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1 Hyrje
1 Hyrje
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
I. HYRJE
Pjesa 1
p ( x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + ... + a1 x + a0 ,
ku a0 , a1 ,..., an jan numra real, x numr real, quhet polinom (real).
Prkufizimi 2. Nse an 0, numri n quhet shkall e polinomit p( x). Simbolikisht shnohet
deg p ( x) = n.
N kt rast themi se polinomi p sht i shkalls s n t sipas x it.
Prkufizimi 3. Le t jen dhn polinomet
p ( x) = an x n + an1 x n1 + ... + a1 x + a0
q ( x) = bn x n + bn1 x n1 + ... + b1 x + b0 .
Polinomet p ( x) dhe q( x) jan identikisht t barabart ather dhe vetm ather kur
an = bn , an1 = bn1 ,..., a1 = b1 , a0 = b0 .
Pohimi Bezu. Gjat pjestimit t polinomit p ( x) me x a, a = const, mbetja sht e barabart me
p (a). Nse mbetja p (a) = 0, ather polinomi p ( x) plotpjestohet me x a.
Detyra 1. sht dhn polinomi p ( x) = 2ax 3 5ax 2 ax 6.
a) T caktohet parametri a ashtu q polinomi p ( x) t plotpjestohet me x 1, dhe t
caktohet hersi n kt rast.
b) T caktohet parametri a ashtu q gjat pjestimit t polinomit p ( x) me ( x 1) t
merret mbetja -10.
Zgjidhja.
a) (2ax 3 5ax 2 ax 6) : ( x 1) = 2ax 2 3ax 4a
2ax 3 m 2ax 2
3ax 2 ax 6
m3ax 2 3ax
4ax 6
m4ax 4a
6 4a
Pra r ( x) = 6 4a.
Duhet q mbetja t jet zero, pra 6 4a = 0 a =
3
. Pr kt vler t a s merret hersi
2
9
3
3
3
2ax 2 3ax 4a = 2 x 2 3 x 4 = 3x 2 + x + 6.
2
2
2
2
b) sht e qart se mbetja sht 6 4a. Kushti sht q mbetja t jet 10.
Pra 6 4a = 10 4a = 10 + 6 a = 1.
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
x
2 x 1 3 x(2 x)
+
+
;
x 3 x + 1 x2 2x 3
b)
2x + 1 1 2x
1
+
+ 2
.
x 4 x + 3 x x 12
Zgjidhja.
a)
x
2 x 1 3x(2 x)
x
2x 1
3 x(2 x)
x( x + 1) + (2 x 1)( x 3) + 3 x(2 x)
+
+
=
+
+
=
x 3 x + 1 x 2 2 x 3 x 3 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x 3)
( x + 1)( x 3)
=
b)
3
x 2 + x + 2 x 2 6 x x + 3 + 3 x(2 x) 3x 2 6 x + 3 + 6 x 3 x 2
=
.
=
( x + 1)( x 3)
( x + 1)( x 3)
( x + 1)( x 3)
2x + 1 1 2x
1
2x + 1 1 2x
1
(2 x + 1)( x + 3) + ( x 4)(1 2 x) + 1
+
+ 2
=
+
+
=
( x 4)( x + 3)
x 4 x + 3 x x 12 x 4 x + 3 ( x 4)( x + 3)
=
Detyra 3. a)
2 x2 + x + 6 x + 3 + x 2 x2 4 + 8x + 1
16 x
=
.
( x 4)( x + 3)
( x 4)( x + 3)
x2 + 2 3
1 3x x 2
:
+
.
x2 + x + 1 x 1
x3 1
Zgjidhja.
x2 + 2 3
1 3x x 2
:
+
x2 + x + 1 x 1
x3 1
x2 + 2 3
1 3x x 2
:
=
+
2
2
x
+
x
+
1
x
1
(
x
1)(
x
+
x
+
1)
x 2 + 2 3( x 2 + x + 1) + 1 3 x x 2
x2 + 2
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
( x 2 + 2)( x 1)
:
=
2
2
2
x2 + x + 1
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
2 x2 + 4
x + x + 1 3x + 3x + 3 + 1 3x x
( x 2 + 2)( x 1) x 1
=
.
2( x 2 + 2)
2
Detyra 4. a)
| x | +1
x2 + | x |
;
x 2 1 x 2 + 2 | x | +1
b)
| x 3 + 1| + | x 1|
.
x3 + x
Zgjidhja.
a) Duke u mbshtetur n prkufizimin e vlers absolute
x, x > 0
| x |= 0, x = 0
x, x < 0
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
x 1 x + 2 | x | +1 ( x 1)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 x 1 ( x + 1)
x 1 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1)
=
x + 1 + x2 x x2 + 1
=
.
( x 1)( x + 1) x 2 1
=
2
=
2
2
( x + 1)( x 1)
x 1 x + 2 | x | +1 ( x 1)( x + 1) x 2 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1) 2 x + 1 x 1
=
x + 1 x2 x 1 x2 2x
=
.
x2 1
x2 1
I-HYRJE
Gjat transformimit zbatuam vetin e vlers absolute | ab |=| a || b | si dhe faktin q x 2 x + 1 > 0 . Pra
| x 2 x + 1|= x 2 x + 1.
