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>eT+ eT*<$ nH q @{ >Tq e+~. >eT+ nH~> y< bs+>T\T, nce~
j><qTcq sTq keT|sT\ H\e.
Xd>] |eTVQ\T Vl nq+ HsjTD keTjE\ es n+<s jTj>~
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>dT \ T. ||* >eT+H jT T HeT d+es # VQ nw$ T (3.5.1918) H&T y+>e+u
qd+V XdT\ |$ <+|T\ +#sT. M] Cw k<sT\T y+ qsdjT >sT =+es
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T +. nTe+{ XjT e+X+ +q Xd> ] d+d Xg $<\T
Xs+ <T.
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|+&T&T e&+ e\, & #<Te uT Xd >] d+d D L& sTTe&+ ]+~.
n+<Te\ b<$T <XH MsT d+d *| HsT= < uT XeT+], neTs+, HHs

se\ yTT<q d+d b<$T >+<\qT nud+#sT. M] Cw k<sT\T, Xd>] qT


#<TeTq sT| y+fXs d+d XX\ #]+, n& H\T>T d+es\T d+d
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jT |qjTq+ ]+~. sTy =+ | $j>+ *+~. nT| |uT |yX
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| |yX |\ HZq s n< X\ HjT seTD s> #ssT. M] HjTXgeTT
q+<T n_sT me. X\ HjT seTD |*$Tq | rsT\jsT. |q |
yTT<{ <X X\H ]+~.
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Xd >sT HjT seTD #~y deTjT+ HjT dTe+*
nH bs >+< n#Tyj\H n_bjT+ *+~. n~ m& \ueTjT~ <T. < MsT
dTe+* $T{ nH d+| k|+, n+<T q dV<jTT\qT, |\qT duT\T>
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|*+> u<\T |& $TH&T l seqTE\ yse]+q l |s+T<sT ujT
y<+ e] d+d X\ jT+<T HjT seTD |q s> #], sTqT |P] #XsT.
+> $<ud+ : MsT sT| d+d $<ud+ #d , qq +>s e TT\ |]#jT +
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HjT |+& <> *+#T H{ ykXeT |s~|T\T l l l eTj k$Ty]

d+|~+, M] n& Hjb<jTT\T> <>+ *+#sT. n|{ M] $yVyT+ ~. ykXeT


d+d bsX\ 18 H\\T |#XsT. n& eTj k$T y] jTT dVAb<jTT\ jTT
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nsTTq l seTDs& >] *d+<T MsT H\sT e, y] *d X\qT \jTpXsT.
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& HjT MTe+d\, kV, Xg >+<\ b<jTT\T> #], $<sT\ u~+#ysT.
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esT rsT\T e&+ #\ nsT<T> e+&~. d+ s+&T, eT&T essTTH sjT< |
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$X $<\jT |dT eeVs\qT Xd>sT +^w q&T| dV]+q sD+>, eT]jTT
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es+<T @s&+~. y]q ]bsT yTs H{es y< d+d bsX\> |\Te&TTq H{
y< d+d X\ z]jT+ &^ X\> |<q b+~+~.

