Co Dai Va Bien Phap Phong Tru (Weed and Control Weed)

B GIO DC & O TO
TRNG I HC TY NGUYN
BI GING
C DI &
BIN PHP KIM SOT
Bin soan: Th.S. Th Kiu An
Daklak, nm 2010
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
MC LC
CHNG 1. KHI NIM V VAI TR CA C DI ............................................................ 1
1.1. KHI NIM C DI ............................................................................................. 1

1.2. TC HI CA C DI ........................................................................................ 2
1.2.1. Lm gim nng sut cy trng, gia tng chi ph sn xut ................................ 3
1.2.2. C di tit ra cc cht ha hc c ch s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc loi
thc vt khc (allelopathy) ......................................................................................... 3
1.2.3. C di l k ch ca su bnh v chut ............................................................ 3
1.2.4. nh hng n cht lng nng sn ............................................................... 4
1.2.5. Gim hiu qu ca qu trnh thu hoch ........................................................... 4
1.2.6. nh hng n sc khe gia sc ..................................................................... 4
1.2.7. nh hng n sc khe con ngi ................................................................ 5
1.2.8. Gy nhim v cn tr ngun nc ................................................................ 5
1.2.9. nh hng n cng nghip v cc cng trnh cng cng .............................. 5
1.2.10. Gy thit hi cho rng v cc sn phm lm bng g ................................... 6
1.3. LI CH CA C DI .......................................................................................... 6
CHNG 2. PHN LOI V NH DANH C DI ............................................................... 8
2.1. CC HNH THC PHN LOI C DI ............................................................ 8

2.1.1. Phn loi theo kh nng thch ng vi hm lng nc trong t .................. 8
2.1.1.1. C a cn: ................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1.2. C chu hn: .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.1.3. C chu nc:............................................................................................ 8
2.1.1.4. C a nc: .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.2. Phn loi theo thi gian sinh trng v theo ma v xut hin....................... 9
2.1.2.1. C nht nin (annual): rau dn, lu lu, rau mui....................................... 9
2.1.2.2. C nh nin (biennial) ............................................................................... 9
2.1.2.3. C a nin (perennial) .............................................................................. 9
2.1.3. Phn loi theo phng thc sng ................................................................... 10
2.1.3.1. C di k sinh .......................................................................................... 10
2.1.3.2. C di khng k sinh: .............................................................................. 11
2.1.4. Theo s l mm .............................................................................................. 11
2.1.4.1. C 1 l mm: gm cc loi c thuc h ha tho, ci lc ...................... 11
2.1.4.2. C 2 l mm: rau dn, rau dic, c hi .............................................. 11
2.1.5. Phn loi da theo c im thn cnh .......................................................... 12
2.1.5.1. Cy thn tho:......................................................................................... 12
2.1.5.2. Cy thn g: ............................................................................................ 12
2.1.5.3. Cy bi: ................................................................................................... 12
2.1.5.4. Cy bi leo: ............................................................................................. 12
2.1.5.5. Cy leo: ................................................................................................... 12
2.1.6. Phn loi theo mi trng sng ..................................................................... 12
2.1.7. Theo h thng phn loi thc vt ................................................................... 13
2.2. CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI C DI .................................................... 13

2.2.1. Phng php hnh thi so snh ...................................................................... 13
2.2.2. Phng php gii phu: ................................................................................. 14
2.2.3. Phng php bo t phn hoa:....................................................................... 14
2.2.4. Phng php t bo hc: ................................................................................ 14
2.2.5. Phng php lai ghp: ................................................................................... 14
2.2.6. Phng php sinh thi:................................................................................... 14
2.2.7. Phng php ha sinh hc: ............................................................................ 14
2.2.8. Cc phng php khc ................................................................................... 14
CHNG 3. C IM CA C DI ................................................................................... 16
3.1. C IM CA C DI ................................................................................... 16
3.1.1. C di c nhiu hnh thc sinh sn ................................................................ 16
3.1.2. Kh nng nhn ging cao ............................................................................... 16
3.1.3. Ht chn khng u, d rng v c nhiu hnh thc lan truyn ..................... 17
3.1.4. Ht c di c thi gian ng ngh (min trng) ............................................... 18
3.1.4.1. Min trng di truyn (ng, ngh t nhin) .............................................. 18
3.1.4.2. Min trng cm ng (ng ngh bt buc) ............................................... 18
3.1.5. Ht c di c kh nng gi sc ny mm trong khong thi gian di ........... 18
3.1.5.1. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong t ..................................................... 19
3.1.5.2. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong nc ngp......................................... 19
3.1.5.3. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong phn chung ..................................... 19
3.1.6. Ht c di ny mm khng u...................................................................... 20
3.1.7. C di c tnh bin ng ln .......................................................................... 20
3.1.7.1. S thay i thi gian sinh trng, thi k pht dc ................................ 21
3.1.7.2. S thay i v sinh trng v hnh thi .................................................. 21
3.1.7.3. S bin i v sinh l ............................................................................... 21
3.1.8. Kh nng chng chu cao ............................................................................... 21
3.1.8.1. Kh nng chu lnh ................................................................................. 21
3.1.8.2. Kh nng chu nng ................................................................................ 22
3.1.8.3. Kh nng chu hn .................................................................................. 22
3.1.8.4. Kh nng chu ngp ................................................................................ 22
3.2. c im cnh tranh ca c di .............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.1. Thi im c mc mm ................................................................................. 23
3.2.2. Hnh thc sinh trng .................................................................................... 26
3.2.3. Mt c ....................................................................................................... 26
CHNG 4. PHNG PHP QUN L C DI ................................................................ 27
4.1. PHNG NGA C DI ..................................................................................... 27

4.1.1. Kim dch thc vt ......................................................................................... 27
4.1.2. S dng ht ging sch, khng ln c di ..................................................... 27
4.1.2.1. Sn xut ht ging khng ln c di....................................................... 27
4.1.2.2. Loi b ht c khi ht ging cy trng ................................................. 27
4.1.3. Ngn nga c di xm nhp vo ng rung thng qua phn bn ................ 28
4.1.4. Ngn nga c di xm nhp thng qua nng c, my mc v gia sc .......... 29
ii
4.1.5. Gi sch c khu vc quanh rung .............................................................. 29

4.1.6. Thng xuyn gim st ng rung .............................................................. 29
4.2. KIM SOT C DI THNG QUA CC K THUT TRNG TRT......... 29
4.2.1. Xc lp qun th cy trng v cng lc cy con mnh .......................... 29
4.2.2. S dng ging c kh nng hn ch c di .................................................... 30
4.2.3. Chn thi v & mt gieo trng thch hp ................................................. 30
4.2.4. Lun canh, xen canh, tng v......................................................................... 30
4.2.4.1. Lun canh cy trng (Crop rotation) ..................................................... 30
4.2.4.2. Xen canh (intercropping) ........................................................................ 30
4.2.4.3. Tng v.................................................................................................... 31
4.2.5. Bn phn ........................................................................................................ 31
4.3. KIM SOT C DI BNG BIN PHP VT L......................................... 31
4.3.1. Lm c............................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2. Lm t (tillage) ............................................................................................. 32
4.3.3. Ngm nc rung .......................................................................................... 32
4.3.4. Dng la ......................................................................................................... 32
4.3.5. Che ph mt t (mulching) .......................................................................... 33
4.3.5.1. Che ph t bng cc vt liu t nhin: ................................................. 33
4.3.5.2. Che ph t bng cc vt liu nhn to ................................................. 34
4.4. QUN L C DI BNG BIN PHP SINH HC ........................................ 34
4.4.1. Cn trng dit c ............................................................................................ 34
4.4.2. Chn th gia cm ............................................................................................ 35
4.4.3. Nm ................................................................................................................ 35
4.4.4. Thuc dit c sinh hc (bioherbicides) .......................................................... 35
4.4.5. Trng cy cnh tranh (Competitive crops) .................................................... 36
4.4.6. S dng thm thc vt (Smother crops) ........................................................ 36
4.4.7. Tiu chun thnh cng ca mt tc nhn sinh hc ........................................ 37
4.4.8. S tng tc gia bin php sinh hc v cc bin php khc: ...................... 37
4.5. KIM SOT C DI BNG BIN PHP HA HC ..................................... 37
4.5.1. Vai tr ca thuc tr c.................................................................................. 37
4.5.1.1. u im: ................................................................................................. 37
4.5.1.2. Nhc im: ............................................................................................ 38
4.5.2. C ch tc ng ca thuc i vi c ............................................................ 38
4.5.3. Tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c ...................................................................... 38
4.5.4. Phn nhm thuc tr c ................................................................................. 39
4.5.4.1. Phn loi da vo ph tc dng ca thuc ............................................ 39
4.5.4.2. Phn loi da vo thi im p dng ..................................................... 39
4.5.4.3. Phn loi theo kiu tc ng ca thuc .................................................. 39
4.5.4.4. Da vo c ch tc ng ca thuc n c di ...................................... 40
4.5.4.5. Da trn thnh phn ha hc ................................................................. 40
4.5.5. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu lc thuc tr c ........................................... 42
4.5.5.1. Giai on sinh trng v loi c di ...................................................... 42
4.5.5.2. Cc yu t kh hu................................................................................... 43
iii
4.5.5.3. Yu t t ai .......................................................................................... 43
4.5.5.4. Yu t ha hc (cng thc ha hc ca thuc)....................................... 43
4.5.6. Tiu chun chn lc thuc tr c:.................................................................. 44
4.5.7. Bin php nng cao hiu lc thuc tr c...................................................... 44
4.5.8. Nhng iu cn lu khi s dng thuc tr c............................................. 44
CHNG 5. C DI TRONG RUNG LA & BIN PHP KIM SAT .......................... 45
5.1. nh hng ca c di n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut la .............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
5.2. Thnh phn v c im mt s loi c di chnh trong rung la ............... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
5.2.1. Thnh phn c di trong rung la ................................................................ 47
5.2.2. c im mt s loi c di chnh trong rung la ....................................... 48
5.2.2.1. La c (weedy rice, la ln, la ln, la ma, la c, la ry ) ......... 48
5.2.2.2. C lng vc nc (c go, c m) .......................................................... 51
5.2.2.3. C lng vc cn ...................................................................................... 51
5.2.2.4. C ui phng (mnh ha Trung Quc, c lng cng) .......................... 52
5.2.2.5. C san i (c san nc) ........................................................................ 52
5.2.2.6. C cho (c lc m, c t ty) .................................................................. 52
5.3. Bin php kim sot c di trong rung la ..........Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.1. Bin php canh tc ......................................................................................... 53
5.3.1.1. Chn ht ging la sch c .................................................................... 53
5.3.1.2. Gieo cy vi mt thch hp ................................................................ 53
5.3.1.3. Chm sc rung la ................................................................................ 53
5.3.1.4. Lun canh................................................................................................ 53
5.3.2. Bin php c gii, vt l ................................................................................ 54
5.3.2.1. Lm t k ............................................................................................... 54
5.3.2.2. Lm c bng tay ...................................................................................... 54
5.3.2.3. Dng dng c lm c .............................................................................. 55
5.3.3. Bin php sinh hc ......................................................................................... 55
5.3.4. Bin php ha hc .......................................................................................... 55
5.3.4.1. Chn loi thuc ....................................................................................... 55
5.3.4.2. Thi gian s dng thuc ......................................................................... 55
5.3.4.3. Liu lng v nng thuc .................................................................. 55
CHNG 6. C DI TRN RUNG CY TRNG CN & BIN PHP KIM SOT ..... 57
6.1. c im ca mt s c di ph bin trn rung cy trng cn . Error! Bookmark

not defined.
6.1.1. C g (c ch, c ng, c Bermuda...)............................................................ 57
6.1.2. C mn tru .................................................................................................... 57
6.1.3. C tranh .......................................................................................................... 58
6.1.4. C gu (c gu, Hng ph, Tam lng) ........................................................ 59
6.1.5. C hi (b xt, cy ct ln, c ct heo) ......................................................... 60
6.1.6. C lo (yn bch, c hi, c Vit Minh, cy cng sn, lp bp, cy ba bp,
bp bp, cy phn xanh, c Nht) ........................................................................... 60
iv
6.1.7. Trinh n (mc c) .......................................................................................... 60

6.2. Kim sot c di.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2.1. Tr c cho cy trng cn hng nm ............................................................... 61
6.2.1.1. Tr c bng cc bin php lm t ........................................................ 61
6.2.1.2. Bin php xi xo chm sc cy trng ................................................... 62
6.2.1.3. Bin php lun canh ............................................................................... 63
6.2.1.4. Che ph t ............................................................................................. 63
6.2.1.5. Bin php ha hc .................................................................................. 63
6.2.1.6. Tr c cho bp ........................................................................................ 64
6.2.1.7. Tr c cho u tng: ............................................................................ 65
6.2.1.8. Tr c cho ma (Sacharum spp.)............................................................. 65
6.2.1.9. Tr c cho bng vi ................................................................................ 66
6.2.2. Tr c cho cy trng cn a nin ................................................................... 67
6.2.2.1. Trng xen ................................................................................................ 67
6.2.2.2. Bin php c gii, vt l ......................................................................... 68
6.2.2.3. Bin php ha hc .................................................................................. 68
6.2.2.4. Kim sot c trong vn c ph ............................................................. 68
6.2.2.5. Kim sot c trong vn iu ................................................................. 69
CHNG 1. KHI NIM V VAI TR CA C DI

1.1. KHI NIM C DI
c th qun l tt c di, trc ht chng ta cn phi hiu th no l c di. Hin c
rt nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v c di ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th ni c di xut
hin v i tng cy trng lin quan. Booth et al. (2003) tng hp mt s nh ngha thng
dng v c di nh sau: c di l nhng thc vt gy phin tai cho con ngi (Harper
1960) hay nhng thc vt mc ni con ngi khng mong mun (Salisbury 1961) hoc l
nhng thc vt ngoi lai xm ln (Babour & ctv 1999).
Ngay t nm 1731, Jethro Tull nh ngha v c di nh sau: C di l nhng thc
vt mc ni m con ngi khng cn n, ngha l n bao gm c khi nim cy mc
hoang v cy mc ln.
- Cy mc hoang: l nhng thc vt mc t nhin nhng khng xut hin trn ng
rung hay trn c quan thc vt c ch m thng mc trn nhng bi t hoang nh s, vt,
da di
- Cy mc ln: l nhng thc vt mc ngoi mun ca con ngi, thng l ht ca
cy trng v trc mc ln vo rung cy trng v sau trn ng rung, chng hn
nh u mc ln trong rung bp hay rau mung mc ln trong rung la.
Khi nim v mc khng mong mun nh hng n nhn nh ca con ngi v
c di v cc c tnh ca n. Bng 1.1. lit k mt s c tnh ca c di c lin quan n con
ngi trong nh ngha th no l c di.
Crawley (1997) tha nhn nhng kh khn trong vic nh ngha c di v ngh rng
thc vt ch c coi l c di khi mc ph bin ca chng phi vt qua mt ngng nht
nh v chng phi l mi bn tm, lo lng ca nhiu ngi. nh ngha ny t chng ta trc
mt tnh hung kh khn mi l xc nh ngng ti thiu m ti thc vt b coi l c di.
nh ngha ny cng tha nhn rng c di ch l c di trong nhng trng hp nht nh v
rng vic xp mt thc vt no vo nhm c di l ty thuc vo nhn nh ca con ngi.
nh ngha c di thng c dng ph bin hin nay nh sau: C di l nhng loi
thc vt bn a hay ngoi lai sinh trng, pht trin ngoi mun ca con ngi. S hin
din ca chng gy kh chu v cn tr cc hot ng ca con ngi hoc nh hng bt li
n li ch ca h.
Nh vy, c di c nh ngha ty theo nhn nh ca con ngi ch khng ty thuc
vo h thng phn loi bi gia c di v cy trng c th chuyn ha cho nhau trong nhng
iu kin sng nht nh.
- C di nu c chn lc v bi dc tt th s tr thnh cy trng hu ch cho con
ngi. V d: trc y rau dn, rau m tng c coi l c di nhng nay do nhu cu s dng
chng lm rau xanh, con ngi trng chng trn din rng.
- Nu cy trng khng cn ph hp vi con ngi v b thi loi th s tr thnh c di.

V d: mt s loi ci lc li bin thnh c ci lc.
- C khng t loi thc vt, ni ny, lc ny l c di nhng ni khc, lc khc li l
cy trng. V d: c g, c ch nu c trng lm thc n cho gia sc v lm thm c th
chng c coi l cy trng; nhng nu chng mc ln trong rung la, ng, u v cnh tranh
cc iu kin sng vi cy trng th chng c xem l c di.
Chnh v vy, ty tng trng hp, tng iu kin c th, cn phn bit gia c di v
cy trng nhm xc nh chnh xc i tng cn phi phng tr v la chn phng n phng
tr thch hp.
Tuy nhin, hu ht cc loi c di nguy him u c cc c tnh sinh vt hc c trng
gip chng c th sinh trng pht trin tt trong nhiu h sinh thi khc nhau. Baker (1974)
lit k 12 c im c trng ca c di, l: (i) c th ny mm trong nhiu iu kin mi
trng khc nhau; (ii) ny mm khng lin tc, ht c tui th cao; (iii) pht trin nhanh qua
giai on sinh trng sinh thc ra hoa kt ht; (iv) ra hoa kt ht lin tc min l iu kin
sng cho php; (v) t tng hp nhng khng t giao hay tip hp v tnh; (vi) th phn cho
nh gi hoc cc tc nhn khng chuyn khc; (vii) kh nng sinh sn cao trong iu kin mi
trng thch hp; (viii) c kh nng kt ht trong nhiu iu kin mi trng khc nhau, kh
nng chng chu vi iu kin bt li ca mi trng tt; (ix) c cc b phn ph thch hp vi
vic pht tn ht i xa, (x) nu l c a nin, kh nng sinh sn v tnh v ti sinh t cc mnh
ca cc b phn sinh sn v tnh cao; (xi) nu l c a nin, d b t ri thnh nhiu mnh nh
do khng th ko ht cc b phn sinh sn v tnh di mt t ln mt cch d dng; (xii)
c kh nng canh tranh vi cc loi khc bng nhiu cch (mc vng, tn l rng, pht trin ln
t cc loi khc v tit ra cc cht c ch sinh trng).
Tiu chun quan trng xc nh mt loi thc vt no c phi l c di hay khng
l ti mt vi ni vo thi im no loi thc vt c cn tr cc hot ng ca con
ngi v gy tn hi n li ch ca h hay khng.
1.2. TC HI CA C DI
C di xut hin mi ni, mi lc v l mi quan tm ca tt c mi ngi. C di
khng ch gy cn tr hot ng sn xut nng nghip v lm gia tng chi ph sn xut m cn
nh hng n sc khe ca cng ng v gy kh khn cho vic bo tr cc cng trnh xy
dng, nh ca, cnh quan
Theo ti liu ca FAO, thit hi do c di gy ra hng nm trn th gii c th nui sng
100 triu ngi mi nm. Kt qu nghin cu ca t chc mi trng "Land Care of New
Zealand" cho thy c di gy ra thit hi 95 t la M mi nm do lm gim sn lng lng
thc thc phm trn tan cu trong khi bnh cy, cn trng v cc ng vt c xng sng
(khng k con ngi) gy tn tht 85,46 v 2,4 t la M. Vi thi gi hin nay, 95 t la c
th mua c 380 triu tn la m, hn phn na sn lng la m tan th gii d kin t
c trong nm 2009. Trong s 95 t th c khong 70 t thit hi gy ra cc nc ngho.
Nhng s thit hi v kinh t c th ln hn na nu tnh n kha cnh l hn phn na thi

gian m nng dn lao ng trn ng rung l dnh cho cng vic nh c.
1.2.1. Lm gim nng sut cy trng, gia tng chi ph sn xut
C di tranh chp cc iu kin sinh sng ca cy trng (nh sng, nc, dinh dng v
cardon dioxide) dn n lm gim nng sut cy trng. Tuy nhin, ty theo nhng iu kin
khc nhau m c di lm cho nng sut cy trng gim nhiu hay t.
S hin din ca c di trn ng rung cn lm tng chi ph sn xut, bao gm: thuc
tr c, chi ph phun v ri thuc tr c, chun b t, trng trt v chm sc, dng c tr c v
thi gian lm c
Bng 1.1. Thit hi do c di gy ra cho mt s loi cy trng ti n
Cy trng
Nng sut l c
Nng sut l
dit c (t/ha)
khng dit c (t/ha)
T l gim nng
sut (%)
u phng
132,4
87,6
33,8
Bp
34,4
20,7
39,8
La
37,5
21,9
41,6
u nnh
29,1
20,2
30,5
Ma
948,0
623,2
34,2
La m
23,7
19,9
16,0
1.2.2. C di tit ra cc cht ha hc c ch s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc loi thc vt

khc (allelopathy)
Mt vi loi c di c kh nng hn ch s cnh tranh ca cc loi khc bng cch tit
ra cc ha cht c hi c ch s sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng ca cc loi thc vt khc
gi l hin tngallelopathy (s cm nhim qua li). s sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng
gim mnh trong nhng trng hp ny.
V d: c tranh, loi c ph bin trn t thot nc km, cn tr kh nng ti sinh ca
rng (Anjum et al. 2005), lm c ch s pht trin ca u Stylo Stylosanthus guyanensis (cy
thc n gia sc), k ui chn Setaria italica, c ba l Medicago polymorpha v thng Pinus
roxburghii (Anjum et al. 2005). Ngi ta cng thy rng chit xut r ca c lng vc v c gu
Cyperus rotundus nh hng tiu cc lm gim kh nng ny mm ca ht v kh nng tng
trng ca chi mm v r bp (Hamayun et al. 2005). Hay nh r ca loi c Broomrape c th
tiu dit u v rau xanh, khng ch lm tht thu v thu hoch , m cn lm cho t mt kh
nng canh tc trong nhiu nm.
1.2.3. C di l k ch ca su bnh v chut
C di l ni tr n ca su bnh hi v l ni tr n ca chut. Cc loi c di cng h,
b vi cy trng l k ch rt tt ca su bnh hi trn nhng cy trng tng ng.
C lng vc Echinochloa crus-galli l k ch ph ca nm Colletotrichum

graminicola gy bnh thn th, Cercospora fujimaculans gy bnh m l,
Exserohilum monoceras gy ri l, Rhizoctonia solani gy bnh ho cy con v
Ustilago crus-galli gy bnh than en, ry nu hi la Nilaparvata lugens.
C g (c ch) Cynodon dactylon l k ch ca nm Puccinia graminis gy bnh g

st, Helminthosporium sp. gy bnh m l, Bipolaris, Gaeumannomyces,
Leptosphaeria sp., Marasmius sp., Sporisorium, Sorosporium sp., Ustilago sp.,
Xanthomonas cynodontis, virus gy bnh vng ln la mch, bnh virus sc l la
v bp, cc loi tuyn trng, c bit l tuyn trng nt sng Meloidogyne spp., su
t Spodoptera spp., su ko mng Herpetogramma licarsisalis
K ch ph ca b xt en (Scotinophora sp.) l c mm Ischaemum rugosum, c bc

Leersia hexandra v c ui chn Setaria aurea
Ci di l k ch ph ca di c r ci bp.
1.2.4. nh hng n cht lng nng sn

- C mt s loi c di nu gia sc n phi s lm gim cht lng sa v tht
(Parthenium, ti di lm gim cht lng tht v sa v c th lm cho sn phm khng tiu th
c).
- Nui cu ly lng th trn ng rung c cy k u nga, ht c dnh vo lng cu
lm gim cht lng lng cu thng phm.
- Ht ca cy ci du hoang (Brassica spp.) ln trong ht la m, bt m xay ra c mi
ci du hoang, ngi tiu dng khng chp nhn.
- Ht c Parthenium ln vo ht ging c lm thc n gia sc lm gim cht lng ht
ging v b cm trao i bun bn nhng vng cha b nhim loi c ny.
- Ht c lng vc ln trong thc go lm gim gi tr thng phm ca thc go.
- Ht v on gy ca thn c c m cao ln trong ht cy trng sau thu hoch, tip
tc h hp lm cho ht nng sn nng ln v c th b thi.
- nhng rung cy trng c ln c di, hm lng dinh dng ca sn phm b gim
st.
1.2.5. Gim hiu qu ca qu trnh thu hoch
- Thi gian thu hoch b chm li i c cht kh
- Lm chm tc ca qu trnh thu hoch, c bit thu hoch bng c gii
- Gy tn tht nng sn trong khi thu hoch
- Mt c di cao cn lm tng chi ph bo h lao ng trong khi thu hoch.
1.2.6. nh hng n sc khe gia sc
- Mt s loi c cha hm lng rt cao cc cht nh alkaloid, tanins, glucosides,
oxalates, nitrates gy c cho gia sc khi tiu ha chng.
V d: + Hm lng amino acid, mimosine c trong cy mai dng Mimosa pigra gy

c cho khng ch gia sc m cn cho c cy trng.
+ Cc loi c thuc h kinh gii Chenopodium, dn Amaranthus bnh thng th
khng c nhng trong iu kin mi trng bt li, cc loi c ny tch ly mt lng ln cht
nitrate (c th ln ti 1000 ppm). Trong qu trnh tiu ha trong c th ng vt, nitrate bin
thnh nitrite gy c cho gia sc.
- Gai nhn, l sc ca mt s loi c di cn gy tn thng cho gia sc (to di, c
tranh, dn gai, trinh n, mai dng ). Gai nhn ca cy mai dng lm tn thng c quanh
h Tr An.
1.2.7. nh hng n sc khe con ngi
- C gy nh hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi nh gy thng tch v d ng.
Cc loi c phn hng Ambrosia spp. gy bnh st c kh do c cha protenin gy d ng
Amb a1. Mt s loi c gy ng c cho con ngi v c th gy cht nu n phi: da di
Datura stramonium, lu lu c Solanum americanum. Mt s loi c c gai nhn (to di, dn
gai, trinh n, mai dng ), mc (c may ), l sc (cc loi c h ha tho) d gy thng
tch cho con ngi khi tip xc.
- C cn l ni tr n, cung cp thc n v ni sinh sn ca cc vector truyn bnh, cc
loi gm nhm, rn, rt, V d: bnh ng do rui Tse-Tse chu Phi gy ra, chng sng v
sinh sn mnh cc bi c. Bnh st rt, st xut huyt v mt s bnh khc do mui truyn.
Bo Pistia lanceolata cung cp ch tt cho mui. Lc bnh Eichhornia spp. cung cp oxy qua
r toiu kin tt cho lng qung ny n v sinh trng.
1.2.8. Gy nhim v cn tr ngun nc
- C lm gim cht lng nc, cn tr dng chy v giao thng ng thy, gy kh
khn cho sn xut thy sn. V d: Cc cm bo ci Pistia stratoidescn tr s trao i kh trong
mt phn gii nc-khng kh, iu ny lm gim lng xy trong nc v git cht nhiu loi
c, chng cng ngn cn s chiu sng v git cht nhiu loi thc vt sng ngm di nc,
cng nh lm thay i cng ng thc vt sng ni trn mt nc bng cch chn p chng.
- C di lm mt nc trong h mt cch nhanh chng. V d: lc bnh thot nc qua l
rt ln. Tng lng nc bc thot trn mt h c lc bnh bng 130 250% so vi mt h sch
c.
- C cnh tranh ngun dinh dng ca cc vi sinh vt trong nc (l ngun thc n ca
thy sn), tit ra cc kh v cc cht hu c phn hy, gy bt li cho s sinh trng ca cc loi
thy sn. Vic thu hoch thy sn s gp kh khn v tht thot ln trn din tch mt nc c
nhiu c.
- Cn tr tm nhn trn b mt ao h.
- Cht hu c phn hy t c to mi kh chu gy nhim khng kh.
1.2.9. nh hng n cng nghip v cc cng trnh cng cng
- D gy chy cho cc khu cng nghip trong ma kh
- Gy hao mn, h hng cho my mc khi hot ng tip xc vi c.

