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tR rT 8i ®LW et 6isr U.{fP t8 rn fJ lLJ rn LUJ ®L Lb et ~.!J)J r;;fiJ rfJ UJ W Ct u tt ~, tEromCf 6T~U~ lL<imLUJ fiTWU(i(j)~tLfLh, :?LfiIDLUJ 67~Ui!J ®LLD 6T rm U m {h lL/ W {D@6lJ 8J W [D ~ us CJi tt ~ 8). IE Ir B>@)LW 6T r;;frr jJ)J Q{ljrrm8)UJfTliJ JEltb®W (lUff!!JlW {Cn- 6T6lrU/!Jl (Q$VfT a;®WJ {b®W) IlL ~ L UJ 6T 6ifr @1.lI ~ G'J c!F fT 6iJ ~ 6U (l UJ ~ QJ rr til JffJ m 6lJ UJ tt GiJ {li@cOlJW. ~6iJ6Urr8>8irrGiJ, 6lJ~GfDW 6T~~W G1~fTm(fj @JrrJ;U;(IJJ~i)6iJ !9rrru 6T 6ifr ~J W et @ 6lJ tt til cff).J eu rt til {EI m 6lJ UJ IT 6iJ 6lJ C!!J 65J a-, 8i U U L tt 6m LD Birr rorfM ai. a-- fT iJ fhroM' LDfJ i> ~{lj Q QJ LL!J-~ rr Glir 61 m- Ua {h @UJ6iJ u tt ~ :9iu5J@mr;r (!jJ~£OUJIT fh6l5l~, uxt iJm~# CTIT ~fh61rr 6TGirUgu ~® UUJ~ (gIDfT ci;§JUJ (ljJ~{!J wrrtbfIJfT@jw. s tt fhfhm Wr;T iJ6(i)~ 6TWUi)6iJ stt ~~~ Vir ~ U.gu 4iT@QJfT'4W, LDr;r iJ~ 1f> et ~ u .1til 6T@(jj}jIT uS! ~ Q;!lJ IT ySlrn6lJ UJ 6ID L 9J m- {1J Q r!F UJ U U ([;1 G U IT ® 6fT rr ILJ W rOT rill ffiHi~ LiJ ~ 5rf) UJ lLJ G us tr , dP/riuffiJ6MGLD uu) ~~~# IF rr ;iJ'73W 6TG7u U@ ~ ill @6tr)lL1tLfLb.

6lJ!h{l} a:fT~fhGtr LDa;~ 67~W1~ Q{hrTLrfJGiJ 6lJ~~ 6T~Ufl)l LD8"JfiiIDWth {lJ@6>.fwrru5}w, ~o~.tYJ @6mLUt5i!D6l1(J6V 6TrOMU QUfT gu65JUJroJ6i; (] 6lJ {l5J 6V ci> en rom LD rr 8i 4 an. flJ U U @ {h ~ fiifg {oF ~ rn L_ 9; a CJi 6lJ IT r7J tt ® ill. 6J {iJ J5! 6M, Q U tt :ffJl ~ UJ ~ m- Bn.!J)J W @6l5> L U OJ {D 6lJ IJ fiiJ r!Fn. {6J UJ gu

•• • • • •

CFn_£D'iDfT UJaJ ®£DtD {D fljffil0!>LD.

'8i~1) UJfTy! d!JIwuSl uSlfhuu' 6TGNUt[U Q,g:,uUJL@jrf}UJ QLDrrySl uur {b.f!)J u Q u rr (!!j6TrG sutett IT ~6l5Iw, ~ /lJl6lJ W FF6"hT 6"tf)L_Q; (] 8i6lJ IT /!iI.

~riiJ~OlJ/Jj)iWw {lj@fDl/QtjjrTLrT PiYJfT /JGJ#jfTLrT a;L@ @6U48i~u Q u tt ®#3 tv (!jJrmr ~ LD u5l ~ (ilf) (8) ~ 61T G UJ @W8; a; rom LD tt 9) 8; QairroTrQJrT.

.

urr6lJrr6m"IT

13

Compound words (Q~ITLrt QWfTyS/r!1i6lr) are subdivided into two classes:

I. Unrelated ({ljfPrr~Q{hfTLrt) or those in which the simple words are not connected together by any grammatical relation. (These have been also caned juxta .. positional).

II. Related, (rfh(gJ6lJ Q~rrLrT) or those in which there is some grammatical relation between the component words.{These have been also called syntactical.) (Nesfield: Book IV)

U@f4WTfT~@j Q~rrLrt 8j6'lf)~Lb ~(gJ6l/GfhrrL®Lh ~Y;fT />G;)rtJITL®w IL6lhfTGJ L6kT.f!)J !D ~ ~ Q)(T fr Qa;(f 6iliT '4-®LJlS) ~ I ~ m {h ~ ® ~~ 8: @!,~~ fJ ~il6U Q)/G1T riil9J (ii{fHilJ~~ (!!ju U fTC: IJ UJcofir {l5J I ~~~m~ ~tiJiJ /!J./6m'fr6'6J{b®w WUJ9>8idJi'cb®w ~L~ {h~iJ[frrlr 6T6M8l. ("Qa:~ {ljuSJ~# Q<FwG5I" wLffiJa;GU 1936)

!b6lDW~QDL

tJh ~ y; Q r!1i IT rom- (£I aCT fD 6iJ I t!F Ih ~ 6M ~ {Ii ~ y;> rfh 8i tt Q {lj ~.!J)J UJ !f)J ~ {!j 6iJ , ~fiID y;> 6T i) rt {!j6V I ~~ Y; 6J tbt5J j,{lj6iJ I {lj6ID y;; 65J (jJ)U LJ ~r;r ~;2iGi> (yJ{!j6l5l UJ d!).JaJuQ u tt (jJ)rorr .:!J fXf>{D8j6lr W8;r!h6lr ®{T5J <§~ @~01Ju5JGiJ ~~Y;ILJ GIDL ~~{iJ~®~~~~ci> r!1ifTL@W.

{lj 66) ~ lLJ m L u_1I rotfr tS1 r;,ir LlJ '7 6lf rfJ UJ tr m L ~ 6tfCffI UJ U u L__ L.t!J . WIJ6ljrfJa,®# flmfJ 6T6irr.f!)J QUUJrT. ~uGlUUJGfJ g~Q), ClfFmQ) 6TW/J $Irf1~~ ~~ f!)J U(!!J1h$lUJrTroIDL61f>UJc9; @jp5Ja,~~!Dt!V. (Qorr6iJ. 19)

.

Jb6TTLD

•

~61TLO-"6\)

•• ••

~r;;rr - ~rotTLD = ~lJ1-" c:!PIUl-uUfJULf·

Jj)$f>!D@) 6lJL6lJrT a>fTL@W 6iv~® 6T6ir~Lb e!:P~w Qurr®Jhtvrr6mw 8jfT~ Ch. 6iu~® = fil~.!J)J.

fi} rfh.!J)J 6T <OAr ~ W Q ~ 6MQ c!F tt &iJ c: 6U r S tre W 6T 6irT ~ Lb ~!/fiJ UJ su # Qa=rr!b®w oiuii® 6"T6irr~ Lb 6lJLQ~rr tb®w eyJ6lJLDrr ~/J G'J {hrfJ~6irT [Dfbl· (QJ.6lJ: 174).

~Jb!tll<Bi>~

~L6lJrt dPI~lJu5Jru ~ UIDL" UJ6tfCfflUjl.b (yJal[D. (1) a;.{b{T5JJi 8iL@~~,

(2) {Drr JJ)J UfTtiJ#~J; 8iL_@~6U/

erea fi;JC!!J6lI6])8j. ~6iJ~ fJ~@Lb fliu5'l y>®rnLUJrmG6lJ. ~~Ir rJhrT J!)J urrtiJJ:~J; 8lL_@~ru ~rflUJ QI!p8;8iW 6T67JT8; 8j@§JJ§J~!Dwfr. ~ffJl

~6lJjJ)J.

14

.pjfT Jf)J U {TllieF ~ 8; a;L_@{!jiWr!i;® QP{h @mruuufT(J;J a QJ~@ Lb. d)/(i6)..,11, (1) QW6UQJrrrnL,

( 2) u rue: Gll.[[)J Q LDtll u5l UJ 8;8iW I ( 3) ruJ ~fiiM Q)} fii6) fJ fiilJ '

6T~LJ~. u@jfilrm-rr@)Jw uL_liI-~rr@)JLb Q~tiJUJUULL Qw4ilJ '6lJ rr ~ L, @)f76lJrr{b.!J).J8> (J; tr Q) ~ i'tb ® (!:p v;U au {D u5J ~ rr ~ ~ [b.2!Jl 6lJ {h1fjw fr. lLY;)(ol/, cro_~!!», au tt fr (IjJ<jjG6l UJ Q ~rr yS1 Q;8itDYr U 6U6lJ 6ID 8i a. L t.b u m CF fii6) eu lLJ W 6'6J (if){J Ih;'h Q e: Q) ~HilJ UJ W 8J@Qf6tf) y;> U a> U lLJ Lb C86lJGfu@Gl/rii5T. ~;2j6lJ fT6lJ, c!)JQJ (b(itf) flJc!F Q CF ~m6lJUJ fTtiJ# Q CF til rf!jrjJ«!JiJ ~fT !f)JurrtiJ#UJ8i 9)L:_@~~ @~¢1UJrnLDlUrr~.:!J. @®!b{lJ6'6lL~~ ro6I ®[tJ ~Q 8irr rdM@ Q {Da: QJ fT 67fI ~6ir c: 6lI LllI-6'ID UJ # 8i [b [!SI a-, CT.,LllJ-$ Q s. tt ~ LtJ- ® 9; 8i 6lJ rr w. ~ u5J 6irr, Q)J m r;r {ij@UJ r!u ® tb a Gl1 L_ rn L ci; 8irrcr~w, Clurrfr QCFtlltLJW LD[D6lJ~WJ {DLr§ Qa:tUlLfriiJ 8iLi>~~}Lh, {!j tt jJ)J u tr u:ui: 8!J 8:, a; LLfT LD oiJ {!j w Q {D tr yS16m GUcF Q CF til UJ C!:P llJ- UJ tt ~. 8ifTtOV r!FL6IDLlLJth a:6lJ6lJL(YJl.b (Drawers, ~~r;r r!i;aJrr{b CTL~L) u 6li6r fiWJ L8; <!Ii fT fiUfij@ 6l5J 6lJ~ 6lJ.