2
1 1
1 3
1
Shnim. x 2 x + 1 > 0 sepse x 2 x + 1 = x 2 + 2 x + + 1 = x + > 0.
2 2
2 4
2
2) x (1,1];
3) x (1, +).
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) + 1 x x 3 + 1 + 1 x x 3 x + 2
.
=
=
x( x 2 + 1)
x( x 2 + 1)
x( x 2 + 1)
( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) + x 1 x 3 + 1 + x 1
=
= 1.
x( x 2 + 1)
x( x 2 + 1)
nse x (, 1]
1,
2
| x + 1| + | x 1| x x + 2
Prfundimisht mund t shkruajm
=
nse x (1,1] .
2
x3 + x
x( x + 1)
1,
nse x (1, +]
3
x
.
( x + 2)( x 3)
Zgjidhja.
Shprehjen e dhn e shnojm si vijon:
x
A
B
=
+
( x + 2)( x 3) x + 2 x 3
Merret
x = A( x 3) + B( x + 2)
x = Ax 3 A + Bx + 2 B
x = ( A + B ) x + ( 3 A + 2 B )
A + B =1
2
3
Merret sistemi
me zgjidhjen e t cilit merret A = , B = .
5
5
3 A + 2 B = 0
2
3
x
2
3
= 5 + 5 =
+
.
Prfundojm se
( x + 2)( x 3) x + 2 x 3 5( x + 2) 5( x 3)
Detyra 6.
x2 + 2
.
( x + 1) 2 ( x 2)
Zgjidhja.
Shprehjen e dhn e shnojm si vijon:
x2 + 2
A
B
C
=
+
+
2
2
( x + 1) ( x 2) x + 1 ( x + 1)
x2
Merret
x 2 + 2 = A( x + 1)( x 2) + B ( x 2) + C ( x + 1) 2
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
x 2 + 2 = A( x 2 2 x + x 2) + Bx 2 B + C ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
x 2 + 2 = Ax 2 Ax 2 A + Bx 2 B + Cx 2 + 2Cx + C
x 2 + 2 = ( A + C ) x 2 + ( A + B + 2C ) x + (2 A 2 B + C )
A + C =1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
x2 + 2
1
Prfundojm se
+
.
= 3 +
+ 3 =
2
2
2
( x + 1) ( x + 2) x + 1 ( x + 1)
x 2 3( x + 1) ( x + 1) 3( x 2)
a 2 x a x 6 a x 1
Zgjidhja.
1 a x 6a 2 x
1 ax
1
1
1
x 6
1
2
x
2
x
x
a a 6 a 1
a
ax 2
a
a
a
2
2
2
x
1
1
1 4a
2a x 1
2 a x
a 2 x 4
4
2
a2x
ax
a2x
ax
(1 3a x ) + 2a x (1 3a x ) 1 a x
1 3a x + 2a x 6a 2 x 1 a x
+
2
=
x
2 =
x 2
1 (2a )
2a 1
(1 2a x )(1 + 2a x )
1 2a x
2 x
(1 3a x )(1 + 2a x ) 1 a x
1 3a x 1 a x
1 3a x + 1 a x
2(1 2a x )
+
2
=
+
2
2
=
=
2 = 0.
x
1 2a
1 2a x
(1 2a x )(1 + 2a x ) 1 2a x
1 2a x 1 2a x
7
4
1
12
+
+
.
Detyra 7. Njehsoni
5 2 3 5 11 5 + 14
5 +1
Zgjidhja.
12
7
4
1
5 1
7
5+2
4
3+ 5
1
12
+
+
=
5 2 3 5 11 5 + 14 5 + 1 5 1
5 2 5 + 2 3 5 3 + 5 11 5 + 14
5 +1
12 5 12 7 5 + 14 12 + 4 5
12( 5 1)
1
1
=
+
+
=
+ 7 5 + 14 + (3 + 5)
54
9 5 11 5 + 14
4
5 1
11 5 + 14
= (3 5 3 + 7 5 + 14 + 3 + 5)
Detyra 8. Tregoni se
1
1
= (11 5 + 14)
= 1.
11 5 + 14
11 5 + 14
a
b
1
a ( a b)
+
, a, b > 0.
=
a+ b
a+ b
a + ab a ab
a + b 1
Zgjidhja.
a a a b +a b +b a
a
b a + b 1
a ( a b )
a ( a b )
+
=
a+ b
a+ b
(a + ab )( a ab )
a + ab a ab
a + b 1
=
=
a + b 1
a+ b
a + b 1
a+ b
a ( a b)
( a b )(a + b)
( a b )( a + b )
a ( a + b)
a ( a + b) a + b 1
=
a ( a b)
2
a ( a b)
a ab
a+ b
=
a + b 1 a b
a+ b
1
a+ b
I-HYRJE
1+1+ 2
1+1 2
2+ 2
2 2
1
=
+ 1 +
+ 1 =
+
=
+
1+ 2
1 2
1+ 2
1 2
1+ 2
1 2
2
1+ 2 1 2
1+ 2 2 + 2 1 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 2 3 2 2
=
+
=
+
=
+
2 + 2 2 2
4+4 2 +2 44 2 +2 6+4 2 64 2
3+ 2 2
2(3 + 2 2)
3 2 2
2(3 2 2)
1 1
+ = 1.