- Mc leo ln tng, hng ro, che chn tm nhn ca con ngi, che khut cc ng
ng dn, cc van, ng lm nh hng n dy in, dy in thoi
1.2.10. Gy thit hi cho rng v cc sn phm lm bng g
C di cnh tranh nc v dinh dng vi cy rng lm cho cy rng sinh trng cn
ci.
Cc loi cy bi v c di khng c gi tr kinh t ln t cc loi cy rng c gi tr kinh
t khc.
Lm gim gi tr gii tr ca cc khu rng
D gy chy rng trong ma kh.
1.3. LI CH CA C DI
Nhng tc ng tch cc ca c di i vi sn xut v con ngi t c quan tm,
nghin cu hn so vi nhng tc ng tiu cc ca chng. Nhng tc ng tch cc ny rt kh
nh lng v chng din ra trong mt khong thi gian di. C di cng c mt s li ch nht
nh sau:
Lm tng thm cht hu c v mn cho t. Trong qu trnh sinh sng, c di tch ly

vo tng t cy cc cht dinh dng nh N, P, K, (thng c nhng tng t su
v trong nc ma). Trn t mi khai ph, lng bn ny c ngha rt ln.
Trong mt s trng hp, c di gip cy trng pht trin tt. Chng hn nh ti mt s

vng t kh hn n 3 loi c Arnebia hispidissima, c nt o Borreria
articularis v Celosia argentea gip cy k sinh trng pht trin tt nhng li hn ch
s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy m (vng).
Gi cho t khi b xi mn, lm cho t v dinh dng khi b tri i; gi cho cc cng
trnh thy li, giao thng nh iu khi b h hng
L ngun thc n cho cc loi gia sc nh tru, b, nga, cu v cc loi gia cm nh

ngng, vt, g ty, v c.
Cc loi c nh ci, c gng, c dy, c tranh cn c dng lm cht t, lm

nguyn liu lp nh.
Nhiu loi c cn c dng lm dc liu v cc mc ch khc. V d: bo ci cha

chng st pht ban, ph thng, nht v tr mui (phi kh v t nhng ni c nhiu
mui); rau sam (Portulaca oleracea) dng lm thuc st trng tr nhng chng l lot
ngoi da, lm tiu nht c v lm li tiu trong chng tiu but, tiu rt, tr ho, lao
phi, gii c rn hoc cn trng cn; cy trinh n (Mimosa pudica)c tc dng c ch
thnh kinh, chn kinh, gim au.
Trng lm cnh: ng sc, xng rng, mo g, l bn, n ngy, dm bt
Nh vy, c di nh hng hai mt n nng nghip v i sng ca con ngi, va c

hi va c li do ty tng trng hp c th m phng tr trit chng hay li dng chng
lm nhng vic c ch khc.
CHNG 2. PHN LOI V NH DANH C DI

2.1. CC HNH THC PHN LOI C DI
C khong 250.000 loi thc vt n hoa trn th gii (Radosevich et al. 2007), trong
c khong 250 loi gy thit hi c bit nghim trng cho trng trt (Holm et al. 1977). Nu
mi mt loi c di i hi mt bin php kim sot c bit th con ngi khng th no kim
sot chng mt cch kinh t. May thay, nhiu loi c phn ng tng t i vi mt bin php
dit c do c s tng ng v chu k sng, sinh l v hnh thi. iu ny gip chng ta khi
qut ha hiu qu ca cc bin php phng tr tng nhm c di thay v trn tng loi c lp.
D nhin, khi xp nhm th s c mt s ngoi l v trng lp.
C di c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau tin vic lp k hoch v
nh gi kt qu kim sot c di. Sau y l mt vi cch phn loi c di ph bin trn th
gii.
2.1.1. Phn loi theo kh nng thch ng vi hm lng nc trong t
2.1.1.1. C a cn:
Nhm ny gm cc loi c sng trn t trng cy trng cn, trn t i dc v nhng
ni c m t di 100% m tng i. V d: c gu (Cyperus rotundus), c rau mui
(Chenopodium oleracea), rau sam (Poturlaca oleracea)
2.1.1.2. C chu hn:
Thuc nhm ny l nhng loi c thch m nhng c kh nng chu hn c trong mt
thi gian thi gian tng i di (1 ma kh 6 thng). V d: c tranh (Imperata cylindrica), c
may (Chrysopogon aciculatus), c su rm (Setaria viridis), c ui chn (Setaria spp.)
2.1.1.3. C chu nc:
Nhng loi c ny thng sinh trng ni t cn nhng khi m tng ln qu m
bo ha chng vn c th sinh trng pht trin bnh thng c. V d: mt s loi c h ci
nh lc m
2.1.1.4. C a nc:
Nhng loi c thuc nhm ny pht trin mnh t bo ha hoc c mc nc trn
mt t
C sng ni trn mt nc: bo ong, bo tm
C c thn l khng vt ra khi mt nc: cc loi rong nh rong l h, rong ui ch ...
C c r cm su vo t v thn l vt ln khi mt nc: c lng vc, da nc, c ci
lc v c h trch t
2.1.2. Phn loi theo thi gian sinh trng v theo ma v xut hin
2.1.2.1. C nht nin (annual): rau dn, lu lu, rau mui
Loi c ny kt thc chu k sng trong vng 1 nm nhng thng thng trong vng 1
ma. Ch c ht l qua c ma ng. Loi ny c chia lm 2 nhm:
a. C ma ng:
Ny mm vo u ma ng, ra hoa kt ht v cht vo cui ma xun
L loi c c tnh chu hn v chu lnh
b. C ma h:
Ny mm vo ma xun v kt thc ton b chu k pht trin vo u ma ng
Xut hin vo ma nng, m, ma nhiu
Ty Nguyn, c di chu nh hng rt nhiu bi 2 ma ma v nng. Hu ht cc cy
hng nin u ny mm vo u ma ma v cho ht vo ma nng.
Vic phng tr c nht nin tng i d thc hin v t tn km. Tt nht l tm cch
phng tr chng trc thi k m hoa kt ht. Nh vy, ht c s b o thi trc khi chng
c hnh thnh hay thnh thc.
Nhiu loi ht c b chn vi lu nm trong t m vn gi c sc ny mm. Khi gp
iu kin thun li chng c th ny mm thnh cy con. Do vy, vic tr c cn phi c tin
hnh lin tc nhiu nm th mi c hiu qu trit .
2.1.2.2. C nh nin (biennial)
C kt thc chu k sng trong vng 2 nm: sinh trng dinh dng trong nm u v
sinh trng sinh thc trong nm sau. Tuy nhin, iu ny cn ty thuc vo mi trng sng, c
khi chng kt thc chu k sng trong vng 1 nm nhng cng c khi ko di ti 3 nm.
S lng loi c di thuc nhm ny t hn nhiu so vi c thuc nhm nht nin v a
nin. Thuc nhm ny gm cc loi: c ba l ngt sweet-clover Melilotus albus (h u),
Echinospermum (h Vi voi Boraginaceae), nodding thistle Carduus nutans (h Cc
Compositae).
C nh nin phi c kim sot ngay trong nm u, trc khi chng c c hi tch ly
dinh dng trong r.
2.1.2.3. C a nin (perennial)
C a nin thng c thi gian sng trn 2 nm vi nhiu hnh thc sinh sn. C a nin
thng ra hoa u tin vo nm th 2 sau th ra hoa hng nm.
C a nin rt kh phng tr v chng sinh sn va bng ht va bbfd cc c quan sinh sn v
tnh. Vic nhn bit cc hnh thc sinh sn ca c a nin l rt quan trng nhm la chn bin
php thch hp kim sot s pht trin v ti sinh ca c.
Cc loi c a nin
a. C a nin thn tho n gin: Cc loi c thuc nhm ny sinh sn ch yu bng

ht. Sinh sn v tnh ch xut hin khi r v thn b ct ra bng c hc, mi phn b
ct ra sau s ra r v tr thnh cy mi. V d: rng nha (Taraxacum officinale),
m (Plantago major)
b. C a nin thn c/r c (tuberous stem/ tuberous root): Nhng loi c ny c thn
ngm hoc r phnh to thnh c, trn c c nhng mm ng li ln. C c th ra r v
nhng di thn/r ngm mi, ti nhng thn/r ngm ny li c th c nhng c
phnh to ra thnh c. v d: c gu Cyperus rotundus, c gu n Cyperus esculentus,
thc dc, cy mao lng (Ranuculus spp.)
c. C a nin thn b (runner or stolon): Cc loi c thuc nhm ny lan truyn khp
mt t bng thn b v bng ht. Thn rt ngn vi nhng l vy mng. Thn pht
trin theo chiu ngang bn trn mt t. Mi u thn s cho ra mt cy con, cy ny
s mc r v bm vo t. T cy con ny s ny ra mt thn b, b c mt on
thn ny li cho ra mt cy con mi. Lng ca thn b c th cht i hoc b ct t
m chi mi c hnh thnh vn sng c lp. Thn b khng cha thc n d tr
m ch chuyn thc n t cy m sang cy con cho n khi cy con pht trin y .
V d: rau m (Centella asiatica), me t (Oxalis repens).
d. C a nin thn r (rhizome): thn pht trin theo chiu ngang bn di mt t.
Thn ngm c nhng mm ng v r t thn. T nhng mm ng ny c th mc
thnh nhng thn ngm mi hoc thn ng mang l trn mt t. thn ngm c
b l mc t bo v mm ng. Cc loi c ny c h thng r rt pht trin. V
d: Cirsum arvense, rau dip di Sonchus arvensis, c tranh Imperata cylindrica, c
gng Panicum repens, c g Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., c dy (Hemarthria
compressa),
e. C a nin thn hnh (bulb): nhm ny chim t l rt t. C ca chng l bin thi
ca thn, c cu to ging c hnh, hnh cu, bn trong cha ng phi mm ca
mt cy y gm r, thn, l v hoa. cc k vy mng nc ca thn hnh hnh
thnh nn nhng hnh con. V d: lily, tulip,
f. C a nin thn gi hnh (corm): c do thn phnh to to thnh, c v c bao bc
bi lp l kh bn ngoi c dng hnh vy. Trn c gi hnh c cc t v lng. V
d: layn, ngh ty, lan Nam Phi,
Trn t canh tc nhiu, c nht nin v c ngn ngy thng xut hin v pht trin
mnh trong khi c a nin th ngy cng t i.
2.1.3. Phn loi theo phng thc sng
2.1.3.1. C di k sinh
a. C k sinh hon ton: nhng loi c sng nh hon ton vo mui khong v cht hu
c do cy ch cung cp nh dy t hng (Cucusta)
b. C bn k sinh: l nhng loi c c th t tc mt phn cht hu c, nhng loi c ny
c l xanh nh cy tm gi
10
2.1.3.2. C di khng k sinh:

Phn ln c di thuc nhm ny, chng c cc c quan dinh dng t tng hp
cht hu c cn thit cho qu trnh sng.
2.1.4. Theo s l mm
2.1.4.1. C 1 l mm: gm cc loi c thuc h ha tho, ci lc
a. C ha tho (grasses)
t c, lng rng, thn trn hoc dp
Thn khng c s phn ha ra min v v min tr
C h r chm do r chnh khng pht trin.
L thng khng phn bit cung, nhiu khi c gc pht trin thnh b. L thng c
li b v i khi tai l. L n mc i ni tip l kia t t. L di v hp, gn l song
song. L sc, c nhiu lng.
nh sinh trng c bc kn trong b l.
Phi c 1 l mm
Hoa thng mu 3, i khi mu 2, rt t khi mu 4, khnmg c mu 5

b. C ci lc (sedges/rushes)
Thn thng hnh tam gic v c rut.
Khng phn bit b l v phin l. L khng c tai l hoc li b. L nh trn thn

theo 3 hng t 3 pha quanh thn. Phn gc ca cc l hnh thnh mt ng bao quanh
thn. L di v hp, gn l song song. L mm v mng.
nh sinh trng c bc kn trong b l.
C mt s loi c di mt l mm nhng c nhng c im khc trn: c trch t hay

m nc (Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var orientalis).
2.1.4.2. C 2 l mm: rau dn, rau dic, c hi
L thng, rng, nm ngang, mm v t lng.
L thng c cung, gn l hnh mng li.
C h r tr do r chnh pht trin, vi cc r bn.
nh sinh trng l ra ngoi.
Phi c 2 l mm
Hoa mu 5, i khi mu 4
Thn c s phn ha ra min v v min tr

C 1 l mm khng 2,4-D (thuc chuyn v bit tnh), trong khi c 2 l mm th b
nhim.
11
2.1.5. Phn loi da theo c im thn cnh

Ty thuc vo s pht trin m g trn thn v nhnh, c c th c chia thnh cc
nhm: c thn tho, thn g, thn bi, thn bi leo v thn leo.
2.1.5.1. Cy thn tho:
Cc loi c thuc nhm ny c thn nm trn mt t, thn cy khng ha g, cht li
vo thi k to qu. Vd: m , c mn tru.
2.1.5.2. Cy thn g:
Cc loi thuc nhm ny sng nhiu nm, c thn sinh trng th cp ha g, thn chnh
pht trin mnh, trn thn chnh phn cnh v chi mang vm l. Thn chnh ca cy g to, nh,
cao, thp, c cnh nhnh nhiu hay t ty thuc vo tng loi. Vd: bch dng Populus alba, n
trinh t Ligustrum lucidum
2.1.5.3. Cy bi:
Thuc nhm ny gm cc loi thn g nhiu nm, thn chnh khng c hoc km pht
trin, cnh nhnh bt u t gc ca thn chnh. Chiu cao ca cy bi thng khng vt qu
7m. Vd: ng sc (trm i) Lantana camara, mai dng (trinh n thn g, trinh n mc) Mimosa
pigra
2.1.5.4. Cy bi leo:
Nhm ny gm nhng cy bi c cnh ha g da vo nhng cy khc leo ln.VD
dy bng giy Bougainvillea spectabillis.
2.1.5.5. Cy leo:
Nhm ny gm cc loi c tua cun mm, khng mc thng ng c phi da vo cc
cy khc hoc vt khc lm gi th (nh cc c quan c bit nh tua cun, dy mc, r ph,
nhnh hoc l). Vd: bm bm
Vic phn bit c thn tho v thn bi, thn g l rt cn thit trong cng tc qun l c
di v bin php kim sot cc nhm c ny hon ton khc nhau.
2.1.6. Phn loi theo mi trng sng
Da vo ni chng xut hin, c c chia thnh 9 nhm ln:
a. C trn t canh tc
b. C trn t b ha
c. C trong ng c
d. C trn t khng trng trt (t cng nghip)
e. C thy sinh
f. C trn t rng v cy ly g
g. C trn thm c v vn
12
h. C trong n in
i. C trong vn cy n tri v vn nho.
Mt s loi c trng lp trong cc nhm trn. Tuy vy, vic phn nhm theo mi trng
sng ca c rt quan trng v trong mi mi trng sng khc nhau, bin php tr c c th
khc nhau mc d tiu dit cng mt loi c.
2.1.7. Theo h thng phn loi thc vt
Phng php phn loi ny thng c dng trong cng tc nghin cu. Nn tng c
bn phn loi thc vt l h thng phn loi, nh danh v nhm thc vt da vo cc c
tnh chung ca chng. Theo h thng phn loi thc vt, c di c chia thnh b, h, chi, loi.
n v phn loi c s l loi (species). Loi l tp hp ca nhiu c th cng xut pht t mt
t tin chung, tri qua qu trnh u tranh sinh tn v chn lc t nhin m cch ly vi cc sinh
vt khc, cc c th ny c th giao phi t nhin vi nhau sinh ra cc th h con ci c kh
nng sinh sn. Nhng loi c tnh cht ging nhau, c t tin chung tp hp li thnh mt n v
ln hn gi l chi (genus), nhiu chi ging nhau hp thnh h (family), nhiu h ging nhau
hp thnh b (order).
l nhng bc phn loi chnh, i khi ngi ta cn dng cc bc trung gian nh: di
loi c th, dng, gia chi v loi c lot hay dy, gia h v chi c tng, hay cc bc ph c
ghi bng cch thm cc tip u ng sub- (phn hay di) ch cc bc trung gian thp hn,
hoc super- (lin hay trn) ch cc bc cao hn; v d: lin b, lin h, phn lp, phn h
Phn ln c di thuc ngnh thc vt c hoa Anthophyta (hi kn, n hoa), tuy nhin,
cng c vi ngoi l (dng x: khng ht; thc vt hnh nn; nhng thc vt c ht nhng
khng c hoa cng c th c coi l c di.
2.2. CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI C DI
Cc phng php phn loi u da trn nguyn tc sau: nhng thc vt c chung ngun
gc, c nhng tnh cht ging nhau. Thc vt cng gn nhau th tnh cht ging nhau cng
nhiu. S ging nhau c th v c im hnh thi, gii phu, sinh l sinh ho, phi sinh hc,...
do c rt nhiu phng php nghin cu khc nhau trong phn loi c di k c vic s dng
cc k thut n gin n cc phng tin thit b ti tn, gm cc phng php sau:
2.2.1. Phng php hnh thi so snh
y l phng php phn loi da vo c im hnh thi, c bit l hnh thi c quan
sinh sn (v loi c quan ny t bin i hn so vi c quan sinh dng khi iu kin mi trng
thay i) phn loi v nh danh c di. Nhng thc vt cng gn nhau cng c nhng c
im chung v hnh thi. y l phng php c in nhng hin nay vn c dng ph bin
v l ch yu. Hin nay, ngoi nhng c im hnh thi bn ngoi ngi ta cn dng c nhng
c im hnh thi gii phu hay vi hnh thi (micromorphologie), tc l hnh thi cu trc bn
trong c th, ca m, ca t bo, k c cu trc siu hin vi, phn loi. Xu hng ny ngy
cng c ch .
13
2.2.2. Phng php gii phu:

Phng php ny tuy cha chim u th nhng l phng php chnh xc v khch
quan, cho php xc lp mi quan h thn cn khng nhng cho cc bc phn loi cao nh lp,
b, h m cn cho c cc bc phn loi c bn nh chi v loi. Dng phng php gii phu cc
nh phn loi hc c th nghin cu quan h chng loi ca nhiu nhm thc vt. V d: cy Hai
l mm phn bit vi cy Mt l mm bi cu to v s sp xp ca m dn truyn trong thn.
Phng php ny b sung thm cho phng php hnh thi so snh.
2.2.3. Phng php bo t phn hoa:
Nghin cu bo t, ht phn, c bit l hnh thi v ht phn s cung cp nhiu dn
liu, nht l cc dn liu c thc vt, cho vic xy dng h thng chng loi pht sinh.
2.2.4. Phng php t bo hc:
Nghin cu s lng, hnh thi v cu trc ca nhim sc th.
2.2.5. Phng php lai ghp:
xc nh mi quan h thn cn ca cc loi gn, v chng ta bit rng s lai to ch
xy ra nhng loi c quan h h hng mi lai to c v con ci sinh ra mi c th pht trin
bnh thng.
2.2.6. Phng php sinh thi:
Phng php ny c ngha trong nghin cu s bin d ca loi do nh hng ca iu
kin sng, c nhng loi sng ven bin, c nhng loi sng trn ni cao
2.2.7. Phng php ha sinh hc:
Cc nh thc vt nhn thy rng cc loi cy c quan h gn nhau thng c cc qu
trnh sinh ho ging nhau dn n tch t mt s hp cht ho hc ging nhau. V d: cc loi
thuc h C ph thng cha caffein, cc loi thuc l cha nicotin, cy thuc h Hoa mi
thng cha tinh du, nhiu cy thuc h Thu du cha cht cao su
Phng php ny c ngha thc tin rt ln, n cho ta hng tm nhng hp cht cn
thit trong cc loi gn gi nhau.
2.2.8. Cc phng php khc
Phng php min dch s dng cc phn ng ca cy ch i vi s xm nhp ca nm
hay vi khun k sinh. T s ging nhau ca cc phn ng ca cc cy i vi nm k sinh m
cc nh phn loi c c nhng dn liu c gi tr v mi quan h ca cc loi .
Phng php a l thc vt hc xc nh quan h h hng da trn vic nghin cu khu
phn b ca thc vt.
Phng php pht trin c th da trn c s ca quy lut pht trin c th xt on
quan h ngun gc ca thc vt.
Phng php h tr nh xc sut thng k, phng php phn tch tng quan.
14
Vic nghin cu phn loi khng th ch da vo mt phng php no m phi dng

kt hp nhiu phng php khc nhau gii quyt, nh vy nhng kt lun mi tha ng v
gn vi chn l. Cc phng php nu trn cung cp nhiu thng tin, c im quan trng
cho cc nh phn loi hc khi tin hnh xc nh mt taxon nht nh trong th gii sinh vt.
15
CHNG 3. C IM CA C DI
3.1. C IM CA C DI
Mc d c di c nh ngha ty theo nhn nh ca con ngi ch khng ty thuc
vo h thng phn loi, chng c mt s c im ni bt c th phn bit vi cy trng v thch
ng vi nhiu iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng sng tn ti
3.1.1. C di c nhiu hnh thc sinh sn
C di c th ra hoa kt ht quanh nm, lun hin din trn ng rung gy tr ngi cho
cc hot ng sn xut ca con ngi. S a dng v hnh thc sinh sn ca c di chnh l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gip chng c th thch ng vi cc iu kin t nhin lun c mt
trn ng rung.
C a nin sinh sn v tnh c th hnh thnh cy mi t cc t thn, nch l, thn
ngm, thn c, thn r v chi r, thm ch, c loi c c th pht trin thnh 1 cy mi t 1 mu
l (cy l bng).
Nhiu loi c va sinh sn hu tnh va v tnh lm cho kh nng lan truyn cng mnh
v mi khi iu kin t nhin thay i th c t nht mt hnh thc sinh sn lan truyn v sau.
Do vy, mun phng tr c di trit th cn phi ngn chn mi hnh thc sinh sn ca
chng.
Vd: C c (Cyperus rotundus) v c tranh (Imperata cylindrica), 2 loi c mc rt ph
bin trn t canh tc v cnh tranh gay gt vi cc loi cy trng, c th sinh sn va bng ht
va bng thn ngm.
C g (Cynodon dactylon), c a nin h ha tho, mc khp cc vng, c th
sinh sn bng ht, thn b v thn ngm.
3.1.2. Kh nng nhn ging cao
Kh nng ny th hin qua s ht sinh sn hu tnh v s mm ng sinh sn v tnh
Stevens (1932) m s ht 101 loi c nht nin th thy chng c trung bnh
20.832 ht/cy, 19 loi c nh nin c trung bnh 26.600 ht/cy, 61 loi c a nin c trung
bnh 16.629 ht/cy.
S lng ht/cy ca c di nhiu, m bo cho chng c h s nhn ging cao, c li
cho duy tr ni ging; ng thi cng cho chng ta thy tr lng ht c di trn mt n v
din tch s rt ln, e da vic sn xut nng nghip.
S lng mm ng trn mt on thn hoc trn mt n v trng lng c di sinh sn
v tnh cng nhiu hn so vi 1 on thn cy trng c cng chiu di hoc trng lng, do
kh nng nhn ging ca c di cng rt cao.
Vd: s mm ng trn 1 m chiu di thn c l: 25-40 (c dy), 50-100 (c g), 100-120
(c tranh) trong khi 1 m dy khai lang ch c t 20-30 mm ng.
16
Bng 3.1 . Kh nng sinh sn ca mt s loi c ph bin

