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14-ILiA Answers Appendix
14-ILiA Answers Appendix
N: rD
("theking")
mlk' tqvP
l.'Pn
tqypyn ]'!'Pn and ("strong" thesingular in theplural) in n'l $n'l I'fi: N"nl byt byt' btyn bty'
:nf n:n:
-lDN 'l-]bN
ktb ktbt
'mr 'mrw
ln: nln:
't fl-
("he wrote"and"shewrote")
lt-
jv
ptgm'
NDin!
("message")
nlw
,r, 'r"
l-1lt NJJ-IN
lc. Exercise:
n\ttir-'.
4/Yit |
\/tY t
rrfr-l r
'l mlkyn tqypynhww yrw5lm bkl w5lytyn 'br nhr' wmdhblw whlk mtyhblhwn "strongkingswereoverJerusalem in and(theyhad)authority all Abar-Naharah andtribute,tax,andtoll wasgivento them-"
ld. Exercise: 'i'rir)]-lbN ND:: l'-'lN 'i.:: N:.ll ;'1:-l N'-]ll nnnu 'J l'r:N]D
'dyn knm' 'mrw lhwn gbry' dy dnhbnyn' bnyn mn 'nwn Smht "Then,accordingly, saidto them, they 'Whatarethenames the menwho arebuildingthis structure (literally, of a.re who,this structure, building)?"'
le. Exercise:
w'yn 'lhhn hwt 'l 6byyhwdY'
Exercise:lf.
N:bDu.l':l )y
'l mlk' pr5gn'ggrt' dy-Slhtttny . . . dryrvS "A copy of the letterthat Tattenaisent . . . to Dariusthe king."
):::
ytbqqrbbyt gnzyy' dy mlk' tmmh dy bbbl in of of "Let asearch made thehouse records theking there Babylon." in be
Exercise 2a.
--- melek("king") + kesap ("silver")(Because shewa the first vowelof the is the word,it is pronounced.) 12A t'la:
il-l
tirl'T -ar
- lrrr
-+ bayrt
1 '
I I t-
---+Dau'n
i -,-\
rl -rJ :
rrirl-t-1-\
--E
--+ KetaD
--+ KetaDtl .i.-.lhtt
|
'l-l
rJ
n\pj;-r
U , / 'W 1 .'
:
|
l
hrr irlll
, / ) -J
-:
l|r F r n - / . t t
I l'-
-/t-
Exercise 2b.
Distinguish shewas represent the that murmured-vowels those from that represent absence vowelsby transliterating the of these words: N?D: ("the silver"):kaspd (Theapostrophe in superscript, is indicating it is beingusedasa moter-consonant.)
:TVff il ("heknewyou"):h6*de'Ak 'antln pluralentities): llnlX ("you" for masculine 'amor-/n 'j'--fb$ ("those (The, vowelrepresentshere.): d who aresaying") l]ll ("building"): binyan
(The, vowelrepresentshere.): bdneyd 5 R]l? ("Theonewho is building") it (Theapostrophe in superscript, indicating is beingusedasa maleris consonant.)
2c. Exercise
in of This is thebeginning a letter,embedded the biblicalbookof Ena (4:l 1).Transcribe it:
'ri)! rn?u'-'t ;TjT N;-UN 1lD-lp - N?)EXnipUrin-l$ )! U;N NJiT:--llIJ :J"J:! '-1NIJ:I;I] N?)n) ntn) !'r: n:-$:l "'r
'iggartd dlv salahu*'alo*hTv parsegen danah 'al 'artah5aSte' malka-'abdavk 'EnaS'5bar-nahdrf, yehu"dayc d-i yedT)' lamalka'dTl r-r'*ka'enet lehewe but the yodhis not pronounced, is a graphic Notethatin thewordl'Jl! markthattheword is in theplural. 'ayin.Thisrepresents a to Notethat.!'1' hasan extraa-vowelattached the not and of in recent developrnent thepronunciation Aramaic does relatively in need be represented thetransliteration. to a Notethattheword Nln) has,in its first syllable, shortvowelandis the that vowel,e. Thismeans technically first followedby the ultra-short This is the exception therule. to is syllable an opensyllable. "This (is) a copyof the letterthattheysentto him:
'To: Artaxerxes, king --- (From:)your servants, people Avarof the the Naharah. who Now, let it be knownto theking thattheJews/Judaeans . ."'