sT\ |yX $<q+ : 1882 qT+& 1917 es d+d b<$T bsX\> e+&q d+d
1926 X\ ksTT m~+~. eT<dT $X $<\jT+ y] $<H, seTD s>T\T sTT&
sV+| &$. 1926 +< $X $<\j nqT+<yT uc |MD, $< |MD s>T\T
sV+|&$. 1957 y+fXs $<\jT+ @s&q s < nqT+<yT nq> Xd>sT
|b |<M ds+ #dq d+es+ eTs\ eT<dT $X $<\jT sT $<H, seTD
s|+> bs+ueTjsTT. b\ esZ+ ysT d+d $<sT\ |s yq$T#ysT. m+H
sT X\ sT\ |yX ns |> e+&~. sTy mdd, zjTdd s>T\T
rsTq ysT L& X\ |yX+ b+<& nsT\jTysT. Xd>sT #=se rdT=,
sY X\ e _.@. &^ (dw \T>T) #~y $<sT\ deq+> ns b+<+<T
z]jT+ f{qT _.@. H z]jT+ ]+> sT\T> esT #d, y] |uT |yX
|\, _.&. |\, m+.@. sT\ neX+ *d, z]jT+ _.@. Vd, +^w
du\qT |yX |{+#sT. ~ z]jT+ X\ #] $|y |]DeT+. Be\
X\ #~$q $<sT\T ssT>, |uT d+d\ <>T\T> |#d neX+ @s&+~.
V]q Vd X\ $<sT\ uq ed : 1963 qT+& X\ #]q V]q, ]q
$<sT\ k @qT>T |{_s$Ts& >] uq ed >V+ +> uq ed @sT
#XsT. |{_s$Ts&>] <s V<jT+ X\ $<sT\ b* \eyT+~. ~ Xd>]
$<sT\ jT+<T >\ <s_eH\qT *jTCdT+~. sE\ wesT 600 eT+~ $<sT\T
n& u+#dysT.
;< $<sT\ ~ : dTseT Xd>sT X\ |<H<| |<$ #|{q s \eT $e
+& $<sT\ +<] X\ |yX + *+, y] ;< $<sT\ k e<qT\ dV s+
d+d uc_eqT\ dVs+, y~ $<qT <]+# e\ dVs+, ;< $<] ~
] |]|w *+#sT. n+ eTT+< HeTe+> eq ;< $<] ~ HeTe+> e+&
d]jTq |< ]>~ <T. < sD+ H&T X\ b+>D+H $<sT\ uq ed
@sT #dq sD+> ~ jTT neds+ bsTT+~. ~ qT+& @ |s yq+
sy] ] dVs+ n+~+# ysT. ~ X\ b<jTT\, $<sT\ d+|
@sT #d, ys d#q\ |s+ ~ $j+#ysT.
|]X<H XK : d+d 1938 qT+& |]X<H XK sT>TT+&~. }TL] +HjT
Xs>sT d+d H{ |bq VqTeT#d>] |syD ysD+| |]X<q #XsT.
s $<sT sd @s&&+, +q |s> qs<T. s dTseTXd>sT
+< jTT..d. usT K yd, d+dqT |qsT<]+#sT. d+d sT| z]jT+
X\ n<|s\T> |#d >+q &* #j<$>sT q $<] J$+ X\

uc |MD, $< |MD sT\qT $jTe++> 1950 qT+& 58 es #~$ |P]#XsT. yT


|]X<H XK +< |uT |s yq+ d+d+< T\H |]o\q nqT n+X+|
X\ n<|q leH .jTdt. seqTC#sT\ |syD 1958 qT+& 1962 es
|]X<q #XsT. s d+d eTsT>Tq |&bsTT+~.
Xd>sT sV+q |<e\T : Xd>sT +< |<X kV n&MT duT\T> <X+
|#XsT. l y+fXs $X $<\jT+y] n&$T duT\T>, usY |t d&dt #sH>,
f T $T{ #s H> |#XsT. +< $X$<\jT+ y] z]jT+ d& d t ms m>$TqsY>
|#XsT. l y+fXs $X $<\jT+y] z]jT+ |\ $T{ #sH>, N|t> |#XsT.
H{ H\sT sT> e+&q jT+.$. s>b >] n<q @s&q d+d $X |]wY
n&sTT usT $T{ duT\T> e+&HsT. H{ H\sT uVD d+|T n<\T> |#XsT.
$w |Hk\T : H{ +< $< XUeT\T eTT>] n<q @s&q sT| d+d $X
|]wT d+d uc y| >] d+d+ nqs+> |qd+#sT. sTeT\ sT|
<ekq+ y] <s sD |]wT +< ]q y<+ |Hk\qT s+&T <Xu\T> Vs ysT
@sT #dq deTsY d$THsY L& bZHsT. *+&j s&j, $jTy& +<+ d+d
se\qT >] |d++#sT. eseq de+ ]> $jT jT+T\ msq|
|qd+, 1973 nysT n+<THsT. n> kV d+dTd |d++#sT. H\]
seT<djT+>] H yUH\qT d+ |s{y u+ esD @sT #dq du
dMT+#sT. 18 sE\T H\sT |+&T>\ |] |+&|dT| ]q eTVus |Hk\
Xd>sT eTV us MsT\ >] |qd+#sT. y] |Hk\T q q y\, sT Vd|
\T\, >&y T q $eTs\ eTHs++> e+&~. +sd s+ |<~ #d |d+ +#&+ , kV|
dyqT $ds&+ e\ X\qT MsT TH ysT. d+d+<+> uw\ eT+ |Hd\T.
y] |Hd <sD >+>sa]. mdt.$. jTe]{ d+&{ ysT +^w |qd+#>, H{
| \| >H< s&>sT Xd>] +>|Hd sa] qjTT bjsT. n+f d+d uw
|]|Ps+> ne>Vq #dTq y] sTTs uw\T \bjT+ nq $wj Xd>] |Hd+
TTEe #d+~.
dse sVD : Xd> sT X\ |y + 35 d+es\T n<|, |< H<| |<e \T
sV+ |uT| d sT\ |s+ 23.7.1976 H&T |<M $seTD #XsT. s VsT
<X\ |s+ eTs\ |b\T> =qk>sT. sTD+ M] X\ dsy\T sb\H
d+\+ * b\esZ+ y] d+|~+, y] n+^s+ rdT=HsT. eTTK+> X\ bNq
$<sT\qT, k <s e<qT\qT, #+<\T ed\T #jTT >eT>e\T ] wesT
12,500 sbjT\T dseeTTq ed\T #XsT. B X\ n<|\T l y<+ y+seTD
Xs>] &= ysT. , | yTT+ dse sVD #\<T qT X\ b\esZeTTqT