Tn Vit Nam
Tn khoa hc
SL ht/cy
C gu n
Cyperus esculentus
2.400
C lng vc
Echinochloa crus-galli
7.000
C ui co
Setaria faberi
10.000
C c rt (c phn hng)
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
16.000
Mn tru
Eleusine indica
41.200
Rau dn
Amanthus viridis
50.000
C bng ln; C bng hi
Eragrostis cilianensis
82.000
Rau dn r
Amaranthus retroflexus
117.000
Th l c
Solanum nigrum
178.000
Rau sam
Portulaca spp.
193.000
C ma k sinh
Striga asiatica
500.000
3.1.3. Ht chn khng u, d rng v c nhiu hnh thc lan truyn

Sau khi chn xong, ht c li d ri khi cy m v rng xung t. Hin tng ny km
theo hin tng chn khng u lm cho c di ko di thi gian phng thch ht dn n hin
tng c mc mm khng tp trung, gy kh khn v tn km cho cng tc phng tr.
C di c th pht tn bng nhiu con ng: (i) ht ging, thc n gia sc, rm r v c
kh; (ii) gi; (iii) nc; (iv) ng vt; (v) my mc, nng c Do chng c th lan truyn t
rung ny sang rung khc, t ni ny sang ni khc bt chp con ngi tm mi cch
ngn cn s pht trin ca chng. Ngi ta pht hin c s xm nhp ca c di t Chu u
sang Chu M v ngc li, t lc a u, sang Chu M, i Ty Dng v Thi Bnh
Dng. Do vy, phi tm cho c ngun gc ca c di xut pht t u th mi c th xut
bin php phng tr c hiu qu.
Cc c im gip c di c kh nng pht tn rng ri:
Ht nh v nh
Qu v ht c nhiu b phn ph nh ru, lng, mc, cnh gip chng d dng
pht tn bng nhiu con ng.
C di c hnh thi bn ngoi ging vi cy trng
C di cn l ngun thc n cho gia sc.
17
3.1.4. Ht c di c thi gian ng ngh (min trng)

Ht c di li c th gi sc ny mm trong thi gian tng i di, to nn mt ngun
ht c lin tc trong t gy kh khn v tn km cho cng tc phng tr c di. iu ny l do
chng c thi gian ng ngh (min trng) nht nh. C 2 kiu min trng:
3.1.4.1. Min trng di truyn (ng, ngh t nhin)
Sau khi tch ri khi cy m, ht cn mt thi gian ng ngh nht nh th mi c th
ny mm. y l thi gian cn cho s bin i, hnh thnh phi mm, phi nh mt cch y
. Ht c min trng loi ny l do c im di truyn, hon ton khng ph thuc vo nhng
yu t bn ngoi. Thi gian ng ngh ca ht l thi gian ti thiu cn thit cho s ny mm sp
ti.
S ng ngh t nhin ca ht do nhiu nguyn nhn:
Ht chn sinh l cha y
Trong ht cha cc cht km hm, hm lng nhng cht ny gim n mc
khng gy c ch th cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh.
V ht qu dy do kh thm nc v kh.
3.1.4.2. Min trng cm ng (ng ngh bt buc)
Khi bn thn ht khng c c tnh ng ngh t nhin hoc ht thi gian ng ngh t
nhin nhng vn cha th ny mm th hin tng ny gi l min trng cm ng (induced
dormancy)
S ng ngh bt buc ca ht do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra:
Nhng cht c ch xm nhp t bn ngoi vo bn trong lp v ht nhng cha n
mc gy cht.
Ht c b chn vi di su
V ht qu dy
Khi nghin cu v mi quan h gia s trng thnh ca ht ging v s ng ngh, ny
mm ca ht, ngi ta thy rng:
Ht ging cha trng thnh th cn c thi gian ng ngh trong khi ht ging trng
thnh th khng.
i vi nhiu loi c, mc chn ca ht khng nh hng n s ng, ngh v ny
mm ca ht.
3.1.5. Ht c di c kh nng gi sc ny mm trong khong thi gian di
Ht c di c kh nng gi sc ny mm lu hay ni cch khc chng c th ko di
thi gian ng, thi gian sng chm trong cc iu kin mi trng khc nhau lu hn cy trng.
18
3.1.5.1. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong t

Kh nng gi sc ny mm ca ht c khi b chn vi trong t rt khc nhau, c loi
ch gi c sc ny mm trong 8 thng nhng cng c loi sau khi b chn vi trong t 80
nm, t l ny mm vn cn gi mc 70% (Verbascum blattaria) (Ross & Lembi 1999).
Bng 3.2. Kh nng gi sc ny mm ca mt vi loi c trong t (Ross & Lembi 1999)
Tn Vit Nam
Tn Latinh
Kh nng gi sc ny
mm (nm)
C sa thng
Asclepias syriaca
La min ngt
Sorghum bicolor
10
C bng
Agropyron repens
1-6
K u nga
Xanthium strumarium
16
K ng
Cirsium arvense
21
Rau dn r
Amaranthus retroflexus
40
C voi
Pennisetum Alopecuriodes
20
Hoa phi nh
Verbascum blattaria
100
3.1.5.2. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong nc ngp

Kh nng gi sc ny mm ca ht c cng khc nhau ty thuc tng loi. Vd: ht ngh
(Polygonum convolvulus) v lu lu (Solanum sp.) c th gi sc ny mm c 8 thng; ht rau
gin (Amaranthus paniculatus) v lu lu c (Solanum nigrum) c 20 thng; ht lng vc cn
(Echinochloa cruss-galli) v rau mui (Chenopodium album) gi sc ny mm c 44 thng.
Mc d ht c c th gi sc ny mm trong nc kh lu nhng khi ngm vo nc th
thi gian gi sc ny mm u gim so vi ngoi khng kh v trong t. Do vy, ti ngp
l mt trong nhng bin php lm hn ch s ny mm v ph hy ht c.
3.1.5.3. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong phn chung
Ht c di sau khi qua d dy ng vt vn c th ny mm c. Tuy nhin, ty c
im tiu ha ca tng loi ng vt m t l ny mm ca ht c c s khc nhau. T l ht c
ny mm c sau khi qua h tiu ha ca b l 23,0 %, ca nga l 12,9 % ca cu l 10,7
% (Kott 1947).
Ht c ln trong phn mc c hay khng l ty thuc vo nhit , m cc cht
ha hc v vi sinh vt trong ng phn .
V ma h, ht c trong ng phn u thng mt sc ny mm.
Nu 2 thng lin nht 30-50oC th cc ht c s cht; 30oC th ch c 1

phn ht c b cht; 10oC th tt c ht c u c th ny mm.
Thi gian cng lu th ht c di cng t i.
19
Kh nng gi sc ny mm ca ht trong mt thi gian di cng vi kh nng sinh sn

cao ca loi m bo rng mt khi c di c thit lp ti mt ni no , n s t tip tc ti
hnh thnh. iu ny gii thch cho vic ti sao mmt loi mc d c kim sot tt trong
vi nm li bng dng tr thnh loi c chnh trn ng rung thay i cc bin php kim sot
hay hoc h thng canh tc hoc l khi c di c a ln lp t mt
3.1.6. Ht c di ny mm khng u
Vic kim sot c di s rt n gin nu tt c ht v chi mm ca cng mt loi c
ny mm cng lc. Vic p dng cc bin php kim sot ngn khng cho c di ra hoa kt ht
s gip loi b hn loi c ra khi ng rung. Th nhng, cng tch ri khi cy m v ri
xung t mt thi gian nhng c ht mc trc, c ht mc sau. Hin tng ny gi l hin
tng ny mm khng u.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ht ny mm khng u:
Ht chn khng u
V ht dy, mng khc nhau do kh nng thm nc v kh phc v cho qu trnh
ny mm khc nhau.
Do cy c nhiu loi ht khc nhau. Chng hn nh cy rau mui (Chenopodium
album) c 3 loi ht: ht to v nu mc ngay trong nm u tin; ht nh, en v xanh mc vo
nm th hai; ht rt b, trn v en mc trong nm th ba.
Do iu kin ngoi cnh khc nhau: ht oc phi nng lu th s rn chc v do ,
kh thm nc v kh; ht b chn vi vo lp t su th s ny mm chm hn ht trn b
mt t.
Do thi gian ng, ngh khng u
Hin tng ny mm khng u cng thng thy cc loi c c hnh thc sinh sn
v tnh. Vic chia ct c di ra lm nhiu mnh lm cho mm ng c hm lng cht kch thch
mc kch thch v ny mm ng lot hn so vi nguyn 1 on thn di hoc nguyn
c.
C di mc khng u, mc lai rai vo nhiu thi gian khc nhau lm cho trn ng
rung lc no cng c s hin din ca chng gy tn km v kh khn cho vic xc nh thi
k tr c c hiu qu. V vy, cn nghin cu nhng nguyn nhn lm cho c mc khng u v
nhng iu kin cn thit cho s ny mm ca c c bin php tc ng tch cc kch thch
cho c mc ng u v nhiu, lm tng hiu qu phng tr c di.
3.1.7. C di c tnh bin ng ln
Tnh bin ng ca c di l phn ng ca c di vi mi trng xung quanh c th
sinh trng, pht trin v tn ti.
20
3.1.7.1. S thay i thi gian sinh trng, thi k pht dc

Cc loi c hng nin thng c thi gian sinh trng t vi thng tr nn th s ra hoa
kt ht nhng nu iu kin ngoi cnh khng thun li th thi gian sinh trng ca chng c
th rt ngn ch cn 20-30 ngy.
Trong iu kin nh sng, m v dinh dng, trong khi cc loi c di hng nin
sinh trng mnh, kt ht nhiu; cc loi c a nin sinh trng thn l mnh v gim vic kt
ht.
Trong iu kin mi trng qu kh v nng, c di c th ra hoa, kt ht nhiu ln
trong mt nm nh c lng vc cn, c Ranphanus raphaniotrum.
3.1.7.2. S thay i v sinh trng v hnh thi
Trn rung la m gieo dy, c su rm Setaria glama ch c mt thn nh v mt bng
nhng cng gieo la m tha, c sinh trng cng mnh, thn c th cao ti 7 cm v cho 200
bng/cy v kt 10.000 ht.
Trong trng hp s cnh tranh t (mt tha), cc nhnh c nm xe ngang xung
quang gc thnh hnh trn c ng knh ln ti 1 m, bnh thng cc nhnh chm li mc
thng ng hoc hi nghing nh c mn tru (Eleusine indica) v c lng vc cn Echinochloa
cruss-galli. S thay i ny lm cho c di sinh trng mnh hn v cho nhiu bng v ht hn.
3.1.7.3. S bin i v sinh l
Biu th bin i sinh l c di m ngi ta thy c l s thay i yu cu v nc.
C lng vc nc c th sinh trng trn t m v ngp nc, c g nc pht trin trn t
ngp nc v t kh. t ngp nc cao, thn l ca chng mc ln theo mc nc ch
khng b c ch do ngp su v thiu xi. t cn, chng vn c th sinh trng v pht trin
tt.
Khi iu kin ngoi cnh thay i, sinh l v hnh thi ca c di cng thay i. Trong
iu kin kh hn, phn ln c di bin i hnh thi nhm hn ch qu trnh bc thot hi nc
nh: c b r n su hn, trn thn l xut hin lp sp dy v cht hn, trn l xut hin nhng
lng cng, l hp i.
Hiu c tnh bin ng ca c di rt c ch trong cng tc phng tr. Thng qua k
thut canh tc, chng ta c th to iu kin ngoi cnh bt li cho c di duy tr chng
mc sinh trng ti thp, khng gy hi cho cy trng.
3.1.8. Kh nng chng chu cao
C di c kh nng chng chu vi cc iu kin ngoi cnh bt thun tt hn cy trng.
y l kt qu ca qu trnh thch nghi v chn lc t nhin lu i.
3.1.8.1. Kh nng chu lnh
Mt s loi c di c kh nng sng v duy tr ni ging ngay c khi nhit xung n
mc -40oC hoc thp hn. Quan st cc loi ny, ngi t thy chng c mt s c im sau:
21
Ra hoa, kt ht trc ma rt khc nghit. Khi gp rt, c di dng ht, c v dy

bo v phi mm khi b rt
Sng tim sinh khi iu kin nhit xung thp
3.1.8.2. Kh nng chu nng

C di c mt s c im sau gip chng chng chu trong iu kin thi tit nng
nc:
H s thot hi nc ln, thn l cha nhiu nc gip gim thn nhit khi nhit tng
cao
Thn l c nm lp t su gip chng khng b hi v nng (c tranh Imperata

cylindrica c thn ngm nm lp t su nn vic t la khng lm cho cc b phn
ny b cht).
iu kin nhit trn 70oC trong 2-3 ngy, ht ca mt s loi c khng b mt sc

ny mm, tri li, qua giai on ny nu gp iu kin thun li chng li ny mm
nhanh hn.
3.1.8.3. Kh nng chu hn

C di c kh nng chu hn tt do chng c mt s c im sau:
B r pht trin mnh, su v rng
L c cu to lm gim s thot hi nc: din tch l hp, l c lng, lp biu b dy, c

sp mt l
Hm lng nc trong thn l nh, cy khng cn nhiu nc lc hn tuy nhin, cc qu

trnh trao i cht vn khng b suy gim.
C kh nng to ht trong iu kin bt li ca mi trng. V d: trong iu kin thun

li c rau mui Chenopodium album c th mc cao t 30 30 cm trc khi ra hoa kt
ht nhng trong iu kin hn nng, cy ch mc cao khong 3 cm v to mt t ht
trc khi cht.
3.1.8.4. Kh nng chu ngp

Khi hm lng nc trong t tng ln nhiu, vt qu mc yu cu bnh thng ca
c, chng thay i hnh thi, sinh l c th tip tc duy tr s sng. V d nh c lng vc
nc v c g nc sinh trng trn t m nhng trong mi trng t ngp nc cao, thn l
ca chng mc ln theo mc nc ch khng b c ch do ngp su v thiu xi. Ht v mm
ng c di cng c th gi sc ny mm khi b ngm nc trong mt thi gian di.
3.2. C IM CNH TRANH CA C DI
Mi thc vt c mu xanh u cn nh sng, nc v dinh dng khong sinh trng
pht trin. Do , khi c s hin din ca c di trong ng rung, s cnh tranh gia cy trng
v c di xy ra mnh m, c bit l khi ngun cung cp mt trong cc dng cht ny b hn
ch. Chng hn nh khi m t thp, triu chng qun l bp do thiu nc cc rung b
22
nhim c xut hin sm hn nhiu so vi cc rung bp sch c. Tng t, triu chng cy

trng thiu dinh dng s th hin r rng hn trong cc rung b nhim c.
Kh nng cnh tranh nh sng, nc v dinh dng ca c di ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh: thi im mc mm, hnh thc sinh trng v mt c trong rung.
3.2.1. Thi im c mc mm
Thi im ny mm ca c c ngha rt quan trng trong vic cnh tranh. Thc vt no
xut hin trc s tn dng c ngun nc, nh sng v dinh dng trc sinh trng pht
trin v do vy c c li th cnh tranh hn so vi cc thc vt mc sau . Hn na, s sinh
trng ca nhng thc vt mc trc (s pht trin ca tn l hp th nh sng v ca h
thng r ht nc v dinh dng cc tng t su) cn nh hng tiu cc n s sinh
trng ca cc thc vt pht trin sau. Thc t, cy trng pht trin trc khi c di ny mm s
c kh nng cho nng sut c th chp nhn c; ngc li, nu qun th c di c thit lp
trc cy trng (trong trng hp khng lm t trc khi canh tc hoc cy trng c canh
tc trn t ni cc loi c a nin thn ngm pht trin mnh m), nng sut cy trng s b nh
hng ng k. Qun th c di c hnh thnh trc cy trng lm gim s sinh trng, pht
trin khng nhng ca cy trng m cn ca c cc loi c di ny mm sau .
Bng 3.3. Giai on ng rung cn gi sch c sau khi gieo trng khng b nh hng
n nng sut cy trng (Ross & Lembi 1999)
Cy trng
Giai on cn gi sch c
C di
(tun sau gieo trng)

Bp
ui co
u tng
45
Cc loi c nht nin
u c-ve
Rau sam
Hng dng
4-6
Cc loi c nht nin
Bng vi
68
Cc loi c nht nin
u phng
Dn ui chn, c ch trng
Hnh ty
12
Dn r , c ha bn
C ci
10 - 12
Cc loi c nht nin
S cnh tranh gia c di v cy trng din ra gay gt nht trong giai on khi cy trng
cn nh. Chnh v vy, nng sut cy trng thng b gim mnh nu c di khng c qun l
tt ngay t u v. Trong giai on u ca s pht trin, cy trng rt d b tn thng do tc
ng tiu cc ca c di (cnh tranh nc, nh sng v dinh dng). Thc t, nu cy trng c
kh khng canh tranh tt (tc tng trng nhanh, tn l rng) v rung c gi sch c
trong giai on vi tun u sau khi gieo trng th cc loi c ny mm v pht trin ngay sau
s nh hng t hoc khng nh hng n nng sut cy trng trong v . Chng hn nh nu
cy c phn hng ny mm v pht trin cng lc vi cy u trng vi mt 1,5 cy/m hng
u trng th nng sut u s gim 19- 20% nhng nu c ny mm khi u vo giai on 2
23
l kp th nng sut ch gim 4 9%. Cc cy trng khng c kh nng cnh tranh cao (c ci,
hnh ty) th khong thi gian cn gi cho rung sch c phi ko di hn th mi khng nh
hng n nng sut cy trng (10 12 tun).
Giai on cc trng ca s cnh tranh l mt khong thi gian ngn trong chu k sng
ca cy trng m lc vic dit c t c hiu qu kinh t ti a. Nng sut cy trng khi
c dit c trong giai on ny t tng ng vi nng sut cy trng khi c lm sch c
sut v. Nhn chung, nu c di v cy trng ny mm cng lc, nng sut cy trng t b nh
hng nht nu c di ch tn ti trong ng rung trong khong thi gian vi tun u sau khi
ny mm. Khong thi gian vi tun tip theo (nu rung khng c dit c) l khong thi
gian cy trng b nh hng nng n nht bi s cnh tranh ca c di. Khong thi gian ny
oc gi l giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh (critical period). Sau giai on ny, s cnh
tranh ca c di khng hoc t nh hng n nng sut cy trng. Giai on cc trng khng
bt u ngay lc cy trng mc mm m ty thuc vo vng t c th v tng loi cy trng c
th. Bit c giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh c ngha rt quan trng trong vic xc nh
thi im cn p dng cc bin php tr c cho cy trng nng sut cy trng t b nh hng
nht.
Giai on cc trng trong canh tranh c xc nh cho tng cy trng v nhm c di
c th da trn 2 lot th nghim c bn:
Th nghim th nht: khng dit c. Trong cc th nghim ny, ngi ta cho php c
di ny mm v pht trin trong rung cy trng trong nhng khong thi gian khc nhau trpng
sut qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. V d, ngi ta cho c mc trong
rung cy trng trong khong thi gian t sau khi gieo trng n khi gieo trng c 1 tun;
vo cui tun th nht, rung c tr c bng cch nh bng tay hoc thuc tr c. mt th
nghim khc, ngi ta cho c mc trong rung cy trng trong khong thi gian t sau khi
gieo trng n cui tun th 2 th p dng cc bin php tr c; cc th nghim khc, c ch
c php mc trong 3 tun u, 4 tun u, 5 tun u, trc khi b tiu dit. Nng sut thu
c trong cc th nghim loi ny cho php chng ta xc nh c khong thi gian m cy
trng c th sinh trng pht trin cng vi c di m khng b nh hng v mt nng sut.
y l thi im bt u ca giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh (Biu 1.2 (Ross & Lembi
1999) khi s cnh tranh t c di bt u pht huy tc ng v vic p dng cc bin php tr c
l cn thit hn ch nhng tn tht v mt nng sut.
Th nghim th 2: dit c. Trong cc th nghim ny, rung c gi sch c trong
nhng khong thi gian nht nh trong sut qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng. V
d, rung c gi sch c trong vng 1 tun u, 2 tun u, 3 tun u, 4 tun u, 5 tun
u, , trc khi cho c mc t do. Nng sut cy trng thu c t cc th nghim trong
th nghim th hai ny gip chng ta xc nh c khong thi gian rung cy trng cn c
gi sch c hn ch s tn tht v mt nng sut. y l thi im kt thc giai on cc
trng trong cnh tranh.
Thi im l tng cho vic p dng cc bin php dit tr c di l thi im bt u
giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh v tc dng ca cc bin php tr c phi di ngn
24
khng cho la c mi ny mm trc khi giai on cc trng kt thc th nng sut cy trng
mi khng b nh hng.
Biu 3.1. Giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh

Giai on cc trng trong cnh tranh thay i ty theo tng loi cy trng v kh nng
cnh tranh ca chng vi c di, mc nhim c, v c im ca ng rung. thng thng,
giai on cc trng i vi cc cy trng ngn ngy nm trong khong thi gian t 1/4 n 1/3
thi gian sinh trng t khi gieo ging ca loi cy trng .
Trong mt s trng hp, giai on cc trng ca cnh tranh bt u ngay trc khi cy
trng mc mm. l trng hp trn ng rung trng cc loi cy trng t c kh nng cnh
tranh, trn ng rung b nhim c di nng hoc trn rung p dng bin php khng lm t
nhng c di hin din v thit lp qun th trc khi cy trng c gieo cy. V d, nng sut
bng vi (cy trng c kh nng cnh tranh va) gim 11.2%/tun nu c di khng c qun
l kp thi ngay t u v. s cnh tranh ca c di sau tun th 9,5 tr v sau ch lm gim
nng sut bng vi 0,2%/tun. Chnh v vy, vic tiu tr c di ngay t khi cy bng vi mi
nh l vic lm ht sc cn thit nhm lm gim thit hi v mt nng sut. Nng sut khoai ty
(kh nng cnh tranh tng i kh) bt u gim nu c quackgrass khng c kim sot bt
u t ngy th 15 v ngy th 3 k t khi khoai ty mc mm trong ng rung c quackgrass
mc vi mt thp v trung bnh. Trong trng hp mt c trong rung cao, giai on cc
trng cnh tranh bt u ngay trc khi khoai ty nh mm. Trn rung p dng bin php
khng lm t, c di phi c kim sat trc khi cy trng ny mm nhm lm gim kh
nng canh tranh ca c di v hn ch tn tht v mt nng sut.
Trong mt s trng hp, c di pht trin mun cng c th gy gim nng sut cy
trng. cy trng c gieo trng trong iu kin thi tit lnh c th khng phi chu s cnh
tranh ca c di trong giai on u v cho n khi iu kin thi tit m dn lm cho c di
25
ny mm v pht trin hng lot mt cch nhanh chng. Hnh ty, mt loi cy trng pht trin
chm v khng to c che ph t tt, l loi cy trng c kh nng cnh tranh km i
vi cc loi c ny mm mun.
Cc loi c di ny mm mun tuy t nh hng n nng sut ca nhiu loi cy trng
nhng li nh hng n cht lng ca cy trng, gy cn tr vic thu hoch nng sn v to
ra ngun ht v chi mm ly lan cho cc v sau. Chnh v vy. vic a ra cc quyt nh qun
l c di khng ch n thun da vo vic liu s c mt ca c di c gy nh hng n
nng sut cy trng hay khng.
3.2.2. Hnh thc sinh trng
Hnh thc sinh trng (s pht trin h thng r, chiu cao cy, din tch l, phn
cnh) v tc pht trin ca c di chu s chi phi ca gen v cc nhn t mi trng. Nu
iu kin mi trng thun li (c bit giai on nh mm) cho php c di pht trin nhanh
chng t chiu cao v xe tn ti a, chng s c nhiu li th cnh tranh hn cc loi c tc
pht trin chm, thp cy v tn l hp. Mt vi loi c khng ch pht trin tn l rng m
cn chu bng (k u nga Xanthium strumarium) do vy chng vn c th pht trin v to tn
ngang ngay di tn cy trng. Kh nng sinh trng nhanh v chu bng ca cy c phn
hng l nguyn nhn gy thit hi nng sut u tng mt cch nghim trng nu rung b
nhim loi c ny.
Cc loi c kh nng sinh trng chm nhng xe tn nhanh (c thm Mollugo
verticillata, rau sam Portulaca oleracea) l nhng loi c kh nng cnh tranh tt trong rung
cc cy trng c kh nng sinh trng chm v t to bng (x lch, hnh, c rt ) nhng cnh
tranh km vi cc loi cy trng cao cy v che ph t ln (bp, u nnh ). Cc loi c
kh nng sinh trng chm nhng c tua cun (bm bm, m lng, t hng ) vn c th pht
trin khi cy trng giao tn bng cch mc b ln thn cy trng.
3.2.3. Mt c
Mt c cng cao th tc ng ca chng n cy trng cng nghim trng
Bng 3.2. nh hng ca mt k u nga n nng sut bng vi v t ngt
(Ross & Lembi 1999)
Bng vi
t ngt
Mt c
(cy/m hng)
Nng sut bng vi