~fT .!J)JurruJ#~8; 8iL®~GiJJ

(1) GwrrLmLii{hfT!f)JJ

(2) 6l}LL$h{ljfT.!!)J,

(3) 6lJfT6V fhfT!f)J,

6T tffi e_yJGlIrn <!Ii, Q LDfT L6lf) Li; {!irT {D rTtiill.f!JJ I 8i{b pSl iJJl w a Q/ LllJ-m UJ ~ i)ml}" <$./!l11 (!j>YJffil <!lifT {b®8i Y!~ uS!@j@UJ rrliJ ~GiJGlJ ~ ~® ~ pSI ~ W G es L_ '+- c;, flJ tt ffil t$ tt {lj U IJ1- (!:P m LJ £D (yJ!h@rn UJ ~ wiJ 6U .gJ ~ Lq- U UfTrfh/JroID{D @(!9ChfTtD®u5J6mLClUJ urrtiJJ:§:Ju tJJ~~fT6U @jJ)Ja;# Q8"®@j~6i>. <OlJLL~~rTfDrr6lJ~: 9® 4{D (yJ~@~UJ8; 8)~8;a;rr~ QJroID(J @®aJfT§.Ww wr;;m!DUJ~ Q~fTffiJ8)6l1JL_(JJ, LDjJQ[!JrT(!!J Lf{D(!p{hil~UJ @®8irrtb®u5J~LalU urrtiJ#g]u UJ~WrT6iJ @J!)J9J8: Qc!F®®~~. 6lI tt 6iJ;fJ tr {D rr <OlJ /lU : QJ L L ~ 1D tt tb Q {D rr@ UJ 6irr ~ tr GiJ QJ tt ru rofiJ L ® 8; 8iL(EJ~61JrrL.b. @~ ~tb~[D QJrrGi.J~rr.J!)J: @f7L_~L 6l1rrGiJ~rr.f!)J 6T~ @@QJmCJ)uu@w. C!:J>~U~8i~j;J6l5I®JhtpJ f)® ~~ (ljJthi)~UJ WL@W t5J fiiirT rm rr [b G'J CJ) tt rdJrr (fj1 G u tt til @ L t!t c!Ji tr tb u 8; a; a us ~ Lb eu VilJ 8i 8i tr {b

U 8; 8) G LD WI W !D (j;l G6J c: su ~ ib GlI tt rob G5J L (JJ a= Q CF ([9 ® GlJ f!Jl ~ tb 6ID tv 6lJ tt 6U{lJrT 9)1 <iiTWU rJ!jrT Lb. @® flY;; (!JJIhilmUJtLJ LiJ (!p~C;u tt [b Q 8irn;~T([;1 au rnil 6lJ6lJc!ii8>rr {b u 8;8jW §)W-.J!)J tb @Lc$Chrrtb u 8;e;Q LDrrm !f)J WfT 8i @®QJfT6V ~L_@# Qa:(!!j(c!!)6lJf!jJ @'7L6mL QJfTGlJ1DfT.!J)J fiT~U~fTw. Q LD tt L m L ~ ;'D fT Jb.Jl)l9;@!J Jlj fT ar «5 (yJfj) (lJJ W, 6lJ L__ L~ 1D tt tb.!J)J J;@j !Bfi,f[J (}JJtPcYJth, QJ IT 6iJ ~rr [iJjJ)J 5,@j ~ (yJtp(y)w, ~ mL GQJ6lilfr@th. @m6ll, C!fJ fIW) CD e: UJ, t§> roM p9 Q w tt m- gu wi' u u tr fii5T ~6lJ. ~ fh6U rt 6i> I

•

UJT6lnrQUTIT

15

dliG1J6lJrTU Gun ~wa;8J@!JL.b C1iGlJ6lJfTU GU(!9Wr9>8i@!JW Ch£D!D Q u (!!jLDB>a;~t.b {j}ru tDrn flJ, (yJ~!DC:UJ, 6IDaiUJ rr6ir eu rt. {j}/!)J Q "fT ~ jJ)J Q~fTL._L QJ~a-,8iW.

aiGlJ6lJ tt u Q U tr f!Jl LD8;8)ro1r G) U@WU tt §JJJ ill ~6lf) YJ i.J u rr6'1fJ 8)~ tt {!j 6l5J~, UJ f;1 U 4 G 6lJ6ffl LfT 6i5) LJ) c: UJ tr @ !!L rn lP U 4 6l.J IF j;/ILJ tb Q ustt L fi"6) Li> r$J tt [b ~ tD c: UJ .d!)I 6llfT a-, ®rfJ UJ ~ tt J; ® Lb. W!l 8; c!J)LD tt tiJ 651 ~i~Hi~TQ ~ uj fL/ ill flLfiIDy>uurr61fJ8iGTr, UJ!DUUfT8) ZLy_J6lJ!T, QLDfTLQIDLiJ{hf1[b .ff)JmLlLJw uSl~8jQUJm8; c!h®~ tErt#g~6V (C:<!hfTQJGWw) QUJrrwC:fD UJ~thf!Jl 6l1J fW)fiiMQ c!F uJ6lJ rt.

5T 6lJ 6lJ ()6) lIJ1:j 4 G"BJ 6'G) 6M m UllLf W 11§!18; 8i W rr uj,# Q 5 til UJ (!j>6m ~ uS! ~ , ~ 6'ID fJ UJ tt ~ L 6'G) UJ {j}.!J)J BiB; Bi LlJ]-a-, Q 8i tt ritr 611 ~ LDfT [i, 1fj!T @UJ GlJ LJ·

•

dJI {hfiill" tr GlJ ,

@«f QutiJQJW 6T6i'rf!lJW fj)@ 6lJ{b(§~ GJ/bIiJ6lJW Wlq..fb!P!!)Itb fbrr«r(!IJ,rb PgJlW. (®JDm. 1023)

5T rill .ff)J f Q ~ tiJ 6lJ ~ iJ ~ c: to ~ W {!j tb J!)J ® j, {D 67i)GlJ OJ tb p5J,9; an_{l5J 10M IT rt ~ (!!JQJ6Tr@!>QJrt. ~(!!j 6l1J Gro6GT 6IDUJ (!JJfiitf)~!6fbJ Ga:uJ6lJ fJ{iJ(!!j ~6lJ)t;r u1J6iJ ~ m L_ fiilf) UJ {j}.!J)J 8> ~ 8; a; L._ '-9- ~ tt ru LD L_ (£J w G U tt fh fT f!Jl : 8! y; U urrti.h~~u.I'!iJ 8iLL C:QJ~@w.

{!jtb.!!ll®~{hQ6lJ~~W {ljrT ff)J U rnu#5J4 8>L__(f;J~ G)~oo~w ?)wG{D. {!j!J)J '!56lJ - {j} J!)J C1)c$ 8iL@ ~ 6i> dP/6UfitJ fPl f!L@ ~.:f!Jl $liGU. {htD.JJ)J (f;1 u u gu ~rr.f!)l. (c!pfl)ffi"lm6lJ tE~L QrpifTy;JfiVfT(;!!) QUUJrr). {!j.[pl-{hfT.[!)J. ~.af1jrr.: {j} Jl)J - IOT-.!J)J, ZL.!J)J - !,;!§1J.!J)J.

{D.!J)J a-, 8)~ ~.pjroiJ:

(1) ~_fii5~T6lJUQ U tt ®w @.DJl®{h6lJ,

(2) ~m~ ~rob6l)./!lI LIm, a;rruJ/J.{!JlUGufT~6iJ, (3) uYlffiJ a;6isrp5JuC:UfT{h6U.

fiilly;J !I>(i6) L8>®9> 8nL, a;.tb#8i a;L@QJ~W1Lb .pifT J!)JUrTuJ<!I Ula; a;L_@~a6lJ 6lJ<!Fi)UJrrw~: .d!)Iv;V6lJrr c$a;rroU, a;rr6U fhL@w, (6)JL(JiIW:

~~ UJ~®WI fily;JllJw.

lil.(!JJ.3000 ~6i6r@a;L@j(Ip~ (!w6WfT@a;6'1f16iJ ~~ Q[!jtUUJUUL Gl1} 6iJ 6ID 6V Q UJ W .fl)J W , {j} f/> iI UJ tt 6lJ1 ~ Gil c: !D bJ {b J!)J ill i) UJ IT u5J tb Q[lJm.!J)Jw, 6lJUJ61JlT r!Frr~ LDfTrTa:6iJ (Sir John Marshal1) an.f!)J~~{lJrrfr. {j}{!j[iJ@jU iF rrr;;irr {DfT 8), u (!!J~~'4 LiJ u «t!>ar w tlJ~ '4 W u tb {!5J 1LI {!juS! fpu Q UUJ rt aim {j}~.Jl)J W (! LD6'lfT fT(fj)8i6lfJ 6iJ QJ !J>riu (t!!j8;},oM fD6W.

U6irr6MGU - u®i>i!

L. Punnus - Cotton.

It. Panno - Cloth.

16

Qa;rTLG5>Lt Qc!fjrTLLrTW. - U<§8i.

Ar. Qutun, It Cotone. Fr. Coton, E. Cotton.

u®i>i'u u<§6m~r!i Qa>rrLGmLGJUJm-!)JW G18irrLLfTGww.!J)Jt..D 8n_!J)J 6lJ gJ Qpj6U6"G'>6l.) [DIT L@ QJ ~8i@j.