2d. Exercise
passage Ezra(5'.4)'. from the Transliterate following
NFit jtf* ii;r) r-r[l-t 'i:;?Nll!: ;11'l Nilll I]TFU '-T luN lE
'6dayin kenemd''dmaru* 1eh6*n gubrayya'dTv denal'binyana banayin man 'inn[*n Semahat doesnot fall on the final syllable.In where stress Note the four examples prevents what is a shortvowel frorn reducingand the threecases stress becominga murrnuredvowel. Then,thus,they askedthem: "What arethe namesof the men who arebuilding this building (lit., who this buildingarebuilding)."
2e. Exercise
script: Transcribe following(frornEzra5:5)into Ararnaic the 'dlahahon yeh["daye hdwat'al Sabcv wo'eYn wela'battil["'himmd'
innr)n: s?t
But the eyeof their Godwas overthe eldersof the JewsiJudaeans
of officials)did not stopthem(i.e.,elders the andthey(thePersian Jerusalem). who Jews/Judaeans wereworkingon rebuilding
3a. Exercise
passage Ezra5.6,5'.17'. frorn the Transliterate following
'iggartddTv-Selah malkd . 'al tattanay . . darydwes par5egen div dtv yifbaqqar bsbevtginzayya malka'tamman bebabel Part3. havethefollowingforms: in Thepronouns Aramaic
Sineular
lcs "I"
;''illt
Plural 1cp"we"
nl|! 'l-U||
!ll;''l
illn:N Efflt! /'ijfn!t! 2mp"you" 'iffllt 2fp"you" + "they" 'i:]!t\ (E.:inn I D..linil) 3mp
3fp"they" l'l$
lvi'l
3b. Exercise
Basedon what you know of Aramaic orthographyand syllabification, the transliterate pronounsfrom the precedingchart:
Sinsular
lcs "I" '6na 'ant 'antty hD*' hTY'
Plural
lcp "we" 2mp "you"
2ms"you"
2fs "you" 3ms "he" 3fs "she"
2fp "you"
3mp "they"
'antn
'inn[*n / himm6*/ himm6*n
3fo"they"
'inntyn
Exercise 3c.
that utilizingthe vocabulary into Translate followingsentences Aramaic, the followsthe exercise: 1.He is theking. 2.He is in thehouse. 3. We arein thehouse. 4. Theyarebeforetheking. all 5. Accordingly, arethere. the we 6. Before theywerethere, werebefore king.
*r;r 1 N?)D
2.Nf'13 t\l;1
3 n!::: nln!$
l0
nouns/adiecti ng chartfor masculine 4a: ln Exercise Fill in the followinschart tor mascullnenouns/adtectlves:
Noun/adj. sins. abs./cstr. emph./det. sing. plural abs.
pl. cstr.
l2 r'turifr)
'' t
pl. emph./det.
Ptttt! ("old")
Ni?'n!
N;P
I'i?'n!
-11.1 ? i .+? I
Nii?'n!
Nitp
-]'IJT NT
t-
N-I'TJT
?rit
I :
lt?
t)/l
I't'-l
r)t:T
l{tJ'--T $rl:lE
N-'nlJ
N D '!N
1I llr':1n
E'!l_1("wise")
Nrn'!n
)w ./
*,tttil
l f
NT]U)
,I')D
I I t
,,D
N:')D
t -lr
)tPl
The
a
ts rr \t tt.!
t\ t ||\\u t :
'l':$u
'-]NiD
N!-INU
Exercise4b:
I /es: lll ln tne Io owlng cnart or remlnle no pluralabs. pl. cstr. emph./det. Noun/adj. cstr.sing. sing. abs.sing.
I ll.)
It
pl. emph./det.
t'l)'t
I tl)
t-
t t)J
NFi?'nq
('attTyqta)
ll'
ilz
l'lY
t tI t' ) t ' t v
Nli?'n!
Nn:b
("old")
NFl:b
?:t
l?t
(tabta )
F-rt ltt I I -I| ) / l
;1-l'lji
("little")
NN:'IJ]
i | )/r
t -r:.r F?
It
| |
I )Jl
"i
!qnl.lIJT
i''T?rfn
("crimg")
n)1r[
n'l'n
n|J)1:n
Nrllnn
-it-'!F?
$n)rrn
Nn't'n
nl'n
("animal", root: N '
T't'n
lt "
n]'n
n)
1l
:.lhrin
t-
l'rlrtin
NFn'!n
ti
lnt=]n
It
-/\r:F?
!qinn!n
tt
("wise")
I rl4 l:| ("charitv")
-lnr;t':l
?I-
r r;/ l;l
I i :-J l 'l_rt'I
$rji2'13.