Kg/ha
% gim
2810
1.0
1084
1.5
3.0
Mt c
(cy/m hng)
Nng sut t ngt

Kg/ha
% gim
4808
61
0.3
3448
28
586
77
0.6
3175
34
255
90
0.9
2358
51
26
CHNG 4. PHNG PHP QUN L C DI

4.1. PHNG NGA C DI
Ngn nga s ly lan v xm nhim ban u ca c di l mt bin php u tin, quan
trng v t tn km nht trong vic qun l c di. Phng nga bao gm cc bin php loi b
kh nng xm nhp v thit lp qun th c mi mt vng. Bin php ny s em li hiu qu
cao trong vic qun l c di nu c p dng ng lot trn din rng vi s hp tc cht ch
ca cc nng h trong vng. Cng tc phng nga s ly lan v xm nhim ca c di c th
c thc hin bng nhiu cch:
4.1.1. Kim dch thc vt
Kim dch thc vt l bin php s dng cng c php lut kim tra hng ha lu
thng gia cc vng, min, quc gia nhm cch ly v ngn nga s ly lan ca cc loi c c
hi. Cc loi C ma k sinh S.a (Striga angustifolia), C ma k sinh S.l (Striga asiatica), T
hng Nam (Cuscuta australis), T hng Trung Quc (Cuscuta chinensis) l cc loi c tuy ch
mi xut hin mt vi ni trn lnh th ca nc ta nhng kh nguy him, do vy vic kim
tra hng ha lu thng nhm pht hin v cch ly cc l hng c ln cc loi c ny l mt vic
lm ht sc cn thit nhm lm hn ch s ly lan ca chng sang cc vng khc.
4.1.2. S dng ht ging sch, khng ln c di
S ly lan ca c di do gieo trng cc ging cy trng ln c di l rt ph bin v quan
trng. Ngn nga c di lan truyn bng con ng ht ging thng qua 2 cch:
4.1.2.1. Sn xut ht ging khng ln c di
Cn p dng mi bin php duy tr tnh trng hon ton sch c cho rung nhn
ging. Tp qun gi li mt phn nng sn trong v lm ging cho v sau cn phi hy b
hon ton.
4.1.2.2. Loi b ht c khi ht ging cy trng
Cng vic tch b ht c ra khi ging cy trng cn phi c tin hnh trc khi tn
tr ht v trc khi gieo trng. Cc ht c sau khi c tch ra cn phi em i thiu thy bng
xng hoc du, khng c ht c tip xc t trong mi trng hp.
Mt s phng php loi b ht c khi ging cy trng:
a. Sng:
y l bin php thng dng nht nhm loi b cc loi ht c c kch thc khc nhiu
so vi cy trng. nhiu loi sng vi nhiu kch thc l khc nhau c s dng. trong my gt
p lin hip, ht c c t ng tch ra khi nng sn v c ng trong mt bao ring.
b. Tch bng dung dch mui
Ht ca nhiu loi c c t trng khc nhau do vy c th dng dung dch nc mui nng
5 10% tch chng khi ht ging cy trng. ht cy trng nng nm di y cn ht
27
c di nh nn ni bn trn mt dung dch v c vt b. Sau khi x l bng nc mui, ht

ging cn phi c ra k.
c. Gi my
Lung khng kh vi tc c nh c thi qua dng chy ca ht. Ht nh s c
thi bay xa hn ht nng. Cc ht ny s c tch ra cc khay khc nhau.
d. Da c l
Nu ht c v ht cy trng khc nhau nhiu v hnh dng, ta c th to ra cc da c l
vi hnh dng khc nhau hng tng loi ht c c th
e. Trc ln ngc chiu
Cc ht c nhm khc nhau s c tch ring ra bng cch s dng 2 trc ln ngc
chiu c bc n nhm. Khi quay, cc ht nhm s c li theo trc ln cn c ht c b mt
lng th khng.
f. Tch ht bng in
Mt lp ht ging mng c cho di chuyn qua mt vng c in th cao. S khc nhau
v in tch b mt ht ging gip tch cc loi ht khc nhau.
g. Tch ht bng t trng:
Trn hn hp ht c v ging cy trng vi mt t bt st. bt st s c dnh chy yu
vo b mt nhm ca ht c m khng dicnhs vo b mt lng ca cy trng. hnc hp ny c
cho qua mt t trng, ht c b ht i v c dnh bt st.
4.1.3. Ngn nga c di xm nhp vo ng rung thng qua phn bn
Phn hu c l loi phn c nhiu mm mng c di do tp qun ca ngi dn l n
nhiu xc b thc vt k c ht c vo hm phn nhm t c lng phn chung cng
nhiu cng tt. Mun hn ch c mm mng ca c di khi bn phn hu c cn p dng cc
bin php sau:
Khng dng cc loi c sinh sn v tnh lm cht n chung hoc trn thm vo cc
phn khc nu cc bin php tip theo khng tiu dit sc sng ca chng.
Khng s dng cc loi c sinh sn hu tnh ra hoa, kt ht lm nguyn liu ch bn
phn bn.
Cc loi thc n gia sc nu c ln ht c di th phi nu chn.
phn k trong vng 4 5 thng nhit 50 60oC tiu dit ht c ln trong ng

phn .
S dng cc ha cht nh aerocyan amide (70% hydrated lime + 20.6% N2), methan,
ammonium thiocyanate tiu dit ht c trong ng phn . Hot tnh ca cc cht ny s bin
mt trong vng 6 8 tun.
28
4.1.4. Ngn nga c di xm nhp thng qua nng c, my mc v gia sc
Ngn khng cho gia sc di chuyn t vng rung nhiu c sang vng rung sch c.
Hn ch s di chuyn ca my mc v cng c sn xut trong thi gian ht c c kh

nng ly lan.
Thit lp cc con ng nh dc theo ng di chuyn ca my mc, cng c sn xut
(i vi quy m sn xut ln).
Ra dng c v phng tin trc khi di chuyn chng ra khi khu vc nhim c.
Khng a my mc, nng c vo hot ng trn ng rung ca mnh nu chng cha

c v sinh sch mm mng c di.
4.1.5. Gi sch c khu vc quanh rung
Cc mnh t khng trng trt quanh rung l vng t thun li cho c di to ht v
pht tn. Do vy, cn phi lm sch cc b rung, cc vng t trng quanh rung bng mi
bin php. Vic dit sch c cc vng t ny l iu khng th v c th dn n hin tng
xi mn, l b. Cch tt nht l thng xuyn pht quang b bi hoc s dng thuc tr c
Glyphosan 480 DD (thuc tr c ni hp, hu ny mm, khng chn lc) x l cc khu vc
ny.
4.1.6. Thng xuyn gim st ng rung
Cn theo di ng rung thng xuyn pht hin sm v x l kp thi cc loi c l
mi xut hin trn ng rung. Khi pht hin cc loi c l cn o gc ln v dit trit , trnh
ly lan.
4.2. KIM SOT C DI THNG QUA CC K THUT TRNG TRT
4.2.1. Xc lp qun th cy trng v cng lc cy con mnh
Qun th cy trng mc ng u sau khi gieo trng v cy con sinh trng pht trin
khe, mau che kn mt t s khng c khong khng cho c pht trin. to c qun th
cy trng ng u, cn tin hnh cc bin php sau:
Chn loi cy trng & ging ph hp
Gieo trng cc ging c t l ny mm cao
X l t & ht ging trc khi gieo (ph v min trng, kch thch ht ny mm)
S dng lng ht ging ti ho
Thi gian v phng php gieo trng ph hp
Dm cng sm cng tt nu cy b khuyt
Trnh gieo ht qu su khng cn thit lm chm s ny mm v cy con yu.
29
4.2.2. S dng ging c kh nng hn ch c di

Nhng ging cy trng cao cy, sinh trng nhanh v mnh giai on u, gc l tri
rng, h thng r khe, kh nng nhnh cao c kh nng cnh tranh dinh dng v nh sng
tt hn do c th hn ch qu trnh ny mm, sinh trng v pht trin ca c di tt hn
nhng ging thp cy, gc l ng, nhnh km. Nhng ging mi hin nay c gc l ng
cho php nhiu nh sng lt xung di tn l do c di c c hi ny mm v cnh tranh
dinh dng vi cy trng tt hn. Nhng ging ngn ngy kh nng cnh tranh dinh dng km
hn hn nhng ging di ngy. Hn na cc ging mi thng i hi thm canh cao ko theo
vic s dng nhiu phn bn do vn c di cng nghim trng hn
4.2.3. Chn thi v & mt gieo trng thch hp
Trong mi vng sinh thi, cc loi c mc theo ma thng mc nhiu trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh. Thi gian ny cng thng l thi gian ph hp gieo cc loi cy
trng. C th trnh t c d di u tin bng cch gieo hi sm hn hoc mun hn thi v
bnh thng.
Gieo trng vi mt hp l c ngha quan trng trong vic hn ch c di v tng
nng sut v mt s xc nh vng tn v din tch che ph ca cy trng, do , quyt nh
kh nng cnh tranh dinh dng v nh sng vi c di. Mt tha, khong cch rng s to
iu kin cho nh sng lt xung nhiu hn do c di ny mm v sinh trng tt hn. Mt
khc, mt hp l cng gip cy trng sinh trng tt v cho nng sut cao hn. Tuy nhin,
mt gieo trng ti ho cn ty thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ging, ph ca t, ma v
4.2.4. Lun canh, xen canh, tng v
4.2.4.1. Lun canh cy trng (Crop rotation)
Vic trng c canh mt loi cy trng lin tc trong nhiu nm trn cng mt din tch
c th s dn ti vic tch ly ngun ht v chi mm c di trong t, to iu kin cho chng
bo tn sc sng. Chnh v vy, lun canh cy trng l mt vic lm ht sc cn thit, lm thay
i t ngt mi trng sng ca c di khin chng kh thch nghi v s b cht.
Bin php lun canh hu hiu nht l lun canh cy trng cn vi cy trng nc.
Lun canh gia cy ngn ngy vi cy di ngy cng c tc dng hn ch c di.
Khi p dng lun canh phng tr c di, cn lun canh vi nhng cy trng khc hn
c di v c tnh thc vt cng nh c tnh sinh l.
4.2.4.2. Xen canh (intercropping)
Vic trng xen cy ph gia cc hng cy chnh lm tng din tch l cy trng
che ph t, lm cho c di thiu nh sng v cc iu kin khc ny mm vi s
lng ln v b ln t khng gy hi cho cy trng. Cy trng xen phi l nhng cy
mau che ph mt t hoc cao cy th mi em li hiu qu phng tr cao.
30
4.2.4.3. Tng v
Canh tc nhiu v trong nm, lm t nhiu ln, thi gian mt t c cy trng che
ph tng th c hi cho c di ny mm v pht trin gim. Nhng i khi tng v cng c th
khng lm gim c c di, l trng hp tng v ch lm gim c di ngy, sinh sn v
tnh cn c di sinh sn hu tnh, ngn ngy li pht trin mnh. Do vy, tng v phi i i vi
vic canh tc nhng loi cy trng sinh trng nhanh, mau che kn mt t hoc tng v i i
vi xen canh. Tng v c xen canh hoc tng v bng nhng cy phn xanh mc nhanh lm cho
c di b ln t v tng thm lng phn xanh bi dng t.
4.2.5. Bn phn
C di v cy trng u s dng phn bn lm ngun dinh dng, do vic bn phn,
c bit l phn m c nh hng ln n qun th c di. Ch phn bn hp l c th hn
ch c di cng nh kh nng cnh tranh ca chng. Ch phn bn hp l khi gieo trng cc
ging mi l khu ht sc quan trng v nhng ging ny yu cu phn bn nhiu hn cc ging
c truyn. C di c kh nng cnh tranh dinh dng tt hn cy trng, do , trong trng hp
rung nhiu c, vic s dng nhiu m khng nhng khng n b c thit hi v mt nng
sut do c sinh ra m cn kch thch c sinh trng, lm tng kh nng cnh tranh dinh dng
ca c vi cy trng. Nh vy, vic bn phn cho cy trng ch nn tin hnh trong iu kin
qun l tt c di, ngc li s b phn tc dng. Bn nhiu m to iu kin cho c ha tho
pht trin nhng t nh hng n c l rng v ci lc. Trong iu kin c di khng c
qun l tt th khng nn bn phn hoc bn t khi c di gim kh nng s dng m (sau
khi c ra hoa).
Bn vi lm thay i pH t, lm gim c di thch hp vi t chua: ci lc, rong ru
rung ngp nc. bn vi khi c cha mc s lm gim t l ny mm ca c. Bn vi khi c
mc lm c b h hi nhng khng hoc t gy hi cho cy trng. Nn bn sm lc c cn t,
bn ri u, trnh ri vo cy trng.
Xianamit canxi cung cp m v canxi cho cy trng. Sn phm phn gii ca n (canxi
xianamit axit & xianamit) c kh nng lm cho nguyn sinh cht t bo b kt ta, lm cho l
thc vt b chy. Xianamit canxi dng tr c 2 l mm mi mc trn rung u, thuc l,
khoai ty (phun trc khi gieo trng 10 14 ngy vi lng 1.5 2 t/ha).
4.3. KIM SOT C DI BNG BIN PHP VT L
4.3.1. Lm c
Bin php s dng cc cng c th s nh cuc, xng, dao, no, lim oc ng
dn cc cp khc nhau trong vic kim sat c di. Sau , cc cng c ny c ci tin
thnh nhng my n gin chy bng ng c nh hay y bng tay. Mc d tt kim c
cng lao ng hn so vi cc cng c lm c bng tay thng thng nhng do cc cng c ny
ch c th tin hnh c trn din din tch gieo trng thng hng hoc bng my nn phm vi
ng dng ca chng b hn ch.
Tuy hn ch v mt nhn lc nhng bin php lm c bng tay cho hiu qu tr c cao
v trit nht, hn ch gy tn thng n cy trng ng thi kt hp vi xi xo, ph vng
31
trong qu trnh nh c to iu kin cho cy trng sinh trng tt, do nng sut cy trng
cao hn so vi cc bin php khc.
Hai vn quan trng ca vic lm c bng tay l s ln lm c v khong thi gian
gia 2 ln lm c. S ln lm c ph thuc vo tc pht trin ca cy trng v c di v
khong thi gian khng hong cnh tranh gia c di v cy trng. Khong thi gian gia 2 ln
lm c ph thuc vo tc pht trin v ln chim ca c di i vi cy trng, thng l 15
20 ngy v nn chn ngy nng ro tng hiu qu tr c.
i vi cc loi c a nin c thn ngm nm su trong t, lm c bng tay s khng
tiu dit oc chng v s mc li sau rt nhanh.
Bin php lm c bng tay cn c nhc im l ch c kh nng p dng trn ng
rung ni cy trng c gieo trng thng hng, ngc li, bin php ny d gy tn thng
cho cy trng, c bit l giai on cui.
4.3.2. Lm t (tillage)
Cc hot ng lm t nh cy, ba, trc, san phng mt rung u trc tip hoc gin
tip tiu dit c di c bit l c a nin.
Thng qua cc hot ng cy t, ht c cng nh cc c quan sinh sn b vi xung
tng t su lm cho chng b cht hoc mt sc ny mm
u im ca lm t l: (i) tiu dit nhanh v trit c di; (ii) dit c an ton (iii) tng
cng s sinh trng ca cy trng; (iv)c th dit ton b cc loi c di. tuy nhin, khng
phi lc no cng c th tin hnh lm t kim sat c di c, chng hn nh khi cy trng
qu ln, gieo trng khng thn hng li, c bm cun vo cy trng, t qu m
4.3.3. Ngm nc rung
Cho nc ngp rung l mt bin php thng c s dng kim sat c trong
rung la v c a nin b. iu chnh ch ti tiu hp l vn c th hn ch c s sinh
trng v pht trin ca cc loi c a m trong rung la.
C quan sinh sn ca cc loi c a nin thn b cng c th b tiu dit khi ngm nc
rung. Bin php ny ch c th thnh cng nu tng cy cht gi nc. Vi nhng
rung c nhiu c a nin, vic gi rung ngp trong 15 25 cm nc lin tc trong vng 3 8
tun trong ma h s hn ch c mt s loi c di. Phng php ny ch c th thc hin
c nhng ni c nc.
Phng php ny khng th p dng c vi tt c cc loi c di sinh sn v tnh v
mm ng ca nhiu loi c di sng tim sinh v vn c th sng st sau khi b ngm ngp trong
nc.
4.3.4. Dng la
Vic dng la phng tr c di c p dng khi trn ng rung khng c cy
trng, lc khai hoang hoc lm t trc khi gieo trng.
32
Khi t la, nhit cao s lm ngng t hay phn gii nguyn sinh cht, lm h hi cc
enzime. Nhit ti a m cc t bo thc vt c th chu ng c l l 45 55oC. Li dng
tnh cht trn, ngi ta dng la tiu dit c di. La c th lm cht cc b phn trn mt t
v mt phn cc c quan sinh sn v tnh v ht c di trong t. Phng php ny p dng
trong ma kh sau khi thu hoch nng sn dit c v su bnh c trong tn d cy trng.
Phng php ny lun phi c km theo phng php cy ba th mi c kt qu cao,
nu khng c di sau s tip tc mc tr li, c bit l c a nin c thn r ngm nh c
tranh, c c, c ng s tr thnh b ch.
u im ca phng php:
-
n gin, d lm v t tn km
Tiu dit c cy c v cc ht c trn cy
C th dit c nhanh chng trn mt din tch ln
Tiu dit c mm mng su bnh gy hi cho cy trng

Nhc im:
t chy ht cht hu c
Khng tiu dit c hon ton c di, c bit l thn ngm v ht c trong t. Dit tr
c nhiu c di ngn ngy nhng lm tng c di a nin c thn ngm di t
nng cao hiu qu ca t la trong vic kim sot c di, cn lu :
t c vo ma kh, sau thu hoch hoc trc lc gieo trng
Kt hp vi cy ba tiu dit thn ngm c di
Trnh gy chy ly lan, c bit cn phng chy rng.
4.3.5. Che ph mt t (mulching)

Che ph mt t bng cc vt liu khc nhau c tc dng kim sot c di thng qua vic
ngn cn khng cho nh sng lt xung mt t (i) ht v mm ng ca c di khng ny
mm c; (ii) mm c mc khng nh sng ln ln v vt ra khi lp che ph. Vt
liu che ph mt t c th l cc vt liu t nhin (rm r, c kh, bt giy, mt ca ) hay
nhn to (giy hay mng ph polyethen, plastic mu en). Mun hiu qu th lp che ph phi
dy ngn nh sng v hn ch quang hp.
4.3.5.1. Che ph t bng cc vt liu t nhin:
Thm che phi dy t nht l10 cm.
u im:
-
C th p dng cho bt k loi cy trng, loi t no
Lp ph c ngun gc thc vt cn lm gia tng hot ng ca cc sinh vt trong t

ng thi gi nhit t n nh, tng tc phn gii cht hu c, lm cho t xp,
thong, cy sinh trng nhanh, pht dc sm t 10 15 ngy.
33
nhng vng t nhim mn, phn, thm che c tc dng gim bc hi nc ng thi
ngn mn v phn bc ln mt.
Mt s vt liu sau khi che ph b hoai mc li tr thnh phn bn, tng hm lng dinh
dng v xp cho t.
Nhc im:
Khng khng ch c cc loi c da nin ngay c khi ph dy t 60 120 cm
Cht che ph c ngun gc thc vt l cha mm mng cn trng, bnh hi v cn tr

hot ng ca my mc
4.3.5.2. Che ph t bng cc vt liu nhn to

Cc vt liu che ph nhn to nh giy plastic c thm du v khng thm du, tm
nha do vi cc dy khc nhau ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri hn ch s pht
trin ca c di. y l cc vt che ph dit c hon ho v an ton i vi cy trng.
Cht che ph tng hp hin ang c sn xut hng lot dng cun, c kch thc b
ngang khc nhau ph hp vi nhiu loi cy trng. Tuy nhin, chi ph s dng tm nha cn
cao nn ngi ta ch s dng cho cc loi cy c gi tr kinh t cao nh rau qu, cy cnh, trong
sn xut cy ging, ht ging
4.4. QUN L C DI BNG BIN PHP SINH HC
Trn khp th gii, ngi ta ngy cng quan tm hn n cc bin php sinh hc (s dng
sinh vt hay cc sn phm ca chng nhm ngn chn hoc gim bt thit hi do c di gy ra)
kim sot c di, c bit l c mc di nc v cc phng php khc tn nhiu cng sc v
t tin.
4.4.1. Cn trng dit c
Cn trng dit c l tc nhn sinh hc c s dng rng ri kim sot nhiu loi c
nguy him trn th gii. Thnh cng u tin ca tc nhn sinh hc trong vic dit tr c di
oc bit n vo nm 1902 trn cy trm i (ng sc Lantana camara) ti o Hawaii. Cc th
nghim ch ra mt s loi cn trng rt hiu qu trong vic kim sot loi c ny, bao gm:
(i) u trng ca Crocidosema lantana (bm su cun l) (c vo trong cung hoa, nm trn
ca cm hoa v n hoa qu); (ii) u trng ca rui n ht Agromyza lantana n qu v lm
cho qu kh hn ch chim mang ht i pht tn ni khc; (iii) u trng ca bm Thecla
echion v Thecla bazochi ph hy hoa ngn khng cho cy kt ht, gim kh nng sinh sn.
Nhng cn trng ny qu hiu qu trong vic kim sot Lantana camara n ni c di khng
th xm ln mt ln na, ngay c khi t b b trng. Lantana camara cng c kim
sot bi cn trng n , c v Fiji.
Thnh cng ni bt cng thu c trong vic kim sot cc loi xng rng Opuntia
spp. ti c khi nhn th bm su c thn Cactoblastis cactorum (c ngun gc ti Argentina)
v rp sp Dactylopius opuntiae (ngun gc Hoa K). u trng ca Cactoblastis cactorum o
hm bn trong thn cy v ph hy ton b cc b phn trn mt t. Chng cng thm nhp v
34
gy hi cc b phn di mt t to iu kin d dng cho nm v vi khun tn cng tiu dit