E. Calico - Cotton Cloth.

LD 6ID GlJ UJ IT etr (U tp r§ c: CF tr) [D tt L_ (£J ~ ffJl6"G'> fD CYJ<!h ffiJ en@!JGrr §16M {D fT ~ c: 8j fT y)I Jj c: 8) fT L_ liI- 6l5J ® th f!)I 6J {b l!)J LD iJ UJ tr ~ !!J1 ~ ~ rliJ @QJ ~ iJ biJ , c!fj tt 66J 8; a c!fj tr ' 6T ~ U U LL,ffJ . 'a r!h{T yS/8i c: 8i fT (£J , @rn-Jl)J 8j Gtr 61f/ 8;

(]8)fTLmL fiT~ LD(!!j65J 6lJy>ffiJ®§JWflJ411. @Lb We!§lL. (Calicut 6T~~W) ~riil8:JfiUU QUUJfr @Jl1J-mQ/~ ~(gJ(oiJUJ§J:

u~mL GLD~rrL._L_rrrt ~fiiIDL6"mUJ# artbp5J4 CJiL_4-ffiaIJUJcO&r¢l;j, ~ (iJ.!J)J @;iJ $I ro5T ffi7 6iJ 6G) 6V . ~. (!JJ. e!P eu tt uSJ IJ W ~ rnrr @ 8) L ® Ll/JJ rm ~ ~~ UJ tt 6"5J {b Lf (c!!jrh~ C8Q/ ~ ~rfI UJ rt t ~ @LDfT@ G LDuJ8>®W (Y)6lJ6"IDfiU [b rr 8> rfJ a;~6"6) ~ a UJ dPI rn L [6 ~ (!!j{6 ~~fiiaT tt GiJ, ~ 6lI (!!J tb Q LDruQ) rr ~ L tOl» UJ ~ ~ {b jJ)J (j)J fh j;J UJ gu u5] 6iJ 61Sl6lJ : ~ t& !P tT au rr {b c!fj(61))UJUJfTtilu u Q.) ~~ /Du5JGiJ g}_((ilf)y>j,~f!d uS) QJ61J)(il).

~ a; c: QJ I {Ii tt J!)J U tt til,9: 51 a; 8) L_ ®;9j GiJ Q ~ tt 6kr .ff)J Q ~ tt LL_ ~ uSJ !i){; 6lJ YJ8iC: 8/;" UJW gjJ W, ~ ~rn ~ 8; @j{l5lJi@jc§ Q c!FrTGiJ §W Lb :fPITUJ {!juS! {pJ:

Q c!F tr rue: 60(;) UJ61rr !!)J W I 1..5117 rr LDfii6lfT It 8jL_@ LD u @ja:CJ)#a: (!:p LD ~ uS! y> rt {!j {iJ jJ)J @ ~ {EJ fi6l6irr (] fill .!J)J U rr (] L Q UJ ~ .ff)J W, Q ;'h {b GJ !D w:i> Q fli rf] ~.:!ll Q c!hfTW s: (Q fliw {DGU)

!fj6irr6lJT6UL616lJr6IDLDUJrr6b 6la;rff;TrQJ)B) ~6TTurrQDLD

fj>(!!j61}(T {h6M row 6ViJ~row tr GiJ Q c!1JfT fii1r rna; ~G1T rT (OJJ ~ t1J d!J.I 0 't,@r;;lrrromUJUJ rrGlJ 1L67j)[lJ~f!)/ t5J{bU~W, fiK!:!>5,8jW 0!)6VW LDtJDW r$L._@ (!JJ~~UJ U6lJ ~~{D 8ltOtfl ~ ill aicdlrr CTn.LrT 5J8:, r!h{n;;w ~c: {DfT Lb. 6T [!;9j8J Q 8)fT <01r 6"5>rfJim UJtLf t..h

g?_!!)1 iJ UJ tt 8)8; 8J 5m LU tS! 111- 8>9/:3 6lJ Ciiffl@wrr u5l ro- I ~ 6M 6aT 6V u5l ® ~ ~ GiJ &LrTfM· Q8JfT6Tr~a;QUJffifD.ffJJ @fiu®u Glurr §J{D6lJ8; G)a;rTGtrmaiGIDlU.

~ 6ro ~ u5JGfrr rnLD65> lLJ IlJfiim rt ~fblL1J 6l1l [J IT sub rOT 6M W/W 6lJ L Q s: IT fiiutii6lrffi ~rflUfT® QUUJ[JrTW ({h~$J~fTtt{hWfTW) 6~Hi'1JlJfTr$$}UJW 67~WLb Q a: fTa, G6J LfT U t5J '4-rnUJ 11.J61f5T fr ~gv fh6lJ c!hITdrr 8). ~ m9ui1 ®u t5J 6¥ 6"6J L(T U UJ l1J- u5I (J rrQ ~ W u ~ tb, ~ o'biJ 6lJ Q) fT ro6J LlI- m- 661 LfT U UJ L!Ju5J(!!Jr:9;®QWWUjffiW, @# Q5"fT6U61JfT6U ~{l51lLJ$ §JLr$~W{lJ6"5T. (Qa::rrru. 707).

~rr(1)

•

r7JfT - ~rr UJ - #J tt UJ

~.C:fDrr: ~ - ~uj - ~UJ. (<!!j{!J6Yr. 610)

.

UrrQHT~rr

17

~rr(2)

~ tr 1h tt 6"5T w: ~ 6ir (~!!.hlb Q> = 6lJ rr om y> I Q ~ ffiJ ® (yJ f!j 6151 UJ W ® 61S) Q) $lj6lr<!!!9~WI UUJ6M~®~QJ, '7>®{bGiJ. ~6Yr - (~Ir) - {DC!!; - {hfT.

r{hfT 6T~WW QS:fTru, §>([!jQJ6kr ~W8;®# a:LDLDfT6lffQJ~LaW 9~61S){lJ a6lJ~(j;1t.ba u rr f!Jl U UJrolrr U(£J~r}J{b ®rfllLJ{hrT Lb.

/5ff ",Gir cil6ITb15J @UC:Ulf66r 8aJiJ{%j1J. (Q~rrru.929)

@~ I @ctQa: rrGiJ ~6fgmw (yJ~6lJfJm6lJ ~fiJUJ FFrfl L{ti'tb(] a; lLJrfJtLJ Gl{!JWJJ)JW @Q)JJa;~ 6lJfJWL.fGirw~.

/b@ QCFff6V 61J@ QCfIT6V cfb t61(!!; c!ilm6J5Jll-Iw

/b 6ir65JLD (!/J6iraflmQ) cfb uJ IflLi/5· (Qq. 512)

@ ;fh ~ tt 6iJ I {h fT 6T 6fg ~ tb Q a: IT 6i> {lJ u5J @ r!i a 8) ILf rfJ U1 Q {h W U .f!P Q QJ 6ir roffJ 6n) L LD~ 6lJ.

{lJrr:- {!jfT (6lIJ. L do, Gk (di) domi. (~.LD: 743.)

{bIT + ~ru-Lb = {lJfT~w. Qurr ~Qlrr8i, LJ)1Dwutb!lf1J; e:a;rrGUltb®w ~ lSI- U1 rr Ir a; ® Lb Q 8i fT (f;J U u ~ {h tt ~ Lb er Qg J!lI Li.> I 8) 6iJ 6VJ u tb {!51 U 4 fit) QJ IT 8; ® ill u rr t;;(f5TfT (y) rf!j role: UJ tt IT &@jrilJ Q q,rr@ U U t!il G18ifT 61S) L Q U1 W .f!)J t.h I c!)I !D w u [b pSI 6T '""' UJ tt IT 8i ® tb @ (J U c: U tt IT J; ® ffiJ Q ClifT (£Ju u.{tJJ IT 61S)CJjQUJr;;M !!)J Lb I Q a: fT Q)QJU u@Lb.

~fTtii1ffW - {ljfTfiilfT (6lJ.). L. donem. (f;I.w: 743.)

11>. - ~Ir (da) - il·CQJ.

U fP fA ~ uSJ JP i) '7 ro6J L iJ ~ tb@j/J {!j tr UJ LiJ ~ rfJ UJ ~ j;J cD ® e!jJfOU <!:p LD rt W 6T~~W ~6fumLD~UJ8; e;rrL_(JjI<f!j Qa=rr{b8J@96lT, {hIT 6TfiMUtfJI

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~67ff {DfT@jLD.

{bfT 6T65r $lfjfJ615J fj)UC:Ulf65r 8in.JiJ{lPJ. (Q~rrQl.929)

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c!!iI61J flJ IJ)/ 6fT,

ffi(!!; QCffT 6iJ 6lJ(!!J QUffW c:!fb u5l(!!J $J6fT6'5JUJw ~6ir6if)LD (YJ6iraflQ)Q) cfbu5tf1Ltilb. (Q~rrru. 512)

@u QUfT(!!>G1T 6lJ1JwLj 6;T6mffiQWfTySlc!Jj<OtfJru @6i>6lS)Gl). UJ. ~rr, Oi, fhrT Gk didorni, L. do.

{hfT - {hrT (@.a6lJ.J = ~(!!JuGlJrn.

~rr'i!irr (~rrrjJfhrr) = ~tf,~fhu5lrffi ~tf,~~UJrr6JUJ UrrLLGN. Qfh. 8). fJjrrthrjEJ, teus»: 774 - 175) .

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~rr5LD - ~rr~

r7>® - ~Gl/ - rfhGUI - fh6lJW = Q6lJUUW, QfjlJUUW uUl{hfT c!JiW (!:P~G"6JUJ 6l.J!D!Drr6iJ ~L6m6lJ QI(fL.._@W ~[!J6lJro61~m, ~ruQ)~ ~m{DaQJ~LQJ ~rn6?fT.

18

t!frL9t!frL@W QUffW(]Uff Q6Vff61fl6&@,rb p6iruc§ t!frLd8TL CJ!!JfftPciJp; ueatt t!E@. (®!DGTr. 537).

:fbGlJ - r?i6'5l - {hfT6lIw. f!J6'5I/J{!j6U = !Bn-G6lJL.6m8i UJ.ff).J~{h6iJ· 9<ffim{Du QU{lJu QU®(]6lIL6m8i Qa>fTGlr@!j{!j6iJ.

Jt)rnp

~rT tq. - $5rT tq.5rr (dh)

~rrl11- = 1. C:wrT6lJrrtU. '<!1r([9GYfl@ ~rTl.4-" (~(illu27:181).

2. G WrT 6lJ rnil wt6J It. "LD(f!>Lll5J tb {l5J rfl ~~ w{l5J rhffJJ~ if; {ljrT lJ]-" (cr,roJ rj,.15 ).

3. LDfT LLSJ-~ ~6"ID6lJflJrT L!J-. "C: U@LtD [Dm y;> m~ {!Jrr LSi-" (~(!!J6lI tteoeu fT. 36:24).

4. C:c!F 6lJ tb a;@iii)~ Q {ljrr ffiJ® r!F 61fl {lj.

1JjfT /J;JfIJ6U = {hrT tJ;>J!i) ®~{lJGiJ, Q {hIT ffiJ®1htOlJ. {lirr y)J - {DfT LfI-.

