7

-
(The Iron-Iron Carbide Equilibrium Diagram)

(Manufacture of Wrought Iron)

- (The Iron-Iron Carbide Diagram)
(Definition of Structure)
(The Critical-Temperature Lines)
(Classification of Steel)
(Effect of Small Quantities of Other Elements)

 (Wrought Iron)
2
(High-purity iron and Slag) Iron
Silicate

(Wrought Iron) Byers Aston

3 1. 2.
(Slag) 3.
(Pig iron) (Iron oxide) (Silica)
(Pig iron)
()

 (Wrought Iron Manufacturing)

(slag) (impurities)

 (Wrought Iron Manufacturing) ()

(Pig iron) Coal/Coke Limestone
Charge Charge
Charge
(O2) 1600F (870C)
CO2
(O2) Mn, Si

(firebrick lining/ refractory lining)
(Slag)

 (Wrough Iron Manufacturing) ()

 (Wrough Iron Manufacturing) ()

 (Wrough Iron Manufacturing) ()

( )


(Wrought iron)
0.08% 0.06%
0.05-0.160%
slag 0.10
0.20% 1-3%

Carbon 0.06% Manganese 0.045%
Silicon 0.101% Phosphorus 0.068%
Sulfur 0.009 Slag by weight 1.97%

 ()


(Longitudinal or Rolling) (Transverse)
Wrought Iron 1.5-3.5%

wrought Iron

Wrought iron

 (Allotropy of Pure Iron)

2800F (1538C)
2800F (1538C)

2800F (1538C)
Delta-iron (-iron), BCC

(non-magnetic)
Body-Centered Cubic
2554F (1401C)
(BCC) BCC
Delta-iron (-iron)
Gamma-iron (-iron), FCC

(non-magnetic)
2554F
(1401C)
1616F (908C)
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
Alpha-iron (-iron), BCC
Gamma-iron (-iron)
(non-magnetic)
1616F (908C)

1414F (768C)
BCC
Alpha-iron (-iron), BCC
Alpha-iron (-iron) Ferrite
(magnetic)
1414F (768C)

BCC
,

 (Recrystallization)
(Recrystallization) 3
()

() Ferrite (iron) Austenite (-iron)
Grain growth ( FCC Austenite )
() Austenite
(-iron) Ferrite (-iron)
Grain growth ( BCC Ferrite
)

Iron - Carbon Solution

Carbon / (Iron) Alloy
(Strength) (Ductility)

Steel 2% (
1.5%)
Cast Iron 2% - 6.67% (
4%)
(BCC, FCC)

Ferrite (-iron, BCC) 0.008%
0.025% 1333 F (723C)
Austenite (-iron, FCC) 2% 2065 F
(1130C)
(Interstitial solid solution)

Iron - Carbon Solution ()

6.67% (
Ferrite, -iron Austenite, -iron) Fe
Iron Carbide: Fe3C ( Orthorhombic,
12 4 ) Fe3C
Cementite
Ferrite Austenite ,
, (Substitutional solution)

Ferrite, -iron Austenite, -iron Iron Carbon solution

Cementite (Fe3C)

- (The Iron-Iron Carbide Diagram)

(Allotropic)

(Graphite)


1300F
metastable -
metastable

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

- ()
3
Isothermal

austenite

delta
2720F Peritectic
cooling

Liquid + heating Austenite

b.c.c. 0.10% ( M)
f.c.c.
allotropic
allotropic 2554
2720F 0.10% C

- ()
NMPB NM
b.c.c.
Fe f.c.c. Fe
0.10% MP
Peritectic 0.10-0.18%
0.18% NP
PB Pertectic
0.18-0.50%

0.50% B
allotropic

- ()
CED Eutectic E eutectic 4.3%
2065F Eutectic
austenite+ iron carbide (Cementite)
eutecitc Ladeburite Eutectic
cooling

Liquid heating Austenite + Cementite

Eutectic mixture--Ladeburite

austenite

GH 1666F
f.c.c b.c.c

b.c.c. Fe Ferrite

- ()
HJK Eutectoid J eutectoid
0.80% 1333F austenite
eutectoid mixture ferrite cementite Pearlite eutectoid
cooling

Austenite heating Ferrite + Cementite

Eutectoid mixture--Pearlite

2% (Steel)
2% (Cast irons)
0.8% Hypoeutectoid Steels
0.8-2% Hypereutectoid Steels
4% Hypoeutectic Cast Iron 4%
Hypereutectic Cast Iron

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

2065F

1666F

 (Carbon Solubility in Iron)

Austenite f.c.c. 4 unit cell
Ferrite 2 unit cell (b.c.c.)
austenite ferrite
Interstitial
f.c.c. 25% b.c.c. 32%
austenite ferrite unit cell f.c.c.

2% 10%
ferrite austenite
ferrite

B.C.C.

F.C.C.

 (Slow Cooling of Steel)

1 Hypoeutectoid 0.2% Austenite
interstitial solid solution 0.20%
f.c.c. GJ x1 (upper-critical-temperature line)
allotropic f.c.c. b.c.c. 1666F
x1 ferrite austenite
ferrite
b.c.c. austenite
ferrite austenite

allotropic HJ
(lower-critical-temperature line) x2 eutectoid
f.c.c.