d+|~+, y] ] dVseTTqT, <T|] |uTeTT qT+& >+T s|eTT> =+ <qeTT


b+~ dseeTTqT 1978 n+>s+> yue+> 3 sE\ eTT#> sV+#sT. dseeTT
yTT<{ sEq H{ $< XUeT\T ueq+ y+{yT >], s$q eT+ H<TsTeT* Hsq
s& >], sh X\ $< d+#\q seT#+<H >] z]jT+ &|P{ &ssT e\
es+&jT Xd >], s +&e sE & uy& >bs & >], sh V sT |< q HjTeTsT\ T
n& |k$T>], y+fXs $X $<\jT b<\T d<q+< eT] >], z]jT+
dsY Hd
{ d+#\\T X+s HsjTD >] V+#sT. eT&esE sT| z]jT+
X\ |b .jTdt.sY. <#] >] |* k e\, |+&T\ dHq seT+,
$<sT\ VQeT |<q seTeTTqT sV+#sT.
dse d+<s+> X\ eTTK<seTTqT z+s <seTT> r]~<sT. >+<\jT+|
Xs< $>VeTTqT |w+#sT. d+<s+> dse d+qT dTesT 1000 |J\ d+d,
+<, +> s#q\ $eTs yk\ |#T]+#sT. ~ d+d+< kV\ eTDB|.
1882 qT+& 1978 es X\ @s&q b\ esZ, $<sT\ d+KqT $es+> $e]+#sT.
X\ yTT+ #] *| >+<+> d+qT sb+~+#sT. wesT 100 d+eseTT\
H{ $$< #j eTT\T, <\ b{\T, dse b{\T +<T |#T]+#sT.
y$ d+d Xd>] yvjT de : y$ d+d dTesT s+&T <Xu\T >+< |]cseTT\T,
>+< dMT\T, |]\T #d eHsT. y<y<+ >+<\T, |sD\T, y\T, H\T, Vk\T,
k\T e L& y] |]cs seT+ #T #dTHsTT. sE\ y$ ysT uc
de eTT+<T> |#T]+q *+> ys | Xd>sT yk\T ydq ysT. ysT
Hj
sTT\jTT kV |s yD eT<dT, sT| b# * |d u+&>s\ | \qT,
y |T\qT |]X~+ y$ d+d dVjT |&sT. b# $Cq bs+>eTTqT |<]+#T#T
b# ucudq+ #d $<sT\ esZ<]> e+& >+<\ |#TsD &&sT. qs' |
j| jTX' jTq Je nqT Xd>] ] Xs+ y] kV+ <sq$TdT+~. y$ y]
d+d |#dq |+&T\ Xd >s=sT. n< |kq+ |eTTKyTq s MTe+d, Xs
MTe+d, y<+ Xg, X+s <s qeTT\ MT< Xd> sT yUH\T yjT>, y$ ysT |#T ]+#sT.
eTs~|T\ Xg #s\T : Xd >sT + eT{ |s~|T\T l l l #+<XKs dsdr
k$T y] X\ HjT, y<+, MTe+d XgeTT\| |\TesT #s #d eHsT. ><TZsT
X+>] |s~|T\T X\qT d+<]+q|&T y] HjT XgeTTq ys+ #d eHsT.
><T s T l l l |w] k$TysT H\sT eT\| | sD V#sXeTeTTq $&~ #dq |&T
wesT ysT sTT& e+& 5 d+es\ \+ d+d kVeTTqT, s d+>V eTTqT, eTTe