~. a {hfT : {ljrr!J;QI rr uJ = c: LD tt QJ trds (UJ ffiJ .) . {ljrr ~ GlJ tt til - ~ rr ~ QJ tr UJ <!i; a>LmL. (QI/;iJJ. 175).

!brr6OlJrLffiLb

26 107(~£>cjJ@tb@j Gw{buLrr{!J 4 ~lSJ-8j615l611'J; Gr!JifT~L urr65J~w LD~i~TlJJ_6lJLb 6T~.fJ)JLb, ~~Q~rTm8i$@j CtWtbULL_ tiiT@iJ:f!»8iaimGYT '4~LUJ 4 c!')fl1J-Cli6mGYT81 G;)a>rr6'hrL urr~67fTw {DfT~L8il.b 6T~.wLb G U UJ rT Q U jJ)J W. LD ~ llI- 6lJ (6'51 (!!j {iJ {D) 6T (_Lp ~ {D r;;rr 6m QJ ~ {D tt mr l1J- ct Q s: 6lJ 6lI f!J/ ~ tt r;;W L8i W. jJ (!!J ~ tt 6lf 9; 8i IJ r!T rr {D fT mr L 8i r6J 8) ~ 6fr LDrrQ u ®wu rr fiUW wdlrT L.!J- 6tJ cff)JGYT(]6lJ Q c!J>rr mr L!J-C!!Ju U {Orr 6iJ,

(YJ6151(T6Wr (]L@fw fi}@Jbff6Tr (Jc$@Jw J'1f 6lJ66'>r!b ,fbffL tq. t# QeliJlL{61fI6ir d!{f;, L 511';

.. 1<. -II.

ibL 6l.f67Trru LfCEkP6lJ66T /Dff6MfL 1hL1J ~6lJj!}!JlI61T

c:!M[JlJ#rf @p5JI1J~, QJDkJ-LUQjb6ior #{TrrtiJ.

6Tru~tb u~~® urrLlS/-UJoiJ .!§/TtbUrTQJfTtOU (195) ~6ml.D#'r!huu(j)Jw. (~.fiJ.6lf. 33:74).

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~IT 61RfTL6lJlD

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~IT 6lf1STL6lJ lD - ~IT 6mJTLQJ

;!DrrfiilW®:!hru = ®@#3~fT@~6iJ. (t5IrIu.) {Drr~@ - 'lirrrd7iTL6lJW = l .. ~rT6lf6mr!Ji (t5iffiJ). 2. 8O_~!b1QJ6mc!J, (@6lJrr.). (QI.QJ:176) .

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$fJrr~JDrr

{Drrcjir$JrT - r$JrrrjJ~ (6lJ.6lJ: 176) .

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{DfTW4 - ~fTl.Dm (w) (6lJ.6lJ: 176).

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UJTQJ rr emrrrr

19

,f>1Tt.Du6UDft

~rr a.Ou 6Iafl - ~IT lJ)6'lRIf

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fhrrwLf = 1. 8iu5J.!J)J (UJrfil.) 2. ~rrwu~ci; Cliu5J.!J)J.

~6irQf!J6iJQ)ff.tA ~ffW!5J{iJ 6JwfllilP (a;aSl~. 111). {lifTW4 + @mr!F = ~fTut5J6lf)<f' = 1. a6!!<§t!F6U.

2. Qo:tiJtLJL G;)r!FfTQJ (!P6ig~w Lf1fiT~e Qa:6iu"ff)/ QUfT(!96Tr an_@w GUrT@G1r(]!J)rrfirr (6lI.w.176).

,f>rTLD6D>tT

~IT L061fHJ - ~IT LD 1J6ro

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ftUw - (gpLDrT) - :!lJl6l1fT = U}QJU4, U6lJ!J)w, 8)(165J, f!JlQJa>fJ, ~QJfruLJ ( Birr 9ir!i;a;LLq-). J!jJ QJ rt ~~~ = @tOlJ{h{hroO, .:fP QUT U 48: c!Jj (;(fJQJ UJ tt ~6i>.

jJ)JQJ IT - It» 6lJ GG>!J = G'Ja: Lbu lU.fl)J, G a: U Lf JiC: c!JjfT L_6"6) L [Dc!JjrT. ffJjQJrT-ffJ/filfr=uQ}!j)w

f!)J L.D rT - {hWrT - #ifT W(J L.b = Q iF wLj. '/hIT WfJ Lb - rJjrr W61f>fj = Q a= W(yJ61T rfJ , (yJGTTrfJ.

'lJ tt LD f7 6TV 6T Gtr ~ tb QJ L G) c!F tt ru QJ llI- 6lf) @) i> {h tt W + r;r 6YU 6T W .f!)J u ®iJ 1!J U U Cl)eV (!jJtii1T rfJ or ~.!J)J Q U tt (!!jroYr an. jJ)J fiill fr. ~ u5l Gir, {hfT LD rorw~~ QO:fT{iJ® &HilJWrr8i5, G8ifT6lr~Lb -!JLD 6Tro-~<§ Q c!F tt {iJ (] s. tr W®6ir ~ rufiU ffJl @fJ6lJ 6T Gir .f!)J.pjfT G¥ G) u tr (!9w. ®~, @8i@JJ.PJ!)JU6'6>LrOlDlLlU Q u®4!JjjJ®~ fhw GTGiTU6m-!J ~liJeifJ rov to rr ai8; 8) IT L@<@Jrt. ~ {h {b® ii i) ~ jJ)J {l>6U ~ ru<illilJ fj) 8;(~(yJa-, a; rr@ 'fh ~ Q ~ U .flU Q u fT@w. @ffiJf!il6?fTW tOll J_ QJ rt i) r;;m {l5J ::h iJ ~ LfT (f;1611 G'J {D GUGU fT W, c: 6lJ mr (b1 Q LD GMa!D Q us ds L.b~ LD ~ UJ U 4{DJ;ai~1h:!!JI U QUrTtiJt.bGmLD~U1 C:LD{bQa;fTGirQJ1l>~ ro6lmwG6lJ.

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§jWUVW -1Q_:2)JWLJIJ, m._(f}ltbufJ (~.GGlJ.). (QJ.6lJ:776).

;f!jrT i.DVil5>IJ: jf)J W - i!J WIT - t[)J Qj tt = iiJ6lJ U 4, 1!Jj6l1fT - .{!JJ6lJ ~fJ = Q CT WU UJ.!J)J . ~LDrt - {hLDrt {{lJfTl.DGIDfJ} - r!JfTLDGIDIJ = Qa:thtfjl{D J6ttuUtiil1~c!h· @#QCTrr6iJ @ffi.J!)J ;1J~ 8) flJu4 u Q u tt (!!liirf} ~th~, ~6lJQJ",enu5J ~ @®tffJflJ LJ)6lJrT ci>®t.b Q u rr §J uQ u UJ r;r tt en 6)J y>ffiI ®!i:! 6M!D ~. ~rr LD6IDfJ

- ~rr UJ r;r 6YV( eu.) ( iJ ux 7 43).

20

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6lJ.:;V6Tm $)61TdJ Q{bffJjJJiJQUUJ tfJlli!iJ(;pJ (Q~rrQ>. 373)

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6lJL .@!!>jwrr66lro ~rrrr6lSlL LOA}!D6lf

Ga;rr6fuLg- (Gondi), uff>rf (Bhatri), LDfT6U{bG{lJfT (malto), Gurrtli (Bhoi) (ljJ{!j6'6l UJ fiJ fJ rr6l1l L Q WfT ifiJ 8i61r, Q W6U" G1T Q LDGlr6YT ~rf1 UJ WUJ LDfTQJfi)6)~ ~6iJ6lJ!!Jl W615l{D[iJgJGUrTQJfim{ljU u~4-{!JtT iJ~fJUJrT ~m 1906~w ~mrGL {hWgu '@~$tUJ GWfTifiJa:, a;~ciif£@' 6Trm~Lb JP!Tro6lIb ®p5J/J~~fi>fTfTfr. (L.S.1. Vol. IV, pp. 446, 472-4).

(vii) QlL il~~w QLDrr~56lfl6\) jrrrr~L ~mLLUIT6TTtb

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•

iWfiifT 6YTfiilfT. ~ 61»r;;u UJ fTQJW:

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(6) {!j@6lJ® Qc!FfT[bQtDrTLff {fJ@QJuu(J)J<ft!, G'JCFrrtbQfJJfTLtTBl® (yXilfT 67Sfl {iJ tDGlJ.

(7) f!j(_LgGlJ8Qa:rr6iJ {h@61JUU@®G'JdFfT[iJ® c!p~61lf)tb!Dru. (Caldwell's Comparative Grammar: Introduction, p. 59)

@d5wu1JG1J LJ6V ~u.5]~#QCfrrrba;f@Jw @GlJ8;8JtQm ~tiiIDLDiJ8)@!JW QJ y>ci>®8i@9W QJ y;;riil ®fi'I ~!D 66T.

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50

sur: 6W~6N !!5rrr;;i.J = G8>L@ruJL_@UC:urr.

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6UJmwQUJ8:c!FLl Gurr®6Tru([)uh. '

sut: G8>61r6llfT = C:a;La; eu: C:lJiw(]UfT = G81L8iuGurr.

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• • •

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G u tt 6lJ fT = G dF rr6fiT5M fT <ON-, Q dF rrbiJfi6I.

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(ix) G1 u ~ J: UJ 6iu fh rr 6M rj, ~ {iJ c!JiU u rr.v @r;rrr6l1JLGLDrrySJ QJ y! ffiJ Sirr

mLDl1Jw,@'7rTGUlL# Qa=rr{ba;(]~ Gl1y>ffiJ@:!D~Lh.

