mnh ca lin kt th khng ph thuc vo k nhng li lin quan mt thit n
nng lng phn ly lin kt). Tn s c trng th bng vi tn s hp th ca cc photon bi v
nng lng dao ng c cho bi h thc: Edd

= (v + 0,5)h v nng lng cng hng l
E=E
=1
E
= 0
.
14
C l ng v phng x c chu k bn hy t = 5700 nm. N tn ti trong t nhin do n lin
tc c sinh ra trong kh quyn nh l mt sn phm ca phn ng ht nhn gia nguyn t nit v
ntron sinh ra bi tia v tr.
Chng ta gi s rng tc ca qa trnh hnh thnh l hng s trong hng ngn nm v bng vi
tc phn r. Chnh v vy lng
14
C trong kh quyn lun lun khng i. Kt qa l
14
C trong kh
quyn lun i cng vi cc ng v bn
12
C v
13
C trong kh quyn v tham gia vi vai tr nh nhau
trong cc phn ng ha hc ca cacbon. N sinh ra CO
2
vi oxy v i vo cc qa trnh sng qua cc
phn ng quang ha di t l
14
C/
12
C lun c gi khng i trong cc phn t hu c.
Vn ny c s dng xc nh tui ca cc ngun gc sinh hc (v d: tc, vi). Chng
c phn lp bng vi con ng sau ci cht ca vt th hu c (v d: trong cc lng m). T l
14
C/
12
C trong cc mu trn khng phi lun l mt hng s nht nh m lun gim i theo thi gian v
14
C lin tc b phn r.
Lng
14
C c trong cc vt th sng (tnh trn tng s nguyn t C) c phn r l 0,277Bq/g
(1Bq = 1Dps (phn r / giy)).
a) Tnh tui ca mt mu cht c t l
14
C/
12
C = 0,25
b) Chuyn g xy ra vi nguyn t
14
C khi n b phn r?
c) Nu
14
C nm trong cc phn t hu c (nh DNA, protein v,v) trong c th sng m b phn
r th s xy ra hin tng g?
d) Tnh phng x ca mt ngi 75kg. Gi s rng s phng x trong c th con ngi ch do
14
C thc hin v lng C trong c th l 18,5%.
BI GII:
a) Gi N
o
l t l
14
C/
12
C trong vt th sng v N cng l t l trn sau khi vt cht mt khong thi
gian t.
Ta c:
N = N
o
e
-t
vi l hng s phng x ( = ln2/t
1/2
).
iu ny dn n h thc:
11400 ln
2 ln
ln
2 / 1
= =
=
o
o
N
N t N
N
t
nm.
b) Phng trnh phng x chung ca s phn r l: n p + + evi p l proton v el
electron phn ntrino (electron antineutrino). Vi
14
C ta c:
14
C
14
N + + e
c) Trong mt phn t hu c cha
14
C th nu
14
C b phn r s gy ra mt nh hng rt ln n
cu trc phn t do C s b thay th bng N (mt nguyn t hon ton khc C v bn cht ha
hc), iu ny dn n s hnh thnh cc gc t do..
d) m
C
= 75.0,185 = 13,9kg
phng x R = 13900.0,277 = 3850Bq
15 2 / 1
10
2 ln
. = = = = =
t
R
R
N N
dt
dN
R
nguyn t = 1,66nmol.
Uran (Z = 92) l mt nguyn t phng x tn ti trong t nhin. N l mt hn hp ca hai ng
v
238
U (99,3%, T = 4,47.10
9
nm) v
235
U(0,7%, T = 7,04.10
8
nm). C hai ng v ny u phng x
v u c to ra cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn. S phn r ca chng sinh ra cc lng khc nhau
ca cc ht v , qua nhiu qa trnh phn r khc nhau th s dn n vic hnh thnh cc ng v bn
206
Pb
82
v
207
Pb
82
mt cch tng ng. Cc qa trnh ny c gi l hai chui phng x. S phng x
- khng chu nh hng ca cc qa trnh phn r khc nhau khng chu nh hng ca s chuyn
ha.
235
U km bn hn
238
U v phn ng din ra d dng hn vi s tham gia ca ntron nhit. Phn
ng phn hch c dn ra di y:
235
U + n U* sn phm phn hch + 2 3n + 200MeV/1 ht
235
U.
a) Tnh s ht v sinh ra trong hai chui phng x (
238
U
206
Pb v
235
U
207
Pb).
b) Gii thch ti sao trong hai chui phng x mt s nguyn t ho hc xut hin nhiu hn mt
ln.
c) Gi s rng cc ng v khng lin quan ban u (lc bt u phn ng tng hp ht nhn) bng
vi lng hai ng v ca uran (
235
U :
238
U = 1 : 1). Th tui ca qa t (thi gian tnh t lc bt
u phn ng phn hch).
d) Tnh lng cacbon cn (g) sinh ra nng lng bng vi nng lng gii phng ra khi phn
hch 1g
235
U bng ntron. S dng phn ng:
C + O
2
CO
2
+ 393,5kJ/mol (hay 4,1eV/nguyn t).
BI GII:
a)
238
U
206
Pb: 8 ht v 6 ht
235
U
207
Pb: 7 ht v 4 ht
b) iu ny xy ra khi tip sau mt phn r (Z = -2) l hai phn r ( Z = +2)lin tip.
c) i vi mi ng v ca uran ta c th vit:
235
N =
235
N
o
exp(-
235
t)
238
N =
238
N
o
exp(-
238
t)
Ti thi im t = 0 th
235
N
o
=
238
N
o