xng rng.
Dy t hng Cuscuta spp., mt loi c di k sinh, cng c kim sat mt cch c hiu
qu nh cc loi cn trng nh rui Melanagromyza cuscutae (k sinh chuyn tnh trn cc loi
xng rng), mt Smicronyx cuscutae v Acro-clita spp.
S thnh cng ca cc tc nhn sinh hc trong vic kim sat c saphony Clidemia hirta
li l mt trng hp th v khc. Mt ca loi c ny c kim sat thng qua vic kt hp
tn cng ca b tr Liothrips urichi v s cnh tranh ca cc loi thc vt khc. B tr khng
trc tip tiu dit c saphony m ch lm suy yu s sinh trng ca c to iu kin cho c loi
thc vt khc trong vic cnh tranh vi c saphony.
C lo (yn bch Eupatorium adenophorum), mt loi c l rng ph bin ng Bc
v Nam n cng c kim sot mt cch thnh cng nh mt loi mui Mexico to
mn cy (gall fly) Procecidochares utilis c nhp khu t New Zealand nm 1963.
nc ta, Vin BVTV tin hnh nhn th thnh cng 2 tc nhn sinh hc l su c
thn Carmenta mimosa tr cy mai dng Mimosa pigra v b cnh cng Neochetina bruchi
tr cy lc bnh Eichornia crassipes.
4.4.2. Chn th gia cm
C di trong vn cy a nin c th c kim sot bng phng php th nui gia
cm.
Vic s dng 1000 1.500 con vt/ha trong h thng canh tc la vt cho hiu qu phng
tr c di cao hn so vi cng thc x l thuc dit c 2 ln/v.
4.4.3. Nm
Ngi ta phn lp c nhiu loi nm k sinh trn c. Cy keo du c th b tiu dit
khi chch dung dch bo t nm Cephalosporious sp., nm Rhizoctonia sp. gy chy l trn lc
bnh cng c nghin cu kim sot loi c di ny.
Hin nay, ti cc nc ng Nam , ngi ta nghin cu, phn lp v nh gi c
tim nng tr c ca nhiu chng nm trn cc i tng c di khc nhau trong nm
Exoserohilum monoseras c coi l c trin vng nht. dng thng phm du hay bt kh
vi nng bo t trn 2,5.107 nm ny c th tr c trn 90% 3 loi c lng vc trong khi
la non chi b cht khi nng bo t l 5.107. Nm Alternaria sp. Cng c coi l c trin
vng tr c t Monochoria invisa.
4.4.4. Thuc dit c sinh hc (bioherbicides)
Thuc dit c sinh hc thng l vi sinh vt gy bnh c trong t nhin c phn lp,
nui cy v nhn ln vi s lng ln p dng cho cc loi c m con ngi nh kim sat.
Hin c 4 loi thuc dit c sinh hc c ang k tn thng mi v s dng rng ri l:
DeVine (Phytophthora palmivora) tr c Morrenia odarata trn vn cam, COLLEGO
(Colletotrichum gloesporioides) kim sat c Aeschynomena virginica trn la v u nnh,
BIOMAL (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides var. malva) kim sot lai Malva pusilla (roundhttp://www.ebook.edu.vn
35
leaved mallow) Canada v Hoa K v Dr.Biosedge (Puccinia canalicuta) kim sot c nng
ngt Cyperus esculentus L.
4.4.5. Trng cy cnh tranh (Competitive crops)
C nhiu loi cy trng ny mm nhanh, tn l pht trin rng, hiu sut quang hp cao
c th cnh tranh hiu qu vi c di, chng hn nh cy u b (cowpea), c linh lng
(Medicago sativa L.), c ba l Ai Cp (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)
C nhng loi c cnh tranh mnh, mc rt nhanh v t nguy him cho con ngi hn
cc loi c khc c trng v to iu kin ln t cc loi c nguy him hn. V d: c nng
(Eleocharis acicilaris) thn thp, mc nhanh, c kh nng ln t cc loi c nguy him khc,
thng c dng trng lt y mng.
4.4.6. S dng thm thc vt (Smother crops)
y l bin php s dng cc loi cy phn xanh trng xen hoc thun ph kn mt
t nhm hn ch c di. Phng php ny mang li mt s li ch sau:
- Hn ch s sinh trng v pht trin ca c di
- Cung cp cht hu c v mui khong cho t
- Phng chng xi mn trn t dc
php huy nhng mt tch cc trn, cc loi cy dng lm thm thc vt phi c cc
c im sau:
- Sinh trng nhanh, mau che kn mt t
- Khng gy nh hng xu n cy trng
- C th b tit dit d dng, nhanh chng khi cn thit
- C h thng r chm
- Thn ng nhng khng qu cao c th thch hp vi nhiu cy trng; loi thn
ng p dng i vi t m v t c di hn
- Thn b che ph kn mt t p dng ni t kh, xi mn v c di nhiu
- Thn khng c ngn cun vo cy lm nh hng n sinh trng ca cy
- L nhiu, nm ngang che ph mt t
- Hm lng nc trong thn l cao
- Cy d b tiu dit v phn gii nhanh thnh dng cht cy trng c th ng ha
c
Mt s cy c th dng lm thm thc vt che ph:
- Trong rung la: bo hoa du
- Trong rung mu: ct kh (Cassia occidentalis), cc loi mung (Cassia spp.), c styl
(Stylosanthes gracilis), u ma (u bm - Centrosema pubescens), u lng (Celopogonium
36
mucunoides), trinh n khng gai (Mimosa invisa var. inermis), lc di (Arachis pintoi), thi li
trng (Commelina diffusa)
4.4.7. Tiu chun thnh cng ca mt tc nhn sinh hc
Cy k ch c th: tc nhn ch dit cy k ch c th m khng ph hoi cc cy khc,

c bit l cc cy c gi tr kinh t.
C kh nng thch ng vi mi trng sng mi: tc nhn phi tn ti c mi

trng sng mi k c vic chng li cc k sinh v thin ch ca chng mt cch thnh
cng.
Sinh vt dng dit c phi c kh nng sng tim sinh c trong mt thi gian nht
nh khi ngun thc phm ca chng l c di b dit v khi lng gim xung n
mc thp.
Tiu dit nhanh v hiu qu i tng cn dit: cc sinh vt n bng, ht v c vo thn

hiu qu hn cc sinh vt n l. Tuy nhin, i vi c a nin, vic n l, r, c t ra hiu
qu khng km.
D nhn ging: tc nhn dit c phi c nhn ln d dng c mt s lng ln phc

v yu cu dit c.
4.4.8. S tng tc gia bin php sinh hc v cc bin php khc:
Tc nhn dit c c th dit cc cy c ch
Tc nhn dit tt mt loi c, nhng c c cng nhn l c ni ny, cn ni khc

th li l cy c ch
Thnh cng ca tc nhn sinh hc trong vic kim sot c di cho ti nay mi ch gii
hn ch yu cc vng t khng phi l t nng nghip.
Nhn chung, bin php kim sot sinh hc c di cn ang c xem xt mt cch kh d dt v:
S ri ro rt ln so vi c hi thnh cng
Kh nng di chuyn ca cc tc nhn tr c sinh hc t nhng vng m c l i

tng b tiu dit n nhng vng m c li c coi l cy c gi tr.
4.5. KIM SOT C DI BNG BIN PHP HA HC

4.5.1. Vai tr ca thuc tr c
4.5.1.1. u im:
Trong cc bin php tr c di cho cy trng, thuc tr c c vai tr rt quan trng do c
nhiu u im ni bt:
-
Hiu qu cao v tng i trit , nhiu loi thuc c ph tc ng rng, dit c hu

ht cc loi c m li an ton i vi cy trng.
S dng thi gian u khi mi gieo trng do dit c c ngay t khi mi mc mm

v cn nh nn hn ch tc hi ca c r rt.
37
tn chi ph v cng lao ng, c th p dng trn din tch rng ln trong mt thi
gian ngn.
4.5.1.2. Nhc im:

-
Nu s dng liu lng khng hp l s gy mt an ton gim nng sut cy trng, gy

nhim mi trng, nh hng n sc khe ca ngi v ng vt mu nng.
Chu nh hng ca iu kin thi tit nh ma gi tht thng.
C trng hp dng nhiu ln mt loi thuc tr nhm c ny th nhm c khc li

pht trin (dng 2,4D tr c ci lc v l rng th c ha bn li pht trin mnh do
khng cn s cnh tranh ca 2 nhm c kia).
i vi la nc, s dng c thuc tr c, mt rung phi tng i bng phng

v ch ng nc.
4.5.2. C ch tc ng ca thuc i vi c
Sau khi vo trong cy c, thuc c th tc ng theo nhiu cch dit c. C mt s
cch tc ng chnh sau:
-
Kch thch s pht trin qu mc ca t bo, lm bin i cc phn ng sinh hc trong

cy c, gy ra hin tng bin dng cy v hy dit cc im sinh trng (nhm thuc
Phenoxy: 2,4D (Amine, Anco), MCPA - metyl chlorophenoxy acetic - Agroxone )
c ch qu trnh tng hp cht dip lc: cht dip lc l ni to ra mu xanh ca l, ni

hp th nh sng mt tri to ra nng lng cho cc phn ng tng hp vt cht trong
cy. Khng c dip lc, cy s cht. V d: cht Oxadiazon (Ronstar).
c ch tng hp lipit: lipit, gluxit v protit l 3 thnh phn c bn to nn t bo. Khng

c lipit th t bo khng c to ra, do c s b cht. V d: butachlor (Echo,
Butoxim ), Fenoxaprop P - Ethyl (Whip-S) v Quinclorac (Facet).
c ch tng hp aminoacid: aminoacid cu to protit trong c mt s aminoacid

khng th thiu v khng th thay th c nh valin, Leucin V d: Pyrazosulfuron
Ethyl (Star, Sirius ).
4.5.3. Tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c

Tnh chn lc ca thuc tr c tc l khi phun ln rung c c cy trng v c th thuocs
ch dit c m khng gy hi n cy trng. C 3 c ch chnh to nn tnh chn lc ny l:
-
Chn lc sinh l: Khi phun ln rung, thuc c c c v cy trng ht vo nhng i

vi cy trng, sau khi thuc xp nhp vo s b phn gii trc khi gy c v b c lp
ti mt im m khng vn chuyn c trong cy gy hi
Chn lc khng gian: sau khi phun, thuc c thng tp trung nhiu tng trn (1-2cm),
l ni ht c thng xuyn tp trung. Htaj cy trng thng gieo lp t su hn hoc
c r mc su nn khng b tc ng bi thuc.
38
Chn lc theo cu to cy: nhng cy c phin l rng, mc xe, lp sp mt t thng

b thuc xm nhp nhiu hn nn d b thuc gy hi.
Kh nng chn lc ca thuc tr c ch c tnh tng i, ngha l s dng qu liu

lng khuyn co hoc khng m bo cc yu cu cn thit (nc qu nhiu hoc t trong
rung la) s c th lm hi n cy trng.
4.5.4. Phn nhm thuc tr c
4.5.4.1. Phn loi da vo ph tc dng ca thuc
a. Thuc tr c chn lc
Thuc ch gy c cho mt s loi c ny m t hoc khng gy hi cho nhng loi cy
khc, thuc ch git vi loi thc vt trong qun th nhiu loi. V d: 2,4-D tr c l rng, c
chc, c lc; Whips tr c lng vc, ui phng
b. Thuc c khng chn lc (trit sinh)
Tiu dit mi loi c khi cht c tip xc c cy c, k c cy trng. Thuc dit tt
c cc loi trong qun th c. V d: Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Basta 15SL (Glyphosinate
amonium) Glyphosan 480DD (Glyphosate), Spark 16WSC (Glyphosate).
4.5.4.2. Phn loi da vo thi im p dng
a. p dng trc khi gieo trng:
Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup 480SC, Glyphosan 480DD), Paraquat
(Gramoxone 20SL), Metolachlor (Dual 720ND).
b. Tin ny mm
Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm.
iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo
cy c qua r mm v l mm nh Meco 60ND (Butachlor), Sofit 300ND (Pretilachlor).
c. Hu ny mm
Thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c
qua l v mt phn qua r. Whips 75 EW, Saviour 10 WP (Cyclosulfamuron), Butanil 55EC
(Propanil 27,5% + Butachlor 27,5%), Butachlor (Michelle 62ND, Echo 60EC, Vibuta 62ND),
Sindax 10WP (Londax 8,25% + Ally 1,75% ), Anco 720ND (2,4-D).
4.5.4.3. Phn loi theo kiu tc ng ca thuc
a. Thuc tr c tip xc:
Thuc c tc dng git cht m thc vt ti ch hay gn ni tip xc vi thuc. C
ln hoc c a nin khng b dit hn bi thuc tip xc, gc s phc hi tr li sau mt thi
gian. V d: Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Butanil 55EC (Propanil 27,5%+ Butachlor 27,5%).
b. Thuc tr c ni hp:
39
Nhng loi thuc ny thm su vo cy v di chuyn t im tip xc n cc

boojphaanj khc v tiu dit ton cy, chng lm tng nhanh hay chm li qu trnh trao i cht
ca cy. Do , thuc lu dn c bit quan trng kim sot c a nin. vi c hng nin
ta c th phun vi liu lng thp v ch cn dnh mt git trn thn, l cng c th lm cht
ton cy. V d: Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup 480SC, Glyphosan 480DD), 2,4-D
(Anco 720DD, Vi 2,4-D 700DD).
4.5.4.4. Da vo c ch tc ng ca thuc n c di
- Nhm tc ng n qu trnh phn chia t bo ca c di: Sofit 300EC, Prefit 300EC, Butanil
55EC, Accotab 330EC, Vigor 30EC, Mecho 60EC...
- Nhm tc ng n qu trnh tng hp m trong cy c: Butan 60EC, Butanix 60EC, Vibuta
32ND, Sirius 10WP...
- Nhm tc ng c ch qu trnh tng hp lipit ca c: Satum 6H, Clincher 10EC, TilerS25EC, Whip- S7,5...
- Nhm tc ng n mng t bo thng qua vic ph hu, lm tn thng, gim tnh thm ca
mng, c ch qu trnh ht khong, nc, lm tht thot hoc r r lng ion ng k trong t bo ra
ngoi mi trng nh: Raft 800WP, 800WG, Ronstar 25EC...
- Nhm c ch qu trnh quang hp ca c, km hm hoc v hiu ho cc enzym tham gia qu
trnh quang hp: Butanil, Cantanil, Vitanil...
- Nhm nh hng ti qu trnh iu ho sinh trng ca c: 2,4D 80BTN, 600DD, Anco 720ND
4.5.4.5. Da trn thnh phn ha hc

a. Thuc c v c:
Thuc nhm ny hin nay rt t ph bin, do thuc chm phn hy v lu tn lu trong
mi trng.
V d: Cyanamid calcit Ca(CN)2, Chlorat natri NaClO3, Sulfat ng ngm nc
CuSO4.nH2O.
b. Thuc tr c hu c: rt ph bin hin nay, thng ch bin cc th mui hoc
ester.
b1. Nhm Phenoxycarboxylic acid
- 2,4-D (Vi 2,4D 80BHN, Anco 720DD), Vi 2,4D 600DD,Vi 2,4D 700DD).
- MCPA (Methyl Clor Phenoxy Acetic acid).
- Tc ng nh auxin gy ri lon sinh trng, cht c lm l mt mu xanh, bin thnh
trng, vng; sau tr nn nu en, l xon trn.
- Ni hp qua l, chn lc, hu ny mm.
- Tr c l rng, c h lc.
b2. Nhm Carbamate, cht dn xut t acid carbamic (NH2COOH)
40
- Thiobencarb (Saturn 6H, 50ND).

- Tc ng: quang hp, c ch s phn bo, ngn chn s tng hp cc cht lipid.
- Ni hp (l r, mm): tin ny mm, chn lc.
- Tr: c ha bn, c h lc, c l rng (ph rng).
b3. Nhm Amides
- Propanyl (Wham 360EC), Butachlor (Cantachlor 60EC, 5G; Vibuta 62ND, 5H),
Michelle 62ND, Meco 60ND, Pretilachlor (Sofit 300ND), Melolachlor (Dual 720EC).
- Tc ng: ngn cn qu trnh quang hp lm dip lc tan r.
- a s dng tip xc, tin hoc hu ny mm, c th phun trc hoc sau khi c mc.
- Tr: c l rng, ha bn, c chc, c lc (ph rng).
b4. Ur thay th
- Liuron (Afalon 50WP), Diuron (Karmex 80WP).
- Tc ng: qu trnh quang hp, nh hng phn ng Hill, ngn cn s to thnh cc
nng lng ha hc nh ATP, ADP...
- Chn lc, ni hp.
- Ch yu tr c hng nin, i khi c a nin nh cc bi rm.
b5. Sulfonilureas
- Bensulfuron-methyl (Londax 10WP), Metsulfuron-methyl (Ally 20DF).
- c ch sinh tng hp, ngng phn ct v tng trng t bo.
- Chn lc, ni hp ln v xung qua r l.
- Tin v hu ny mm, hiu qu vi c hng nin v a nin.
b6. Triazine
- Ametryne (Gesapax 500DD), Atrazine (Gesaprim), Simazine (Visimaz 80BTN).
- nh hng n qu trnh quang hp
- Chn lc, ni hp qua r v l.
- Hiu lc i vi c mt v hai l mm.
b7. Bipyridylium
- Paraquat (Gramoxone 20SC), nng dn thng gi l thuc c chy.
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ph hy lc lp.
- Tip xc, mt phn ni hp qua l.
- Khng chn lc.
41
- Tr c nht nin, nh nin v c a nin.

b8. Ln hu c
- Glyfosinate ammonium (Basta 15DD), Anilofos (Ricozin 30EC).
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr s chuyn ha NH3, gy c cho cy.
- Tip xc v bn lu dn, hp thu qua l, t qua r.
- Khng chn lc, hiu qu i vi c ha bn v c l rng trong vn.
b9. Glycines
- Glyphosate (Glyphosan 480DD, Roundup 480SD, Vifosat 480DD, Spark 16SC).
- Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr sinh tng hp cc amino acid, m, lm
thay i cu trc lc lp.
- Tip xc v lu dn, hp thu qua l v r.
- Khng chn lc, tr c ha bn, c l rng trong vn cy n tri.
b10. Aryloxy-phenoxy-propionates
- Phenoxaprop - P- ethyl (Whips 7,5EW), Fluazifop - P- butyl (Onecide 15EC),
Cyhalofop - butyl (Clincher 10EC).
- c ch sinh tng hp cht bo.
- Chn lc, ni hp qua l v thn.
- Hu ny mm, tr c ha bn, c chc, c lc, c l rng...
4.5.5. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu lc thuc tr c
Hiu lc ca thuc tr c b nh hng bi rt nhiu yu t do vy, cn phi cn nhc
xem xt trc khi s dng thuc tr c
4.5.5.1. Giai on sinh trng v loi c di
Tnh mn cm ca c i vi thuc thng gim khi cy ln v ra hoa kt ht. vic
phng tr c di s d dng khi c di cn giai on cy con. Tuy nhin, iu ny cn ph
thuc vo loi c. V d:
Mt s loi c vn gi c tnh mn cm ca n vi thuc tr c trong sut chu k sinh

trng trong khi mt s loi khc pht trin tnh khng rt nhanh.
Cc loi c pht trin mt cch nhanh chng trong iu kin y m , dinh dng
v nhit th d mn cm.
Cc loi c a nin cn phi c x l sm ngay sau khi chng ny mm v s tch ly

hydrat carbon cn t v chng s pht trin tnh khng khi cy ln.
Cc loi cy c ph mt lp sp trn b mt v thn c nhiu lng s ngn cn s tip

xc vi thuc, do vy hiu qu ca thuc s gim so vi vic p dng trn cc loi c c
l trn nhn.
42
Khi trn cnh ng c nhiu loi c th phi u tin dng cc bin php loi b cc c
kh tr trc, sau , cc loi c cn li s d dng c lm sch
C di c th pht trin tnh khng i vi thuc tr c do nn lun phin s dng
nhiu loi thuc khc nhau.
4.5.5.2. Cc yu t kh hu
Cc yu t mi trng nh nhit , m , ma, gi v nh sng c nh hng rt ln
ti s hp thu v vn chuyn thuc trong cy.
Khi nhit gia tng th nn gim nng thuc s dng so vi thng thng v ngc
li, khi thi tit lnh th phi tng lng thuc s dng. Nhng ngy ma gi khng nn phun
thuc trn b mt l v thuc s b ra tri. Tt nht nn phun thuc vo nhng ngy nng ro.
4.5.5.3. Yu t t ai
pH t nh hng ti cation v kh nng trao i lm thay i hiu qu ca cc loi
thuc tr c s dng trong t. Cc keo t v cht hu c s hp thu thuc tr c do vy cn
phi tng nng thuc s dng nhng t giu cht hu c hoc st v gim i vi t ct.
Nh vy, hiu lc ca thuc tr c c tng ln v ko di hn trong trng hp t giu cht
hu c.
4.5.5.4. Yu t ha hc (cng thc ha hc ca thuc)
a s cc loi thuc tr c l cc ha cht phc tp. Ngi ta c th thay i cng thc
ha hc thay i tnh cht ha tan, bay hi, trng lng ring, c ca chng i vi cy.
- Nng ca thuc tr c: s thm nhp ca thuc tr c lu dn c lin quan n
nng ca chng. Vi nng qu cao, thuc tr c c th gy tn thng sinh l mt cch
nhanh chng nhng nu nng qu thp th khng dit c c di.
- pH ca dung dch thuc tr c: nng ion hydro ng vai tr quan trng trong s
thm nhp ca thuc dng phun trn l. pH lm thay i hot ng trao i cht ca t bo tham
gia vo qu trnh hp thu v chuyn vn.
- Hn hp thuc dit c: hiu qu ca thuc tr c c th c tng ln khi trn ln vi
loi thuc tr c vi nhau. Tuy nhin, cc loi thuc phi tng hp v phn ng gia cc
ha cht phi c li. V d: trn ln Atrazine v Liuron tr cc loi c cho bp. Rt nhiu hn
hp thuc tr c c cc cng ty cho ra i vi cc tn gi thng mi khc nhau: Atrazine
+ Propachlor, Atrazine + Prometon, Bromacil + Diuron + TCA + 2,3,6-TBA
- S quay vng thuc tr c: nn s dng lun phin thuc tr c p dng trong t v
thuc phun ln cy phng tr c hng nm cng nh lu nm. Vic la chn thuc c thch
hp lun phin s dng ph thuc vo kh nng chng chu ca cy trng i vi loi thuc
tr c , loi c, mc gy hi ca c, t, yu t kh hu v hiu qu dit c ca thuc.
y chng ta nn cn nhc hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng quay vng thuc, t tn d trong
mi trng t v t to nn cc loi c khng thuc. i vi k thut canh tc khng lm t
thng dng thuc phun ln c di phng tr, tip theo phun thuc tin ny mm x l t
ngn chn c mi pht trin; nh vy s gi cho cy trng sch c sut v.
43
Ngoi ra, hiu qu ca thuc cn gia tng do mt s cht mi gii nh du lm tng kh

nng v din tch bm dnh i vi l trn b mt c lp sp hoc lng, hoc ha cht lm tng
m gia lp thuc phun v b mt l dn n gia tng s hp thu. Thm vo mt lng nh
phn bn (Ammonium sulphate v Hydrogen phosphate) cng lm gia tng s hp thu ca dung
dch thuc
4.5.6. Tiu chun chn lc thuc tr c:
-
Hiu qu cao, dit c mt s loi c chnh trong rung
C tnh chn lc cao, an ton vi cy trng
iu kin s dng d dng, thch hp vi c im v kh nng canh tc ca tng rung

cy trng;
Gi c hp l, va phi.
4.5.7. Bin php nng cao hiu lc thuc tr c

-
Phun thuc cng sm cng tt
Khi phun thuc phi ph u v trn ton b din tch. Nn chn loi bnh phun c ht
nc nh.
i vi c lu nm c h thng r ngm: nn cy su v phun thuc khi l xe ra hon

ton.
Lng thuc pha ch phi c tnh ton trc khi phun v my mc phi chy u.
Trnh phun thuc khi c gi, s dng bnh phun v vi phun thch hp, h thp vi phun
st mt t gim p lc bnh phun.
4.5.8. Nhng iu cn lu khi s dng thuc tr c