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leI!> (1)

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51

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i)® = Q~GiJQJLb, ~lP@j, QrfF6V6lJfl,Q{DtU6lIW, Q~uJQJ~ ~oifr65)LD, Q {hti.J6lJiJ ft)JT uJrom us. (i)th ~UJQ ~<Oisr Q c!F tt ~61S)6lJ 6lI L6lJ rt 5 rfJ et 6irr j!)J i) rf) ~.{!JJ M!! et Gir.f!)J ® {l5J ~ ~ 6lJ L Q a: fT 6iJ au fT 'il) rr cii ~ (i) ® QJ 61f) a; QJfPc9i~~w i)®uQurr®L QUUJrTJi® ey>w dJ)/CiXflLG'JUJrrySlUJrTCIi fOlJ y> ffiJa;# G CF tiJ f;J ®J>8:JQr £D61iT fr. ~.{fJJ fiG) UJ GM.ff)J [i}6'G)rfh£i>1bI (!:pw 6fT .:ffJ/ et -(fj) : @®QllJriiJa;w - M!!,,"dil8iW - fllJffiJ8iw. ('ifJ.(i).GlI. 206).

~®(3)

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f;l6U~(yJfiiJ~ = ~~@(!JJ6i8r(£l. i)6b - iJrt - i)lJw.

i)tt - iJ'® = iJfJ~L Qg6iJQlW, @(!!JlJ)CJj6Tr, tRfDuLJ, Gurr6l5lQj . .::J')/fj)«!;, {D{bG u.f!)J I Q {hu"JrOlJ ~~6fJr fiiGlW , ~ uJ6'G) LD.

'5>. a {lJrT. Gkill.f!)J ~ {hfiiJ = u51 ®1h6U, GlQJ.!J)J 8;Glf)8) = uS1@j!f;J, Q CF6lJQJ W.

Q CF 6U6lJ /J{DfT r;b ~ {lJu Lf t.b Q u rrro6J fil/ W, ~ r;r a:#Q a:6UQJ -$cfhrr 6U Q {htiJQJ{ii {ljroM G)(j) LDIlJ t1J I Q{htiJGlJ~{D~m LDUJ tt ru ~ uJv;tf)LDUJ W, ~ [bu @G1 LJ)~ u.f!U u~rrnLIlJ6lJ8)a; 8i®I>~. Qa:6lJ6lJ{iJ{lifT[b {i}!Du4W Qurr66J6lJw @8it!JjrrQJ~,gu ey>mr@.

j;J ® lOT v.;M U f!» Q {h uJ GlJ ~ cfh dr <QID W 6(f) UJ dPI ru 6lJ ~ fPJT iii 6l5) W 65) UJ ri ®{l5J a,@jW ~6rJ)L G LDfT ySlUJrr CJjcT, Q 8ifTG1r6YT U Q u tbpJ.g».

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c!Frfl' = CFrrIT (to lean)., #rfl = ~GYf}. WIT. 661. ~. @176"WtiiIDLIlJW @6?f>cOm" ~fMct c!Tn_1!)Jw. (6lJ.6lI. 178-179).

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52

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8iLW Lf1l>6U6)J6'6lr;TU QU..!!)J~Q)fTW W6UfiIJ§Jj @j[)J8;a;U ULrrrnW u5J W, ~ J; 8i L 6WJ .!!)J ~~tb Q U tt ® L_ (f;I ~,rn- LD a; a; 6"5> GYT U Q u .!f)J ~ 6iJ. (WdT,a;L aUtb!D~8irrfJ (!JJ8iGlJmr;T)

LDc9;<9)G')wQrrWlw QUUJfr r:;,u~Q~fTySJ~f!JI tffJQg!D~ (47)

Q u~~UJ6iJUrT tb {DrrfilfTrT a; 6"lJ p5}UJrrrnwt6Jtb 'a8iLL_rpjrT' QUJ~6lJffiJ an_p5} tJT fT rt ( 46)

~ UJQ CF tr {b 8j61T tt 611 ~ 611 (!§6"ffl ~ i) tb@) :Q_rf} UJ QJ roQ} m 6lJ LD tt L.b.

(139).

@6bfJ UJ~ QP~66IUJ ~flJ~6U8i61Trr6b QUfT :!J}6lIfTa;c9i 8n.{DUULL @6iJ6lJ/DffiJr!Jj(i,)GlT6iJQ}rrt..b @6lItt Q rjifT @)~ 4U ci; an.p5} UJ fiJ 6lJ tb .If)J Gir cg 6Yf ~LffiJ®W. (240)

(]6l11h(!JJw ~{lJ(!JJLb ~[6rri1. (543)

U C/i8>8lrolr U fT@J@jw{J5JUJ6lJySJ dP/651 u5J Girrg)LDUJ fTW} W, ~.J!Jl Q 8irr@iJ~{iJ ® rfI UJ tr fr w ~ i) [J r!iJ a; {b U Gh.D 6M U (ill <gy {!j rr m LD UJ tt ~ Lb J a 6lJ 61r 6l1J [h LGlJ tt ~fT w; ~ all 6lJ, Q/ rr 6lfT Lb Q U UJGI QJ tr 6U6lJ fT GJ {lJrW U flirr uS! {b.[f)J . (560).

C:~QJtt8i®w ~8i'7tT8i®th ~61f)LD5a;.U kJ,6WL o5lUJfTtp Q6lJGirGYfJ 8i w ~ §I mfJ 6lJ Q {D fT ® j, ~ u OJ ~ ~ ~ 61f) L UJ fT It an. p5J UJ 6lJ rr .!J)J 8"rL.!J)J ~6irT /DGmLDu5!W, rFfiiRT@ 661 Al6lfT ~i!JIT tUrn unuti: 9LL~ a;,_{l5"J 6N tt fT. (660).

"(]QI£61[JQr CJwUJ i>wLJ6"5T ~fiU8i(YJth" 67~!Drrrt OJ{D®w. !D®LQm~ urrw @~iJfJU~W Qu{iJ.f!)J# QlFQJ5)QutD 8irrfil)~g)lu QutbfD 8iGYf!u4 uSI®~lLJfT~ dJ/8i/Ji1UJoM QQJ(!!JW6lJ(;tDfTrr J.5I~tpQ,g:UJ, ~~fi6Trr{b s tt u QwtiJi) ~UUfljLD @6IDLGUJ @y>!h~fTQ(Q5f6MU{h6:lf)~ 'lLfLQ8)rrmr@ @QJ6lIfTJ!)J an.{l5Jwrrrt. (899).

Qu~Urr6lJrr8;~UJt!Jl 6llLQwrrySJ (ljJ(W)!Dfii6)W u{bpSJ. (624)

6'6J (i7j) 6N lOll UJ ~ ~ tr {iJ u ® Cf g {lJ U rfI ~ rr LD LJ) tt fiJ UJ UJ IT 8i 6m a; fii6) UJ U Qurr®[i,W $J1Dir.!J)J ~i)6M uUJ~wur;;6J/J~6b 6T6lJQ)fT 6l.I®~ iJ~rrrt a,® QwrriJ~ro6Jtb 'UlfDuQurr8i®' GLDWg)/W ...... &.pSJmrrrt. (972).

GlIL.JWfilJfTtT ~rliIa;QLD6irT{lJ6'6lLDu5l6irr 'ZLJl)JU' Quw{Drrfr. (993) 8irrw~~uurr6iJ - fiJ~ L/Vim"tT#i1 UlrflQQJffi Q)/@6lJ'iW)8iULJ(j)JW. !OJ 6lf>c05T @®~~6iJ" @Vffiu];W, lW! L. QG1JG1rrumalOll rrQ6lJd1 ~, @6lJrT G;)urr®LUrr®UfTL._liJ-~6"Jf ~flJL.b Qurr®6JfJ6MuG)LD~ QlL!PfTGU f@1fPcil®u u tb p5} c: UJ tt ~ th 6lJ tt ~, d!)/ Qj 6lJ rra {D UJ 6lI tb fOro!D U t5J rfl65J Iiiifr a; Gm L Ji 5J fill tt Q rt 6M 8i. fiJ ~ l c!JI ~ QJ ;h L.b 6l5) UJ c: UJ ~ u5J ~ JW 6iJ r!Ji a 6fT tt @ ill Q U tr ® c6 ~ U 4 <ii7f5T rt # U! m UJ c$ s. 6YT Q QJ fiiirT .!J)J tlJ t.5J rfJ ~ lOll 8; a;{bQ U 6M jJ)J ill Q u ®wu tt w ~ to u {b {lSI 6lJ (c!!j/JIlJ, d!)fQJ {iYiiID{D<F 8i~6lJ

72

uSI®~ UUJUU aL6Vai !fjroIDLGUJfT@ &U4 Qwrr6iJ@JrrmLDlLJ

(!pm LUJQJ fT·J;$J Ji 8nJl)J 8i1 W {DfT fro ( a>rr W~/!Jl UU rr6i.J c!:pai6lfroIDr;r).

FF ~ @u t5J rfl6'6J GID ~ (i))J L jJ)JT GirT LD~ Lb u tb pSI 8: Q c!F 6U 6lJ ~Jb {lJ tt ~ lIJ ~ gu ULjU Lffit)~GUJ6W [f;rr6lJ@j~8)iJ ~rr a;$J#, an_p5Jmrrrt. ~6lJ{b.!J)J L Q c!F 6l) 6lJ t5! m QJ tt dJ {lJ tr m LD lLf W @!J t.b / ~ {b flJ rr 6'ri> LD U LIT Q LD 6l5! ~ til r;r ffiJ a; roiir c!:p rjlj 6iJ rffJ raID {!J UJ ySl {lj ~ {!J tt UJ fi)}j £b .!J)J Gir @!J W I 619 ~ U '-I .d')/ 611fT 6lJ u5J ~ ro6J.J!P tbt» fffi (yJrjjdJ LffQrf5T rt #@ 6l1J ffJJ iou ro [IJ rr tueu Jb $)1 6lr <@'!9Lb, LJ 6lJ<06t Q [D c9 Q elF rr@ LJ 61J i> {D W (!jJ {!j rob 12§!! LiJ» 6lJ {)5) 8i uJ {D fTUJ eu {b jJ)J Gtr @!J ffiJ aJ 6W @ Q 8l rr W s: .dPI 0 ~ (] ~ 6iJ, GlJ L.fbJT ru tt fr @6'1J{b .f!)l L (] ffi CF tr U ii iJ ffi tr ~11T UJ IE 8; 8) 1h rn {!j lLJ ffiJ an_L_ ~ U t5J rfI ~ rn esr a?6lJ~8ii> G'J{hdrfDrrt;rrrQ6U~ffi, ~o~~ .dPI[!JwQurr®tOtfI~u Q LD ~ WI Lb u UJ 6iT 8) @!J 6Tr ~ ffi.!J)J u tb p5J UJ ti} rfJ QJ rotr 61J) LD I1J rr ~ zb, (y> ~ GlJ r;r rr 6'ri> ~ UJ tt ~ ~ ® aJ rr Q)iJ (] ~fT IT @jIb [!J ~ §P ett ;1J tr 6lJ rjlj @;ru/!ll 9L6lJ£iJUJ6UU rrtil QJ trt) IT 6IDWUJ fTWJ w, FFcoWQ LJrySla;a;u U LL_ Q ~w Si. ( a; tt LDtiJ /fJJ U U rt 6iJ QjJ liJ- 6l.f fii'5) (J ).

