Gio trnh in t cn bn

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CHNG I :

CC LINH KIN IN T V DNG C O

BI 1 : IN

TR

I/ in tr
in tr l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca mt vt th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt th vi cng dng in i qua n:

trong : U : l hiu in th gia hai u vt dn in, o bng vn (V). I : l cng dng in i qua vt dn in, o bng mpe (A). R : l in tr ca vt dn in, o bng Ohm (

II/ cu to in tr
in tr c cc loi c bn : in tr khng phi dy qun v in tr dy qun , in tr nhit 1. in tr khng phi dy qun in tr thng lm bng hn hp than hoc kim loi trn vi cht kt dnh ri em p li , v c ph lp sn than hay hn hp kim loi trn mt li s . Hai u c dy ra . in tr khng phi dy qun c hai loi : tr s c nh v tr s bin i (chit p) 2. in tr dy qun in tr dy qun c li bng s v dy qun l loi hp kim c in tr ln (nicron,mangnin)hai u cng c dy dn v bn ngoi thng c bc bng mt lp nien ailict bo v . in tr dy qun c hai loi : tr s c nh v chit p dy qun . 3. in tr nhit C hai loi : - H s nhit dng khi nhit tng th gi tr in tr tng . - H s nhit m khi nhit tng th gi tr in tr gim . Cc loi ny thng dng trong cc mch lm vic n nh vi nhit nh mch khuch i cng sut m tng .

III/ Nhng thng s c bn ca in tr

1. in tr danh nh Trn in tr khng ghi gi tr thc ca in tr m ch ghi gi tr gn ng , lm trn , l in tr danh nh . n v in tr : m(),kilm(K),mgam(M),gigam(G) 1G = 1000 M =1000.000 K = 1000.000.000 Trang -1-

Gio trnh in t cn bn

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2. Sai s in tr danh nh khng hon ton ng m c sai s . Sai s tnh theo phn trm (%) v chia thnh ba cp chnh xc : cp I c sai s +-5% , cp II l +-10% , cp III l +-20%. 3. Cng sut nh mc Cng sut nh mc l cng sut tn hao ln nht m in tr chu c mt thi gian di lm vic m khng nh hng n tr s ca in tr . 4. H s nhit ca in tr Khi nhit lm vic thay i th tr s in tr cng thay i . S thay i tr s tng i khi nhit thay i 1C gi l h s nhit ca in tr . Khi tng 1C tr s tng khong 0.2%( tr loi in tr nhit)

III/ K hiu v ghi nhn in tr

1. K hiu : R 2. Ghi nhn : - in tr ghi bng s : Gi tr ghi bng s , sai s c ghi bng % hoc k hiu : M= 5% ; J =15% ; P =20% Ngoi ra cc k hiu cng sut , hng sn xut c hoc khng c ghi . V d : -in tr ghi bng vng mu : Qui c gi tr cc mu : Mu Tr s Sai s en 1 Nu 2 3 Cam 4 Vng 5 Xanh lc 6 Tm 7 Xm 8 Trng 9 Nh vng 5% Nh bc 10% Cch c : c bt u vng mu st chn in tr ( khng phi vng mu nh)

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Bi 2 : T
I/ Cu to

IN

Cu to ca t gm hai phin dn in c dy dn ra . gia hai phin l cht cch in (in mi) , ton b c t trong v bo v . T c cc loi khc nhau : t giy , t nica , t gm , t ha T c loi in dung c nh v loi in dung bin i . (Hnh v)

II/ Nhng thng s c bn ca t in

1. in dung danh nh i lng t trng cho kh nng cha in tch ca t in gi l in dung ca t in. K hiu : C . n v : Fara ( F ) 2 . Dung khng ca t in T in ngn khng cho dng in mt chiu i qua nhng c th c mt dng np ban u v li ngng ngay khi t in va mi np y. i vi dng in xoay chiu th dng in ny tc ng ln t in vi hai na chu k ngc nhau , lm cho t in c tc dng dn dng in i qua . T c in dung nh cho tn s cao i qua d . T c in dung ln cho tn s thp i qua d . Dung khng ca t c tnh theo cng thc : Xc = 1/2fC Trong : Xc l in khng ca t () f l tn s dng in xoay chiu qua t ( Hz ) C l in dung ( F ) , = 3,14 3. Sai s 4. in p cng tc L in p ln nht cho php t ln hai u ca t in m t in vn lm vic bnh thng . 5. Tn hao 6. in tr cch in Sau khi tch in , t in khng gi in c lu di. cch in gim sinh ra dng in r . Dng in r ln hay nh ph thuc vo cht in mi . 7 . H s nhit ca t in S bin i ca in dung tnh theo % khi nhit thay i 1C gi l h s nhit ca t in . 8 . in cm tp tn Do kt cu ca t in cc phin , dy dn to thnh in cm tp tn nh hng khi t lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu tn s cao . mch in lm vic n nh th tn s cng tc ln nht ca t in phi nh hn 2 -:- 3 ln tn s cng hng ca t in ( in dung ca t v in cm tp tn hnh thnh mch cng hng ).