Vic s dng thuc tr c i hi phi c k nng v nn tin hnh mt cch cn thn.
Chng ta phi ch mt s im quan trng sau y gi an ton cho ngi, cy trng v t
hiu qu cao nht:
-
Xc nh loi c cn phng tr v sp xp thi gian thch hp nht phun thuc.
Tnh ton chnh xc khi lng thuc v nc cn s dng.
Hn hp phi c trn u v ha tan hon ton trc khi phun
Lc hn hp ha tan trc khi cho vo dng c phun trnh tc nghn vi phun.
Phi mc qun o bo h lao ng khi phun thuc.
c k v tun th mi hng dn s dng ghi trn nhn thuc.
Khng nn phun vo nhng ngy c gi
Bnh xt phi c ra sch s sau khi s dng v nc thi vo nhng bi t hoang
Khng nn trn ln thuc tr c v thuc tr su bnh nu thiu s hiu bit v tnh

tng hp ca chng.
44
CHNG 5. C DI TRONG RUNG LA & BIN PHP

KIM SAT
5.1. NH HNG CA C DI N SINH TRNG, PHT TRIN V NNG SUT
La l cy trng sinh trng tt trong iu kin m t, song cng c th sinh trng pht
trin v cho nng sut kh cao nhng vng kh hn (i ni) hoc vng ngp nc quanh
nm.
nc ta, la l cy lng thc ch yu v c trng khp ni t nhng vng ng
bng mu m cc tnh min Bn n nhng vng t khng mu m lm ni cao v vng
chua mn ven bin. Cc hnh thc gieo trng la cng rt phong ph, ty theo tng v, tng
ging la, tng iu kin t ai, kh hu thi tit v tp qun canh tc cc vng. S phn b
rng ri ca la dn n qun th c di hi la cng rt phong ph v a dng, lin quan cht
ch vi cc iu kin sng c bit l vi iu kin nc trong t
- La vng kh hn c cc loi c chu kh hn, thm ch c kh nng chu kh hn hn
c la nn chng tn ti v pht trin mnh hn la
- La vng ngp nc cng c nhng loi c chu ngp nc hoc sng trong nc
cnh tranh vi la.
Chnh v vy, hng nm c di lm gim nng sut la kh ln. theo Arai M. (1972) th
la cy m khng lm c th nng sut gim 20 40%, la gieo thng m khng lm c th nng
sut la gim cng nhiu (70 90%). Nam M, c 1m2 c 1 cy c lng vc th nng sut la
gim 25%. Malaisia, ty theo v la v tnh hnh sinh trng ca c m c lm nng sut la
gim t 10 - 30%. nc ta, c lm cho nhiu ni khng thu hoch c v phi gieo cy li,
c bit rung la gieo vi v xun, tri lnh, m u ko di lm cho la ny mm chm, ti
nc th t v him, t m trong thi gian di, do c di mc nhiu v sinh trng nhanh
hn la.
S thit hi do c di gy ra cn ty thuc vo loi c trong rung (Bng 6.1), mt c
trn mt n v din tch (Bng 6.2) v s tng trng ca tng loi c. Mt c cng cao,
sinh trng c cng mnh th nng sut la gim cng nhiu. Trong s cc loi c trong rung
la, c lng vc(Echinochloa crus-galli) l loi c rt ging la v mt hnh thi giai on
sinh trng dinh dng, sinh trng mnh hn la nn lm gim nng sut la kh nhiu.
Bng 5.1. Quan h gia loi c v t l gim nng sut la
Tn Vit Nam
Tn Latinh
T l gim nng sut la (%)
Lng vc nc
Echinichloa crus-galli
70 - 87
Rau mc
Monochoria spp.
25 84
C cho (t ty)
Cyperus difformis
40 80
C b
Marsilea quadrifolia
45 - 56
45
Bng 5.2. Mt c v t l nng sut la

Mt c (cy/m2)
T l nng sut la (%)
100
100
83.2
200
73.1
300
69.4
400
65.5
500
63
600
60.6
> 600
56.8
Nu ch da vo mt c th cha nh gi tc hi ca c. Nhiu trng hp,

mt c thp nhng chng sinh trng mnh v tch ly cht kh nhiu th tc hi ln hn
nhiu so vi trng hp mt c cao nhng c nh b. V vy, khi nh gi tc hi ca c cn
phi da vo trng lng c trn mt n v din tch.
Bng 5.3. Trng lng ti ca c v nng sut la
a im th nghim
Gia Lm
Gia Lm
Hi Phng
Trng lng c ti
(g/m2)
Nng sut la
(t/ha)
T l nng sut la
(%)
414.0
45.66
89.9
164.0
50.78
100.0
1770.2
45.8
820.4
100.0
646.0
34.80
59.7
0.0
58.30
100.0
Bng 6.3. cho thy trng lng c trn mt n v din tch cng cao th nng sut la
cng gim nhiu. Do vy, mun m bo cho la sinh trng tt nng sut cao, cn tin hnh
lm c sm, ngay t u tiu dit c, khng cho n c c hi cnh tranh mt cc iu kin
sng ca cy la. Tr c cng mun th la nhnh cng km, tch ly cht kh t dn dn n
s bng t, s ht/bng thp, nng sut la gim.
Bng 6.4. cho thy thi gian lm c cmg mun th nng sut la gim cng nhiu. Nu
ch c cho n khi la c 3 l th nng sut la hu nh khng nh hng gi v lc c
cn nh, tiu hao nc v dinh dng khng ng k, s cnh tranh gia la v c cha gay gt.
Nhng c n lc la ti a, c ln nn ht nhiu nc v cht dinh dng ng thi
che khut nh sng lm cho kh nng nhnh ca la gim, s bng/n v din tch gim.
Nng sut la trong trng hp c n lc la ng ci so vi trng hp c n lc la
ti a khng chnh lch nhiu v giai on ny ngn, c khng nh hng nhiu n cc yu
46
t to thnh nng sut nhng v sau c cng nh hng n kh nng lm ng, to ht v trng
lng ca ht la. Cho nn, thi im tt nht lm c la l trc khi la nhnh hn
ch kh nng cnh tranh ca c di vi cy la, gip cy la nhiu, tng s bng v trng
lng ht.
Bng 5.4. T l nng sut la khi lm c cc giai on khc nhau
Thi k c trn rung la Mt c Trng lng kh
(cy/m2)
ca c (g/m2)
S bng
la/m2
T l nng
sut (%)
Khng c
477.0
100.0
c n lc la 3 l
110
12.50
468.5
99.7
c n lc la ti a
463.7
122.36
411.0
86.8
c n lc la ng ci
286.5
181.66
405.0
83.0
c n lc la lm ng
126.7
183.86
386.0
79.1
c n lc la tr
109.5
188.61
379.0
76.3
c n lc la chn
90.0
202.20
350.0
68.9
5.2. THNH THN V C IM CA MT S C DI CHNH HI LA

5.2.1. Thnh phn c di trong rung la
Thnh phn c di trong rung la rt phong ph ln n hn 100 loi. S lng loi c
di trong rung la nc Nht Bn, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Philippines, i Loan, Hn Quc,
Malaysia v n ln lt l 102, 105, 127, 129, 27, 92, 24 v 54 loi. Kt qu iu tra ca
Hong Anh Cung v Nguyn Hng Sn (Sn 2000) ti Vit Nam pht hin 105 loi c di
thuc 26 h thc vt khc nhau trong rung la cy (Ph lc ).
Cc nh khoa hc cho bit, thnh phn c di bin i rt phc tp ty a hnh t, ch
canh tc, k thut trng trt cng nh tng thi v trong nm. c bit, thnh phn c di
thay i nhiu theo ch nc trong rung v trn tng cnh ng v nc l yu t quan
trng quyt nh s ny mm ca ht c, cc c quan sinh sn v tnh ca c v quyt nh s
sinh trng pht trin ca cy.
Thnh phn c di trong rung la v xun a dng hn rt nhiu so vi v ma.
Nguyn nhn ca s khc bit ny do ch ti tiu v kh nng sinh trng ca cy la
Phng thc gieo trng khc nhau cng nh hng n thnh phn v mc xut hin
ca c. Nhn chung, la gieo thng b c di gy hi nhiu hn so vi la cy.
47
Bng 5.5. Thnh phn c di ch yu trong rung la c iu kin nc khc nhau

(Chinh & Phng 2008)
iu kin nc
rung
Thnh phn c di ch yu
Ha bn
Ci lc
Lng vc cn
C lng ty
C ui phng
C c
U du
C bc u
Nc nng
Lng vc nc
C mm
C tc
C bc
C cho
C chc
Lc hn
Lc vung
Nc ngp su
C ch nc
Lc voi
U du tha
L rng
Rau ng
Rau m
Rau trai
Me t
C ct heo
C mc
X bng
Mc bao
Bm bm
Chn vt
C b
Da nc
Ngh
Lc bnh
Cn nc
ng tin
Bo cm
Rong
Rau mung
Bng 5.6. Thnh phn c di cc iu kin t ai khc nhau (Sn 2000)

Loi t
S h thc vt
Chua mn
Ph sa tr
Ph sa c
S loi
xut hin
30
36
39
11
13
13
S loi thuc
h ha tho
8
13
8
S loi thuc
h c lc
11
7
10
Bc mu
47
17
12
5.2.2. c im mt s loi c di chnh trong rung la

5.2.2.1. La c (weedy rice, la ln, la ln, la ma, la c, la ry )
Tn khoa hc: Oryza sativa L.
H thc vt : Poaceae
a. Tc hi:
La c l mt loi dch hi mi c pht hin gn y trn rung la ti Vit Nam
(1994) v mc gy hi ngy cng nghim trng nh hng rt ln n nng sut v cht
48
lng go xay ch, nht l vo v la xun h v thi gian ny thng xy ra hn hn, nng dn
khng ch ng c nc v nhiu h nng dn phi b trng khng thu hoch c.
b. Ngun gc
La c l loi thc vt c trng tn vi la trng (Oryza sativa) nhng mang nhng c
trng ca c di nh mc khng ng ch, gy nh hng xu n li ch ca con ngi. La
c t rng ht, tch ly ht trong t v t xc lp qun th thuc cc th h k tip. Ngun gc
ca la c ang c nghin cu nhng cha c mt kt lun khoa hc dt khat v vn ny.
c. c im sinh hc
Nhiu dng la c c thu thp nhng ni b la c gy hi trong vng BSCL
c trng kho nghim trong nh li cng vi mt s ging la trng ti Vin la BSCL.
Kt qu c ghi nhn nh sau:
- Thi gian sinh trng (TGST): La trng c TGST n nh t 90-95 ngy, vi la c
th TGST bin ng ln, t 90-115 ng
- Chiu cao cy: Trong rung la nhim la c th ch sau 40 ngy l xut hin la
nhiu tng. a s cc dng la c c chiu cao cy ln hn la trng, v vy trong rung la b
nhim la c khi tr ra th tng trn cng thng l la c. La trng c chiu cao trung bnh
90-95 cm, la c t 120-150 cm, cng c nhiu dng la c c chiu cao bng la trng.
- Kh nng nhnh: La c nhnh km hn la trng. Vi mt trng 4 cy/chu
th la trng cho 10-12 bng/bi, cn la c ch c 5-6 bng/bi. Trn ng la vi mt dy
th la c ch c 2 tp/bi.
- Chiu di v rng l la: L la c rt di v chiu di nhng li hp v b ngang,
chiu di la c n 60 cm, la trng ch 25-30 cm.
- Mu sc l la: Khi cn nh mu sc l la c v la trng tng t nh nhau, nhng
t sau 40 ngy th khc. Lc ny l la c vng dn. Quan st trn rung la thy rt r hin
tng n Nhng cy la c thn mnh, l di v mu vng hn la trng u l la c.
- Hnh dng v mu sc ht la: Ht la trng thng thon di, t l di/rng ln hn 3,
mu sc ht la ch yu l vng rm, go lc mu trng, trng lng 1.000 ht t 23-25 g.
Trong khi th hnh dng ht la c c nhiu dng nh rt di nhng b ngang rt hp, trn
hoc c b di v rng ln hn rt nhiu, mu sc ht la cng c nhiu kiu nh en, vng sm,
nu en hoc tm, i khi trn cng mt bng la cng c nhiu ht vi nhng mu sc khc
nhau, go lc mu , trng lng 1.000 ht bin ng t 15-28 g.
- ui ht la: La trng ht khng c ui, la c thng c ui v chiu di ui
bin ng t 1-7 cm.
- c im rng ht: y chnh l nguyn nhn gy tht thot nng sut cho rung la v
la c trn ng cng hp thu phn bn, nh sng, nc, cng c chm sc nh la trng
nhng li khng cho sn phm. Kt qu kho st cho thy ch sau khi tr 15 ngy, khi ht la
va vo chc l bt u rng ht, mc rng ht cng nhiu khi n gn giai on chn. T l
49
rng ht trung bnh l 50%, nhiu dng d rng ht th t l ny n 90%. Nhng ht la chc
u bng u rng ht, ch li mt s t ht lng lp cui bng.
- Kh nng tn ti trong mi trng: La c c kh nng tn ti rt tt trong mi trng
nh ht c. Sau ma l ngp 2-3 thng nhng khi nc rt, iu kin thun li th la c li ny
mm v pht trin bnh thng. Trong iu kin chn su di t c ngp nc th sau 1 thng
la c vn c t l ny mm trn 90%, cn la trng th b h ht.
- Tnh cnh tranh v gy hi: La c mang c tnh hoang di nn chng c kh nng
sinh trng rt mnh, ln t la trng. Trn rung la c nhiu la c th sau khi tr l la c
ng v thng ko theo s ng ca la trng. Vi mc 100 ht/m2 (s ht tng ng
ca mt bng la) th la c gy thit hi cho la trng 30%, cn mc 1.000 ht/m2 th la
c lm gim nng sut n 90% so vi i chng.
d. Phng php qun l la c:
Hin cha c loi thuc dit c c tr no c th dit c la c m khng nh hng
n la trng. Ht la c lun c sn trong t, khi c iu kin l chng ny mm v pht trin.
C th p dng nhng bin php sau hn ch la c.
- Dit la c trc khi xung ging: To iu kin cho la c mc trc, nh ma kh
th bm nc ln rung ri rt i m la c v c di s mc, ma nc th bm nc ra khi
rung, kh mt rung la c cng s mc. Sau khi la c mc u dng thuc c trit sinh
Glyphosate dit ri mi tin hnh lm t xung ging (cn tin hnh phun thuc trc 7-10
ngy).
- Lm t k v san rung bng phng: Bin php ny nhm vi su ht la c vo t,
khng tip xc c vi nh sng, ht la c s khng ny mm v gip la trng mc u, sinh
trng v pht trin nhanh s to tn che ph lm gim kh nng mc v pht trin ca la c.
- Chuyn i phng php canh tc: C th chuyn t phng php s sang cy hn
ch la c. Trong rung la cy nu lun gi c nc s khng c la c mc, la cy pht
trin trc cng hn ch c la c.
- Loi b ht la c trc khi chng rng ht: Khi la c tr c t ngy dng lim ht
ht nhng bng la c, vic ny rt d thc hin bi hu ht la c u tng trn, nu lm trit
s gim c rt nhiu la c v sau. Nng dn nhng vng b nhim la c thng p
dng bin php ny.
- Lun canh cy trng: Khng nn trng v la xun h trn nhng khu rung m v
ng xun li nhiu ht la c. C th chuyn sang trng cc loi cy mu nh u nnh, u
xanh, m, bp. Sau khi c ti nc cho cy mu th la c s mc rt nhiu v vic dit la
c cho cc loi cy mu tht d dng bng cc loi thuc nh Onecide, Nabu, Select (ch p
dng cho cc cy h u, khng dng trn cy bp). Sau mt v mu th qu ht la c trong t
gim i rt nhiu trong v la h thu.
- Dng ging la thun sch c v la c: Khng nn dng la n lm ging, b con
nng dn c th t lm ging sch cho mnh bng cch cy ring la ging trong din tch nh
hoc kh tht k mt phn rung la lm ging trc khi thu hoch.
50
- S dng thuc dit c Sofit: Thuc dit c tin ny mm Sofit cng c tc dng hn
ch la c. Thuc c p dng lc 1-3 ngy sau khi s trn la s t c nh bn tht k,
lng thuc s dng l 1,2 lt/ha.
5.2.2.2. C lng vc nc (c go, c m)
Tn khoa hc: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.
H thc vt : Poaceae
L loi c rt ph bin khng ch trong rung la m cn trn nhiu loi cy trng khc
vi phm vi phn b rt rng ri nhng vng c kh hu m p. Tuy nhin, la l cy k ch
ph bin ca c lng vc v Chu c coi nh ci ngun ca chng.
L thc vt thuc nhm C4, c lng vc c kh nng quang ha tt hn, hiu qu s
dng nc v nit cng cao hn cy la, do n c th cnh tranh dinh dng v gy tn tht
ln i vi nng sut la. Thit hi v nng sut la ch ring do c lng vc gy ra cn cao hn
c c l rng v cc thc vt thy sinh khc. Thng qua cc hot ng dinh dng, c lng vc
c th lm gim kh nng nhnh ca la ti 50%v nng sut la c th gim 70 -90%.
C trng rt ging cy la khi cha tr bng. C sc sng cao, mc khe v rt phm
n nn d dng mc ln t cy la nu khng c bin php kim sot kp thi v c dn gian
v l qun n cp bi chng mc ln la, cp mu, cp nh sng ca la, lm gim nng
sut la t 25 -50%. Chng mc ln vi m v la nhng thng vt cao hn v c bng chn
sm hn. C lng vc nc c mu xanh sm, vi b r v l ging ht cy la, thn cy mp
mp nhng li mm hn la. Loi c ny Ht c ln vo thc s lm gim gi tr thng mi,
ng thi l ngun tn lu, ly lan c di t v ny sang v khc.
C nht nin, mc thng, cao 1- 2 m. Thn thng ng, nhn, mp v rng, phn nhnh
ti gc. l hp, hnh ngn gio di ti 40 cm rng 5-15 mm, khng c l tha (y l c im
phn bit c lng vc v la giai on cy con). L cun dt trong c chi non. Mng bao
mu xanh nht, dt, p v tch ra, vi mp trong sut. Gn chnh ni r.
Cm hoa dng bng, c mu xanh hoc hi ta. Nhnh thp ca chy hoa tha trong
khi nhnh cao tp hp thnh khi.
Bng con tp trung dy c thnh 2-4 hng trn mi bn ca thn. Bng con c hnh bu
dc di 6 mm, vi cc my nhn khng u nhau. Ht hnh a gic cng chc trn mt b mt,
phng trn b mt cn li, c mu cam ti vng sng di 2.5-3.5mm.
Cy trng thnh c r chm hoc c r kh. R u tin mc t mesocotyl (on thn
gia vy nh v l bao mm) tri ra trong thi gian ht ging ny mm.
5.2.2.3. C lng vc cn
Tn khoa hc: Echinochloa colona L.
H thc vt : Poaceae
C nht nin, mc thnh khm thng ng c khuu, nhiu chi, mnh, cao 70 - 75 cm,
mc b lan, c lng v phnh ln mt. R mc t t di. Thn dt, gc thng tm. B l
51
dt, nhn, mp b m trn, hi di, phin l nhn, dt, hnh li gio, hi mm, di
khong 25 cm, rng 3 - 7 mm. i khi c vch tm ngang trn mt l. Chm t tn, bng thng
ng, mu xanh n tm, di 6 12 cm, cnh tp trung. Qu v bng hnh bu dc. Ti sinh sn
bng ht. Thch hp ni t m v t kh, rung la s, rung cy trng cn v t hoang. Khi
mc trong rung la, c bit khi thu hoch, ht c ln vo thc, gy kh khn cho vic tuyn
chn khi xay xt, lm gim gi tr thng phm ca go; ng thi l ngun tn lu, gy ly lan
c di t v ny sang v khc.
5.2.2.4. C ui phng (mnh ha Trung Quc, c lng cng)
Tn khoa hc: Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees
H thc vt : Poaceae
C nht nin, thn bi, thch hp t that nc km, thng gp ao h v rung
ngp nc, mc thnh khm.
Thn thon, mc ng hoc nh ln t gc, cao 30 100 cm, phn nhnh t gc. L
thng v lng. Phin l dt, nh, nhn, di 10 30 cm, rng 0.3 1 cm. l tha di 1- 2 mm.
Pht hoa c lng hnh trng hp, trc chnh di 10 40 cm, cnh n, phn nhiu cnh, di 5
15 cm. gi ph khng c cung ph, mi gi mang 3- 7 hoa mu xanh nht hoc hi . Bng
hoa di 2.5 3 cm. Ti sinh sn bng ht
5.2.2.5. C san i (c san nc)
Tn khoa hc Paspalum distichum L.
H thc vt : Poaceae
L loi c a nin. Trong iu kin kh hn phn l bn trn c th b kh ho trng nh
cht, nhng thc cht phn gc vn sng. Khi c ma xung, m thch hp c li pht
trin bnh thng. C san i rt ph bin trn nhng chn rung cao, thiu nc.
Trn rung la, c san i thng xut pht t mt im, bt u t mt on thn ngn
hoc mt cm nh. T mi mt c pht trin ra r v chi, cc chi thng b di theo mt t.
Lng thn di khong 10-15cm. Chi b n u th mi mt li pht sinh ra chi nch v r
mi, v th m kh nng tng mt s ca c san i rt nhanh v tc hi ca chng i vi la
cng rt ln. C san i va sinh sn hu tnh, va sinh sn v tnh. Trong iu kin rung la,
th hnh thc sinh sn v tnh bng chi chim u th. Bt u bng mt on thn ngn hoc
mt bi nh, nhng ch sau mt thi gian ngn c san i pht trin thnh nhng m ln,
thm ch khp rung nu trn rung c sn nhiu m c nh.
5.2.2.6. C cho (c lc m, c t ty)
Tn khoa hc: Cyperus difformis
H thc vt : Cyperaceae
L mt trong nhng loi c chnh trn rung la.
C nht nin hoc bn a nin, cao 80 cm. C cy mu xanh nht. Thn yu, mm, lng,
3 cnh nhn v dy 0.7 3 mm. L hp, mm, r, hi c rnh, ba l hnh ng, t li, mu xanh
52
n nu , khng c phin l gc. R c dng si v mu . Hoa t tn, hnh tn bt nh,

n hoc lng tnh, ng knh di 5 -15 mm c 10 -60 bng con xe nh hnh sao. Bng con
dp n dng hnh thon, tp trung nhng hi nh ln.
5.3. BIN PHP KIM SOT C DI TRONG RUNG LA
Mun kim sat c di trong rung la c hiu qu th phi vn dng phng php
phng tr tng hp, ngha l phi p dng phi hp nhiu bin php t u n cui v mt
cch thch hp.
5.3.1. Bin php canh tc
5.3.1.1. Chn ht ging la sch c
Trc khi ngm ging cn sng sy li ht ging, loi b ht lp lng v ht c trong
nc.
Chn ging sch c ngay t v trc nh kh b cc bng c trn rung trc khi thu
hoch, khng ging nhng rung c nhiu c khi thu hoch.
5.3.1.2. Gieo cy vi mt thch hp
Gieo cy vi mt dy thch hp c tc dng hn ch c di rt r rt. Tuy vy, nu
gieo qu dy s lm la sinh trng yu, bng nh, ht km my, d b nhiu loi su bnh hi,
nh hng n nng sut. Nu gieo qua tha, c s c nhiu khong khng pht trin.
Qua nghin cu v tng kt thc t ng bng sng Cu Long cho thy nn gieo s t
150 170 kg ging/ha ng thi kt hp vi cc binphp chm sc la v dit c khc, rung
vn t c v cho nng sut cao. Nu cy th nn cy vi mt khong 40 50 khm/m2
5.3.1.3. Chm sc rung la
Cn m bo ch nc v phn bn thch hp nhm hn ch c pht trin ng thi
to iu kin cho cy la pht trin sc cnh tranh vi cy c.
Rung la cy cn c nc t ngay sau khi cy trong thi gian t nht 10 ngy khng
ch ht c ny mm. Rung la s, sau 5- 7 ngy khi la mc u cn cho nc vo. Vic gi
nc rung trong thi gian u sau khi s hoc cy la c tc dng rt ln trong vic hn ch c
di. y cng l thi gian phnln ht c ny mm, nu khng b ngp nc ht c ny mm
thun li, s lng c nhiu, sau c bn thc phn, c s pht trin mnh v c th ln t
la.
Bn NPK kp thi, y v cn i s to iu kin cho la pht trin tt, tng sc
cnh tranh vi c. t bn thc u khng nn qu mun, thng bn thc khi la c 2 3 l
(sau s 10 15 ngy) khi la ht cht dinh dng d tr, cy la bt u cn cht dinh dng t
t.
5.3.1.4. Lun canh
Lun canh la nc vi cy trng cn nh bp, khoa, rau, nht l vi cc cy h uh c
tc dng rt tt trong vic hn ch c di cho c rung la nc v rung cy trng cn.
53
Sau khi thu hoch la th lm t trng rau mu. Ht c la c th ny mm nhng do

khng thch hp vi rung kh cn v t thng xuyn b xi xo nn c b cht. Cc ht c
trn rung cy trng cn li khng pht trin c trong rung la c nc. V vy, v sau mt
c s gim r rt.
Tc dng ca cc bin php canh tc trong vic phng tr c di ch yu l lm cho cy
la sinh trng nhanh, pht trin tt sc cnh tranh ln t c di. Cc bin php c tc
dng trc tip dit c di l lm t k, gi nc y v lun canh vi cy trng cn.
5.3.2. Bin php c gii, vt l
5.3.2.1. Lm t k
Dn c mt rung trc khi lm t. Nu rung c nhiu c th trc khi cy ba phi
pht dn c. Cng c th dng thuc tr c khng chn lc nh cc loi thuc gc Glyphosate.
Sau khi thu hoch hoc pht c xong, nu cha gieo s ngay th cn lm t sm (cy
hoc trc), nu c iu kin th nn kt hp ngm nc mt thi gian dit ht v mm c.
Cng nhiu c di sinh sn v tnh, cng cn phi ngm nc trong mt thi gian di, cng cy
ba o t nhiu ln th hiu qu dit c cng cao. Song nu c v tnh nhiu m vi vo t
khng k, lm t li chia ct c thnh nhiu mnh, nc t th cng to iu kin cho c di sinh
si ny n nhiu. Sau khi cy ba vi c vo t nu bn thm vi v ln s thc y hot ng
ca vi sinh vt lm cho c di b phn gii nhanh hn v trit hn.
C th p dng cch nh c mc dit, tc l san phng mt rung cho ht c mc
ln, sau ba hoc trc li.
Trc khi gieo cy nn cy ba t k dit cc mm c. Nu c thn hoc c ca cc
loi c a nin th nn nht b khi rung hoc vi su xung lp t bn.
Kt hp lm t san phng mt rung sau ny d iu tit mt nc rung thch hp
khng ch c v thun li cho vic dng thuc, bn phn.
5.3.2.2. Lm c bng tay
Tuy l bin php th s nhng nh c bng tay vn c nhiu nng dn p dng cho c
rung la s v la cy, nht l nhng ni din tch canh tc t
Vi la s, thi gian nh c ln u tt nht l khi la c 4 5 l, bt u nhnh
(sau s 20 25 ngy). Lc ny cy c tng i ln (3 4 l) d b pht hin v nh b (nht
l vi c ha bn c hnh dng ging cy la). Ln nh c ny thng kt hp vi ta, dm la
n nh v phn b mt la ng u. Sau khi ta, cy dm v nh c khong 5 7 ngy,
tin hnh bn phan thc t 2 lm cho la nhnh mnh v tp trung, tng sc cnh tranh ln
t s c cn st li.
Khi la c 40 45 ngy, nu cn nhiu c c th nh tip t 2 trc khi bn thc ln
cui.
Khi la tr xong cng l lc c lng vc, c ui phng v la c sp chn, cn ngt b
cc bng c khng cho ht c chn rng xung rung hoc ln vo ht la khi thu hoch. y
l t lm c rt quan trng.
54
Vi la cy, c th dng tay co c khi la ng ci hoc lm ng.

