1

(Electrical Machines 1)
(Source of Energy)

1. Nonrenewable Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum Nuclear

2. Renewable Biomass, Solar, Wind, Hydropower Geothermal

3. Cogeneration Plant -->

Fuel Cell
( (H2) (O2))
(H2O) () (H2)
(O2)
(H2O) + ()

-------- >

(H2) + (O2)

 Fuel Cell
(H2) (O2)

(DC)
(H2) + (O2)

-------- >

(H2O) + ()

(H2) Hydrocarbon
(Reformer) H2 (O2)
Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell
()

...


(Energy-conversion process)

(Magnetic Fields and Circuits)

(Magnet and Magnetic field)

Magnetic field around a coil

Electromagnetic induction
.. 1831 Michael Faraday

1.

2.

3.

Mean corelength, l

Cross sectional area, A

(Magnetomotive force, mmf., )

( i )
A-T
Ni

N
i

(1)

(Turn)
(A)

(Magnetic Reluctance, )

( l )
( A ) ( ) ( )

(2)

( A / Wb )
( m2 )
9



o r

o
r

(3)

4 107 H/m
(Relative permeability)

lc
Ac

(4)

lg

(5)

o Ag

10

(Magnetic Flux, )

(6)

(Wb )
( A T )
( A / Wb )

(Magnetic Field Intensity, H )

Ampares law
Ni

H dl
H

Hl

Ni
l

(7)
(8)

( A T / m )

11

(Magnetic Flux density, B )

B

B H

(9)

(Tesla , Wb / m2 )

Ac Ag

(6)

(c g )
lc
l

g
A A
c
o g

(10)

12

 (10)
lc
lg

A A
o g
o r c

lc

lg

o Ac r

g c

(11)

lg

lc

lg

(12)

o Ag

(Fringing Effect)

Ag Ac

Ag

13

 Ac B
(Fringing effect) B

Bc
(13)
Ac

Bg

Ag

(14)

3
1. Diamagnetic r 1

2. Paramagnetic r 1 1

r o
3. Ferromagnetic r 1 (102 106 )

H
(9)
H
Paramagnetic

B H o H

(15)

Ferromagnetic

B H o r H

(16)
14

(Magnetization Curves)

B H (15)
(16)

15

 Magnetization Curves B Ferromagnetic

H B ( r )
B ( r )
(Saturation)
Ferromagnetic B
1
Cast steel, Silicon steel Armco iron
0.8 Teslas
# Cast steel H 780 A-t/m
r _ cs

B
0.8

816
o H
4 107 780

# Silicon steel H 220 A-t/m

r _ ss

B
0.8

2,894
4 107 220
o H

# Armco iron H 75 A-t/m

r _ ai

B
0.8

8, 488
4 107 75
o H

B Armco iron H r

16

m.m. f .

be
bafe

bcde

17

.
.
1

Current density
Current
Electric field intensity
Voltage
Conductivity
Resistance
l V IR

J
I

V V1 V2 Vn

Magnetic flux density

Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux intensity
Magnetomotive force
Permeability
Reluctance

H
( Ni )

B
Hl l

1 2 n

I1 I 2 I 3 I n

1 2 3 n

V1 V2 V3 Vn

1 2 3 n

I I1 I 2 I n

1 2 n

18

 2 Ac Ag 12 cm2 , lg 0.05 cm, lc 40 cm

N 400 ( r )
4,000 (Fringing effect)
Ag 5 %
a) The total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap).
b) The current required to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in the air gap.

a) (9)

19

lc
lc
0.4m

Ac
r o Ac
4000 4 107 0.0012m 2
66,300 A T / Wb

Fringing effect) Ag 5 %

Ag 12 cm 2 1.05 12.6 cm 2
a g

lg

o Ag

0.0005m
4 107 0.00126m 2

316, 000 A T / Wb

# The total reluctance of the flux path

c g
66,300 316, 000
382,300 A T / Wb

b)

BA, Ni

20

Ni BA
BA
i
N
0.5 0.00126 382,300

400
0.602 A
ans

( Inductance, L )

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
N
(t ) N
N (t )
N

i t

i t

v t

v t

21

 Faradays law
(Induced voltage)
N
e(t ) v(t ) N

d (t )
d

dt
dt

(17)

(Flux Linkage), N (Wb T )