6J Glf>GN Jj 8iC!!JiifbJ 9;8)6ID61T ~rliJ Birr r!iJ ~ aL~if u5J rb ClifT riilhfT 8). ( iJ .{b.w.)

!B®8.;@!DL.. lftJDU48: 6lB"rrJDffi@1)L.b 6ls:rr6i:>6l)rrcl#l'4LD

'fPQ}QQJfT(f!j QU®J$T~~W ~rBC!!J ~Gi'J6U.tM 9@~6U Qgrr!b8i61flGTTUjw Q r!F tr 606lJrr L_~ rom UJ ILJ W UJ fD U u tt 8)8; 8i tt mrr 8iI we:!D tt ill. j;J ® 8; (r!) {lJ ~ §J2J ww ~ {lJ U Lf # Q r!F rr [baimw CLf W G'J elF tt roU6V fT LUI 6b)UJ lLJ W 6f@/J/fJJJ; r!FnjJ)J Gl1 /!Jl @~.

tffJai<OdaT@ 6TW~L.b QjLG,)a:rr[b QUUJrJrrtb ®pSJ8ia;uu@w. lLrfI#Qc!FfT{b Q {lJ tr ® i) ai(§!!J tb, :?LJ;;ID (J UJ tt !i1 rfI UJ W LD IT IT g}_Jolf> if 8i (!!!J W, t5J fD J$T 6lJ a;rorfl ~ G1r 6lT Q tfF tr tb $ ~ wQ UJ tOb 6lJ rr W G) tb IT ® 1h ~ tb 6T (j)J i>./!Jl W r!ln..!J)J W @UJ6VLJrnLlLl6Y QJ fT ~ 66) roiT, ~ ®r!iJ (r!!jfD L_ UJ [D U LJ #Q r!F IT 6b <@J rJ tt ~ rill Q 6l.J~.f!}J ro11}fQU8;{hU LI L'_L_ 67J)6lJ. ~ 6iJ 6l1J ®GlJr;;rn 8i Q lLJ tt ySl ~~ OJ rn WlU jJjfTroVaJ@JJLD U ~ 6lJ6iJa;(f~!J/J LlJ.

1. e1JDU4;' ~61Sfl8=Qe:rr!i>56iT.

o ••

8;00$ = 8)fT[DU6'VW

Q/bff/if-U'-/(!:fJ# r!bo :5ff 62/6MT cililJi; 6JlIf-tb Q/b@61p.D C:61J6WrLff 5 tfFff6VU u@tiJ (1037)

an_!J> = QtfFGUQJW, Qurr(!!J6tr, G'JufTrn.

.. .

U67f)L (!ft~ 86J..1J)61JW5& /bLUer 66M'ff [j)/LD

1!L61JLllJff 6N(T5@ (:6fTIJlI. (381)

&(!JJni1 ~ ~ lLf QWff(!!JrEilillJ)c!i@rEi C:iEff6V (J<!bITifj-t!F (§IJ)IT~ QtFtlillj W{Tc!IT (554)

•

urrGl..HT6mITIT

73

~ 6'5(f{ GlfHill ci; @j {!5l a; @j W ffn_!p 6"T W WI <§ Q a: tr GiJ «!j 61f) y! 6T ~ @ll Lb (!JJ~~rn6lJ~ $I rfJ U tt ;f>6l)fT SJJ W, mJiiW6lj 6T ffi ~r§ Q r!F IT [b(r!!yJ Q r!F 6lJ6lJ t.b et ~.W1 w Q u rr (!!jfii1f/ ~T 6ID ill UJ rt §J)J Lb,

u6i;6lJ6OJ~ lLj61JlfT6ljw uuS/@w QUffliir@JW Q~fTfirU WrrC:l§ff t9Dl. Gltp65r c5l6TTdJ

6T ~ g)J i/fiilI tr a;r;r rfil 8nflJ 6lJ $hIT ~ W, Q CF roUQJ ~G?f) ~JJ @jp5Jc9;®W Q r!F rt roU fQ_'iim' GlJ U Q u UJ rf) W GQJ J!)J <CiT 6M.!J)l Q 5JrrGiT G1T 6lJ W @L(!JJr;;m-(j)J. @6m @5lf)!j)@}fT61fT (ductile) ~rr/[)J (9LGrurra;w) QUfTGM 6TrotT9)Jwrrw: ~ 6iJ ViV fbi @ ~ pSI UJ 61fH_{) UJ rr th ~ l1J- U U 6~'H_ 8: Q a= 6iJ 6)J Lb f!L r;;m a QJ 6T~W1w ~ci®w.

QC1ifTL_@j~ru = QQJ6lfluu®~GiJ.

t!b66JL liQCEffL CE9 QcFl1J/bchCE jbff6l!Drmw u.SJ66JL QibfTL cikirr ~Ji;j!JfT 615J(!:iLDtb Ib@W (663)

th6lJQ6lJ~GiJ = ;1JfT~~~, 8i®ffiJ®~6iJ.

lE6iJ6IJ6J.JlLJfT;jJ t!E6iJ615J/fJI amotb c!?)I~61SJ6irC:flJ6iJ tb6iJCJ6lJ6ir§!)lffi tb Gira)LD u5JfJJtb§JJ (1144)

rg}6"ID5 GlJ61)Q)()6)UJ 8; ~p57 8;@jW {h6lJ 6T 6N WJ Lb ®{l5l u 4 etc;, CF fT oiJ G QJ.!J)J. ~{hfiiUrr6iJ, '{h6lJQ6116irr ~ W' 6T Qg u.f};1 ®{l5l u 4 Q LDfT ySI:

fPlT6Vl5ff6V lLlff!J1b LDff6DJQ) Q6lJ606r@61JL

jbwQ6lJW flJg)9!iJ~ foffIP5efl W65JjlJuu

et rn LJ ySI UJ w .d!)f ~ /\;1 ~!f)J u rfJG LOG))!p 8>rT 8n_.fJ)J 6lJ:!Jl Q U tt ®~ ffJrT :f!». {!jGltQJGlJ 6Tffi~w QUtLIrT @®®6m{)fflu5]~w @6lTmLD @jpSlj,;f[J fit) tt iW tb, fb roll GlJ ;!h @J 6T ~T ~ ib rofiJ rn ffi J; (f!j 8> @j G"G) PJ ;?j 6i> , (f!j ro6l ~ G"iJ , {!j6lJ.!J)l fE6V, Qa;@~6U 6T6M@lLb GJ LJ fT (!!j6lr r!J)GYf) ®t>{l>6lJfT 31I1D, Q !!>~6l»6U 6lJ LLdJiJ6b ~(!!j u tt LdJ ~ ru ~rr YJQJ tt u5J C!!J8>@jW LDfT ~6lJG?f) 67fT c!!)/ L_~J U tt t.: i> ~ rolJ {!j fiill G1J COl 6lJ ~.f!)J !In.J!)J LD QJ y! 9i ® ~ r5"5> LD UJ rr iW LD, $h@J lOT Gifr u 615)~ ~riu ® f;C!!> rofi/(OG)rQlfT U U ~ 4 J; @j{6JuQu6ifT!J)J GJ CJi fT61r 6lJG ~ Qurr([9~~wrrLb.

G~fT6i> = Uy>tDIDLDUJfTtar '-I8JY:>, GJU@tDIDL01 Q~rrGU - GfbfT6V, Q{hfT~6'G)LD = ur;;m!j)~LlJ.

Qt5ff Q;6l!(T6l//b {]lfJffiJllr61 QCE@ci@,rb Qt5fT65JCElLJrr t!E /fJ6iJ~(T Q6lJ65r@/W ,lba-JCF. (1043)

1iJ(!J1 QwGir QWff#UJffGN 66J(!j>LJSIl1JtpJ @6lJblf/§!)Jw ucrffifb QWITyflUJrrdr ~ lij.;tJuSJrfjb Q%fl(!jJril@JW C:~ffr;;;6V6lfT Ql1Jrr#u Q,fbffGirQWffyflU 46V6lJrt (1494)

6T ~ Wi w Q {l;rT6UClifT U t5J UJ JP!T [bu IT ~® 6lJ fiil5)CJi 6)JW U til rm- (CJ)rr roUl UJ ii $I w) @ruciJ 8i 6W ~ m ~ 9, 8n...f!)J QJ r;25 tt ~/lJ, ~ ~ Q ~ rr (£J ~ (f!j di,@jflJ L_ G) Cf rrru6"1fHiVtb Q 'ff>rT LIT '-I u (£J/i,gJ rjjfoiJ ;[b6lJ {DfT Lb.

74

(yJ8)L!J- = ey;G {ljro6l (aCT LmL).

WkJ-lLf61Tffg, LOff (!JJlbltJ- QUJ6RU WIrj-t6J6Vff6N t§fff§61TffW" IbffWaJ(TuSI lidTff6Tr (617)

~iJ == w«!!;, u)}a;.