2 2
1 x
5 x
1
=
;
2 x( x 2) 2 x 2 4 x x + 2
1
2
3
+ 2
2
= 0;
y 9 y 6y + 9 y + 5y + 6
2
b)
x +1
1
2
=
;
3 x 2 x 3 x + 1 x(9 x 2 1)
d)
4x
1
6
=
+
.
2
3
2
1 + 6 x + 12 x + 8 x 1 4 x
2 + 8x + 8x2
Zgjidhja.
a)
1 x
5 x
1
1 x
5 x
1
1 x
5 x
1
=0
2 x( x 2) 2 x(2 x) x + 2
2 x( x 2) 2 x 2 4 x x + 2
2 x( x 2) 2 x( x 2) x + 2
(1 x)( x + 2) (5 x)( x + 2) 2 x( x 2)
(1 x (5 x))( x + 2) 2 x 2 + 4 x
=0
=0
2 x( x 2)( x + 2)
2 x( x 2)( x + 2)
(1 x 5 + x)( x + 2) 2 x 2 + 4 x
4 x 8 2 x 2 + 4 x
=0
=0
2 x( x 2)( x + 2)
2 x( x 2)( x + 2)
2 x 2 8
= 0 | 2 x( x 2)( x + 2), x 0, x 2, x 2 2 x 2 8 = 0 |: (2)
2 x( x 2)( x + 2)
x 2 + 4 = 0.
Por x 2 + 4 > 0 d.m.th. barazimi nuk ka zgjidhje.
b)
x +1
1
2
1
x +1
1
2
=
x(3 x 1)(3 x + 1), x 0, x
=
3 x 2 x 3 x + 1 x(9 x 2 1)
x(3x 1) 3 x + 1 x(3x 1)(3x + 1)
3
1
( x + 1)(3x + 1) x(3 x 1) = 2 3x 2 + x + 3x + 1 3 x 2 + x = 2 5 x = 1 x = .
5
c)
1
2
3
+ 2
2
=0
y 9 y 6y + 9 y + 5y + 6
2
1
2
3
+
= 0 | ( y 3) 2 ( y + 3)( y + 2), y 3, y 2
2
( y 3)( y + 3) ( y 3)
( y + 2)( y + 3)
( y 3)( y + 2) + 2( y + 2)( y + 3) 3( y 3) 2 = 0 y 2 3 y + 2 y 6 + 2( y 2 + 5 y + 6) 3( y 2 6 y + 9) = 0
7
y 2 y 6 + 2 y 2 + 10 y + 12 3 y 2 + 18 y 27 = 0 27 y 21 = 0 9 y 7 = 0 y = .
9
d)
4x
1
6
4x
1
6
=
+
=
+
2(1 2 x)(1 + 2 x)3
2
3
2
2
3
1 + 6 x + 12 x + 8 x 1 4 x
2 + 8x + 8x
(1 + 2 x)
(1 2 x)(1 + 2 x) 2(1 + 2 x) 2
4 x 2(1 2 x) = 2(1 + 2 x) 2 + 6(1 2 x)(1 + 2 x) 8 x(1 2 x) = 2(1 + 4 x + 4 x 2 ) + 6(1 4 x 2 )
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
8 x 16 x 2 = 2 + 8 x + 8 x 2 + 6 24 x 2 0 = 8.
Meq kemi arritur n nj barazi t pasakt prfundojm se barazimi i dhn nuk ka zgjidhje.
Detyra 11. T zgjidhen mosbarazimet:
a)
x 1
< 0;
x2 + 1
b)
( x 1) 2
> 0;
x +1
c)
( x 2) 2
0;
x+3
d)
| x2|
< 0;
x +1
e)
| x 1|
< 1;
x 1
f)
3x
< 3.
x+3
Zgjidhja.
a) Meq shprehja x 2 + 1 > 0 pr do x R ather q thyesa t jet negative n baz t ekuivalencs
4) duhet q x 1 < 0 x < 1.
b) Meq ( x 1) 2 0, x R dhe meq thyesa sht pozitive, ather numruesi nuk mund t jet zero,
d.m.th. x 1 0, pra x 1. Nn kt kusht emrues duhet t jet pozitiv, pra duhet q
x + 1 > 0 x > 1.
Pra x (1, +) \ {1}, q mund t shnohet x (1,1) (1, +).
-1
+ x
1
Figura 1
x 1
< 1 1 < 1, q nuk sht e sakt.
x 1
Pr x < 1 x 1 < 0 | x 1|= ( x 1). Mosbarazimi shndrrohet n trajtn
( x 1)
< 1 1 < 1, q paraqet pohim t sakt.
x 1
3x
3x
3x 3x 9
9
<3
3< 0
<0
< 0.
x+3
x+3
x+3
x+3
Meq numruesi sht negativ, ather q thyesa t jet negative duhet q x + 3 > 0 x > 3.
Detyra 12. T zgjidhen mosbarazimet e dyfishta:
a) 1 <
x 1
< 4;
x3
b) 2 <
x +1
< 2;
2x 3
c) 0
x 1
3.