(sidqetd )
li?rs
j'.tEt 1E1'r
I ll,
It
l5
:'
$[ri?-]s
NNE'DR
7 f l -
!$j?'i?R
N-l9g (sipperd )
n?'i?n
r lEl
("strong")
t:J5
t35
J'lEg
I\T]Bts
7_:
(srppar) ("bird")
is emphatic/determined Noticethatthel'l of the ltfi- endingin the singular (or (or not trsually spirantized hard),thoughit is spirantized soft)in the by whenthis final l'l is preceded an words"little" and"animal".Apparently, spirantized. e vowel(..) it becomes Exercise 4c.
sing.abs./cstr sing. emoh./det pl. abs.
pl. cstr.
pl. emph./det.
E)I ("image")
)^!J! ("master") l[i_l ("wine")
s?)g
N)r!
I'n)s
1 i -(' 1 t= i : |
'n)s
Nrn)g
N:')ljl
$-rtrn
N:T]IJ
1r -tr\n
l:-
'-'1Dl_]
"|'lJ I l
N!'-]nn
t -: -
I'rl! j'!Jn
N!':T:JJ $:'ljlFI
$lllrr
12
5a. Exercise
root .Tlf{ m.s.abs. ("to f.s. abs. m. pl. abs f. pl. abs.
rt$
)$u
i''1E11
;.'T'Tt$
t:t
j'':rl$
T')NUJ
| -:t
llr$
i )nu
lt_:t
Derish")
;.I)NU
:'?:'181'l
pB) ("togo
out")
1 | i'lE11
I rai
?-nt
tlr i t
| 1l) /U
lr :
lr(a
1 I -?-t 1 ' = ft |
It i r
Exercise 5b.
*malek[*, thenthatwouldmean first the If thewordwerepronounced (*ma-lesyllable unaccented a contained shortvowelin an open, syllable Notealsothatin theplural in situation Aramaic. k[*). This is an intolerable 'i]:?F, means only the that of the sequence two shewas form of this word, vowel,thusmalkewdn. a representsmunnured second
5c. Exercise
sing.abs. :l-'l' i'l_l "illumination"
: F?N]FI
sing.cstr.
slng. emnh./det.
pl. abs.
pl. cstr.
pl emph./det.
nl:';i:
Nn:i-t'i''T:
$Frt
l'n'i]l
lr:
nl-'l'iil
t:
;"needs"
n:lnul_'T
Nt tlt t\!JtI
t:-
FlttFl
rrnttin
IIltn/JtI
trFr
NilililiJt
t t-: :
FittF
perhaps represents Notethatin thepluralformsof "illumination"the shewa not. vowel,perhaps a murmured Exercise 5d.
sins. ab
t
sing.cstr.
sins.emph.
pl. abs.
pl
$nll']
i t1)/iJ
XXXXXX
not attested
cstr. XXXXXX
not attested
pl. emph.
XXXXXX
not attested
("greatness")
$nlJJl
XXXXXX
not attested
XXXXXX
not attesled
XXXXXX
not attested
n:l
-t
Nnl'
I'nr:
':,r-tEtn | !='i
'n--ll
'-l!?
t Jr.':T
Ntnl'
I _ i -
-l!D("scribe") iEln -a. The : r '':T Jrr':l T l lr ('Judge") The : A. ;-'T)$1"God"; n)N The,:a. Theil is part ofthe root and is not replaced by ll- in the cstr.. etc.
The : -a.
$rlc
N]'':T
It:'lDc
Nrlt.l
tt -
l':tl
'l'i''T)N
tr:
NiT)$
';''T)N
N:it?r3
N)n!
l-: ?
| )t12
Nrl;''T!
l_: t
14
5e. Exercise
of on the Complete followingchartbased theparadigm f[
cstr. sine. sins.abs. i tJ v,J il),P ("year")
sing.emph. pl. abs.
.llll ?t
ol. cstr.
..:
pl. emph.
lta
irFl
("nation")
I i'iJ
nn!r
nt-t
J'BN
1r.r ':1
t-
' E$
("window")
l-s
Exercise 6a.
G-Perfect D-perfect H-oerfect
3ms 3fs
''
-:-
-qiq
2ms 2fs
lcs
l'lJl
t i - i t : - i
lJ
i l'l-ri iJ
/EqEl
r-*q i l-l'lJ _ t i -
/FqF-r l'l-rl'lJ
rriqq
/EqEqa
lJr I
i ''t : - : t J Jt
':-
'::_
''
'' : : -
3mp 3fp
-:
:rrn-r
I l-I'lJ
t'-
2mp 2fp
trFtF-
lqFqF-
lii'rJi_rJ I i'r-Jr_rJ
l'r'rJi'rl Ii'lJi'rf
rr!FrrF-ii'lJi'lJt f rFlF-t
i i'rJi'lJr_i
lcp
N)ln!