>+<eTT\qT k$Ty] u~+#sT.


|eTTKT\ |]#jT+ : Xd >] & uy& >b s& >] u\eTT qT+& dVeTTq~.
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Xd>sT d+dr]+#sT. <e\ >b s& >sT Xd >] kV $TT\T L&. uy&
seT#+< s& >sT Xd >] dVT\T. ysT m|&T |*d n|&T Xd >sT y] sTT+{
y ysT. kV #s\T #dysT. ||] HsjTD#sT\T>sT Xd >] dVbs\T.
>T+sT Xw+< Xs >sT Xd> ] kV $TT\T. |\ lseT#+<T&T >sT Xd> ] >+<\qT
V<su<T kV n&MT s|q |P|\T ~~qysT. |>+T\ \D Xd>sT Xd>]
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|#dq ysT. + qeT+ Xc~ Xs >sT, w&s q+ keTdT+<s+ >sT, y{ |+#\ s &> sT,
H<TsTeT* u\cs& >sT Xd >] kV $TT\T.
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d+<V\T eq|&T y{ d|eD+> <VsD\T #d \qT s X<jT+<T d
*+#ysT. d+d yvjT $ks |#s d+d |#s du @sT #XsT. Xd>] eTTK
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#|, e, q& d+|<jT+ {|&~. X\ |<q ueq+, <s+ e< ysT \&
y]<TsT> mes y& kVd+# ysT sT. ysT z q&# >+<\jT+. H\sT
b<jT |+& |]wT b<\T> e+&, |]wT jTT nuT<j &&sT. VQ
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yj n~ L& #|sT. n{ d+ d Xd>sT m+.@. d+d | jTT | |XqT
T d+d+, nT +>+ de<]+#sT. y] |u by\ ~ <sq+.
o H&T H{ e |jD ks\T e. s+&T eT&T sE\ |jD+. n+<T Hw\T
e&+ e\ m&+f n& HysT sT >qT, q L& nT\T rdT y[, s\T \|+
#d , o #ssT. +<T e\ < + m+.@. | yd, sT\ jsT. d+d X\ nuT q

ks<+ eV+#sT. uVDsT\T L& d+d me d+K nud+# neX+ *+#sT.


