Mass Relationships in Chemical

Reactions and Stoichiometry

Chapter 3

C 2H 6O

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 1

 Atomic Mass

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 2

 Natural lithium is: 3
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Li
Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 3

 Average atomic mass (6.941)

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 4

 Mole, Molar Mass & NA

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA)
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 5
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole ofatoms in grams

1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g

1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 6
 M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadro’s number

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 Do You Understand Molar Mass?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 8

 Molecular Mass

Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of

the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 9
 Do You Understand Molecular Mass?
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 10

 Percent Composition

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the
compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 11

 Determination of empirical formula

shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

What are the empirical formula of the compounds with the

following composition:
a. 2.1 % H, 65.3 % O, 32.6 % S
b. 20.2 % Al, 79.8 % Cl

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 12

 Molecular formula
shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit
of a substance

The molar mass of caffeine is 194.19 g. The empirical

formula is C4H5N2O. What is its molecular formula?

C4nH5nN2nOn = 194.19 g

4n(12.01 g)+5n(1.008 g)+2n(14.01 g)+n(16.00 g) =

194.19 g
n(97.10 g) = 194.19
g
n = 194.19 g
97.10 g
n = 2

C4nH5nN2nOn C8H10N4O2

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 13

 Chemical Reaction & Equation

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or

more new substances is a chemical reaction

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens

during a chemical reaction

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2

with O2 to form H2O

reactants products
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 14
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
• Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

• Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
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 Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 17
 Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7

2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 18

 Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
12
4 CO
14 H(2
(2
(7xx2)
6)
2) 1412
OH 4(6
(4 C
x 2x +
2)6)

Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 19

 Amounts of Reactants & Products
Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles
of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 20
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?

grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 21

 Limiting Reagents

6 red
green
leftused
overup

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 22

 Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?

In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 23
 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

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 Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

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 Example :

If 3 gram C6H11Br is prepared by treating 3 gram C6H12 with

5 gram Br2, What is the percent yield?
Actual
Ans :
The Equation:

C6H12 + Br2  C6H11Br + HBr

Mol C6H12 = 3 g/ 84.2 g/mol = 0.0356 mol

Mol Br2 = 5 g/ 160 g/mol = 0.0312 mol

Since the reactants react in a 1:1 mol ratio, Br2 is in limiting quantity.
Theory
Gram C6H11Br = 0.0312 mol x 163 g/mol = 5.09 gram
3.00 gram C6H11Br
x 100 = 58.9 %
5.09 gram C6H11Br
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 Reaction in Aqueous Solution

A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller

amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

Solution Solvent Solute

Soft drink (l) H2O Sugar, CO2
Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
Soft Solder (s) Pb Sn

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 Solution Stoichiometry

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present

in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of

a 2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume KI moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI

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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 29
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)

MiVi = MfVf
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 How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 M
HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?

MiVi = MfVf

Mi = 4.00 Mf = 0.200 Vf = 0.06 L Vi = ? L

MfVf 0.200 x 0.06

Vi = = = 0.003 L = 3 mL
Mi 4.00

3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of solution

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 Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.

Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 33
 What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is
required to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4
solution?

WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
M rx M
volume acid moles acid moles base volume base
acid coef. base

4.50 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 1000 ml soln

25.00 mL x x x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln 1 mol H2SO4 1.420 mol NaOH

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 34

 Q & A session
Q1
Q2
Q3
Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 35
 P2O5 is a drying agent because it reacts with
water to form H3PO4 via the unbalanced
equation:

P2O5(s) + H2O(g)  H3PO4(l)

Balance the equation above.

Give the chemical name of P2O5 and H3PO4

Calculate the molecular weight of H3PO4.

A sample of air that contains 47 mg of water is

thoroughly dried by passing it over a bed of P2O5.
Calculate the mass of H3PO4 produced.

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 36

 Mustard gas (C4H8Cl2S) is a poisonous gas
that was used in World War I and banned
afterward. It causes general destruction of
body tissues, resulting in the formation of
large water blisters. There is no effective
antidote.

Calculate the percent composition by mass

of the elements in mustard gas.

Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 37

 Calculate the average atomic mass of bromine if
naturally occurring bromine is composed of
a) 50.69% 79Br and 49.31% 81Br.
(Estimate the relative atomic mass for each
isotope to 3 significant figures.)

What is the final concentration of a mixture of

b) 1.50 liters of 1.50 M H2SO4 and 5000 mL of
water?

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