4 x
Zgjidhja.
a) Kemi mosbarazimet:
x 1
x 1
x 1 x + 3
>0
x 3 > 1 x 3 1 > 0 x 3
~
~
2
x 3 > 0
3 x + 11 < 0
x 3
(1)
(2)
I-HYRJE
11
11
11
11
11
3
+ x
11
x , +
3
Figura 1
11
5x 5
x 1
x +1
x +1
x + 1 + 4x 6
> 0 |: 5
>0
>0
2 x 3 > 2 2 x 3 + 2 > 0 2 x 3
2x 3
2x 3
~
~
~
~
x +1 < 2
x + 1 2 < 0 x + 1 4 x + 6 < 0 3 x + 7 < 0
7 3x < 0
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 3
2 x 3
(1)
(2)
3 7
7
3
+ x
x (,1) , +
3
Figura 2
Prfundojm se x ( ,1) , + .
3
x 1
4 x 0
c) Udhzim. Mosbarazimi sht ekuivalent me mosbarazimet
4 x 13 0
4 x
13
Zgjidhja e mosbarazimit sht x 1, .
4
Detyra 13.
x
5
4x 5
.
= 2
2x x 1 2x + 1 x 1
2
Zgjidhja.
Edhe ktu barazimi sht i mundur nse 2 x 2 x 1 0 2 x + 1 0 x 2 1 0
Nga 2 x 2 x 1 = 0 merret x1/ 2 =
1 1 4 2(1) 1 1 + 8 1 9
=
=
.
22
4
4
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
D.m.th. x1/ 2
1 3
1
x1 1 x2
4
2
1
Nga 2 x + 1 0 x 2 1 0 merret x3 , x 2 1 0 x4 / 5 1.
2
x 1
1
Meq 2 x 2 x 1 = 2 x 2 = 2( x 1) x + merret
2 2
2
x
5
4x 5
= 2
2x x 1 2x + 1 x 1
2
x
5
4x 5
=
1
1 ( x 1)( x + 1)
2( x 1) x + 2 x +
2
2
x
5
4x 5
=
( x 1)( x + 1)(2 x + 1) x ( x + 1) 5( x 1)( x + 1) = (4 x 5)(2 x + 1)
( x 1)(2 x + 1) 2 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1)
x 2 + x 5( x 2 1) = 8 x 2 + 4 x 10 x 5 x 2 + x 5 x 2 + 5 = 8 x 2 6 x 5 12 x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0
x1/ 2 =
7 7 2 4 ( 12)10 7 49 + 480
=
2( 12)
24
x1/ 2 =
7 529 7 23
7 + 23 16
2
30 5
=
x1 =
=
= x2 =
= .
24
24
24
24
3
24 4
x + 3 0, x 3
x3
x + 3,
x 3,
x, x 0
| x + 3 |=
; | x 3 |=
; | x |=
.
( x + 3), x < 3
( x 3), x < 3
x, x < 0
N kt rast bashksia e numrave real R ndahet n kto intervale:
x (, 3) (3, 0) (0,3) (3, +)
I) Pr x (, 3) | x + 3 |= ( x + 3), | x 3 |= ( x 3) dhe | x |= x barazimi ka trajtn:
x 2 ( x + 3) ( x 3) = 4.5( x ) + 6 x 2 x 3 x + 3 =
45
9
( x ) + 6 x 2 2 x = x + 6 | 2
10
2
2 x 2 4 x = 9 x + 12 2 x 2 4 x + 9 x 12 = 0 2 x 2 + 5 x 12 = 0 x1/ 2 =
x1/ 2 =
5 25 + 4 2 12
22
5 + 11 6 3
5 11 16
5 25 + 96 5 121 5 11
=
=
x1 =
= = , x2 =
=
= 4.
4
4
4
4
4 2
4
4
3
Meq x1 = (, 3) mbetet se zgjidhja e vetme n kt rast sht x2 = 4.
2
II) Pr x (3, 0) merret: | x + 3 |= ( x + 3), | x 3 |= ( x 3) , | x |= x .
9
9
x 2 + x + 3 ( x 3) = ( x) + 6 x 2 + x + 3 x + 3 = x + 6 | 2 2( x 2 + 6) = 9 x + 12 2 x 2 + 12 + 9 x 12 = 0
2
2
9
2 x 2 + 9 x = 0 x(2 x + 9) = 0 x1 = 0 2 x + 9 = 0 x1 = 0 x2 = .
2
9
Pasi x1 = 0 (3,0], x2 = (3,0] prfundojm se x1 sht zgjidhje e barazimit.
2
III) Pr x (0,3) merret: | x + 3 |= x + 3, | x 3 |= ( x 3), | x |= x
x 2 + x + 3 ( x 3) =
9
9
9
x + 6 x 2 + x + 3 x + 3 = x + 6 x 2 + 6 = x + 6 | 2
2
2
2
I-HYRJE
9
2 x 2 9 x = 0 x(2 x 9) = 0 x1 = 0 x2 = .
2
Edhe ktu x1 = 0 [0,3) , d.m.th. se x1 sht zgjidhje e barazimit.
IV) Nse x (3, +), ather kemi: | x + 3 |= x + 3, | x 3 |= x 3, | x |= x.
x2 + x + 3 + x 3 =
x1/ 2 =
9
9
x + 6 x 2 + 2 x = x + 6 | 2 2 x 2 + 4 x = 9 x + 12 2 x 2 5 x 12 = 0
2
2
5 25 + 4 2 12
5 25 + 96 5 121 5 11
5 + 11
5 11 6
3
, x1/ 2 =
, x1 =
= 4, x2 =
=
=
=
=
4
4
4
2
22
4
4
4
Meq x1 = 4 (3, +) prfundojm se x1 paraqet zgjidhje t barazimit kurse x2 nuk sht zgjidhje e
barazimit.