5.3.2.3. Dng dng c lm c
Thng thng l dng cc loi co c y tay. Cc loi my lm c cng c ch
to v s dng nhiu nc.
Mt s rung tuy dng thuc nhng v l do no m hiu qu tr c khng cao,
rung vn cn nhiu c th bin php nh c bng tay hoc co c l cn thit.
5.3.3. Bin php sinh hc
H thng canh tc la vt mang li hiu qu phng tr c di cao.
Vin BVTV Vit Nam tin hnh nhn th thnh cng 2 tc nhn sinh hc l su c
thn Carmenta mimosa tr cy mai dng Mimosa pigra v b cnh cng Neochetina bruchi
tr cy bo ty Eichhornia crassipes.
Nm Exoserohilum monoceras hin ang c nghin cu tr c lng vc. nng
10 bo t /ml loi nm ny c th tr 100% c lng vc giai on 2 4 l v vn an ton
i vi cy la.
6
5.3.4. Bin php ha hc

5.3.4.1. Chn loi thuc
Tiu chun la chn loi thuc s dng l:
- Hiu qu tr c cao, dit c nhng loi c chnh trong rung
- Tnh chn lc cao v an ton i vi la
- iu kin s dng d dng, thch hp vi kh nng canh tc ca tng rung
- Gi c thch hp
5.3.4.2. Thi gian s dng thuc
Vic la chn thi gian x l thuc cn cn c vo:
Loi thuc: thuc tin ny mm hay hu ny mm
Tnh hnh ny mm v sinh trng ca c di v ca la m bo dit c nhiu loi
c nht m khng gy hi cho la.
Trng hp sau khi gieo cy, khng dng thuc tr c hoc dng nhng v l do no
m km hiu qu, c nhiu v ln th phi dng cc thuc chn lc hu ny mm. Tuy
nhin, cng khng nn dng mun ti sau 20 ngy k t khi gieo cy, v c qu ln, cc
thuc u km hiu qu.
5.3.4.3. Liu lng v nng thuc
Nu pha thuc m c m phun t nc th tuy liu lng vn m bo nhng d gy
hi cho la m li khng tri u trn ton rung, ch cn st khng phun thuc c s mc
nhiu, cng khng nn pha thuc long qu v phun nhiu nc s tn cng khng cn thit.
55
Khi phun hoc ri cn phi u, trnh phun ri trng lp hoc b st din tch. Khng
nn phun thuc khi tri qu nng, ang c gi to hoc sp ma.
56
CHNG 6. C DI TRN RUNG CY TRNG CN &

BIN PHP KIM SOT
6.1. C IM CA MT S LOI C DI PH BIN
6.1.1. C g (c ch, c ng, c Bermuda...)
Tn khoa hc: Cynodon dactylon ((L.) Pers.
H thc vt : Poaceae
L loi thc vt a nin, sinh sn v tnh bng thn cnh v sinh sn hu tnh bng ht.
Thn r b di gc, thng ng ngn, cng, c th vn cao 20 30 cm, c khi ti 90 cm.
Thn c th n ngm di t v mc chng cht trn mt t to thnh thm c dy c. Trn
thn t c cc mm ng, sau pht trin thnh nhnh thn. Trn cc t cng c cc l pht trin
khng y , ch yu l cc vy bo v im sinh trng.
t xp, r c g n su 40 50 cm; t cht, r n su 10 15 cm.
L phng hnh di hp, nhn u, mm, nhn hoc c lng, mp hi rp. L c th thay
i mu sc t xanh m sang xanh nht, trng khi thi tit bin i.
Cm hoa thng di t 3 n 6 cm gm t 3 n 7 bng con (him gp hn l 2 bng)
di khong 2-3 mm xp hnh ngn, n, mnh. Cc ngn hoa thng to thnh mt vng nhng
c bit c th thnh 2 vng vi 10 cm hoa.
C g a nng nn sinh trng km v ma ng. Nhit l tng cho c g sinh
trng l khong 28C cho n 35C. Nhit ti thiu cho c g sinh trng l trn 10C vo
ban ngy, n pht trin rt chm khi nhit xung n mc 15C.
C g a m nhng chu ng ngp v chu hn tt. Bangladesh, n c th sng st khi
b ngp nc ti 6 m trong vi tun. Khi gp nng hn trong thi gian di, nu m khng kh
tng (tri sp ma) cc thn c g thng vn di, c mu trng (thn l cha t dip lc) nn
nhn dn ta thng da vo ngn trng d an tri ma hay nng. C g thch hp vi
nhiu loi t v a t ro nc, n cng thch ng tt vi t mn nhng sinh trng chm.
Cy con c kh nng bn r rt nhanh v sau pht trin mnh. C g l loi a nh sng v
thng cht khi b che bi bng rm. Tuy nhin s ra hoa c g khng ph thuc vo di
ca ngy. C g cng c kh nng chu ng rt tt trc cc tc nhn bn ngoi nh s gim
p v ngt l cng nh vn c kh nng sinh tn khi b la to nh thn r rng.
6.1.2. C mn tru
Tn khoa hc: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
H thc vt : Poaceae
C nht nin, mc thnh bi cao 50-70 cm. R mc khe, bm cht vo t v rt kh
nh. Thn tho, thn ng, mu xanh nht, nhn bng, di 7-11 cm, chia nhiu t, tit din bu
dc.
57
L n, mc cch; phin l hnh di thun nh dn ngn, u nhn, di 20-25 cm, rng

5-6 cm, mt trn rp c lng cng rt ngn, mt di nhn mu xanh m hn mt trn; mp
nguyn c lng trng di t dn phn ngn l. Gn l song song, gn chnh ni r mt di,
c lng hai mt. B l mnh, bng, mt ngoi mu xanh nht, mt trong mu trng xanh, di
6-14 cm, l l mt ln lng. R chm, mu trng hay vng nht.
Hoa xp 2 dy so le thnh 5-7 gi di 7-9 cm nh nh trc pht hoa ngn thn,
thng c 1 gi nh mc thp hn. Cc gi hoa ngn gi gi hn gc. Trc pht hoa hnh
tr hi dp, di 38-55 cm, mu xanh nht gc xanh m ngn, nhn bng, c nhiu sc dc
mu trng, phn y trc c nhiu lng. Gi-hoa di 5-6 mm c 3-5 hoa, hoa gc gi hn
ngn. Gi-hoa c 2 dnh, dnh di nh hn dnh trn. Dnh trn hnh mi mc, thun mm, u
nhn, di 2,5-3 mm, rng khong 0,5 mm, mu trong, c ln, 4-7 gn mu xanh, mt lng c
rng ca nhn. Dnh di ging dnh trn, di 1,5-2,0 mm, rng 0,1-1,5 mm, c 1 gn mu
xanh, mt lng c rng ca nhn di hn dnh trn. Hoa di 3-4 mm c 2 tru. Tru di hnh
mi mc, trong, thun nhn, c 2-4 gn xanh, di 2,5-3,0 mm, rng 0,5-0,75 mm, mt lng c
rng ca nhn. Tru trn ging tru di, di 1,5-2,0 mm, rng 0,2-0,4 mm, c 1 gn.
Cy a m nhng c kh nng chu hn mt thi gian di. C a sng, c th hi chu
bng, hi ch yu rung mu, bp, ch, nht l vng i ni.
C ra hoa thng 3 11. Qu chn, ht ri xung t, gp iu kin thun li s ny mm.
6.1.3. C tranh
Tn khoa hc: Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv
H thc vt: Poaceae
C tranh l 1 trong 10 loi c di nguy him nht th gii, chng phn b rng ri
vng nhit i m n n i m.
C a nin, cao 0,9 - 1,55 m, sinh sn v tnh l ch yu. Thn kh sinh di 0,5-1,2 m,
nhn, mu c nhiu lng mm mu trng, di khong 3-4 mm, tit din bu dc. Thn ngm
phn b trong t thnh tng tng, c th phn b lp t su 20 30 cm. R thn ngm c
th n su 1 1,5 m. Thn ngm (c bit l chi) c th xuyn qua r hoc cy khc. Thn
ngm mu trng, tit din trn, ng knh 2-3 mm, nhiu lng, mu c vy v nhiu r ph.
Thn r mc khe v di.
T mt mt ng t thn, mc thnh chi non, xuyn qua t, to thnh chi nhiu l.
C 3 loi chi, trong chi dc mc khe hn c.
+ Chi dc: mc thng ng, song song vi cy m, khi m khi t c mu xanh. T
chi dc mc thnh nhiu chi to thnh mt cm 5 6 chi.
+ Chi ngang: mc thng gc vi cy m v song song vi mt t. Sau khi ko di 30
50 cm, u chi ngang xuyn ln khi mt t v ra nhiu chi khc to thnh cm.
+ Chi mc t thn ngm
L n, dng di thun di u nhn hnh ngn gio hoc mi mc, di 60-85 cm, rng
0,7 - 1,8 cm; mt trn rp c lng nhiu mp l, mt di nhn. L non mu xanh nht, cun
58
li; l gi mu xanh m. Gn l song song, gn chnh ni r mt di. B l cng, hnh ng

x dc, m thn, phn di mu trng, phn gia c sc hng tm, phn trn mu xanh, di 18 32 cm; mp b c ra mnh; li nh l ln lng trng, di 1-3 mm.
Hoa to thnh chy mu trng bc di 20-25 cm trn trc hnh tr ngn thn di 24-35
cm. Gi-hoa ng p st trc pht hoa non gc gi ngn, c 2-4 hoa; khng c dnh. Hoa
trn lng tnh, di 3-5 cm; cung hoa mu xanh nht, hnh tr di 26 mm, nhiu lng trng
bc di 9-13 mm nh.
Ht nh, c nhiu bng nh v di.
a t ti xp. xp cng cao, cng su th thn ngm pht trin cng nhiu. C tranh
c th pht trin tt c cc loi t. Nu b vi qu su v qu cht th c tranh b cht. C
tranh a m nhng cng c kh nng chu kh hn trong mt thi gian di.
Nhit thch hp cho sinh trng pht trin ca c tranh l 25 35oC. C tranh ngng
sinh trng khi nhit xung thp di 15oC.
C a sng, nu b che sng th kh nng nhnh km, d cht.
C tranh c th c kim sat bng cch trng cy che ph t, cy vi su. ng bo
Mo t nng dit cc b phn trn mt t, sang xun mm mc th dng cuc xa nt mm,
c nh vy nhiu ln th c tranh gn nh b dit hon ton.
6.1.4. C gu (c gu, Hng ph, Tam lng)
Tn khoa hc: Cyperus rotondus
H thc vt : Cyperaceae
L mt trong nhng loi c nguy him nht th gii. Phn b rng ri cc vng nhit
i v cn nhit i. Ti Vit Nam, cy mc di trong vn, trn mng, bi c, bi ct, c th
sng c trn t nc l v nc mn.
C c thuc loi cy a nin. Thn c 2 phn.
+ Phn trn mt t l thn gi, lc u ch c cc l, nhung khi cy ra hoa, thn hnh 3
cnh xut hin, a hoa ln trn. Cy thng cao 10 -15 cm, c th cao 10-60 cm, hnh tam
gic (do c tn l Tam lng).
+ Phn di mt t l thn r nh v di nm di t, hnh ch, thn c tng on
phnh thnh c cng cha nhiu cht dinh dng. Trn thn c c nhiu mt cha im sinh
trng, t mc ra thn ngm, thn ngm vn di mt on v sinh ra mt c mi. Mt c
c 10 13 mt to ra c mi. Nhit ti thiu hnh thnh c c gu l 20oC. Tc sinh
sn v tnh rt nhanh, t 1 c qua mt nm c th to thnh 121 c (Chinh & Tuyn 1978).
L di bng thn c th n 20 cm, mc gc, mu xanh xm, gia lng c gn ni
ln, cng v bng, phn di l m ly thn cy
Hoa mu xm nu mc thnh cm n hay kp to thnh tn ngn thn. Cy tr hoa,
ra qu t ma h sang ma ng.
59
Qu thuc loi b qu c 3 cnh, mu vng khi chn i sang en nht.

C gu l loi rt kh dit tr - ch cn st li mt mu thn r nh, l chng bao lu
mc thnh cy mi. Tiu dit mm chi ca c gu c ngha ln trong vic tr c. Tt nht
l trng cy c thi gian che ph di hoc lun canh vi cy la nc tr c gu.
6.1.5. C hi (b xt, cy ct ln, c ct heo)
Tn khoa hc Ageratum conyzoides L.
H Cc Asteraceae
C nht nin, c mi hng hng hc khi v, cao khong 30 - 60cm, c khi trn 2 m.
Thn tho, c nhiu lng mm. L mc i, hnh trng hay 3 cnh, di 2 - 6cm, rng 1 - 3cm,
mp c rng ca trn, hai mt l u c lng, mt di c mu nht hn. Hoa nh, mu tm
xanh hoc trng, mc thnh chm, mi hoa u c cung ring r, hnh ng. Qu mu en, c 5
sng dc.
6.1.6. C lo (yn bch, c hi, c Vit Minh, cy cng sn, lp bp, cy ba bp, bp bp,
cy phn xanh, c Nht)
Tn khoa hc: Chromolaena odorata L., Eupatorium odoratum L.
H Cc Asteraceae
y l mt loi c a nin, thn bi, c nhiu thn chnh v ta nhiu nhnh hoc thn
gn gc, to thnh cc tng. Thn c lng, rn chc, thng cao 1-2m, c khi 7m. L rng, mc
i, c phin xoan thon, c lng v rng to, c 3 gn chnh, cung di 1cm. Pht hoa hnh tn
phng, mu trng, c mi thm. B qu hnh thoi, c 5 cnh, lng mu trng.
C ti sinh bng ht. Khi iu kin thi tit kh hn, cy b cht kh bn trn nhng sau
khi ma, cy c th ti sinh t gc thn. C th gy d ng cho ngi.
Loi ny a sng, chu ng tt trong iu kin kh hu hanh kh, thch hp rung
hoang ha, hp th cht dinh dng rt cao v l loi c rt ph bin.
6.1.7. Trinh n (mc c)
Tn khoa hc: Mimosa pudica L.
H u Leguminosae
Trinh n phn b rng ri khp cc vng nhit i, cn nhit i v n i trn th gii.
y l loi c di nguy him trn cc loi cy trng cn ngn ngy cng nh di ngy nh bp,
u tng, ma, bng vi, c ph, ch, cao su, iu ... Trinh n chu c mi trng che bng
thiu nh sng.
C thng n hoc nm thnh bi trn t, cao 15 100 cm, thng nm rp kh b gim
p vo. Thn g gc, khng trn, hnh tr, mu nu hoc tm, c ph lng v mang nhng
gai cong dc theo cc lng, gai di t 3 4 mm, hi cong cng v rt nhn. L mu xanh m,
nhy cm vi va chm, 2 ln l cht lng chim. Hoa u trn nh, mu hng, mc nch l trn
60
mt cung ngn mang nhiu lng. Qu nang, t tch lm i, bn trong cha ht. Ti cc nc
nhit i, trinh n ra hoa quanh nm v c th to ra 700 ht/cy.
6.2. QUN L C DI
Trong cc loi cy trng cn c nhiu loi cy a nin nh ch, c ph, cao su, cy n
qu a nin (cam, qut), nhng cng c nhiu loi cy hng nm nh ng, khoai, u, cc
loi rau Trn vng trng cy a nin thng hay gp cc loi c a nin (c tranh, c g, c
gng), cn trn cc rung cy trng hng nm th thng gp cc loi c hng nm. Chnh v
vy cc loi cy lu nm thng c bin php lm c v chm sc cy trng tng t nh nhau,
cc loi cy hng nm th cc bin php cng nh nhau. Do , y chng ti ch trnh by
nhng bin php chung i vi hai loi cy ny m khng trnh by ring bit i vi tng cy
mt.
6.2.1. Tr c cho cy trng cn hng nm
6.2.1.1. Tr c bng cc bin php lm t
Cc bin php lm t nh cy ba, va c tc dng lm ti xp t, lm nh t gieo
trng, va c tc dng tiu dit c di, nht l vng ni v trung du sau khi thu hoch cy
trng, thi gian t thng di, c mc rt nhiu.
nhng ni nhiu c, phi tin hnh lm t sm, phi i t k, lm cho thn, r c di
b kh ho, cht hoc gim kh ng ny mm. Chnh v vy vng i ni vo thng 10, thng
11 khi nhng trn ma cui ma chm dt, cc c s sn xut thng tin hnh lm t.
Nhng ni c nhiu c di lu nm sinh sn v tnh (c tranh, c g, c gng) phi
ba nt c hoc dng dng c ct c, nghin nt ri cy lt chn vi c di vo trong t.
Ma ma n, t m, c di mc mm t cc c quan sinh sn v tnh cn sng st, cn
tin hnh ba li dit cc mm c ny. Tin hnh ba vi ba ln nh vy, sau ny c di hi
cy trng gim i rt nhiu.
Cy su lt t l mt bin php tr c tt, a s cc loi c u c cc c quan sinh sn
tp trung lp t mt (0- 5 cm), cng ch lp t ny ht hoc thn cnh mi c kh nng
ny mm. Khi cy su lt t, thn cnh b trn vi v b vi sinh vt phn gii, ht c tuy kh b
phn gii nhng lc ny cng khng th ny mm.
Tc lm t cng c ngha ln trong vic dit c. Tc lm t cao th c b chia
ct nhiu, gip nt v t lt trit , nn d b tiu dit hn lm t vi tc chm. Cho nn
lm t bng c gii th hiu qu hn.
Nh c: lm t nh, bn phn chung (trong phn chung c nhiu ht c, chng cng
ny mm) c mc ri cy ba khi c cn nh. Hiu qu tr c ca bin php ny cng kh
cao nhng ch p dng c i vi cy trng c thi gian lm t di.
Nhng ni c nhiu c gu (vng bi ven sng) th bin php lm t hu nh khng c
tc dng dit c m ch lm hi hoc gim thn gi ca c, cn c l c quan sinh sn rt kh b
hi, thm ch cc bin php lm t cn chia ct c gu lm nhiu mnh, cc mnh li ny
61
mm v sau ny cho s cy c cn nhiu hn. Do vy, nhng ni c nhiu c gu ngi ta

thng dng bin php lun canh hoc nht b c gu mang xung sng hoc ao h mi c
hiu qu.
6.2.1.2. Bin php xi xo chm sc cy trng
Nhng iu kin tt cho cy trng ny mm, sinh trng cng l nhng iu kin tt cho
s ny mm v sinh trng ca c di, cho nn, trn ng rung c di thng tn ti cng vi
cy trng. Mun to iu kin tt cho cy trng v dit c c di, ngi ta thng dng cc
bin php xi xo ct t c di, trn vi c di vo t tiu dit chng.
S ln xi xo v su xi xo ph thuc vo tng loi cy trng, tnh hnh xut hin
v sinh trng ca c di.
Nhng cy trng v ng gieo sm (thng 9, 10): t m, nhit cao nn c di
ny mm nhanh v nhiu. V vy cn xi xo sm v tp trung vo giai on u.
Nhng cy trng v ng xun (thng 12): giai on u kh, rt, c mc mm chm, t,
nn xi xo mun.
S ln xi xo v su xi xo cn ph thuc vo c im sinh trng pht trin v
yu cu v sinh l ca cy i vi cc bin php k thut.
V d: Cy bp thng phi xi xo 2 3 ln:
- Ln 1: xi ph vng lc cy mc (nu b vng)
- Ln 2: cy 3 4 l, xi nh dit c di v lm t xp
- Ln 3: cy 9 10 l, vun cao gc, vun cao lung kt hp lm c ln 3.
Khng nn xi xo khi bp c c, c bp. i vi bp v ng, xi xo ln 1 v ln 2
c nga quan trng trong vic tr c, cn bp v ng xun th xi xo ln 2 v ln 3 quan
trng hn.
Bin php xi xo dit c cn tun theo mt s im sau:
- S ln v su xi xo ph thuc vo c di v yu cu sinh l ca cy. Khng xi
xo khi c gi, nn xi ngay lc c cn non. Khi cy ra hoa kt qu th khng nn xi xo
lm nh hng n qu trnh ra hoa kt qu (ring u phng nn xi vun lc cy ra hoa r).
- Khng xi khi t qu m hoc t lm cho t cht thm, c di b ct t nhng c
kh nng ti sinh, hiu qu dit c km. Nhng nu ma ko di, c mc tt th vn phi tin
hnh xi xo.
- Tri kh hn th nn xi nh, xi nng va dit c va gi m, nu xi su t mt
m, nh hng xu n cy trng.
- Xi xo kt hp vi cc bin php khc nh bn phn, ti nc Song khng nn
ti nc ngay m mt thi gian cho c ho cht ri mi ti nc.
62
6.2.1.3. Bin php lun canh