 ()
HJ 25% austenite 75% ferrite austenite
25% (Rule II) 0.8%
eutectoid Austenite cooling Ferrite + Cementite Austenite
heating
Eutectoid mixture--Pearlite Pearlite
pearlite 25% ferrite 75%
Austenite interstitial solid solution
eutectoid
0.8% (f.c.c. Fe) ferrite b.c.c. Fe


austenite

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

Carbon Austenite Ferrite

Iron 1166F Carbon 0.025% 1333F
Pearlite Eutectoid solution Ferrite Cementite
Ledeburite Eutectic solution Austenite Cememtite

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

Austenite
(-iron) Ferrite (-iron)
Hypoeutectoid solution

 (a)
A1

FCC
Austenite 100%
(b) Austenite
Ferrite
(c)
Austenite
Ferrite


Ferrite
25%
Austenite 75%

 (d)
Austenite


Ferrite
Cementite
Pearlite

Pearlite 25%
Ferrite
(Proeutectoid
Ferrite) 75%

 ()
ferrite pearlite

ferrite 75% pearlite 25%

Hypoeutectoid
ferrite pearlite
eutectoid (0.8% C)
pearlite
0.4% C pearlite 50%

 ()
2 hypereutectoid 1% austenite
f.c.c.
1% CJ (upper-critical-temperature line)
CJ austenite
CJ austenite x3 austenite
austenite
x3 x4 cementite
austenite
x4 eutectoid (lower-critical temperature)
eutectoid austenite
proeutectoid cementite
austenite cementite
3.4% austenite 96.6%

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

Iron - Carbon Phase Diagram / Iron Iron Carbide Phase Diagram

Austenite
(-iron) Ferrite (-iron)
Hypereutectoid solution

 ()
eutectoid hypereutectoid allotropic
f.c.c. b.c.c. autenite 96.6% (0.8% C) pearlite
pearlite 96.6% cementite 3.4%
proeutectoid cementite
ferrite
cementite
(pearlite)
pearlite hypoeutectoid

eutectoid 0.8%

eutectoid
cementite

 (The Critical-Temperature Lines)

Allotropic (Upper-lower critical

Temperature lines

Critical-temperature lines
11F/min

Ladeburite: eutectic
austenite cementite
Cementite or iron carbide: Fe3C
6.67% interstitial compound
( 5000 psi)
orthorhombic

Ferrite

Austenite

Austenite: (f.c.c.
iron) C 2%
2065F 150 000 psi
10% 2 in 40 Rockwell C

Ferrite: (b.c.c. iron)
0.025% 1333F
0.008%
40000 psi
Rockwell B 90
Pearlite: eutectoid 0.80% 1333F
120 000 psi
20% 2 in Rockwell C 20

Pearlite

 (Classification of Steel)
(Method of Manufacturing)
Bessemer, Open-Hearth Steel, Electric
Furnace Steel, Crucible Steel
(Use)
(Machine Steel), (Spring Steel),
(Boiler Steel), (Structure Steel), (Tool
Steel)
(Chemical Composition)



The American Society for Testing Material (ASTM), The
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
AISI SAE 4
1 = carbon, 2 = nickel, 3 = nickel
and chromium, 4 = molybdenum, 43 = nickel and chromium and molybdenum
3 2
(Carbon content) 10 = 0.10% carbon content)
2520 nickel 5%
0.2%
5 2
AISI prefix prefix

 (Purpose of Alloy Element in

Steels)
(Hardenability) (Carbon)
(Formation of Carbides)
(Wear Resistance)
(Tungsten), (Vanadium)
(Corrosion Resistance)
(Chromium)
(Grain Refinement) (Strength)
(Hardness) Vanadium, Molybdenum, Niobium

-iron (Austenite)
(Toughness),
(Electrical Properties) , (Magnetic Properties),
(Machinability)


(Sulfur): Sulfur Iron Iron Sulfide (FeS)
FeS Fe Eutectic Solution (
Fe)
Eutectic solution
()
()
Hot-Short Hot-Short
0.05% (Mn)
2 8 (Mn S Manganese Sulfide,
MnS , Slag)
Free Machining Steel 0.08 0.35%

 ()
(Phosphorus) : 0.12%


Cold-Short
Cold-Short 0.04%
-iron (Ferrite)
(Strength) (Hardness)

0.04 0.12% Sulfur 0.16 0.35%

 ()
(Manganese) : 0.03 1 %
2
MnS ( 2 8
)
(
deoxidizer) Iron

Iron (Fe)
Mn3C Fe3C Cementite
1% (Hardness) (Strength)
()
10% -iron (Austenite)

 ()
(Silicon) : 0.05 0.3 %
2
( deoxidizer) SiO2,
sand)
(Strength)
(Ductility) -iron
(Ferrite) (Substitutionally Dissolving)
3% (Electrical Properties)
(Magnetic Properties)

 ()
(Nickel): FCC Iron iron (Austenite) 100% (Hardness) iron (Ferrite) (Strength)
(Toughness)
(Critical transformation
temperature)
-iron (Austenite)
( Stainless steel )

 ()
(Chromium): BCC Iron
-iron (Ferrite) (Strength)
-iron (Austenite) (Hardness)
Chromium Carbides


(Tool steel)
(Corrosion- and heat resistance steel; stainless steel)