$)tn!
N;:Fr:il
Exercise 6b.
gender, Parse following forms (indicatingstem,person, the number,and filI in the blanks: root) and
rP?P("the), up")G-3ms p)o came Nln?n ("wesalted") lcpn )n Gn)U sent") G-2mp Jlnn?U("ysu -lPf ;rll?l ("they inquired") D-3fu found") H-2fp n:U lnfjlUil ("you nlnl ("! sat") lll' G-lcs
Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
L6
6c. Exercise
and Transliterate translatethe following forms:
ba'[*tah, herrequest your(ms)dream helm4k, your(mp)word millatkdm, his siprEh, word qalana ourvoice , their hamrehn, (fp) wine mY heywetTy, animal your (ms)charity sidqetak,
(The plural for "slave" is like the plural for "king", in 1. my slaves']l! daleth,recallsthe that the "soft" pronunciationof the third consonant, pronunciation the plural form of this word: *'abadTn.) of archaic plural to this word) NJ'lf the 2. oursons(remember unpredictable '!!)B ( ) 3 . y o u r f e m .s i n g . k i n g
6d. Exercise
'u
'r,
, '
7. Thejudges of the nation madethe imageof the old king. They said to (for "in" their children (use )! for "to"): "We are writing in our language use3, for "language"usethe word for "tongue").
lrl! N?)F "T nn)g *qn$ "l i-1..:1'l Np'tllJ *;iry)r 1'ln? iljnll3'r E;J'!r )! l-rp$
Note how somebegadkepot Notice how the verbscomefirst in the sentence. or are consonants spirantized, soft, due to the influenceof a vowel flom a precedingword. Also, note how the particle'J can mark direct speech.
from Ezra 5:l I -l 2,vocalizingthe two the Translate following passage unpointedforms. For words you do not know, usethe vocabularylist that follows the passage.
6f. Exercise
We are the servantsof the God of heavenand earth . . . the our . . . But, because fathersangered God of heaven, king of the he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldaean Babylon. Notice how the 3mp pronouncan be usedas the equivalentof the verb "to be". Notice also how the adjective"Chaldaean"doesnot follow the word that it directly modifies,"king".
18
Exercise7a.
G-imperfect D-imperfect H-imperfect Alternative form of the Hstem with no i'J
3ms 3fs
'
'' : - :
:n:Ft
lFl:F]
-Jl'tJl'l
:f?t'l
tllE--
''
''
:n:n
I I rf L-t-n
I +l'lJi'l
l r --lr - r r i n rJt
i
i+).r-J)-r
rn:$
lr.'lftl
lrl:i]N
:n:|t
3mp 3fp
lrrn:l
lJ'r;
rrt-fF--t
i'iJi'r-J
tt;-:
i'i-rl rtF-rii I t:
lJl
-:
ii-tFqF
rtq-tF
2mp 2fp
llJr'r-Jyr
li-\F-rtF tt-ttE
lt:
I t q h q F
l::-
l;nrn
tr:
i - i ' l J t - i: i ' l :
It::
lcp
Exercise 7b.
gender, Parse following forms,describing the stem,person, number:
jninG3fs; G2ms
tit-tn
jr )bnnD2mp
]?tt'l D. 3fp rrirL-r .t
uJ+ /t_rj rr rcp
I i r ' r J l ' tu r I S
4n
nlU|! FVAlcs
t9
7c. Exercise
! In the followingchart,theprepositions and! -. like ) in theirform. The prepositions]F ED aresimilarto eachotherin thattheybothactually and (i.e.,minnand'imm),something is only that radical second havea doubled by in indicated the orthography a dot whena suffix followsthem.The as prepositiotrt andE]liJ bothtakesuffixes if theywerepluralnouns. ).U Fill out theblanksin the followingchart.
,
':1
?n
Ff!
rr ft rLrfl
U tl.)
'ill'?t tr:
lcs
.1,
r.:l
t.)n
'r
lj\ ft
\J
It
1?
:1?
:?f 11
tf
Ttjrf )
lr -
t:,
':iE
i':'Tl
i'T:1 :1=1
t:t ?!