Mi loi cy trng yu cu nhng iu kin sng ring bit, v vy cng c mt s loi
c di thch hp. Khi lun canh thay i cy trng s dn n thay i iu kin sng, lm cho
c di khng ph hp vi iu kin sng v b tiu dit. Tt nht nn lun canh cy trng cn
vi cy trng nc c th dit c nhiu loi c, nht l c gu.
C di cn nh sng sng, nh sng yu th c di khng th mc mm hoc sinh
trng c.
Nu lun canh cy trng c thi gian che ph t ngn v t (bp, u xanh, u
phng) vi cy c tn ln, dy, thn cao, thi gian che ph t di (nh ma) th c di cng
b tiu dit, c ch v khng th ny mm c (khi ma ln th trn mt t hu nh khng c
c di).
Cc loi cy trng cn, c loi yu cu xi xo nhiu (bp, bng, u, khoai, u
phng) nhng cng c loi cy yu cu t hoc khng xi xo (hnh, ti). Nhng loi cy
ny rt kh tr c bng xi xo cho nn lun canh gia cy cn xi xo v cy khng cn xi
xo cng c kh nng tiu dit c di.
Nn lun canh cy khc h vi c di d pht hin v tiu dit c.
6.2.1.4. Che ph t
Cy trng ht to, mm c kh nng vn cao cn c di th ht nh, mm khng c kh
nng vn cao. V vy dng tn d thc vt (rm, r, tru) che ph t cng c tc dng
rt ln hn ch c di. Bin php ny c p dng rng ri i vi cc cy trng nh, gieo
dy, kh xi xo (hnh, ti, vn m cy con). i vi nhng cy c gi tr kinh t cao, c
th dng mng ph nhn to che ph t.
Che ph t cn c tc dng gi m t v lm xp t cho cy trng sinh trng pht
trin.
6.2.1.5. Bin php ha hc
a. i vi cy thc phm
Cy thc phm l ngun thc n quan trng trong ba n hng ngy ca mi gia nh v
l ngun hng xut khu c gi tr. Sn phm ca cy thc phm ch yu l hng ha ti sng,
khi s dng nhiu loi khng qua ch bin cho nn vic phun cc ha cht phng tr su
bnh hi cng nh c di khng ch cn phi la chn dng nhng loi thuc ph hp cho rau
mu, phun ng thi im vi liu lng thch hp m cn phi lu m bo an ton cho
ngi s dng v mi trng, trnh trng hp b ng c do n phi rau, u cn dnh thuc
tr su, tr c.
khc phc nhng ri ro do thuc gy ra, ngi cn b bo v thc vt cn tuyn
truyn, khuyn co lm cho ngi trng rau mu thy c ci li, ci hi ca vic dng thuc,
hiu bit cn k v tng loi thuc s dng. Mt khc, cc c quan kinh doanh cung ng thuc,
cn b k thut khng ch gii thiu, qung co thuc m cn phi hng dn ngi trng rau
63
cch s dng thuc, thnh lp cc t kim tra lin ngnh, ngn chn vic dng thuc mt cch
ty tin, ba bi
Dng thuc tr c cho cy thc phm thng c tin hnh 2 khu chnh, l: khu
lm t (trc v sau khi gieo trng) v khu chm bn (khi cy ny mm hoc ang sinh
trng pht trin).
Nu thnh phn c di trn rung rau ch yu l c l hp nh c lng vc, c ui phng, c
mn tru, c ch, c mt, c su rm, c ng, c tc, c bng tua, c l treth phun thuc c Onecide
15 EC dit cc loi c ny cho hiu qu rt cao m cy rau vn an ton, pht trin tt bnh thng. Thuc
khng dit c c l rng (2 l mm) v c ci, lc. Thuc c s dng trn cc rung rau (bp ci,
ci bng, c rt, hnh, ti, c chua, da). Ngoi ra, thuc cn s dng trn cy trng cn khc nh u
phng (lc), u nnh (u tng), u xanh, bng vi, khoai m (sn), me (vng), khm (da), ay
(b)Thuc khng c s dng trn rung la, bp, ma.
+ C l hp c t 1-6 l : pha 30-50 ml thuc/bnh 16 lt nc
+ C l hp c hn 6 l : pha 50-80 ml thuc/bnh 16 lt nc
+ Phun 2 bnh 16 lt cho 1000m2. Nn phun thuc trng vo l, thn cy c cng nhiu cng tt.
Khng phun khi c qu ci cc, t kh nt n hoc ang ngp nc.
Nu thnh phn c di trn rung rau bao gm c c l hp v l rng th c th s dng thuc
Lasso 480 (hot cht Alachlor, min 90 %). y l loi thuc c tc dng tin ny mm (i vi
c), c tnh chn lc cao nn khng nh hng n cy trng. Thuc t hiu qu vi nhm c
nn lc. tng hiu lc tr c nn, c lc, pha chung vi Sanaphen 720 SL. Liu lng thuc
s dng trn rung bp ci l 2-2,5 lit/ha, pha 40 50 ml/8 lit nc. Cng c th s dng thuc
tin ny mm, chn lc Dual 720 EC dit hu hiu cc loi c l hp v vi loi c l rng
nh c mn tru, c go, c lc, ui chn, c tc, dn gai trn rung rau mu.
b. i vi cy cng nghip ngn ngy
Mt s cy cng nghip ngn ngy nh u tng, u phng, thuc l nu dng thuc
tr c vo thi k cy ang sinh trng th s em li kt qu khng n nh, thm ch cn gy
hi cho cy trng. Do vy i vi nhng cy cng nghip ngn ngy c sc chng chu yu vi
thuc tr c th ch nn dng trong khu lm t chun b gieo trng hoc phun vo t trc
khi cy ny mm l tt nht. Tuy nhin liu lng cng nh loi thuc nh s dng cn phi
cn c vo tnh hnh c di v loi t.
Trng hp t b hn th cn phi ti cho m, thuc tr c mi c tc dng.
Vi ma, vic tr c cn c tin hnh sm, ch yu trong giai on t khi ma ny
mm n khi thy t l th nht.
Di y xin gii thiu mt s trng hp c th:
6.2.1.6. Tr c cho bp
a. Trc khi gieo trng:
64
Trc khi gieo bp khong 3 tun c th dng Dalapon, Eptam, Simazin, Atrazin,
Prometrin phun trn t dit c gip bp ny mm v sinh trng trong iu kin sch c.
b. Trc khi bp ny mm:
Ngay sau khi gieo ht hoc trc lc bp ny mm 3-4 ngy, c th dng thuc amin
2,4-D hoc nhng thuc tr c triazin (Simazin, Atrazin, Prometrin).
c. Trn rung bp ang sinh trng:
Nu trn rung bp ang sinh trng c nhiu c h ci v c l rng, c th dng natri
2,4-D phun vo thi k bp c 3-5 l. Khng nn dng 2,4-D khi cy c hn 6 l hoc khi
cao hn 15 cm v s gy nh hng xu n bp, cy cong v mt tnh hng a. natri 2,4-D
cn c dng hn hp vi Atrazin phun lc bp c 3-5 l tr c 1 l mm v 2 l mm.
Khi bp c 3-4 l m c mi bt u mc trn rung, c th dng Atrazin hoc Simazin
phun nhng phi ch phun thuc kp thi khi c mi mc hoc phun vo lc ht c sp ny
mm th thuc mi pht huy c hiu lc dit c.
6.2.1.7. Tr c cho u tng:
a. Bin php vt l: Lm sm khi c cn non va d lm, t tn cng li hi cy.
Thng lm c tp trung vo 3 ln nh sau:
+ Ln 1 (1 2 l kp): cn kt hp vi c vic ta nh cy vi xi xo lm c. Lc ny
cy cn nh nn ch cn xi nh v xa gc.
+ Ln 2 (4 6 l kp, 10 12 ngy sau ln 1): cn xi sch c, xi su hn ln 1 v cy
ln, t cht, xi su 5 7 cm. Nu tri khng hanh, t m th nn xi gn gc, cn thi tit
hanh kh m t cng kh th nn xi nng v xa gc hn. Ln ny sau khi xi c xong cn bn
thm phn thc v vun gc cho u lun.
+ Ln 3 (khi cy bt u ra n): vun gc kt hp xi xo; nu u ra hoa r m c
nhiu th nn nh c bng tay m khng xi xo na khi lm rng hoa.
b. Bip php ha hc: dng Natri 2,4D hoc Ester butylic ca 2,4D phun tr c trc
khi u tng ny mm. C th dng dn xut ca Phenol nh PCP, DNOC, DNBP
6.2.1.8. Tr c cho ma (Sacharum spp.)
- Ln 1:
Rung ma sau khi trng t 10 15 ngy, mm bt u mc m ln khi mt t. Thi
gian mm mc thng ko di 2 3 tun hoc di hn ty theo ging ma v thi v trng.
t lm c u tin kt hp vi vic trng dm v xi t bn thc t 1 cho ma.
Khu cng vic ny c th dng tru, b v lao ng th cng (trn khong cch hng
hp) hoc my canh tc (trn khong cch hng rng), xi t dit c gia 2 hng ma. Trn
hng ma dit c v xi t, trn phn bn thc bng cng c th cng.
nhng ni c iu kin c th kt hp s dng ha cht dit c vi c gii v lao ng
th cng.
65
Cc ha cht dit c thng dng cho ma l: Diuron, Simazin, Atrazin, Ametryn, 2,4D
Liu lng s dng nh sau: (pha trong 400 600 lt nc/ha)
+ Diuron:
2 3 kg
+ Simazin, Atrazin:
3 4 kg
+ 2,4D:
1,5 2 kg
Trong trng hp ch phun trong hng ma th s dng lng trn. Cng c th s

dng cng thc hn hp: Simazin + 2,4D tr c cho ma rt hiu qu.
- Ln 2:
t tr c ln ny tin hnh khi ma kt thc nhnh chuyn sang thi k lm dng
vn cao (8 9 tun sau trng). y l t lm c, chm sc quan trng, v thi im ny ma
v c di u pht trin mnh cng tranh chp quyt lit vi nhau: nc, dinh dng, nh sng
v khng kh. Cng vic c th l:
+ Cy, xi dit c gia 2 hng ma bng tru b, lao ng th cng hoc bng my canh
tc. Trong hng ma dit c bng th cng l chnh. C th s dng ha cht dit c loi thch
hp phun vo c trong hng ma. Khu cng vic ny ngi ta thng kt hp c gii vi lao
ng th cng hoc c gii vi ha cht dit nhm mc ch dit c c di kp thi ng thi
vn m bo thng thong, ti xp ca t.
+ Kt hp xi t dit c vi bn thc phn t 2 v vun gc cho ma.
- Ln 3:
Khi ma giao l (1 3 dng), tin hnh kim tra rung ma, nu thy rung cn c th
tr c ln cui cng. Thng thng nu 2 t tr c trc lm tt th t ny cng vic
khng cn bao nhiu. Ngc li nu 2 t trc lm khng k th t ny cng vic phi lm s
nhiu hn. Tr c cho ma ln ny kh hn cc ln trc v ma cao, my canh tc khng th
vo rung ma c (c th kt hp lao ng th cng vi x l ha cht).
6.2.1.9. Tr c cho bng vi
a. Lm c:
Thng xuyn lm c v nh c gc to iu kin cho bng khng b c di tranh
chp dinh dng v nh sng. t nng sut bng ht cao th s ln lm c, xi xo phi t
ti thiu 3 4 ln.
Lm c 3 ln:
+ Ln 1: 15 20 ngy sau gieo, kt hp xi su 5 cm (bng su gieo ht) v bn thc
ln 1.
+ Ln 2: 40 45 ngy sau gieo.
+ Ln 3: 60 65 ngy sau gieo.
Lm c 4 ln:
66
+ Ln 1: 15 ngy sau gieo.

Cy ba k cho t ti nh, thong kh, ln lung hp l ty vng v a th.
Bn phn ng lc, cn i v y .- Bin php tr c bng thuc ha hc:
b. Bin php ha hc:
Dn sch c di v tn d cy trng v trc. Trc khi gieo ht, s dng thuc
Ametrex 80 WP liu lng 2 kg/ha phun trc khi gieo gi bng t 7 10 ngy, thuc ny
c hiu lc tr c cao trong thi gian di (4 6 tun).
Tr c gia v: c th s dng Round up 480 ND liu lng 1,5 lt/ha phun tr cch
cy bng vo giai on gia v. Ch phi dng chp che chn cho tt, khng thuc bm
dnh vo l bng.
6.2.2. Tr c cho cy trng cn a nin
Nhiu loi cy n qu, cy cng nhip di ngy (ch, c ph, cacao, cam, qut ...) c
trng c ni t dc do vy, vic tr c trong cc vn cy di ngy cng khc so vi trong
vn cy ngn ngy
- Trn rung trng cy hng nm, yu cu ca vic kim sot c l lm sao trong c qu
trnh sinh trng ca cy trng khng c s xut hin ca c di cn trn rung trng cy di
ngy nu cng lm cho t sch c quanh nm th vo ma ma, t s d b xi mn, ra tri
cht dinh dng. Ngc li, nu c di khng c kim sot tt th c s cnh tranh ht dinh
dng v nc ca cy trng. Vn y l phi kt hp c tt vic kim sot c di vi
vic bo v t, khng t trng trong ma ma. Ti Nht Bn, vic s dng thuc c trong
vn cy a nin khng phi l nhm mc ch tit dit c m ch lm cho c kh ho trong
nhng thng m c di c th tranh chp nc v phn bn ca cy trng cn trong v ma th
vn c di sinh trng trong vn cy bo v t.
- i sng ca nhng loi cy trng ny thng ko di nhiu nm. Trc khi trng cy,
phi dit tr tt nhng loi c a nin kh tr (c tranh, c g, c c ...). Mt khc, trong qu
trnh dng thuc tr c nm ny qua nm khc, phi cn nhc, phng hin tng thuc tch
ly li trong t, gy hi cho cy trng.
tr c cho cc cy trng a nin, ngi ta thng p dng cc bin php sau y:
6.2.2.1. Trng xen
Trong thi k kin thit c bn, khi cy cha giao tn, trong xen cc loi cy hng nm,
c bit l cy h u c tc dng rt tt trong vic hn ch c di ng thi bo v t v tng
thm thu nhp.
67
6.2.2.2. Bin php c gii, vt l

a. Dit c trc khi trng:
Khi lm t khai hoang, nn kt hp cht ch gia vic chun b t gieo trng vi vic
tiu dit c di v chng xi mn. Thng lm t vo cui ma ma chia ct c, phi kh
c ri thu dn ra b l ri t dit cc c quan sinh sn ca c nh thn, cnh, thn ngm.
Nu cy ba vo u ma ma ri gieo trng ngay th cc c quan sinh sn v tnh ca c
khng nhng khng b tiu dit m cn b chia ct lm nhiu phn, chng mc mm ngy cng
nhiu, lm cho mt c cng dy c. Vo v xun-h, trc khi trng cy nn cy ba li t
tiu dit mm c va mi mc mm t ht hoc t cc c quan sinh sn v tnh.
b. Xi xo dit c gia cc hng cy:
Vo ma kh, thi tit hanh kh, c di thng khng pht trin hoc cc b phn trn
mt t b kh ho i. n ma ma, nhit cao kt hp vi ma nhiu nn c di m chi,
ny lc v sinh trng mnh. Do , trn cc vn cy a nin, cn phi tin hnh xi xo dit
c vo ma nng m ny. Ty theo loi cy trng, loi c di m tin hnh xi xo khc nhau.
i vi cc cy trng ln, tn cy giao l (c ph, cacao, ca, qut ...) ch cn xi
xo k mt ln vo u ma ma kt hp vi bn phn, vun xi. Nu c iu kin v nhn lc
th c th xi tip mt ln na vo cui ma ma kt hp bn phn cho cy trng.
c. Che ph t
che ph mt t trong gc cy, ngi ta thng dng thn l thc vt khi khai hoang
hoc trng cy che ph t nh trinh n khng gai, bc h di, lc di, c rau trai ph t c
th hn ch c tranh v cc c a nin thn ngm khc. Theo kinh nghim ca nhn dn th nn
trng khoai lang che ph t ln t c tranh. Sau 2-3 nm trng khoai lang, c tranh hu nh
b tiu dit. Theo kinh nghim ca ng bo Mo th bin php tr c tranh tt nht l khi mm
c tranh mi mc khi mt t nn xm cho dp nt lm cho c quan sinh sn ca c tranh b
ph hy v cht.
6.2.2.3. Bin php ha hc
6.2.2.4. Kim sot c trong vn c ph
Trong giai on kin thit c bn (KTCB), c ph cha giao tn, ch lm c sch dc
hng c ph vi chiu rng ln hn tn c ph, cha li bng c gia hai hng c ph chng
xi mn t, mi nm lm c 4-5 ln v pht ngn c khng c c cao bng c ph. Trong
thi k KTCB, nn trng xen cc loi cy trng ngn ngy trong vn c ph hn ch s sinh
trng pht trin ca c di ng thi tng thm thu nhp cho ngi trng.
Trong giai on c ph kinh doanh (KD), cn lm c sch ton b din tch, lm 3-4 ln
trong nm. Tt c thn l c v cc tn d thc vt c trong vn c ph u c chn vi vo
t tng xp v cung cp dinh dng cho cy.
Ty theo loi c trong vn c ph, c th s dng mt trong cc loi thuc sau:
a. C l hp: s dng Roundup hoc Nufarm
68
b. C hn hp:
-
Nu thnh phn c ch yu l c l hp, c lc v mt t c tranh, s dng Round-up

hoc Nufarm vi liu lng 3 4 lt/ha ty mt c, pha 50 60cc/bnh 8 lt, phun 5-6
bnh/1000m2.
Nu thnh phn c hn hp ch yu l c l rng nh c hi, c lo, chi c, k u

nga, b xt v mt t c tranh, c lc: s dng Round-up hoc Nufarm vi liu lng
3 5 lt/ha ty mt c, pha 50 60cc/bnh 8 lt, phun 5-6 bnh/1000m2.
Nu hn hp c gm cc loi c l hp, ci lc v l rng nht nin v a nin, s dng

Bimastar 240/120 AS vi liu lng 4-6 lt/ha, pha 80-100cc/bnh 8 lt, phun 5-6
bnh/1000m2.
c. Lu :
Khng thuc dnh vo cy c ph con
Nu gc c ph gi, v ha nu c th phun thuc thng vo gc c nhng khng

c cho thuc tip xuc vi l, m non ca c ph
Cc thuc Round-up, Nufarm, Bimastar c tnh lu dn nn thuc s t hiu qu cao

khi phun thuc giai on c ang pht trin tt c nhiu l.
6.2.2.5. Kim sot c trong vn iu

a. Lm t k trc khi gieo trng
loi tr s cnh tranh ca cc loi c di a sng, mc c, c tranh v c m trong
vn iu (nhng loi c di pht trin cc mnh trong ma ma v cht ng lot vo ma kh
li c th ti sinh mnh hn vo nm sau va lm t bc mu va gy nguy c chy), cn phi
tin hnh vic i sch cc loi c di trn bng my i nu thc b l nhng loi cy bi ln c
h r n su hoc bng cy cho 3 nu l cy bi nh v cy thn tho. Vic lm sch c di
phi c tin hnh vo u ma ma khi c di mi ti sinh ng lot tr li v cha kp ra
hoa, kt ht kp trng iu sau 1 thng.
b. Trng xen
Trng xen cc loi cy h u ngn ngy trong my nm u khi iu cha pht trin
mnh b tn l mt bin php hn ch c di hiu qu, ng thi tng thu nhp cho ngi trng.
Ngoi ra, vic trng cy thm ph h u (Cassia rotundifolia, Pueraria phaseoloides,
Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Arachis pintoi), trong vn iu thi k
kinh doanh cng c tc dng rt tt trong vic hn ch c di ng thi tng ph v ci to
t.
c. Lm c, xi xo
Khng nn lm c trng trong vn iu m ch nn lm c xung quanh gc iu theo
rng ca tn iu. Hn ch lm tn thng n h r iu khi lm c th cng.
d. S dng thuc c
69
Nu trn vn iu c nhiu c tranh, c ui chn, c th s dng mt trong cc loi

thuc sau kim sot: Dalapon, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Sulfosate. Cc loi thuc ny tng i
an ton cho cy iu v cy trng xen v khng gy hi cho v ha nu ca cy iu. Cc
loi thuc ny phn hy nhanh hoc b keo t hp thu nn khng gy nh hng n cc cy
trng xen nu chng c trng sau x l thuc 3-4 tun.
70
TI LIU THAM KHO

Anjum, T, Bajwa, R & Javaid, A 2005, 'Biological control of Parthenium I: Effect of
Imperata cylindrica on distribution, germination and seedling growth of Parthenium
hysterophorus L.', International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, vol. 7, no. 3.
Booth, B, Murphy, S & Swanton, C 2003, Weed ecology in natural and agricultral
systems, CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
Chin, DV, Son, TTN, Kiet, LC, Itoh, K, Hiraoka, H & Kobayashi, H 2002, 'Lowland Rice
Weeds In Vietnam', in The 2002 Annual Workshop of JIRCAS, Cantho University,
Cantho, Vietnam
Chinh, NM & Phng, MT 2008, Phng tr c di trong rung la, Nh xut bn Nng
nghip, TP. H Ch Minh.
Crawley, MJ 1997, 'Biodiversity', in MJ Crawley (ed.), Plant ecology, 2nd edn,
Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
David, C 2003, 'Characteristics and management of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel
in smallholder farms in developing countries', in R Labrada (ed.), Weed management for
developing countries, FAO, Rome.
nh, NV, Dng, T, Hng, HQ, Lm, VP, Quyn, PB & Xuyn, NT 2004, Gio trnh
Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni, H
Ni.
Hamayun, M, Hussain, F, Afzal, S & Ahmad, N 2005, 'Allelopathic effect of Cyperus
rotundus and Echinochloa crus-galli on seed germination, and plumule and radicle
growth in maize (Zea mays L.)', Pakistan Journal Weed Science Research, vol. 11, no.
1-2, pp. 81-4.
Holm, L, Plucknett, DL, Pancho, JV & Herberger, J 1977, The world's worst
weeds:cDistributrion anf biology, University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
Radosevich, SR, Holt, JS & Ghersa, CM 2007, Ecology of weeds and invasive plants:
relationship to agriculture and natural resource management, 3 edn, John Wiley & Son,
New Jersey.
Ross, MA & Lembi, CA 1999, Applied weed science, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.
Sn, NH 2000, 'Mt s nghin cu v c di trn rung la cy v bin php phng tr
ng bng Sng Hng', LuN n Tin s, i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.
71
72

Co Dai Va Bien Phap Phong Tru (Weed and Control Weed)

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Co Dai Va Bien Phap Phong Tru (Weed and Control Weed)

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B GIO DC & O TO

1.1. KHI NIM C DI ............................................................................................. 1

2.1. CC HNH THC PHN LOI C DI ............................................................ 8

2.2. CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI C DI .................................................... 13

4.1. PHNG NGA C DI ..................................................................................... 27

4.1.5. Gi sch c khu vc quanh rung .............................................................. 29

6.1. c im ca mt s c di ph bin trn rung cy trng cn . Error! Bookmark

6.1.7. Trinh n (mc c) .......................................................................................... 60

CHNG 1. KHI NIM V VAI TR CA C DI

- Nu cy trng khng cn ph hp vi con ngi v b thi loi th s tr thnh c di.

Nhng s thit hi v kinh t c th ln hn na nu tnh n kha cnh l hn phn na thi

1.2.2. C di tit ra cc cht ha hc c ch s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc loi thc vt

C lng vc Echinochloa crus-galli l k ch ph ca nm Colletotrichum

C g (c ch) Cynodon dactylon l k ch ca nm Puccinia graminis gy bnh g

K ch ph ca b xt en (Scotinophora sp.) l c mm Ischaemum rugosum, c bc

1.2.4. nh hng n cht lng nng sn

V d: + Hm lng amino acid, mimosine c trong cy mai dng Mimosa pigra gy

- Gy hao mn, h hng cho my mc khi hot ng tip xc vi c.

Lm tng thm cht hu c v mn cho t. Trong qu trnh sinh sng, c di tch ly

Trong mt s trng hp, c di gip cy trng pht trin tt. Chng hn nh ti mt s

L ngun thc n cho cc loi gia sc nh tru, b, nga, cu v cc loi gia cm nh

Cc loi c nh ci, c gng, c dy, c tranh cn c dng lm cht t, lm

Nhiu loi c cn c dng lm dc liu v cc mc ch khc. V d: bo ci cha

Trng lm cnh: ng sc, xng rng, mo g, l bn, n ngy, dm bt

Nh vy, c di nh hng hai mt n nng nghip v i sng ca con ngi, va c

CHNG 2. PHN LOI V NH DANH C DI

a. C a nin thn tho n gin: Cc loi c thuc nhm ny sinh sn ch yu bng

2.1.3.2. C di khng k sinh:

t c, lng rng, thn trn hoc dp

Thn khng c s phn ha ra min v v min tr

C h r chm do r chnh khng pht trin.

nh sinh trng c bc kn trong b l.

Hoa thng mu 3, i khi mu 2, rt t khi mu 4, khnmg c mu 5

Thn thng hnh tam gic v c rut.

Khng phn bit b l v phin l. L khng c tai l hoc li b. L nh trn thn

nh sinh trng c bc kn trong b l.

C mt s loi c di mt l mm nhng c nhng c im khc trn: c trch t hay

L thng, rng, nm ngang, mm v t lng.

L thng c cung, gn l hnh mng li.

C h r tr do r chnh pht trin, vi cc r bn.

nh sinh trng l ra ngoi.

Thn c s phn ha ra min v v min tr

2.1.5. Phn loi da theo c im thn cnh

2.2.2. Phng php gii phu:

Vic nghin cu phn loi khng th ch da vo mt phng php no m phi dng

Bng 3.1 . Kh nng sinh sn ca mt s loi c ph bin

C bng ln; C bng hi

3.1.3. Ht chn khng u, d rng v c nhiu hnh thc lan truyn

3.1.4. Ht c di c thi gian ng ngh (min trng)

3.1.5.1. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong t

3.1.5.2. Kh nng gi sc ny mm trong nc ngp

V ma h, ht c trong ng phn u thng mt sc ny mm.

Nu 2 thng lin nht 30-50oC th cc ht c s cht; 30oC th ch c 1

Thi gian cng lu th ht c di cng t i.

Kh nng gi sc ny mm ca ht trong mt thi gian di cng vi kh nng sinh sn

3.1.7.1. S thay i thi gian sinh trng, thi k pht dc

Ra hoa, kt ht trc ma rt khc nghit. Khi gp rt, c di dng ht, c v dy

Sng tim sinh khi iu kin nhit xung thp

3.1.8.2. Kh nng chu nng

Thn l c nm lp t su gip chng khng b hi v nng (c tranh Imperata

iu kin nhit trn 70oC trong 2-3 ngy, ht ca mt s loi c khng b mt sc

3.1.8.3. Kh nng chu hn

B r pht trin mnh, su v rng