Nh vy ta c:
( )
( )
142
7 , 0
3 , 99
exp
exp
235
238
235
238
= = =
N
N
t
t

Nh vy:
235
t -
238
t = ln142 = 4,95
Ta c:
235
= 9,76.10
-10

238
= 1,54.10
-10

t = 6,0.10
9
nm.
d) Nng lng sinh ra khi phn r hon ton 1g
235
U = 5,13.10
23
MeV
Nng lng sinh ra khi t chy hon ton 1g U = 2,06.10
17
MeV
Nh vy khi lng cacbon cn s l: 2,49.10
3
kg C
Ph khi lng c hnh thnh bi cu to ca mt chm tia gm cc mnh ion c to thnh
bng cch bn mt chm tia electron c nng lng cao vo phn t cn xc nh. Cc mnh pht sinh
c phn lp bi t trng hay in trng hoc l kt hp c hai. S phn lp ny ph thuc vo t l
khi lng/in tch (m/z) ca mi ion mnh. hu ht cc mnh u mang in tch n gin (z = 1).
iu ny dn n s phn mnh ph thuc vo khi lng cc ion.
nhy khc nhau c cc loi ph khi lng thng c xc nh bi phn gii ca n.
phn gii c nh ngha bi biu thc R = m/m (vi m l chnh lch gia hai pic lin nhau
v m l khi lng danh ngha ca pic th nht). V d: hai ion C
2
H
4
+
v CH
2
N
+
u c cng khi lng
danh ngha (M = 28) nhng khi lng chnh xc tng ng l 28,0313 v 28,0187 th c th phn
bit c 2 pic ny cn phi c mt dng c c R = 28/(28,0313 28,0187) = 2200. Nhng my ph
khi lng r th c phn gii khng cao lm (R 300 1000) th c th phn bit c cc ion n
gin c cc khi lng danh ngha khc nhau.
Cc pic ng v trong ph khi lng
Mc d cc my ph c phn gii thp nhng cc mnh ion c th pht sinh ra nhiu mnh
lin tip c khi lng danh ngha khc nhau. iu ny ch c th xy ra i vi cc ion c cng cng
thc ha hc nhng cc ng v to thnh ion mnh th khc nhau. V d: ion CH
3
+
gm c cc mnh
ion c khi lng danh ngha t 15 (mnh
12
C
1
H
3
+
) n 19 (mnh
13
C
2
H
3
+
).
Cng ca cc mnh ng v ph thuc vo thnh phn ca cc nguyn t cu thnh cc
mnh ng v trong thin nhin. i vi cacbon th nhiu nht l 98,90%
12
C v 1,10%
13
C. Vi H
th
1
H chim 99,985% v
2
H chim 0,015%. Kt q al pic c cng cao nht l
12
C
1
H
3
+
(M = 15),
pic c cng cao th hai l hai pic
13
C
1
H
3
+
v
12
C
1
H
2
H
+
, cn pic c M = 19 (
13
C
2
H
3
+
) th c cng
gn nh bng 0 do lng
13
C v
2
H c rt t trong thin nhin.
Di y s cho bit cch tnh cng cc pic ng v ca ion mnh CH
2
Cl mt cch chnh
xc. Bit Cl gm hai ng v (75,77%
35
Cl v 24,23%
37
Cl).
+ Mnh M = 49:
12
C
1
H
2
35
Cl: 0,989.(0,99985)
2
.0,7577 = 0,7431
+ Mnh M = 50:
13
C
1
H
2
35
Cl: 0,011.(0,99985)
2
.0,7577 = 0,00833

12
C
2
H
1
H
35
Cl: 0,989.0,00015.0,99985.0,7577 = 0,00011

12
C
1
H
2
H
35
Cl: 0,989.0,99985.0,00015.0,7577 = 0,00011
= 0,0085
+ Mnh M = 51:
13
C
2
H
1
H
35
Cl = 1,25.10
-6

13
C
1
H
2
H
35
Cl = 1,25.10
-6
.

12
C
1
H
2
37
Cl = 0,240
= 0,240
+ Mnh M = 52:
13
C
2
H
2
35
Cl = 1,9.10
-10
.

13
C
1
H
2
37
Cl = 0,00266

12
C
1
H
2
H
37
Cl = 3,59.10
-5
.

12
C
2
H
1
H
37
Cl = 3,59.10
-5

= 0,0027
+ Mnh M = 53:
13
C
2
H
1
H
37
Cl = 4,0.10
-7
.