Zgjidhjet e barazimit t fillimit jan B ( E ) = {4, 0, 4}.
Detyra 15. T caktohet natyra e zgjidhjeve t barazimeve, n varsi t parametrit m.
(m 2) x 2 (m + 1) x + m + 1 = 0 .
Zgjidhja.
a) (m 2) x 2 (m + 1) x + m + 1 = 0 . N kt rast a = m 2, b = (m + 1), c = m + 1 .
Varsisht nga dallori D = b 2 4ac dallojm kto raste:
I) Nse D = 0 barazimi ka zgjidhje reale t dyfisht.
2 4 + 12 2 16 2 4
2+4
2 4 2
=
=
, m1 =
= 3, m2 =
=
= 1.
2
2
2
2
2
2
II) Nse D > 0, barazimi ka dy zgjidhje reale t ndryshme mes veti, kjo d.m.th. pr
-1
-3
m +1
m3
(m 3)(m + 1)
2 x 2 + mx 4
< 4 , x R.
x2 x + 1
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
10
2 x 2 + ( m + 4) x 8
<0
2
2
1 1 1
2 x 2 + mx 4 4( x 2 x + 1)
2 x 2 + mx 4
2
x 2x + + 1
<0
x 2 x + 1 4 < 0
2 2 2
x2 x + 1
2
2
2
2
8 x + (m 6) x + 2 > 0
2 x + mx 4 + 6( x x + 1) > 0
2 x + mx 4 + 6 > 0
2
2
x 2 x + 1
x x +1
1 3
x +
2 4
2 x 2 + (m + 4) x 8
<0
2
1
3
x +
2 4
2
8 x + (m 6) x + 2 > 0
2
1 3
x +
2 4
Mosbarazimet e fundit vlejn kur 2 x 2 + (m + 4) x 8 < 0 dhe 8 x 2 + ( m 6) x + 2 > 0
2
1 3
(sepse x + > 0, x R ).
2 4
2 x 2 + (m + 4) x 8 < 0
Kjo sht e mundur ather dhe vetm ather nse D = b 2 4ac < 0 , d.m.th
-12
m + 12
m4
(m 4)( m + 12)
Pra m (12, 4)
(1)
-2
14
m+2
m 14
(m + 2)( m 14)
Pra m ( 2,14)
(2)
Nga (1) dhe (2) merret prerja e tyre si zgjidhje finale dhe ajo sht m (2, 4) .
Detyra 17. T zgjidhet barazimi bikuadratik
x2 + x 5
3x
+ 2
+4=0
x
x + x5
Zgjidhja.
x2 + x 5
1
x2 + x 5
x
+3 2
+4=0
+3 2
+ 4 = 0.
x + x5
x
x + x5
x
x
Zvendsojm
x2 + x 5
= t . Merret
x
I-HYRJE
11
4 + 2
3
4 16 4 1 3 4 16 12 4 2
= 1, t2 = 3.
=
=
t1 =
t + + 4 = 0 | t t 2 + 3 + 4t = 0 t1/ 2 =
t
2
2
2
2
x2 + x 5
= 1
2
2
x2 + x 5 = x
x + x 5 + x = 0 x + 2 x 5 = 0
x
Pra 2
~ 2
~ 2
~ 2
x + x 5 = 3 x + x 5 = 3x x + x 5 + 3 x = 0 x + 4 x 5 = 0
x
prej nga merret x1/ 2 =
2 2 6
4 6
= 1 1 6 , x3/ 4 =
x3 = 1, x4 = 5.
2
2
2 x + 14 x 7 = x + 5.
Zgjidhja.
2 x + 14 0
x 7 0
x + 5 0
2 x + 14 x 7 = x + 5 |2
2 x 14
x 7
~
x 5
2 x + 14 2( 2 x + 14)( x 7) + x 7 == x + 5
x [7, + )
x [7, + )
x 7
~
~
2
3 x + 7 2 2 x + 14 x 7 = x + 5 2 x + 2 = 2 2 x + 14 x 7 |: 2 x + 1 = 2 x + 14 x 7 |
x 7
x 7
x 7
x 7
~ 2
~ 2
~ 2
2
2
2
( x + 2 x + 1) = (2 x 14 x + 14 x 98) x + 2 x + 1 = 2 x 98 x + 2 x + 1 + 98 = 0 x + 2 x + 99 = 0
x 0
x 7
~
~
2 + 20 18
22
2 4 + 4 99 2 4 + 396 2 20
=
=
x1/ 2 =
x1 = 2 = 2 = 9, x2 = 2 = 11
2
2
2
2x + 2
x+2
7
= .
x+2
2 x + 2 12
Zgjidhja.
Zvendsojm
2x + 2
x+2 1
=t
= . Merret:
x+2
2x + 2 t
7 (7) 2 4 12(12)
1 7
t =
12t 12t 2 12 = 7t 12t 2 7t 12 = 0 t1/ 2 =
2 12
t 12
t1/ 2 =
2x + 2 4 2
=
3
x+2
Ather
.
3
2x + 2
x + 2 = 4
Barazimi i dyt nuk ka zgjidhje.