=tj\ ll
r - r Al /- l
)
tl/
a,
i'l.1n
'ili rlj
=r tr !,1
r-iA-| .| ttl
tl/ ? Ir:
a2
$))
=lj\
f 't
a'ntD
? lr:
N)t
?-
Nll
N)ln
Fith
$)E!
F-lljtt)
$;'?! E:.)!
'i-F lft l+ ..1
$)'b'TD
T ' IT:
E:)
rrb
l+i
F-trr,r-,t-t tl .)l(
!-'rl.\-\J I t)
lll
lJr liJ
r -1.! f',l
- -llj\ n
tl,/ t lYl
Ei],
t--.ll..t
Fl-ix\
ft
E;t')g
lrt I /),t
F-'rh-t)t I
J;1)
lilf
lil!
? -..1'\ )tt:
lt !
1-X\ f t lt.r)4
t-rltr--
r lr.1 +,rli
7d. Exercise
sing. abs. sing.cstr. sing.
emph./det. pl. abs.
rir li.l
lr:t
pl cstr
'?l?
("Babvlonian")
rlit):r
t:-
')lf
r:tft:
t:-
N'):!
rrr:ftt=
tt : _
': ?l?
r t ?ftr-]
'' t : -
pl. emph./det.
tt')ll
N":TU!
t I r.:?|,n.1
lri-
("Chaldaean")
2{)
7e. Exercise
the passage Ezra4:14-15, vocalizing six forms from Translate following the list withoutvowels.For wordsyou do not know,usethevocabulary that followsthepassage.
-!-t t
:r'
(or, the the we Now, because havedonated saltof thepalace eaten saltof the palace), of it is not properfor us to seethedishonor theking. knownto theking of Because this,we havesent(word)andwe havemade of in sothathe mightsearch thebookof records your fathers; in and youwill find (thefollowing) thebookof records youwill understand kings. city, thatthiscity is a rebellious injuring Notice followingpoints: the "donate saltof thepalace" more mightbe translated 1. Thephrase the Bothphrases salt into idiomatically Englishas"donate to thepalace". king wasgivento him. indicate whatwasowedto the Persian that line,which linksthe of at 2. Thewaw conjunction thebeginning the second is phrase the mainclause, not translated. to subordinate Thus,in to 3. Aramaicoftendoesnot specitrobjects verbsthatareobvious. for Englishit is necessary supplywordsin parentheses sense. to to actingasan adjective word is a participle, 4. Noticehow thenext-to-last is with the followingword. theword "crty", andtheparticiple in construct
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 2l
8a. Exercise
one DooK 1lI i:.11,
.-L* qFr or.l'!?D r'Ji-]tln ]'ll$ 'l=i-ln 'i'-f from scribes !Q ;fVl-lt! lF I'iJ:l ilF?n records four three
(i.e., in fiveyears sixcountries lands)'i'!i$ nUl J'ltlJUn[ palaces eight kingdoms )D il;?n b i'):'1 il|lU for seven ll? 'i"r:9 niJUn j.'btt for nine these slaves tencities ll-1i2rtp!? -fq! flf il-l.Ul 't='l''l[lb l'--f:J nations'i'nN men eleven fromtwelve houses thirteen l't'i+ ftP! nn?n thefirstsonN'F-'lP N-ll NflS-TPNll!)D thefirstkingdom city thesecond N|illn Nfll ? N'n' tn N:lI thethirdman
Nn'IJ':-l Nn.l'n thefourthanimal
8b. Exercise
7.1-7. Read Daniel Danielsawa dream King 7:1 In the first yearof Belshazzar,u of Babylon, him frightened overhisbed. of andthevisions hishead (down). . . Thenhe wrotethe dream in and 7.2Daniel answered said:"I sa*o in my.vision thenight:four'winds (i.e.,theMediterranean). werestiningup the greatseao of theheavens this beasts cameup from the sea, onedifferingfrornthat." 7:3 Four great watched 7.4Thefirst (was)like a lionf andit hadswingsof an eagle.I and out while its wingswereplucked andit waslifted up from the ground it h A human heartwasgiven liki over(its) feet. to wasmade stand a human, to it.