WJlItJILU !f)IT(]6Vff (jjJ66JL LUn-rT t!i 6b;iJ/PIL UW UJff6lf61T (!jJ6ir66fJp; U61J6lJ (636)

"~$JGJ UJ6iir U f!JI QJ L Q (F rrru §J)J6YT uSJ ®i) u Q u tt (!!jtJTG ~fT rfi6mL# Q 5 tr 6\): ~.t!Jl $I rfJ t6ffJl JPl LuG LD~ U rjja (jiM rr@ G1 ~fT Jia:, f!Jl" 6T ffi JD tt rt urfJaW6lJtpCErT. uSJ®wu Qurr(j!Jw ~®L.b 6lJL_GJLDrr~ (!JJ61rrQ~rrL_@ (lL.UCTrT8>8iW - (Prefix) ati, adhi 6T~.f!)J ~® 6lIlJ}-Gl1I r;;6J®uu~67ffrr~w/ u5J®1D6mruJi @jpSlJi®w ~$J8irfl~~6lJ {iT~~Lb 6'6Irnr05T#Q<!FfT6V QjLQwrr~u51~~~LDUJrriJJlLiJ/ c!)f$Js;w fiT~u~[b fiJ6NLDrTfiiM ~~6MW (~i1 +~6MW) 67~~W Q1Drr~tbQuUJrT tbuSJ~GQ)aUJ u5J ®i>{ljfilJrTW LiJ / ~ i) 8>6Gr 67 6irrW LiJ ~u5] ifJ# !iJ rbflJfJ ff rt @jL!J-uQuUJfr uSJ 8; c: a;rr 6M ~ GU6U ffJJ Q u rflG UJ rrtOirr 6T 6isT.!J)J Q U fT ®6ir Q 8>fT~ llJ-®8>dh 6lJ tt LD tt ell 6V rr ~ w, .dPI j;J 6T tOirr U 6m ~u Q U C!!Jwu rt .§W W ~/J ~ ~ fOri) {D 67 roM WI W rjj u)] YJ 6'5J G6) 6N t# Q s: tt GiJ ro ffiJ @j ~ru (u ® ~ rf!j 6iJ), LJ51(:!!J {h ~ 6TW~W Qurr(!!J6Tr ;2}(!!J{li6UfTWlW, dJ)JiJ 6T~~Lb G1CFfT6U ~®C1)rr6iJ 'tft® 6lJ Y;Jcta;[iJ{D U YJ {h{liWl ~ ro6J 6IDW UJ tt u5J ®8J(:!!/J LDfT et ~ gu w tl]UJ tb Jffi 8i y> ~ m- £D.:!U.

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• • • •

~ 6l}6mfJ IlJ {1j ~fT 8i@j~ 6U r!JJrT 'iim" Ch.

2. 6lp:>U4~ Q~rrLir8= Qe:rr!i>5m

c?)J ~ r!F u5l UJ ~ = JPl Lr!iJ tiJ UJ ~ Ul6V t5J ~roM Uj 6?f) LUJ tt 6Tr. ~ j!U ~ ~ QLDrr~~ Q#irrm8)UJfTu5J~L.b ~rflUJ~rnLDuLJrQ(i)L_UJ~.

&/61JtfFuSJll.JP; @6WrLff6Mr'C:LffrT 6;T6Trfl1Jff C6Nff &CEU U6fJ9u5J66T61r «JUtLJ j:b@w (1098)

·

U IT6l .. HfGlGTIT

75

~ {Dv;i)r a;fiW> L_ = a;rf7 at (U IT 6lJ tl;)

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lLu5Jrtt6J~ru = ~Lt..b4.

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c$lir6l1ffff li(§~ fOdr@3 (!fJu5Jrf,til61)Q) &er61TnTf &(§Ii /b6ir6TTff~ 4$G',Hi (§6V(§ (290)

»6T1®~ = W!1r;-rrfr ®L1I-a;8ia~rr ®6lf]c9ia;(]Q/fT ~~GlJw @j6'fTw. ~~ u tt rd'trrlS/- JDfT L_(j)I GlJ y;>cil®. (!P#irD 8irTru~iJGiJ ~~ ®llI-tB rt tffirnQ)~UJaUJ @jp5JiJiJ®~{Dru aQJ~@w.

iWl@66#J Jrftff/61>flJJb 1b,tb(JjJJ !.Lf6VCE6lJffW

(Ju(Tpf/ 6lJff61T6M #@ (215)

®p5lQUJi)n-umu = ~BiWLDfTJ!)J ~(19~6iJ. 621§JUJffrf t!i Qc!Drr6ir t06lIC:~ tD 6I)c!DwJD QJ!)6VWffnffi @p5JQllitJrfUQJU for;r ~61JLti~ (221)

Q~rr6iJQJ'7GlJ = Q~rrm.!J)JGr%rrL@ QJ(!!>w ®L9-U umrLf (Jib ff6V6JJ{T6ljfb C:/pITf:Wr5J Q&@&~Jb QlPff6TJCElLlff CE

Jbw~t;r Q61J66rf!llw j[J6f)c!f (1043)

W6lJrT u5Jma: GUJ$JGlTrrw = 8)J_6lJG1f

c!J.IlJ1-Ul tt rt Q [Dr8r!F {iJ.pjrr LD 6"5> f) u5J ru 8i~ ~ WIT [i, {DQJ W L06VrfuS/61Jc!f l:UJcEJ66TffW WffaifTkJ- C:tFlftblbffrf

,rfJfilJu5/mCf J@6lJffU;> 6'JJ ITrT (3)

611 fT rov{l5JQJ m = $LGlfroTr (ffiT UJ ~ pSI GUJ 6n)rJr lLf6m LUJQJ ~ ) c$tOflJJ56Nff 6VlfUJ UlLlC)6N drQt!DfT6V 6lJff6lJtf/6lJ6M

,rg{iJ/pff6Tr Q/bfTyJff c!!}/rT fiT66fkir (2)

6llfT~a-,6?f)a;{iJ~~~ = LDrnGMrut.

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3. 61J)uLJ8: Q6fJ6\>6uLq..QJtb ~ [!5J = ~ {J5lGlJ·

®o~t!JJ (Y):!h~rn(il)~ Q~fT~tbG'JuUJrT. c!PIJffJQ8iffQr p;pfJlLIff Q6lJT66fJ@ (YJ!J)ItJ IL 6I)!:'pu5l@/b/bffer 8in...f!J6V 8iL liT (638)

74

c!p r:!Ji l1I- == \!p c: tjj r;;S} (C8 CF Lm L).

LDlif-lLf6fTff6ff ion. (!IJ&1if- QLL1firu LlJlrJ-uSJ6Vff66r /bff(§6rTff6Tr /bffLlJ65'J(TuSl 6bTff6ff (617)

~i) == uSl(t!j, uSl8i.

LD$/J}/L.U [pff(J6Vff (fjJ61JL umti, ci c!E$!PIL UW UJff6lj6fT (YJ6dT66flp; U61J611 (636)

"~j;JQUJwu~ QJLQa:rr6iJ~Gtr uSl®iJu Qurr(f!j6YTa~rT rfJ~L# Q 5 tt 60: dJ.I ~ iI rfJ tfi~ ~ LUG) wr;;kr u 1l>a tOOT rr(f;l Q {lirr 8;8) /lJl" et ~ flJ (T/' UrflGW6lJtpC1ifr. u5J®~u Q u rr@j6Yr fD®w GllL_Q UJrrySl (!jJ6trQrmrrL_@ (IfLU~rt8;ChW - (Prefix) ati, adhi 6T~J!)l @@j 6llLSJ-6'6l r;;6JC!!>uu{h6Mrr~w, u5J ® $V 6m ru c9i ®{l5l Ji® L.b ~ i) 8) rfJ I> {D 6iJ et W W1 ill G£/6"Gl rJf ciQ ~ tt ~ 6llLQLDfTySlu5Jr;;6J~6"GlLDUJrT~W, ~iJ8lW 6TWU~{b ~6MLDrrraT ~1fJ~W (~i) +~WW) 6T~~Lb Q{!jrrySl[iJQuUJrt {Du5JySI(]6lJ(]llJ u5J C!9fh{DGlJrr WI t.b I ~ i) 8>GM et 6lfr W1 W ~u5l y;# 81 {iJ{DfJ a: rt ®lJ}-uQ U lUnu5lJiG8irTW ~6iJ6t> ~ QurflC8 UJrT6lfr 6T~ jpJ Qurr C!!>6Tr Qa;rrG"WLfJ-®JiCf, 6t> tt LD rt {Dru tt 'iP)J W, dPI i) (if 6ifr U 6"Gl;2J U G u ® t.b u tr §JJJ W fft~ {D ~ ~ {D tOT ~ W1 Lb ~ uS! J.P 6111 ~ ~ jGJ 5 tt Q) (i;{J r!it ® {D 6iJ (u (!!j ~ ~ GiJ), uS) @j ~ coiJ 6TGfrr~W c;,UrT(!!J6Tr {lJ®~GUrr~wl ~iJ (iftDlrr@lW QCFfT6lJ ~®8jfT~ ~@ GlJ lj)a,s;[b{D U Y!th~u5J!p 611J6"GlwUJrruSJ®8;@jGLDrT 6T~W1 tb eJUJw If! s;y:>~ ~[D':!p.

@6MJ, "d')I ilWi LU Lb" 6T w.!J)J u tt Lrfj} Qr:!JifT ~ (j)J, "Gw{ban.tDJ UJ .mIT tb 8Jru6l1JG UJ rr (EJ r!.1n.L ./ffi r;;W tiiOO ;fOrT 6J UJ l.D~ u5J rrntiN UJ W :ELm LlU tt rt 8i@j, dP/ fE 6'Ofl@l W Jbl6"W tiiOO UJ6lI tni) uut tb [DrT t;J tt Q6V~ fOW U U L_@ er iJ rt tbJ{iJ®w 6'8IG"ID~8iGTr UJrT6l/w?" 67~~W LD~8i®LQJrT :!L6mf)", Q5 rrGUQJ6ID5Ju5l iWw Qu tt (!561r 6lI6b)a;ui} §W W urflGLDy;a;®6"IDf)" uilwr§ CFrrVilJ# @{D[t,~~fTw. @u QurrC!!JtDtflGiJ ~W 6Trar~w (!JJfiiMQro-rrL Lf/- tb a c!Jj ® L uS] 6iJ ~HiV. U rfJ G LD 6lJ bP 8) IT ~ ® G) r:v ~ G) ~ tt Gi.> 6'ID 6V 6lILG)CFrrro6lJrr4®QJrrw GtDll~/.!j-, "@~/ ~$I~L_UQLD~g)J UrTLGLDrr~J ~~~WLUW UJrrQ6lJ6irr!f)J~t;JUurr®QP6TTfr. ~QJrt ~Y;; c!i-@r4@ UM LlJ tt III (!jJ ~ 8i L_ L U U @6lI Q 1h it m [l516iJ~ fT ~ to Uj Lb J ar L_@U Q u UJ rt aJ [t, ~rr (yJ(!!J G u {b {D 6lJ ySI dP/6lJ 6lJ fT.f!)J rffi 6U1OlJ tt ~ us UJ LJ) {6J d> iJ 6lJ tt . " 6T W!J)J LD 6W 8;@jLQJ (!!> fQZf) t;J tOm UJ LJ).f!)J ii ~ ® u U.{!J ,

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c:f)/ 6lJ~ r;r UJ (D ~IT 8j®~ru 8jrT tii(f5T 8).