Zgjidhja e barazimit t par sht
2 x + 2 16
=
9(2 x + 2) = 16( x + 2) 18 x + 18 = 16 x + 32 18 x 16 x + 18 32 = 0 2 x = 14 x = 7. .
9
x+2
Dhe pasi t provojm kt zgjidhje, prfundojm se kjo sht zgjidhje e barazimit t fillimit.
T zgjidhen barazimet eksponenciale dhe logaritmike:
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
12
Detyra 20. 5
2 x+2
5
2 x 5
3
=5
2 x 3
5
+4
2 x 2
3
Zgjidhja.
2x
2x
5 5 55 4 3 4
2x
5
3
2x
2x
2
3
2x
2x
2x
2x
5 1
5 5 55 5 5 5 5 = 4 3 4 3 + 4 3 4 3
2x
3
2x
5
2x
2x
1
2
2
1
1
5 5 5 5 5 5 = 4 3 4 3 + 4 3 5 5 5 52
=43
+
2
3
3
5 3
5
45
2x 5
55
52 5 53 1
3
2x
55
2 x 8
5
=43
53
=4
2x 3
=43
2 x 8
3
5
3
45
43 + 1
3
2x
4
5
= 5 5 5 5 + 4 3 4
2x 5
55
2x
1
55
45
1
3
55 1
5
2x
=43
2x
55 5
55
2x 3
+1
5
=43
4 +1
55
2x 5
+1
3
=43
2x
=43
5
3
45
2x 8
55
2x 8
=43
43 4
( 5 5) 2 x 8 = ( 3 4) 2 x 8 2 x 8 = 0 x = 4.
Detyra 21. ( x 2 x 1) x
= 1.
Zgjidhja.
Dallojm kto raste:
1 1+ 8 1 3
=
x1 = 2 dhe x2 = 1 . Nse provojm zgjidhjet e
2
2
tilla shihet se x1 = 2 e plotson barazimin.
1) x 2 x 1 = 1 x 2 x 2 = 0 x1/ 2 =
( x 2 x 1) x 1 = 1 ( x 2 x 1) x
2
= ( x 2 x 1)0 x 2 1 = 0 x = 1 merret x = 1.
4 x
= (log x 2 1) log x 10.
10
Zgjidhja.
(4 x)
4 x
log10 x + log10 x log x
= 2log x 1
10
4 x
log10
10 = 2log x 1 log x + log 4 x = 2 log x 1 log x 4 x = log x 2 log10
log x + log x
log10 x
10
10
log x
4 x
x2
4 x x2
= log x
=
x(4 x) = x 2 4 x x 2 = x 2 x = 0 x = 2.
10
10
10
10
Zgjidhja.
3
1
2
2
5 + 4 x x <
5 + 4 x x > 0
1
2
2
5 + 4 x x < 8
2
2
2 2
5 + 4 x x 2 > 0
I-HYRJE
13
5 + 4 x x 2 > 0
x 2 + 4 x + 5 > 0
2
2
.
x + 4 x + 5 8 < 0
x + 4 x 3 < 0
Duke zgjidhur barazimin x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 0 merret x1/ 2 =
4 16 4(1)5 4 6
x1 = 1, x2 = 5.
=
2
2
4 16 4(1)(3) 4 16 12 4 2
=
=
2(1)
2
2
x3 = 1, x4 = 3.
x 2 + 4 x + 5 > 0 , sht
Zgjidhja e mosbarazimit
x > 1
x > 1
x 1 > 0 x > 1
2
Pra kemi
~ 2
~ 2
1
1 1
1 3
2
x
x 1 x x x +1 0 x 2 x + +1 0
+ 0
2
4 4
2 4
0 1
3
2
1
y = 2 x + 3
3 1
y = 2 x + 3
3
2
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
14
Detyra 26. a) y = x 1 +
x( x 2 4)
;
| x2 4 |
b) y =
| x 1| + | x + 1|
;
2
c) y = x | x | +
x2
.
| x 2|
Zgjidhja.
a) Funksionin e dhn e paraqesim n trajtn:
y = x 1+
x( x 2)( x + 2)
.
| x 2 || x + 2 |
2) x (2, 2);
3) x (2, +).
x( x 2)( x + 2)
= x 1 + x = 2 x 1.
( ( x 2))(( x + 2))
x( x 2)( x + 2)
= x 1 x = 1.
( ( x 2)( x + 2))
x( x 2)( x + 2)
y = x 1 + x y = 2 x 1.
( x 2)( x + 2))
2 x 1, x ( , 2) (2, +)
Paraqesim grafikisht funksionin y =
(figura 4)
1, x (2.2)
x, x (, 1]
(figura 5)
b) y = 1, x [1,1]
x, x (1, +)
y
5
2 x 1, x (, 0]
c) y = 1, x (0.2)
(figura 6)
1, x (2, +)
y = 2x 1
y =1
y = x
-2 -1
1 23
y = 1
1 y =1
y=x
-1
0
-1
-1
-5
y = 2x 1
-3
y = 2x 1
Figura 4
Figura 5
Figura 6
Detyra 27. a) y = x 2 3 | x |;
b) y = x 2 + 2 | x |;
c) y =| x 2 x | + x.