n{y] dT|d< |+&T\T> l +& seTDjT >sT $.sY. X\ eJ d+d<|\T
Cq s$Ts& >sT, d+d X\ n<|\T q #+<XKsY s& >sT, y] k<sT\T e{
s& >sT e+{ |+&T\T |s<q ysT. $<sT\ kV_sT *Z+, y] e\T>,
ne<qT\T> r] ~<sT. nXw XeTTw <Ts+<sTq |+&T\qT s|+, Xg du\T @sT
#dysT. X\ b+>D kVr dsd $Vs+ #d $Cq +<+> sb+~+#sT. y] 65
@ J$+ H\T>T <Xu\T d+d uc de n++ #XsT.
|+&T\T >, e\T > eq|&T <eTT < |+|ysT sT. y] <+ $+fH
\<]dT+~. q n<T\ sdH>eTT\T m+ sT nqTu$+ e+{j eT]. sdeTjT
|<seTT , sdeTjT XeTT\T L& $|+ y] MqT\ $+<T #dysT.
Xd>] kV J$+ : ||~s bq q $< nq HqT& |s+ Xd>sT |+&
e+X<e\T e&+ e\ >+< s|+>, XeD eeTTq Xg $wj\qT, \+] kV
$wj\qT >V+# >*> ysT. 24 >+\ 15 >+\T kV |]XeT #dysT. nqTy<
kV+, e s#q, $+ ]]q ysT. d+d kV + neT sd<s\T
b]+, ds sdT\qT |+&+q |+&eTT\T. c&X es bjT+ bsX\ $<]> e+&
d+d HjT Xg+| HjT eTTe >+< |{+q $<T&T. VQeTTK |C ~>,
d~eTs&T>, $Cq K>, eqey~> ydsT. y] s#q nqTy< K+& T\T,
yUH\T, d+d >j\T, $eTs\T, yk\T #T #dTHsTT. eT s#q\ <s <X y|
] b+<sT.
dsdr dT|u+ : Xd> sT >+< \* |< d+jq *q X* d+deTTq s+#sT.
dT|u + |se#s ysT X\ b+>D+ $w]+#sT.
|Ps jTeTT :
>+<eTT [<dT yT|T d+<X eTT+<T jT d>T\T $e]+#
>+<+. >+< H{ $< XUeT\T ueq+ y+{yT >sT $w]+#>, ||] ysT
dMT+#sT.
ne<^, >DX ^ : s+&T >+<\T y$ ysT Xd>] # yUq+ ysTT+#sT.
}s : ~ 20 K+&\T >*Zq K+& e+. & uy& >b s& >sT sM+<T K+&\qT
\T>T nqTe~+#>, Xd>sT < d+dr]+#sT. }s, y, eqd, ed+, ns$+<T,
yT|T<+, |q+ e+{ 20 K+&\T >*Zq~ e+. +& #s eTT\ e+{ |<\T, s#q
C|+, Xw jTeT~ d+* #eTs e ds[ dw+#sT. e+> kV deTT<+ <,
+<T\ n+< sM+< $ eTTeTT\qT =+{ sM+<T }s qT+& d]+, uy&
ysT #dq \T>TqT, Xd>sT d+dr]+#T m+ >=| $wjT+. sM+<T }s s>sT
kV+ n> +\+ n+<T=q~. TT><+, |sD\ yT ~e eT+> s|. yT

$X< eD |u deT. <y+<T =\Te y\dq dTsyX nH~ n+<] $~yT.


sM+<T&T yTqT ~ , T~ k+<seT]> dw+#&T. n{ eTVAqyTq e
d+drsD s&>sT q nqTy<+ e e q e e<Te e dT+<s s|d$ nq
qT>T nqTy< Xd> sT eHd qqd qe< ' ud djT+ dT+< nqT nqTe~+#sT.
Xd>sT HjsTT\jTT kV+ \d] y<Tw+ \yse&+ e\ e nq \T>T jT
d+d es jT Hd nH jTqT #> X+ sb+~+#sT.
yJ e K+& s&>sT @ <s XeTTq @ U ~edeTTq n #dq \T>T
nqTy< Xd>sT k+ y b Xu eTV |qsqT DjT n d+dr]+#sT. s&
>] uc >+;s < uy\qT wk<yTq d+d |<\ nqTe~+#&+ dT\uyTq
$wjT+ <T. qT Xd>] nqTy<+ dV<jT V<jq+< d+<jT+. +<T dsd+,
dV +, >+;s |< >eTq+ <y T + ~. Xd> ] y< T w |{e T, X s#H be+ K+&
#> b+<T|s#&+~.
< |D nH K+& Xd>] Xus >eTq ks <VsD> *+~. +<T
\T>T ds |+s+ nqTy<+ +#q |+s+>, \T>T nsD | d+d+
eq> nqTe~+#&+~.
neT \X+ : Xd>] neT qT+& y\Te& >+<+ neT \X+. B eT\+ y#s
seTwjT >sT s+q \T>T neT \X+. < Xd>sT ujT uc b+&r y+
d+dr]+#sT. >+<s+u+ nqTe d+d ww+\T 11 X\ yXsT. ~ u |<q
K+& e+. u>e<TZDqTue+ *q ~e skjTq+. K+& e+ |sT $q+H eTq
deTT< eT<q+ C| yTTdT+~. , ~ deTT<eTTq |{q neT \X+ <T. u>e+T >]q
neT deqeTT\sTTq, e\ L&q >+<eTT >qT ~ neT \X eTsTTq~. <
edTeq eT\+ leT<>e+. $Xw yTeTq qT>T s#sTT seTw $. nqTe
dTseT Xd. us es| s$Ts&. eTT>TZ] @<XyTq seT X+ e+&T |XdjT+.
+<* <|B ek|VsD |T+ u>e+T sD |sjTD e+ #dT+~. w #]+
$X s| |<sq d+<e e<~ |T{\T u uy <V<]jT |+#sTT. eT\+ V<jT
eT\+, V<j s$+<+ nH |<\T nqTy<+ Xd> sT VY s e + n qq |j >+ #jT T
y] b+& c|\+.
eT\kHXs dT|u+ : Xd>sT dT|u 27 XeTT\ ny|T+> s+#sT. H{
<ekq+ #sH mH.mdt. weT] >] bV+ y dT|u+> yXsT. ~ H\sT
eT\| eT\kHXs k$Ty] >] ydq dT|u+. e |sD >< e $k
\T>T s\ < ue k+<s+ $e]+#sT. eT\dXs $u e dT|u+ nH~