13
C
2
H
1
H
37
Cl = 4,0.10
-7
.
12
C
2
H
2
37
Cl = 5,4.10
-9
.
= 8,1.10
-7

+ Mnh M = 54:
13
C
2
H
2
37
Cl = 6.10
-11
.
Cng ca mi pic (t M n M +5) t l vi s ph bin ca mi ng v hp phn trong ion
mnh v s tnh ton xc sut dn n tng kh nng xut hin cc hp phn ca cc pic c cng khi
lng phn t. Pic c cng cao nht c gi l pic c s v cng ca cc pic lin quan c
xc nh bi % ca n so vi pic c s.
T th d trn ta c:
M = 49 = 100%
M = 50 (0,0085/0,7491).100 = 1,14%
M = 51 (0,240/0,7491).100 = 31,98%
M = 52 (0,0027/0,7491).100 = 0,36%
M = 53 = 1.10
-4
%
M = 54 = 8.10
-9
%
1) Silic t nhin l hn hp ca 3 ng v bn
28
Si,
29
Si v
30
Si. Trong khi clo t nhin l hn hp
ca hai ng v l
35
Cl v
37
Cl. C bao nhiu pic ng v ca ion SiCl
2
+
.
2) Tt c cc ion mnh sau: (a): N
2
+
; (b): CO
+
; (c): CH
2
N
+
; (d): C
2
H
4
+
u c khi lng danh ngha l
M = 28 v khng th phn bit c chng bng cc my ph phn gii thp. Tuy nhin so snh
cng cc pic M + 1 th ta c th phn bit c tt c. Xc nh cc mnh ion c cng mnh
ng v M + 1 l 1,15. Cc ng v c nhiu trong thin nhin c cho di y:
H:
1
H = 99,985%
2
H = 0,015%
C:
12
C = 98,9%
13
C = 1,1%
N:
14
N = 99,634%
15
N = 0,366%
O:
16
O = 99,762%
17
O = 0,038%
18
O = 0,20%
BI GII:
1) M = 98
28
Si
35
Cl
2
+

M + 1 = 99
29
Si
35
Cl
2
+

M + 2 = 100
28
Si
35
Cl
37
Cl
+
+
30
Si
35
Cl
2
+

M + 3 = 101
29
Si
35
Cl
37
Cl
M + 4 = 102
30
Si
35
Cl
2
+
+
28
Si
35
Cl
37
Cl
+

M + 5 = 103
29
Si
37
Cl
2
+

M + 6 = 104
30
Si
37
Cl
2
+

Nh vy c 7 pic.
2 i vi ion N
2
+
ta c:
M:
14
N
14
N = (0.99634)
2
= 0.9927
M+1:
14
N
15
N +
15
N
14
N = 2(0.996340.00366) = 0.007293
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 0,735%
i vi ion CO
+
ta c:
M:
12
C
16
O = 0.9890.99762 = 0.9866
M+1:
12
C
17
O +
13
C
16
O = (0.9890.00038) + (0.0110.99762) = 0.01135
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 1,15%
i vi ion CH
2
N
+

M:
12
C
1
H
2
14
N = 0.989(0.99985)
2
0.99634 = 0.9851
M+1:
13
C
1
H
2
14
N +
12
C
1
H
2
H
14
N +
12
C
2
H
1
H
14
N +
12
C
1
H
2
15
N
=0.011(0.99985)
2
0.99634+20.9890.999850.000150.99634+0.989(0.99985)
2
0.00366
=0.01487
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 1,51%
i vi ion C
2
H
4
+
ta c:
M:
12
C
2
1
H
4
= (0.989)
2
(0.99985)
4
= 0.9775
M+1:
13
C
12
C
1
H
4
+
12
C
13
C
1
H
4
+
12
C
2
2
H
1
H
3
+
12
C
2
1
H
2
H
1
H
2
+
12
C
1
H
2
2
H
1
H +
12
C
2
1
H
3
2
H
= 0,02234
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 2,29%
Ch c CO
+
l tho mn bi.
Cc cacbua ca kim loi chuyn tip nh TiC c s dng rng ri trong vic ch to cc
cng c ct v khoan bi v n rt cng, chng n mn tt v c nhit nng chy cao. Ngoi nhng
tnh cht trn th titan cacbua cn c tnh dn in tt v iu ny khng ph thuc vo nhit chnh v
vy n rt quan trng trong cng nghip.
1) TiC c cu trc tinh th nh th no nu r(Ti
4+
) = 74,5 v r(C
4-
) = 141,5pm
TiC k thut c iu ch t TiO
2
bng phn ng kh vi cacbon. Bin thin entanpi ca phn
ng ny khng th c o trc tip c. Tuy nhin, nhit chy ca cc nguyn t cng nh ca TiC
c th o trc tip c. Nng lng lun lun khng i v khng ph thuc vo cch tin hnh phn
ng cho nn cc ga tr nhit ng ca phn ng c th tnh c.
2) Tnh bin thin entanpi ca phn ng: TiO
2
+ 3C TiC + 2CO
Bit:
f
H(TiO
2
) = -944,7kJ.mol
-1