N ( N (t ) )

N Li

(18)

N
i

(19)

(13), (9), (8) (19)

BA ,

B H ,

Ni
l

N
N BA
N H A
N Ni A

i
i
i
il

22

N 2 A

L
l

N2

(20)

(22) Ferromagnetic r
g c (c 0)
N 2 o Ag
N2
L

(21)
g

lg

L L
N 2 lg L
L
N L
lg

23

Self Inductance
1

i1

N1

i2

L11

L11
11
L22
22

11
i1

N2

L22

22
i2

(22)

Self Inductance 1
(Flux Linkage) 1
Self Inductance 2
(Flux Linkage) 2

24

Mutual Inductance

i1

i2

N1

N2

21 12

L12

12
i2

L21

L12 Mutual Inductance 1 2

12 (Flux Linkage) 1
2
i2 2

25

1
i2

i1

N1

lc

lg

N2

g c

total c g

lc

o r Ac

lg

o Ag

26

Flux Linkage

1 2

total (m.m. f .) N1i1 N 2i2

total
N i N 2i2
11
g
g

Total Flux Linkage 1 (1 )

1 N1

N12 o Ag
lg

i1

N1 N 2 o Ag
lg

i2

1 L11 i1 L12 i2

L11 Self Inductance 1

L12 Mutual Inductance 1 2
L11

N12 o Ag

L12

lg

N1 N 2 o Ag
lg

Total Flux Linkage 2 (2 )

2 N 2

N1 N 2 o Ag
lg

i1

N 22 o Ag
lg

i2

27

2 L21 i1 L22 i2

L22 Self Inductance 2

L21 Mutual Inductance 2 1
L22

N 22 o Ag
lg

N1 N 2 o Ag

L21

lg

3 Ac 9 cm2 , Ag 9 cm2 , lg 0.05 cm, lc 30 cm

N 500 ( r )
70,000
( Bg ) 1.0 Tesla ( )

(14)

Ni (c g )
l
l
c g
A A
c
o g

Ac Ag

Bg Ag Bc Ac

Bg Ag

28

Ni Bg Ag (c g )

Bg Ag lc

lg
o Ag r

Bg lc

lg
o N r

1
4 107 500
0.8 A

0.3

5 104

70000

Bg Ag
1 9 104
9 104 Wb

ans

4 3 Ac 9 cm2 , Ag 9 cm2 , lg 0.05 cm

lc 30 cm, N 500
( r ) 70,000 ( L )
( Bg ) 1.0 Tesla

1 9 104 Wb, i 0.8 A

1 N1 500 9 104 0.45Wb T

( L )
1)

N
500 9 104
L

0.56 H
i
0.8

2)

N2
N2
L

(c g )

29

c
g

lc

o r Ac
lg

o Ag

0.3
3,789.4 AT
70000 4 107 9 104
5 104
4 107 9 104

442,097 AT

N2
5002
L

0.56 H

(3,789.4 442,097)

g c ( L )
N2
5002
L

0.565 H
442,097
g

ans

(Toroid)

30

(Toroid)
(Ampares law) H
Ni

H dl

H * 2 R

Ni
2 R

(23)
(24)

(2 R) ()
R ()
(6)
l

B H

Ni
2 R

(25)

31

 B Ac

Ni ( r 2 )

2 R
r 2

2R

(26)

Ni

Ac ( r 2 )

(AC Excitation of Magnetic Circuits)

32

i
V

DC Excitation of Magnetic Circuits

( RI )
(V ) H , and A

I rms

i
v

Vrms

j L

AC Excitation of Magnetic Circuits

(Z )
( R) ( L)

33

 ( R) ( j L)


Faradays law

N
( )
N
e(t ) v(t ) N

d (t )
d

dt
dt

(27)

( Error )

m sin t

(28)

N
e N

d sin t
d
N m
Nm cos t Em cos t
dt
dt

(29)

Em Nm

Erms Vrms

Em
N m

4.44 N f m
2
2

(30)

34

 2 f

5 500
v 500 cos 314t V
( )

Erms Vrms

Em
500

353.55 V
2
2

(30)
Erms 4.44 N f m

Erms
353.55

3.185 mWb
4.44 N f
4.44 500 50

ans

35

Hysteresis and Losses

B H Curve

36