n X\ eT+.
je\ d : >+<+ +<qTy<+. $CHXs+ L&q je\ d ~ nqTy<+.
eVsY C : ~ K+& e+. usrjT d+d \Te<+. B us ed |
|#T]+#sT.
H\sT eT+&\ d+d $<$ #]+ : B H\sT |]wT ysT 1964 y\T>T
q $eT d+V|] eT+&\ dsd+ d+>V s|+ |#T]+HsT. Xd>sT >+<
#\ $|\+> ses$T 200 |J\ d+d Xdq e\T, <T e\T, |+&T\T n $u>+
#d eHsT. ~ neTT~+>H eq~.
X se[ : >+<+ ysD >+<+ . l >sD yj
sD c#sT\T>sT 1878e d+es+
d+d+ B s+#sT. #sT\T >sT >+<+ |<qyTq <Te, d+<T\T, s\T,
dek\ >T]+ $e]+#sT. X se[ d<+ eTT~ d+>V s|+. B \T>T $esD
e+f u>T+T+< +< |<X kV n&MT n_bjT |& < n<\T >b s&>]
#|>, ysT s sVD &* dTseT Xd>s q ys u$+, n&MT s|q
>+< s#q #sTT+#sT. Xd> sT >+<+ n& & \T>T $esD sTTd, >sD ysT #s qTe+{
d |j\qT L& Xd>sT eT \T>T $esD >+<+ #ssT. wesT 500 |J\ $esD
>+<+> 1978 qe] kV n&MT ysT B eTT~+#sT.
lVs Hw< yUq+ : bNq $eTs c|\+ yUq+. |<#<' |<s| |<s',
$>VA y jq+ |d de<q+ yUq+ |+#\DyT nq s#H n<+ |{+~
Xd>] lVs Hw< yUq+. Hw< yUq+ e\+ d+d uc b+&+ eq+ eq
]>~ <T. Xg b+&+, <s Cq+ e+& nqTu \T>T n+~+# >\ s#H
be+ \y& < #jT>\&T. < +< |<X kV n&MT deyX+ #s\ MT<
#s\T ] #s & uy& >b s& >sT Hw< yUH e &* dTseT
Xd>s nsT\T, +es sT n |T+{|<+> #|&+ du n+<s nyjsT. y+H
n&MT ysT Xd>] yUH sqTKT #XsT. lVs Hw< \T>T { s\
22 dsZ\T |P] y $e]+#sT. oK+&+ njT' |+&+, Hw<+ $<<w<yT qT n{
>&s\ <q ]q yTq y Xd> sT +< deT>yT q \T>T yUq+ n+~+#&+
n~ +<T\T #dTq n<w+. ~ 7 d+|{\ y\Te&q e+. 1971 #|{q ksd
jT+ 1984 |P] nsTT+~. Xd>] nbs b+&r |s nCseTsyTq |u by\
]|> *+~ e yUq+. Xd >sT sE 15 X\ yUq+ ydysT. rjT
jTd sD' nH X+ bs+uyTq e+ q\ eTVsE <qT #> k~+q
|+&T\T neTeTTqT <]+#sT nH uy es\+s+ $e]+#&+ |X+keVyT+~.

uD <+ $eTs : uD <+ ><+ MH+ w+ e<+ nq e ksqT


#L]q~. uDw+ >s+ nq |d~ b+~q~. <+ sdCq+ Vs| q s#nqT
+<* e e<Ts+ m+ >=|< \TdTe#T. eTVX |s& e++, #+<|& #],
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