22
up 7:5 Then,another one,like a bear(came from the sea). animal, second a It wasraised onesideandthreetusks(or,ribs)werein its mouth,between to ' It wastold.r 'Rise,eatmuchflesh'. its teeth. (beast) like a leopard. hadfour It was 7:6 After this,I watched another and Dominion wasgiven had wingsof a bird on its back.Thebeast fourheads. to it. (was) 7.7 Afterthis I watched the visionsof thenight.Thefourthbeast in It frightful,tenifoing,andstrong. had great teethof iron.It ate, extremely thanall and on demolished, the restit stamped with its feet.lt wasdifferent k of horns. it it before (since) hadtenpairs theotherbeasts which(were)
Notes u Observethat the standard way for indicatingthe year of a king's reign is to havethe word for "year" in constmctbeforea cardinalnumber.This is ) followedby the preposition plus the nameof the king. tf we were . translatingtoo literally we would get: "In year one belongingto Belshazzar o The predicate hereis madeup of a participle(illll) and a perfectform of "to be" (l.]t']D) 'The word:l-lN which is traditionally "1o",doesnot needto be so translated lt in translated every instance. functionsto mark the beginningof a new or section new point. o The ) preposition "sea" indicatesthat "sea" is the direct that precedes object.
" NotetheidiomN:l-lD Nl r Thisclause no verb.Thepredicate theprepositional phrase "like a has is lion". s This clause is through the alsodoesnot havea verb.Possession expressed ) preposition.
23
n Theword is herea dualform, indicating two specifically legs.The "its" possessive is based thecontext thepassage. of on i Theword for teethis in the dual,suggesting setsof teethor jaws. two j way, is Thepluralform of the activeparticiple hereusedin an impersonal verb. as andtranslated if it werea passive
21
9a. Exercise
Fill out the following chart for the verb l[]1, consultingthe paradigmsin ix as needed. the Answer
Perfect G-nass. D-pass.Perf. H-pass.Perfect
3ms 3fs
'r|:|-l
lFqq
qF:-
itiirJ
I l:i
lJ
l l J l- ': l: 1 . l- i : t i / i l ; l ' l J l J
-rrAq
/ F-tF-
l't-ii'tJ
: : - r .
l'lJi'lJr
: : _ : a . : : - i t
Fq---
I / i'lJi'lJr
, r--d--
/-lFq-
I '
r |:l-'l t':t-l
.--i--
, /
l' l-l'l-Jr
FqFtt
It-J IrJ
I i-t
tJ
liJl'lJt
l/lEi'tJt-l
/FqFq-
3mp 3fp
r:ri:
't
'l llJ
)r'l;)
ri-i
rlJi'lJ
rrF:iF-
2mp 2fp
ir'rJ i lJ
F-r
ttFiEq
tattEq-
l'lr'rjr'_rJ
trFtF-
1
I
,llJl-lJr
i'l-l_lJl
, /
i /
,..--F]i:
1'll'Ei'l-.
| l'.1-l'l-.
,
?
I F!i
llr-
irJ
i r'r-Jr_lJ
i a E r - - -
lcp
$):'n!
Nl:li?
Nlfrifil / Nllnfil
t : - : 1 . f | i
25
Exercise 9b.
left Fill out the spaces blank in the following chart and answerthe following uestr ons.
tG-Perfect tD-Perfect tG-Imperfect tD-Imoerfect
3ms 3fs
-.,n!ni]
F-F-FT? I t-,lt t:Jt tt I
rilnir ri:r't!ni]
:n!r'1'
-ii liJi ti'l
-'i
-ti'tJt ll'r
t't-ll t;Jl tr I
: : i :
h t F t F -
rr:nlnn
r--riq-t'l-li't;Ji tr I
FqEqEq
:n!nri
r'lqF-iFF
ll't;Jl
.r.aF|--l:-i
['r
lr i
I Ji.riJr.ri'l
i -Jt'r;Ji ||'r
l'i:l]!lti'l
I El'lJl
ll I
tFi!n$
3mp 3fp
'rl-Ji i- n .t:J:t t t I
-rliqn-
qF ' 't i J -i F l- J l
--:
lr i
lr i
lti-ttt
tt-l
ilJt rJt I
l.'jl lJl I
ir-F-Ft
i1-,it'rJt I I
r ill
lJl lr I
-ri--r l.jl'lJl
l-ri'lJl
tr:-:
2mp zfp
lcp
l'il'lJi'lJi
lr I
it-!FqFF
llJi
tqFqEF
rJt ri'l
iI-F-FF
|
l l
i t t - J t '- t- ; J t t r I I
rt--FF
r J l ' li i J_l:
N):n!ni']
N)rFt!ni''T
:n!n)
. j t '-r- J t t l i
in between tG-perfect the and 1. Whatarethedistinctions thevowelpatterns those the G-perfect? of has has While theG-perfect anlal-vowel(li!, 'llti!), thetG-perfect
-
l a n / e / - V O w e l ( - J i . . l J i . l r . l O t / l / - V O W O l( ' l - J i . l J i . l t .J . )
-rirrr
how manydifferentformscouldnfn:ni'l 2.In a text lackingvowelmarkers, represent? Whatarethey? perfect forms: tG-3fs, tG-2ms, tG-lcs;tD-3fs,tD-2ms, Six different tD-1cs
26
But, giventhe in 3. Thereareno tG or tD imperatives BiblicalAramaic. chart, whatwouldthe imperfect formsyou'vewrittendownin the above imperative formsof thetG andtD look like, if theydid occur? tG-stem m.s. f.s.