f
H(CO) = -110,5kJ.mol
-1

f
H (TiC + 1,5O
2
TiO
2
+ CO) = -870,7kJ.mol
-1
.
Nm 1919, Born v Haber c lp tm ra ng dng ca nguyn l th nht nhit ng hc vo
s hnh thnh cht rn t cc nguyn t thnh phn. Bng cch ny ta c th c c nhng thng tin
chnh xc v nng lng mng li ca tinh th cht rn.
KCl ng hnh vi TiC v n kt tinh theo kiu mng ca NaCl.
3) S dng cc gi tr cho sn xy dng chu trnh Born Haber ca s hnh thnh KCl t cc
nguyn t v tnh nng lng mng li ca KCl.
Entanpi ca KCl: K
(r)
K
(k)
H
thng hoa
= 89kJ.mol
-1

Entanpi phn ly ca clo: Cl
2(k)
2Cl H
phn li
= 244kJ.mol
-1

i lc electron ca clo: Cl
(k)
+ e Cl
-
(k)
H = -355kJ.mol
-1
.
Nng lng ion ha ca kali: K
(k)
K
+
+ e H
ion ha
= 425kJ.mol
-1
.
Entanpi ca s hnh thnh KCl: K
(r)
+ 0,5Cl
2
KCl
(r)
f
H = -438kJ.mol
-1
.
BI GII:
1) r(Ti
4+
) /r(C
4-
) = 0,527 kiu mng tinh th ca NaCl.
2) TiC + 1,5O
2
TiO
2
+ CO
f
H = -870,7kJ.mol
-1
(1)
C + 0,5O
2
CO
f
H = -110,5kJ.mol
-1
(2)
Ly (1) 3(2) ta c: TiO
2
+ 3C TiC + 2CO
Nh vy ta tnh c
f
H = 539,2kJ.mol
-1
.
3 Chu trnh Born Haber ca s hnh thnh KCl:

K
+
(k)
+ Cl
-
(k)
KCl
(r)

K
+
(k)
Cl
(k)

K
(r)
0,5Cl
2(k)

Ta tnh c U
L
= -719kJ.mol
-1
.

Bc u tin ca cc phn ng quang ha hc l s hp th nh sng ca cc phn t. Mi lin
quan gia mt quang A ca dung dch cha phn t cht hp th vi nng mol C v dy ca
cuvet d c th hin bi nh lut Lambert Beer: A = lg(P
o
/P) = Cd : h s tt mol.
nh sng c th c coi nh l mt chm photon v mi photon c mang nng lng E = h
c
.
Vi h l hng s Planck, l bc sng nh sng chiu ti v c l vn tc nh sng:
Mt dung dch phm nhum c nng C = 4.10
-6
M c h s tt mol = 1,5.10
5
mol
-1
.L.cm
-1
.
Chiu nh sng xanh c bc sng = 514,5nm v cng sut P
o
= 10nW vo dung dch ny.
1. Hy tnh % nh sng hp th bi mu nu cuvet dy 1m.
2. Tnh s photon/s c hp th bi mu
U
L
H
ion ha

H
phn li

H
0,5H
phn li

f
H
S hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t l mt c th hp th cc photon c hiu qu nht
di iu kin l chiu sng thp (nh l cc t bo pin mt tri c th gi li c cc photoon trn
b mt). nhit phng, iu ny ph thuc vo din tch mt ct ngang ca phn t tip xc trc tip
vi nh sng. Nu bn tnh n t h s tt mol th hy hnh dung tt c cc phn t chu tc dng ca nh
sng u nm trn mt mt phng vung gc vi mt phng nh sng chiu ti.
3. Khu vc no c cc phn t chim gi?
4. Tnh hp th mol trn mt ct ngang ca phn t (
2
)
Phn ng quang ha xy ra trn hnh tinh ca chng ta ch yu l tng hp quang ha, phn
ng ny chuyn nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc. Mt photon c bc sng 680nm l
cn thit sinh ra 1 phn t ATP. Di cc iu kin sinh l th nng long nhn c l 59kJ/mol
ATP.
5. Hiu sut ca phn ng quang ha l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
1. A = Cd = 6.10
-5
P
o
/P =0,999862. y chnh l % ca photon tn ti trong mu, nh vy phn
trm photon c dung dch hp th l :
4
10 . 38 , 1 1