Zgjidhja.
a) Pr x 0, | x |= x prandaj y = x 2 3x. Pr x < 0, | x |= x prandaj y = x 2 + 3x.
2
x 3 x, x 0
D.m.th. y = 2
x + 3 x, x < 0
I-HYRJE
15
3 9
Zerot e grafikut jan: x = 0; x = 3; K , (figura 7).
2 4
y
3
2
3
2
-3
Figura 7
3
2
x -3
9
4
3
2
9
4
3 x
Figura 8
9
4
Figura 9
3 9
Zerot e funksionit x = 0; x = 3 (por x < 0 d.m.th. kemi vetm x = 3, K , (figura 8).
2 4
Duke kombinuar grafikt e funksioneve (figura 7, 8) merret grafiku i funksionit (figura 9).
x 2 + 2 x, x 0
(fig.10)
b) Udhzim. Pr x 0; | x |= x; y = x 2 + 2 x. Pr x < 0; | x |= x; y = x 2 2 x . Pra y = 2
x 2 x, x < 0
c) Funksionin e dhn e paraqesim n trajtn
y =| x 2 x | + x =| x( x 1) | + x =| x || x 1| + x.
Dallojm rastet: 1) x (,0]; 2) x (0,1]; 3) x (0, +).
1) Nse x (, 0]; | x |= x; x 1 < 0 | x 1|= ( x 1) = 1 x. Merret y = x(1 x) + x = x + x 2 + x = x 2 .
2) Nse x (0,1]; | x |= x; x 1 < 0 | x 1|= 1 x. Merret y = x(1 x) + x = x 2 + 2 x.
3) Nse x (0, +); | x |= x; x 1 > 0 | x 1|= x 1. Merret y = x( x 1) + x = x 2 x + x = x 2 .
2
x , x (, 0] [1, )
D.m.th. kemi funksionin y = 2
(figura 11)
x + 2 x, x (0,1]
y
y = x2 + 2 | x |
-2 -1 0
y = x2
-1
Figura 10.
d) y = 2
x2
x2
x
2;
Figura 11.
b) y = 2
y = x2 + 2 x
-1
Detyra 28. a) y = 2
x2
e) y = 3x |x| ;
c) y =| 2 x 1|;
f) y =| 2| x| 1| .
Zgjidhja.
a) y = 2
x2
x
2 , x 0
= 2|x| = x
(fig.12)
2 , x < 0
b) y = 2
x2
x
2 , x 0
= 2|x| = x
(fig.13)
2 , x < 0
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
16
y = 2 x
y = 2x
y4
1
-2
y = 2x
-1 0
-2
y = 2 x
-1 0
Figura 12
Figura 13
2 x = 20 x = 0.
D.m.th. detyrn duhet shqyrtuar sipas rasteve:
1) Nse x (, 0] ather 2 x 1 0 | 2 x 1|= (2 x 1) = 1 2 x.
2) Nse x (0, +) ather 2 x 1 > 0 | 2 x 1|= 2 x 1.
x
1 2 , x 0
D.m.th. kemi funksionin (figura 14) y = x
2 1, x > 0
xx
2 , x > 0 2, x > 0
= 1
. (Funksioni i dhn nuk sht i prkufizuar n pikn x = 0)
d) y = 2 2 = x
2 x , x < 0 2 , x < 0
| x|
x
(figura 15)
Udhzim.
e) Pr x 0; | x |= x, d.m.th. y = 3x x = 30 = 1. Pr x < 0; | x |= x y = 32 x = 9 x.
f) Dallojm rastet 1) x 0; 2) x < 0.
1) Nse x 0 ather | x |= x, prandaj y =| 2 x 1| . Pr x 0 edhe 2 x 1 0 prandaj | 2 x 1|= 2 x 1.
Pra y = 2 x 1.
2) Nse x < 0; | x |= x, prandaj y =| 2 x 1| . Pr x < 0; 2 x 1 > 0 prandaj | 2 x 1|= 2 x 1.
Pra y = 2 x 1.
2 x 1, x 0
D.m.th. y = x
2 1, x < 0
y
y = 2 1
x
y = 1 2x
13
4
1
2
-2
-1
0
-1
1
2
0
Figura 14
Detyra 29.
a) y = log 2 x 1;
Figura 15
b) y = log 1 x + 1;
3
Zgjidhja.
c) y = log 2 ( x + 1).
I-HYRJE
17
a)
b)
x
y = log 2 x 1
1
2
2
1
4
3
y = log 1 x + 1 0
1
3
2
c)
x
y = log 2 ( x + 1)
1
3
2
4
-1 -2
y
2
y = log 2 x 1
1
-1
y = log 2 ( x + 1)
1
1 1
-2
3 1
4 3
-1
-2
y = log 1 x + 1
3
Figura 16
Figura 17
Figura 18
5. Trigonometria
l
(radian) ku l
r
sht gjatsia e harkut rrethor q i prgjigjet kndit qendror dhe r sht rrezja e
rrethit. (shih figurn 19).
l
r
Figura 19
Figura 20
Le t shprehim kndin 360 o n radian. N kt rast l sht perimetri i rrethit, pra l = 2 r , kshtu
l 2r
= =
= 2 . Pra 360 o = 2 radian, d.m.th. 180 o = radian.
r
r
Shnimi 1. Shohim se pr l = r kemi kndin = 1 radian, pra mund t themi:
Kndi me kulm n qendr t rrethit, gjatsia e harkut t t cilit sht e barabart
me rrezen e rrethit sht 1 radian (shih figurn 20).