m.p. L DT.. : : r
qF-F-
tD-stem
-tFttF-
-'ji'lJl
"iI
l, I
tt I
'lJi'lJi.tr.l t l-li'iJi
J-r-
il 1 tt I
it I
in If sing. 4. There tG- or tD- participles BiblicalAramaic. themasc. are look formsare,respectively lFlnn andlljJflD, whatdo theotherforrns like? tD-stem tG-stem
tFrnn il+nlnn
t t -l F]=li'.r I +l.r+).rt-J l-\F-Ftr l-Jt rJt r{J
-jt'tJt
--F-F'.
t:-;
-F-Ftr
ilJ
l{J
I lJl'lJl
t |l r\ F-F'a
I Jf'rJt
r{J
il-J
rr-F-Fta tJt'tJf - :
lT:
Exercise 9c.
Translate slightlysimplified version Daniel7:8-10: of this 8. u I was considering horns and another,small horn cameup betweenthem, the o and three of the first hornswere rootedup from before it. Lo, eyes,like the eyesof a human,'(were)in this horn and a mouth speaking greatthings. 9. I was watchinguntil throneswere set up and the Ancient of Daysd sat down, his garment(was) white like snow and the hair of his headlike pristine wool; his throne (was) flames of fire, its wheels a burning fire.
10. A river of fire was flowing and coming forth from beforehim (or, it); thousands) a million (i.e., a thousand servedhim and one hundredmillion (i.e., ten thousand myriads) stoodbeforehim; the court sat down and bookswere opened.
Notes uNoticethat the verb )fU in the tD-stemtakesa beth-preposition a as In complement. otherwords,in Biblical Aramaic,one doesnot say"I x, J, considered y, or 2", ratherone usesthe preposition which would result "[ in the unidiomatic Englishtranslation: was considering the horns". in oThe preposition'f is here b translated "of'. as 'Literally, the phrase would be: "like the eyesof the human".
u The Ancient
28
Exercise 10a.
Basedon the two examples above,you shouldbe ableto predictthe -lDlt following forms. Fill in the blanks of the chart ( for the G-Imperfect andJDN): -IEN]
G-Imoerfect G-Imoerative
:NNFl
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX
-'18$r'l
rnN 'lFs
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX llb$
J'-rnNr-]
-'rn$
l:1-'lnN'
llnNl
lrrnNn
lJDNfr
tn$l
;r-tnN
XXXXXXXX
Exercise 10b.
List thepossible rootsI?om whichthese formsrnightderive look verbal and up the correct root in the Answers Appendix. L NU 2.=l 3 lP? 4.91 'll'l;'Tt-l 5. NID: G: "to lift" li'T' G: "to give" P!: G: "to go out";H: "to takeout" JJ-'fnG: "to know" "llN G: "to perish"; "to destroy" H:
29
Exercise 10c.
version Daniel7:11-14. of Translate slightlysimplified this 11. of I waswatching thenbecause the sound thepowerfulwordsthatthe of hornwasspeaking; waskilled, I waswatching until thebeast givento a burningo fire. andits bodywas 12. As for therestof thebeasts, was theirdominion rernoved; in but long life (lit., lengthing life) wasgivento themfor a time anda season. 13 I sawin thevisions thenight, of (someone) a human (lit., a sonof man) andwith theclouds heaven, of like wascoming, andhe approached Ancientof Daysandwasbrought the beforehirn. 14. Dominion, honor, kingship and weregivento him, (lit., andall thepeoples, nations, cultures tongues) the and wereserving him; (was)an eternal his dominion dorninion wouldnotpass that away; his kingshiponethatwouldnot be destroyed.
Notes uNoticethatthepreposition as lE canbe translated "liom" and"because of." Thetwo wordsin Englisharealsosometimes interchangeably. used o Theword nli?] (theconstruct nli?]) is surprising of because would one Thishasbeenexplained a Hebrew pronunciation, expect the .. to reduce. as andtheword asa loan-word BiblicalAramaic, in from BiblicalHebrew. It mightbe,however, the symbol .. represents that e.