= =
o o
o
P
P
P
P P
hay 0,0138%
2. Da vo kt qa cu 1 ta c th tnh c P
hp th
= 1,38.10
-4
.10
-8
= 1,38.10
-12
J.s
-1
.
Nng lng ca mi photon l E = 3,86.10
-19
J
Vy s photon c hp th bi dung dch trong mi giy l: 1,38.10
-12
/3,86.10
-19
= 3,58.10
6

3. Hy hnh dung rng, tia laser chiu vo khu vc c din tch 1cm
2
ca dung dch phm nhum.
Chm tia sng i xuyn qua mt th tch l V = 1cm
2
.1m = 10
-7
L. S phn t c chiu x s
l:
N = C.V.N
A
= 2,409.10
11
.
Nu tt c cc phn t u c xp trn mt mt phng th mi phn t s chim mt din tch
l: S =1/2,409.10
11
= 4,15.10
-12
cm
2
hay 415nm
2
.
4. hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t l khu vc m mt phn t bt k c th gi
li c ton b photon chiu ti. Di cc iu kin th nghim th ch c 0,0138% nh sng
chiu ti b hp th bi mt phn t, nh vy = 1,38.10
-4
.4,15.10
-12
= 0,057nm
2
= 5,7
2
.
5. Nng lng ca mt photon c bc sng 680nm = 2,92.10
-19
J.
S tng hp quang ha nhn c 59kJ/mol ATP, iu ny dn n:
E
ATP
= 59.10
3
/6,022.10
23
= 9,80.10
-20
J/phn t ATP
Nh vy hiu sut ca phn ng s l: 9,80.10
-20
/2,92.10
-19
= 0,34 hay 34%

T khi nhng nh tin phong trong lnh vc nhn dng cc n phn t tin hnh cng vic t
u thp k 90 ca th k trc th lnh vc v vic s dng phng php hin vi pht hin cc n
phn t c khm ph v n nm trung gian gia ha hc v vt l. Ta s kho st vi phm nhum
cacboxianin 1-1-didodexyl-3,3,3,3-tetrametylindo-cacboxianin peclorat (dilC
12
). Trong th nghim
ny, phn t phm nhum c tri ra trn mt b mt mu v c nh v thng qua cc tn hiu pht
quang. Cu trc ca dilC
12
c cho di y:
N
CH
3
H
3
C
C
H
CH CH
N
H
3
C
CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
(CH
2
)
11
CH
3
CH
3
ClO
4
-

1. Xc nh phn no trong phn t diC
12
pht quang:
a) Vng benzen.
b) Mch dodexyl.
c) 4 nhm metyl gn nhn d vng.
d) Mch C-N lin kt vi hai vng benzen.
e) Ion peclorat.
T trng b mt ca mt phn t thng rt thp. Nu mun nhn dng chng nh l mt cht
pht quang di knh hin vi. Gi tr tt nht nhn dng l 10 phn t/m
2
.
10L ca mt dung dch dilC
12
trong metanol c nh xung mt tm thy tinh sch. Git ny
to thnh mt vng trn c ng knh 4mm.
2. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch cn thit nhn c ga tr 10 phn t/m
2
(i vi s tnh
ton chng ta c th gi s rng s vn chuyn ca phn t phm nhum t dung dch n mu
b mt do s bc hi ca dung mi l ng th trn ton b b mt thm t).
Mu c chiu x bi tia laser mu xanh He Ne c bc sng l 543,5nm. Nng lng kch
thch l va sao cho khu vc c chiu sng (ng knh 100nm) tip xc vi 3.10
10
photon/s.
3. Nng lng kch thch cn thit l bao nhiu?
S hp th trn mt ct ngang l mt thng s quang trng tnh ton cc tn hiu pht quang
pht ra n phn t. N c th c xem nh l khu vc hiu lc ca phn t m n c th hp th ton
b photon chiu ti. nhit phng, ga tr ny xp x vi kch thc ca phn t phm nhum.
4. Mt mu dilC
12
c chiu sng hp th 2,3.10
5
photon/s di cc iu kin c m t trn.
Tnh hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t dilC
12
(
2
). Bit rng trn khu vc c ng
knh 100nm th c chiu x mt cch ng b.
Hiu sut pht quang lng t (s photon pht quang trung bnh c sinh ra t cc photon b
hp th) l 0,7 i vi dilC
12
(7 photon pht quang c sinh ra trn tng s 10 photon hp th). Hiu
sut ca ngun pht quang l 20% trong iu kin th nghim ny (bao gm c s lc cho nh sng
n sc) v hiu sut nhn dng photon ca my d pht quang cng ngh cao l 55% (vt qua ngng
ca cc phn t pht quang).
5. Trung bnh c bao nhiu photon pht quang c d thy bi b d pht quang trong 10ms nu
mt phn t dilC
12
c nh v trong khu vc chiu sng?
Hnh nh pht quang c xy dng bng cch qut tc cao b mt chiu sng trn b mt
mu.
6. ng knh ca im pht quang ng vi mt phn t phm nhum s l bao nhiu? Chn cu
tr li ng.
a) Mt pixel.
b) 543,5nm
c) 100nm
d) 200nm
e) Xp x 1m
BI GII:
1) Phn t pht quang trong vng kh kin do s khng nh c ca cc electron trn h lin kt , nh
vy cu tr li ng l (4).
2) Mt vng vi ng knh 4mm bao quanh mt b mt c din tch S = r
2
= 1,26.10
-5
m
2