Shnimi 2. Nga ajo q u tha m sipr tregohet leht se pr t shndrruar kndin nga shkallt n
, pra =
( sht kndi i dhn i shprehur
radian, at e shumzojm me
o
180
180 o
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
18
3.14159...
1o =
radian =
0.017453 radian .
180
180
Detyra 31. T shprehet n shkall kndi = 1 radian.
Zgjidhja.
Veprojm ngjashm si n detyrn 1, me prjashtim se t dy ant e barazis
pjestojm me , me rast merret 1 radian =
180 o = radian i
180 o
57,29578 o = 57 o17' .
3.14159...
b) = 30o ;
c) = 60o .
Zgjidhja.
90 o = radian;
2
180 o
b)
radian ;
6
c)
radian.
3
3
radian ;
2
b) =
5
radian ;
6
c) = 2.3 radian .
Zgjidhja.
180 o
, ku sht kndi i dhn i shprehur n radian, pra:
180 o 3
3
a) pr kndin =
kemi =
= 270 o ;
2
2
180 o
131.8 o .
b) 150 o ;
c) 2.3 radian= 2.3
Nga shnimi 2 kemi =
Detyra 34. T llogariten vlerat e funksioneve trigonometrike t kndit mes diagonales dhe bazs s
kubit.
Zgjidhja.
Le t jet BD = x. Nga zbatimi i teorems s Pitagors n trekndshin ABD merret x = a 2 . Le t
shnojm me y diagonalen e kubit. Nga zbatimi i teorems s Pitagors n trekndshin BDH
merret y = a 3.
Ather
sin =
a
a
1
3
=
=
=
;
y a 3
3
3
x a 2
cos = =
=
y a 3
2
3
a
a
2
tg = =
=
;
x a 2
2
H
E
F
y
D
x
A
Figura 21
I-HYRJE
19
sin 3 cos 3
cos
2tg ctg + 1 = 0 .
sin cos
1 + ctg 2
Zgjidhja.
sin 3 cos 3
cos
(sin cos )(sin 2 + sin cos + cos 2 )
2tg ctg + 1 =
sin cos
sin cos
1 + ctg 2
= 1 + sin cos
cos
sin + cos 2
sin 2
2
cos
cos 2
1+
sin 2
2 +1
Zgjidhja.
3
sin 30 o cos 30 o tg 60 o
2 2
=
=
= 3.
ctg 45 o sin 60 o cos 60 o
3 1
1
2 2
T zgjidhen barazimet dhe mosbarazimet trigonometrike:
1 + cos 2 x
Zgjidhja.
1 + cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
1
3
3
1
1 + cos 2 x
cos x
sin x +
sin x + cos x = cos 2 x sepse
= cos 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ 2k x = 2n, k , n Z .
2
1
1
n (0,2) ; b) sin x > ;
2
2
c) cos x >
3
;
2
d) ctgx > 2 ;
e) tgx > 1 .
Zgjidhja.
a) Nga figura shihet se sin
1
5
= OA2 = = sin
,
6
2
6
C2
A2
C
A
por m t vogl
6
1
5
5
. Pra sin x > pr x , .
6
2
6 6
Figura 22
b) Duke pasur parasysh se funksioni trigonometrik sinx sht funksion periodik me period 2,
ANALIZA MATEMATIKE I
20
c) x 0,
,2 .
6
6
5
+ 2k < x <
+ 2k, k Z .
6
6
e) x + k, + k , k Z .
4
2
x + 3x
x 3x
sin
> 0 2 cos 2 x sin( x) > 0 2 sin x cos 2 x > 0
2
2
sin x cos 2 x < 0 (sin x > 0 cos 2 x < 0) (sin x < 0 cos 2 x > 0)
3
3
x (0, ) 2 x , ( x (, 2 ) 2 x 0, , 2
2
2
2
2
3
3
x (0, ) x , ( x (, 2 ) x 0, ,
4 4
4 4
3
x , .
4 4
Detyra 40. T vrtetohet mosbarazia
sin n + 2 x cos n + 2 x
+
> 1 pr 0 < x < dhe n N .
2
cos n x
sin n x
Zgjidhja.
Mosbarazin e shkruajm n formn
sin n x
cos n x
sin n+2 x cos n+2 x
2
2
2
+
+
sin
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 0
sin
x
cos
x
+
x
cos n x
sin n x
cos n x
sin n x
sin 2 x( tg n x 1) + cos 2 x(ctg n x 1) 0 sin 2 x(tg n x 1)
cos 2 x n
(tg x 1) 0.
tg n x
x1 + x2 sin x1 + sin x2
>
.
2
2
Zgjidhja.
Shqyrtojm ndryshimin
x + x2 sin x1 + sin x2
x + x2
sin 1
= sin 1
2
2
2
x + x2
x x2
.
= 2 sin 1
sin 2 1
2
4
2 sin
x1 + x2
x x
cos 1 2
x + x2
2
2
= sin 1
2
2
x1 x2
1 cos 2
x1 + x2
x + x2
(0, ) kshtu q 2sin 1
> 0.
2
2
x1 + x2 sin x1 + sin x2
x + x2 sin x1 + sin x2