30
lla Exercise
this slightly simplifiedversionof Ezra 5:6-10;the first verseyou Translate have alreadyseenbefore. 6. and Copy of the letter that Tattenai,governorof Beyond-the-River, his sent the colleagues, officialsof Beyond-the-River, to Darius,the king. 7. A letter they sent and it is written as follow in its interior: "To Darius,King, (May) all (be) well. 8. Let it be known to the king that we went to Jehud,the province, to the greattemple of God (or, to the templeof the greatGod),u and it is beingbuilt (out of) "rolled" stone. . .; this work is being donediligently and is prosperingin their hands. 9 Then we askedtheseeldersthus, to sayingb them: "Who gave" you a commandto build this temple, andthis wall to finish?" l0 Also, we askedthem their namesfor the purposeof informing you (of everything), ., of the name(s) the men who weretheir leaders.' so that we might write
Notes uBecause adjectiveagrees number,gender,and statewith both nouns, in the that it modifieseithernoun. God andtemple,it is possible b Literally, "we saidto them". 'The verb is EnU.usuallvtranslated set". "to dLiterally, those"who were amongtheir heads".
in IntroductoryLessons Aramcticby Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 31
llb Exercise
of several the versionof Ezra5:11-13, Translate slightlysimplified this versesyou havealreadyseenbefore. ll. Accordingly,they retnrned us a reply saying. to "We a.re servantsof the God of heavenand earth the and (we) are building the temple that was built beforethis, many years(ago)
12. "But, because fathersangered God of heaven, the our king of he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldaean the Babylon, and andthis templehe destroyed the peoplehe exiledto Babylon. 13. "Nevertheless, the first year(lit., yearone)of Coresh, King of Babylon, in Coresh, king, gavean orderto build this ternpleof God." the
Exercise lc. l
all abouttheverbalforms.Describe the Givenwhatyou havelearned possible roots)for the followingverbalform. verbalforms(andthe possible yourlist against onein theAnswers Appendix: the Check I l:i 2 i:':T 3. i::T 4. l:i 5. l:i 6. lll 7. lli perfect fromI'T (G: "to judge") G-3mp root *i'l:':T G-3mpperfectfrom the imaginary root fromtheimaginary *i'l::l G--.p. imperative root imperative fromtheimaginary *'i1) (G-3ms G-m.p. *j-ll) imperfect' root fromtheimaginary *jT' (G-3ms imperative G-m.p. *lTl'.) imperfect: perfect root fromtheimaginary *l:T G-3mp root imperative fromtheimaginary *'i):T(G-3ms G-m.p. *'i-T:) imperfect:
32
Exercise 1ld.
several the of version Ezra5:14-17; of Translate slightlysimplified this you seen before. verses havealready 14. "Also,thevessels thetemple God,of goldandsilver, of of which(was)in had whichNebuchadnezzar takenout from thetempleu Jerusalem; hebrought that themto thetemple (was)inoBabylon; that(was)in Babylon Coresh, king, tookthemout from thetemple the had . andtheyweregivento Sheshbazzar.. whomhe (Coresh) setup (as) governor. 15. "He saidto him: 'Takethese go themin thetemple vessels; anddeposit whichis in Jerusalem, of andlet thetemple Godbe built on its place.' 16. "Then, of the came this Sheshbazzar and'laid(lit., gave) foundations the temple Godwhich(is) in Jerusalem of (lit., being under construction it hasbeen andfromthenuntilnow it hasbeen built)andit is not completed." 17. "Now,d theking findsit good(lit., if [it is] goodto theking), if (lit., treasures) theking there of of let a search madein thehouse records be in Babylon; to was the if it is (thecase) from Coresh, king, a command made build that of thetemple God,which(is) in Jerusalem, with this (lit., [is] overthis), king is in accord andthewill of the (present) (then)let him send us (wordaboutthis)." to Notes uIn Biblical Aramaic "temple,"the therearetwo wordsthatcanbe translated "house." second, ):'ii, is a wordthat The first of whicht-ltJ, alsomeans goes backto Sumerian. b TheAramaic "the which wordsmightbe moreliterallyrendered temple !, (was)of Babylon"since thereis no preposition "in". It sohappens,
IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 33
however,that this prepositionis frequentlydroppedbeforewords that begin with beth.Thus,the translationabove("which was in Babylon") is the correctone. 'Notice that thereis no conjunctionbetweenthe two verbsin Aramaic.
34