S nguyn t phm nhum trong khu vc ny l: 10/(10
-6
)
2
.1,26.10
-5
= 126.10
6

N c chuyn n b mt bi s bc hi ca 10L dung dch, nh vy nng ca n phi l:
(1,26.10
8
/10
-5
)/(6,022.10
23
) = 2,1.10
-11
mol.L
-1
.
3) Vi E = hc/ th nng lng ca mi photon l: E = 3,66.10
-19
J
Nh vy nng lng kch thch cn thit l: 1,1.10
-8
J.s
-1
= 11nW.
4) Trung bnh c c 10 phn t/L, nh vy 1 phn t s chim mt din tch S = 10
-13
m
2
.
Din tch ton khu vc chiu x = (50.10
-9
)
2
= 7,85.10
-15
m
2
nhn c 3.10
10
photon/s v khu vc
chim gi bi mt phn t s nhn c: 3.10
10
.10
-13
/(7,85.10
-15
) = 3,82.10
11
photon/s
Ch c 2,3.10
5
photon c hp th mi giy nn khu vc m hp th photon s l:
= 6.10
-20
m
2
hay l 6
2
.
5) Mt phn t dilC
12
hp th 2,3.10
5
photon/s th nh vy s photon pht quang s l 161.10
3

photon/s.
Da vo hu sut d th kt qa s l: N = 0,2.0,55.161.10
3
= 17710 photon d c/s.
Trong khong 10ms th s photon d c s l 177 photon.
6) Mi im trn khu vc c chiu x ca mu c tip xc vi cng mt s lng photon/s (chiu
sng ng b). Mt phn t m c nh v trung tm ca im th s nhn c nhiu photon
hn l n bt k mt im no khc ca im chiu x. Do khu vc chiu x c qut nhanh nn
phn t s tr nn c mu, thi gian c mu cng nhiu khi n bn trong khu vc chiu sng. y
chnh l l do ti sao cc im pht quang ca mt phn t lun c mt kch thc nh nhau v bng
vi khu vc chiu sng. Nh vy p n ng l cu c.
Electron trong phc ca st vi hemoglobin c th c xc nh nh trong mt h m
electron di chuyn t do nh trong hp th hai chiu. Da vo m hnh ny th nng lng ca electron
s c tnh bi cng thc:

Vi h = 6,63.10
-34
J.s (hng s Planck), n
x
v n
y
l nhng s lng t chnh; m
e
= 9,11.10
-31
kg

l
khi lng ca electron, L l chiu di ca hp th.
1. Xy dng cc mc nng lng ch ra mi quan h gia 17 obitan thp nht.
2. Cho phn t c cha 26e, xc nh s electron ca obitan b chim c mc nng lng cao nht
trng thi c bn.
3. p dng quy tc Hund cho h ny, cho bit n l thun t hay nghch t.
4. nh sng c hp th ch khi iu kin E = h c tho mn. Nu chiu di L ca hp th
hai chiu l 1nm, Hy tnh bc sng di nht m c th xy ra trng thi kch thch. Cho
bit c = 3,00.10
8
m/s.
BI GII:
1) Ta c:
E
1,1
= 2E
0