2. etOJuy~ Q~ITLir8= Q~rr!D5m

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~ ~ .. ill

fLLLl>Uff kJ.Q)ff lb611ff 6lJffUJC56fJ<!n @Ll6Jlh@L

UITWC:Uff @Lf!JJ6T>f!J,ffJ 1bJi;1J)J (890)

®i)i;~6iJ = ~rTmr@fh6U, 8iLI>~Gi>, GLD{b Q8irTGir~~GiJ, QQl6UjW{hGiJ. <'lil.;P{!Jt5J @Jllilbf)llrEJ 6fJt!G8iJ_@ CJOffJPf!JWJ6iJ

dihtf;/f}6V 1b6l>6VUUL. L 6lJrf t!E@ (269)

UJ uS} lPfhfD6U = Gl16IDQ)U_;ro- d')/ a;u u(jj)~gu rpjGiJ. lb6lJlJJ6bJpJ,tb ID W(jlJ6()6lI Q5tUIDW '-I1566TW66JpJ,rb5

CJ6lJL@6lJ6ir 4L.#JuSJ~tb /bJPIJ)J (274)

WfT@ = Q a: GU6l.I Lb.

~~ 5J® U6tf>y;>UJ Qurr{iJ8irrma:8; @jp5l~ih usreeu.: 6T,*,~W Qo:rrtOiJ6l5}6M ~ rfJ u rr 8>8; 8i (!!){lJ U U (fjJ 8iI Girr!D,:!)1. LD tr 6"6>!J) = Q u tr fih, Q u rr (b a; LL!I-, wfTmy> - LDfT6"6>L- WfTG1!j1 (6lJLQa:rrGlJ).

U6'5lrrrnL8; Q;{T 6l)iJ~GiJ ZLrua;Q LDffiJ®W B>rr6U tD61S)L G UJ Q a:ruGlJ ustr a;ci; 8j(!!j~u U L_/_~6M fT6lJ, LlJfT(j)J 6T G!r~ W 6l1J6lJffil(:~u Q uUJG(l G) a:6U6lJ Lb 6T 6GT WI w Q u tr ® rn6YT ~ {lj @GUI{b Q !D ~ .!J)J Q <!Jj rr 6Yr fOlJ a {lj u5J 8i U G1urr®~~LDfTw.

~.af!jrr:

~6lJ::hjr;;(rr (@.): pecu (=cattle )-pecunia (-money)~~i/ilJ~6l)Lb (!JjJ); pecuniary = consisting of money.

L. caput (=head)-capitalis -E. capital -cattle-chattel=movable posses-

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sions.

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~LDUJ IT {!j{hQ) = LDUJ ffiJ ®~6lJ.

W6V';- t!Jjff6lJ7JfJ6iJr anoust. tit! QJO~C:lF u5J6lJ6ir t!»6llN U6VtT t!hff!!JJllW !d> Q6lIff.$(§ GlLD6dr[!)l (1112)

{brT a;rfJCJjw = umrufT(E1.

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.tl®ffi@>JD61r ~IJ cfIUJ6U

@c9i<!lirr 61) ~ ~ fJ !iJ UJ6U ~ t;T r!JiSrr 6YT ~® ff>rr L_ 6lS) L State (yJ flJ eott r$ Glf Lb ~6TrIfftG1JW Territory, ®lJ1-c9iGYr Population ~'7C1i Government, (]8ifT6M~W Sovereignty, ~tb.!J).1mf)W Unity 6T~W1w 8J~m<JhlLJw mm65r UJ tt r$ 6lJ L.b Q s.n to!hrr@6Tr" GTT .ffJJ. ~ r!i;a;rr 6lJ~ {Vcr lil UJG 6l) tt c!PI fJ c!F 615Hi~TG UJ (yJ{!j61Jrr aiGlf Lh, (r!)'4- Q u tt ®6tr (an_~) U ~L, .::!J.I f7 mr, c::!)Im w# a;, {DLLJ 6T rill W1 W ~ m flJlLf W UlmrDMUJ tt r!h6lJ riu Qa;rr tdM LfI-(!!)tf,{hf[)J. ~ 6ir JKlruw ® lSJ-lLJ 6Tr ~ L_ 8; 8i U U L_L_§)J. Q a: rfi1 a a; rr a 6lJ tr Q r!Jj tr (])'Jf& (] 8i rr c: b1J tt

~# 8i Lb ~6'IDLD# 8;.4 c: r!hfTQ}{;r<J a: '::~l!b~{DUJ fJ aT GlJa>aiUJ tr tb.

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tiiJ [lJU {lifT LD.

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C8 6lJ ~~~ (@!bilr;r6ir) (yJ6llfI Qlfii5T./t)J ~tb{D iJll8>«!J8: s: rrm- {Drr 6N !!p. ~ (!!JW{f r;,U e!P6lJfii1J@jW FT- '7 UJ-UJ tr 6lJ6YT tiJ {h.t!)l( ? )

tl@l&(§)JD6lft6br jb6iJr(;61Jrrfl6iJr6IDLD

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GJ-UJfT-UJfT dii)~fJ = Q<F6lJGl/. ~8j(5rt UJrT ~i)~fJ = cf!j8)(jJfr '* Qa:6lJQj. ~.G{DfT: LDfT- LDrrfij~~fJ· LDrriitfJ6lJ = ~6TT~rff>6lJ. ~§JGlJW ~® 6lJY;>~9itbJD ro6J~w.

GJ ,gjrr fJ LD UJ IT G'lJ rr ail> i) rfJ ~rnfil), tij w - UJ tr 6M, er -UJ IT, tiiJ,:ff)I- UJ tt !!)J, er GmQT - UJ tt ~ 67fT, 6J 6ID LlJ - UJ rr ~H.f) , ~ LD L.b - UJ tt LD Lb - a: tt LD W C!:fJ ~ ro6J UJ G'1 a: rr {iJ {l5l rfJ 4 r!f) 6YT rr ~ ~ {lSI 0;.

UJfT- egrr (wr;JrrLL!f-, ®a:r;rfT {lJi), @~~, QJrfil8)w.) UJ rr {iJ@r;)lf)fJ -UJ tt ~r;r IT-lIS IT {hfJ rr

wcrrrLUi-lLJw (:!!J<FfjfTi>iJlLJw uYlw ur8!F i)l7roE1Lw,' ~~i)lLJW ~ rfiJ 8)(yJw 6lI L~ fJ roUl LLD IT tiJ UJ (!j)r;;Or 6lJ L GJ uut ¢J (t.5J fJIT UJ (!!J~w).

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tOT-(f)J : 3lrr = C:urr, esrr ;?if!jrT 615)!MJ = Gurr~wflJfTrolrr, ~fTa6lJ8ifT rjavega) == C:urr6lJfT6irr.

8iUJfT (UUJrutiJ) = C:LJrr67fTrr~.

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®p5]Ji®w ~8)UJ (agama) ~m~tlJ 6U/m6'Mu G'luUJ61lfJUJw 6'5ImwUJrr® GUUJ61nt;TlLfW a~fT{iJ.f!)I6iJc$®w. ~8)Lf) 6"T~W1W 6lJ L Q str Gb, ~uSJ tfJ fib ~ 8iWW 6T rar J!)J w(J;r;rQ wuJ u!i.!!)l Q 8ifT@~~a-, ®p)J 8>ChU lJ (£1 W.

, -e' 6T ~ WI W tOT iJ rt LD 6l5) {lJ (yJ mQ m tt L_(fi1 , ~ r!h fJ 6T f;t rT LD rn {lJ (if>ffiQ ((ilff tt L_1.lJ-~ tC LL c: LD.

dJ)/G1J - dPI - ~. ~.a!Drr fD6U - {D.

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a;w = Gurr. ~8)W = eutt

~fT = Qairr(j)1 ~{hrr = QaifTGYr, QJrrriiJ(:!!j

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ZL6lJ - ~6T" - m_ifiJ. :!LifiJrJj6U = d?)f6ID6lJ{b6iJ.

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ZL6U - flU~ - ~6UW - ~fiiffLD - ffl)LLD - #JLLD = @jGlf}6TrG1f.

fbL Q6JJ6N cf/6fT61SJ (]c!bffLL(!jJr§ QcfLulLfw (Q~rtru.~rfl.23).

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iJ)J [DLllJ- - c: {ljfT LlSI- = ~ rfiJ(!!y!F W.

:f!Jl[D - iJ{lJ - j;}fDwLJ = iJ{!JwLJ~6iJ = LDrT [f)Ju@~ru .

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$I rfJ 87J - $I UJ rfl = 6lI L_ L_ 6lJ ill- G1J, CF ci en fJ W, @J ~ Lf1-' G ~ IT, 8' ch r:!h I) U U 6ID L a,<Ji4iVW, m_ ®~61f, 5;i1 fJ"1@j ~ J c!!JI (J a: <ill&LL 6(f)61T.

W rfJ a:m L = (Ip!J)J r9>@jfiiffl"L_ c!F 66) L.

if rfJ tfjrT l.!f- = (IjJ!Dc9>®~ t.: thrr lS/--.

~ rfI ~fJ fiil/ = a: tt uJ 61.f, ~ t5rf>CF fo1J.

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it rfl L-/ $5;rT L_Y1 = wrr.!J)J u tt L@<amrt6lJ.

iJrfl - @rflUJ ({KJ. art. 65J. et) = i'®wu.

il m UJ ci> a 8)rr LGlJ = fft6M 61$) {lJ LD{iJQ {D rt 6irr pIT th usn pSI c9>a;®~ G6)a;.

@rfI UJGl1J ® r%viv = G;) r!F tt iiffU (!:P~6l5l UJGlJ {iJ rom fD U OJ!D fra u rfJ6iJ WfT rb.!J)J #i6U. fiJrflUJ6ljw = @®wu6l/w.

fijlrfl5Jru(?) - @rflru = @jUJQJ6W CFJ>8i(JW.