E
1,2
= E
2,1
= 5E
0

E
2,2
= 8E
0

E
1,3
= E
3,1
= 10E
0

E
2,3
= E
3,2
= 13E
0

E
1,4
= E
4,1
= 17E
0

E
3,3
= 18E
0

E
2,4
= E
4,2
= 20E
0

E
3,4
= E
4,3
= 25E
0

E
1,5
= E
5,1
= 26E
0

Vi E
o
= h
2
/8mL
2

2) 4e
3) Nghch t.
4) Bc sng di nht xy ra s kch thch l E = (25 20)E
o
.
Vi E
o
= (6,63.10
-34
)/(8.9,11.10
-31
.(1.10
-9
)
2
) = 6,02.10
-20
J
Nh vy E = (25 20)E
o
= 3,01.10
-19
J
= 606nm
Hu ht cc nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon u c nhiu hn 1 ng v. Khi lng
nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c tnh ton da trn mi quan h v thnh phn ca cc ng v. V d:
Khi lng nguyn t ca clo xp x 35,5 bi v hm lng ca
35
Cl gn gp 3 ln so vi
37
Cl. Trong
ph khi lng, thay cho khi lng phn t trung bnh th ta nhn c pic khi lng ca cc ng v
(
35
Cl: 75,77%;
37
Cl: 24,23%;
12
C: 98,9%;
13
C: 1,1%;
79
Br: 50,7%;
81
Br: 49,3%). Cc ng v rt c
ngha trong vic phn tch nh lng bng phng php ph khi lng.
1) c thi gian duy tr th t l ca cc ion M v M + 2 c s dng trong vic phn tch nh lng
2,3,7,8 tetraclo dioxin (2,3,7,8 - TCDD) bng phng php sc k - khi ph l t l tiu chun. Tnh t
l l thuyt ny.
Chiu cao ca cc mnh ng v (cng ) c th c pht hin bng cch s dng cng thc
sau: (a + b)
n
vi a l hm lng tng i ca ng v nh, b l hm lng tng i ca ng v nng
v n l s nguyn t clo c mt.
2) Ion phn t thng c chn trong php phn tch nh lng. Cng ca ion phn t cn c
sa li nu tn hu b gy nhiu bi cc hp cht khc. Trong php phn tch cc nguyn t khng phi
halogen vi khi lng phn t l 136 th ion phn t c chn trong php phn tch nh lng. Hy
ngh mt biu thc ton hc hu chnh c tn hiu ca ion phn t nu cht phn tch c cng
thi gian duy tr nh n - butylbromua.
BI GII:
1) 0,77
2) Tn hiu hiu chnh = (m/z 136tn hiu) - 1,03(m/z 138 tn hiu)
Mt s i lng vt l c th o c, nu c th cho kt qa s th c th dn n sai s. Sai s
tiu chun c nh ngha bi biu thc:
=
2 2
> < > < G G
Vi G l ga tr ring ca hng s vt l o c; <G> l tr trung bnh ca G; <G
2
> l ga tr
trung bnh ca G
2
. Ga tr tng bnh ca <G> v <G
2
> c th nhn c bng cch o lp li nhiu ln
khi thc hin cng mt php o xc nh i lng G. nh ngha ny c th p dng c cho c l
thuyt c in v l thuyt lng t. hai v d lin quan n vic xc nh lch tiu chun , mt l
da vo tinh cht ca phn t kh v hai l s dng hp th mt chiu s c a ra di y:
1) Phn b tc ca cc phn t kh nh l mt hm ca nhit c th c m t bi phng trnh
sau (Phn b Maxwell - Boltzmann):
=
RT
M
RT
M
F
2
v
exp
2
v 4 ) v (
2
2 / 3
2

Vi v l tc ca phn t, M l khi lng ca phn t. T l nhit tuyt i v R l hng s kh.
Tnh tc trung bnh <v> v lch tiu chun
V
hay s phn b tc ca phn t O
2
300K (O
2
=
32g/mol, R = 8,31J.K
-1
.mol
-1
).
2) Gi s mt ht chuyn ng theo phng x c chun ha di dng hm sng:

2 / 1 2
)] 2 / exp( ) 2 / 1 [( x = ; x

Tnh chuyn dch trung bnh <x> v lch tiu chun
x
sau khi x i c mt qung ng kh
di.
3) Trong c hc lng t, momen ca ht trong hp th mt chiu cso th c xc nh nh sau:
p=
dx
d ih
2
vi h l hng s Planck. Tnh momen trung bnh <p> v lch tiu chun
p
vi tiu phn
c hm sng c m t cu 2.
4) Tnh bt nh v v tr v momen ca ht
x
p
vi cc d kin cho trn.
Mt s biu thc tch phn:
+ +

=
0
2 / 1
1 2 1
2 2
2
) 1 2 ( 5 3 1
) exp(
n n
n
a
n
dx ax x

+
+
=
0
1
2 1 2
2
!
) exp(
n
n
a
n
dx ax x vi n = 0,1,2,3
BI GII:
1) Tc trung bnh:

= =
= >= <
0 0
1 2 3
2
2 / 3
10 . 45 , 4
8
2
exp
2
4 ) ( ms
M
RT
dv v
RT
Mv
RT
M
dv v vF v

lch tiu chun
V
:

= =
= >= <
0 0
1 5 4
2
2 / 3
2
10 . 33 , 2
3
2
exp
2
4 ) ( ms
M
RT
dv v
RT
Mv
RT
M
dv v vF v

V
= 1,87.10
2
ms
-1

2) To trung bnh:

+

+

=
= >= < 0
2
exp
2
1
*
2
dx
x
x dx x x

lch tiu chun
x
:

+

+

=
= >= < 1
2
exp
2
1
*
2
2 2 2
dx
x
x dx x x

x
= 1

3) Momen trung bnh:

+

+

= =
>= < 0
2 4
2
*
2 /
2
dx
ihxe
dx
x
h
i p
x

lch chun
p
:
+

=
>= <
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
16 4
*
h
dx
x
h
i p

p
= h/4
4)
x
p
= h/4
IV. OLYMPIC HA HC CC QUC GIA TRN TH GIi:
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong cc cht sau, cht no khng to lin kt hydro vi nc:
a) NH
3

b) HF
c) CH
3
OH
d) CH
3
CH
3

BI GII: cu d
Lin kt to thnh gia hai nguyn t c cu hnh electron ha tr l 2s
2
2p
5
s thuc loi lin kt:
a) Ion
b) Cng ha tr
c) Kim loi
d) Cng ha tr khng phn cc.
BI GII: cu d
Rutherford ch ra rng mu nguyn t ca Thomson l sai kh bn cc ht vo l vng mng
th:
a) Rt nhiu ht i qua l vng.
b) a s ht b lch i
c) Mt s ht b lch i hoc bt tr li.
d) Mt s ht b chuyn ha thnh nguyn t heli
BI GII: cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 1999 (Vng 4):
1) Ht nhn
80
Ge c tnh cht phng x v phn r cng vi s gii phng ra cc tia . Ht nhn no s
hnh thnh trong qa trnh ny?
2)
148
Gd l cht phng x , ht nhn no s c to thnh?
3) Ch c 4 ng v bn: 204, 206, 207 v 208. Mt trong s l sn phm cui cng ca mt dy
phn r bt u t
235
U. Hy gii thch l ng v no ca ch?
4) Trong qa trnh cu 3 th c bao nhiu phn r ?
5) Bi trong t nhin ch gm c ht nhn
209
Bi. Ngi ta bn ph n bng cc ht . Qa tnh ny gii
phng hai ntron. Hi ht nhn no hnh thnh?
Nm 1988, tm khn lim Turin ni ting c nghin cu bng phng php phng x cacbon.
Trong khi cng phng x ca mt gam cacbon ly t cc c quan sng l 735 phn r trong mt gi
th 1g cacbon ly t tm khn lim cho thy hot tnh l 677 phn r trong mt gi. Thi gian bn hy
ca
14
C l 5570 nm.
6) Tnh tui ca tm khn .
BI GII:
1)
80
As
2)
144
Sm
3)
207
Pb v 235 207 = 28 (7 phn r )
4) 4 phn r
5)
211
At.
6) Khong nm 1327
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
Cu hnh electron trng thi c bn ca Al
3+
l:
a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
c) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
d) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
e) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
3s
2
.
BI GII: cu c
232
Th
90
chuyn ha thnh
208
Pb
82
sau mt lot phn r anpha v beta. Hi c bao nhiu phn r
anpha v beta?
Anpha Beta
A. 3 2
B. 4 8
C. 5 2
D. 6 4
E. 8 8
BI GII: cu b
Phn t no c cc nguyn t nm trong cng mt mt phng?
1. NH
3
.
2 XeF
4
.
3. SF
4
.
4. ICl
4
-

a. 1,2 v 3
b. 2 v 3
c. 3 v 4
d. 2 v 4
e. Tt c u ng.
BI GII: cu d
Da vo thuyt lin kt ha tr hy cho bit s lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong phn t
XeF
2
.
a) sp
3

b) sp
c) dsp
3

d) d
2
sp
3

e) sp
2
.
BI GII: cu c
Tnh bc sng ca nh sng cn thit c th phn ly nguyn t brom. Bit E
Br-Br
= 193kJ/mol
a) 6,19.10
-7
m
b) 1,03.10
-30
m
c) 1,98.10
-28
m
d) 1,93.10
-12
m
e) 1,25.10
-8
m
BI GII: cu a
Nhng phn t no sau y c cc:
1) NH
3

2) AsF
3

3) CHCl
3

4) BeF
2

5) SnCl
4

a) 1, 2 v 3
b) 1 v 3
c) 2, 3 v 4
d) 2, 4 v 5
e) Tt c
BI GII: cu a
Nguyn t no c bn knh ln nht?
a) As
b) Br
c) P
d) S
e) Se
BI GII: cu a
Trong nhng nm u tin ca th k 19 th John Dalton lit k mt lot cc khi lng
nguyn t. Mt trong s l vic xy dng nguyn t lng ca amoniac. Bng cch gi thit khi
lng ca hydro l 1 th ng c th tnh c cng thc ca amoniac. Nhng ng ng nhn rng
cng thc phn t ca amoniac l NH. Vy khi lng nguyn t ca amoniac m ng xc nh l
bao nhiu?
a) 2
b) 5
c) 14
d) 16
e) 42
BI GII: cu b
Trong cc cht sau th cht no c nhit si nh nht:
a) NH
3

b) H
2
O
c) C
3
H
8

d) (CH
3
)
2
O
e) CH
4
.
BI GII: cu e

Cấu tạo chất

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cấu tạo chất

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I.

OLYMPIC HA HC VIT NAM:

H-F. Trong HF rn cc phn t H-F lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt hidro to thnh

You might also like