III/ K hiu v phn loi

1. K hiu : C

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2. Phn loi : T in c chia thnh 2 loi chnh : - Loi khng phn cc vi nhiu dng khc nhau . - Loi phn cc c cc tnh xc nh khi lm vic v c th b hng nu ni ngc cc . * ng dng mt s loi t : + T giy : c dng phn ng , ngn ni tng , lc trong nhng mch in tn s thp v mt chiu . + T mica : Tn hao nng lng rt b , in tr cch in cao . c dng ch yu trong mch c tn s cao . + T gm s cao tn : T ny chu in p cao , kch tht khng ln , c dng trong cc mch cao tn , siu cao tn . + T mng nha , mng nha kim loi : Tr s in dung n inh , in tr cch in ln , nhit lm vic thp . + T ha : Dng trong cc mch in nh b lc mch nn in , ni tng mch tn s thp . Khi lu khng dng th tr s in dung gim . Nu u ngc cc t s hng . + T bin i ( t xoay) : Thng dng trong cc mch cng hng cao tn my thu , pht . T bin i ch thay i tr s in dung nh t 10 -:- 60 pF thng dng iu chnh li cc tr s in dung gi l t tinh chnh . * Trn t ha v t giy ngi ta c ghi cc tham s nh : in dung ca t . in p cng tc . Sai s . i vi t khc c in dung nh pF ngi ta ghi in dung theo m s bng 3 ch s . Trong s th 3 l s 0 thm vo hai s u . V d : 403 = 40.000pF ; 271 = 270pF

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Bi 3 :
I/ Cun cm

CUN CM V BIN P

Cun cm c cc loi : cun cm dao ng , cun cm ghp , cun cm cao tn v cun cm m tn . Cu to cun cm c cc loi : mt lp , loi hnh tr , qun t ong, loi c bc kim ,loi khn c li .

1.Nhng thng s c bn ca cun cm a/ in cm : in cm ca cun dy ph thuc vo kch tht , hnh dng , s vng dy . S vng dy cng ln th in cm cng ln . K hiu : L ; n v henry (H) . b/ in khng ( cm khng) : Mt cun dy c dng in chy qua s sinh ra mt t trng . Nu gi tr ca dng in thay i th cng th trng pht sinh t cun dy cng thay i gy ra mt sc in ng cm ng (t cm) trn cun dy v c xu th i lp li dng in ban u . Mt cun dy trong mch in xoay chiu s c in tr mt chiu bnh thng ca n to ra cng thm in tr do in cm (in tr xoay chiu) . Tr khng ca cun dy : ZL = RL + j2fL
Khi tn hiu c tn s thp tc ng th in tr tng cng ca cun dy tng i nh v khi tn tng ln th gi tr ny s tng t l vi tn s .

c/ H s phm cht : Mt cun cm c cht lng cao th tn hao nng lng nh . Mun nng cao h s phm cht dng li bng vt liu dn t nh :ferit , st cacbons vng dy qun t vng hn . d/ in dung tp tn : Nhng vng dy qun v cc lp dy to nn mt in dung v c th xem nh mt t in mc song song vi cun cm . in dung lm gim cht lng cun dy . Khc phc bng cch qun t ong,phn on . 2/ Phn loi v ng dng a/ Cun cm m tn : L cun dy qun trn li st t . Cun dy c nhiu vng c in cm L ln . ng dng : Dng trong cc mch nn in ( dng lm b lc) v trong cc mch in xoay chiu m tn . b/ Cun cm cao tn : Cun cm cao tn c s vng dy t hn cun cm m tn v c qun trn ng s , nha cch in , bn trong khng c li hoc c li bng cht ferit . ng dng : Dng trong mch cao tn , trung tn ca my thu pht v tuyn .

II/ Bin p cm ng

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Tc dng : - Bin i in p v dng in xoay chiu . - Phi hp tr khng gia bn s cp v th cp . Nu c mt dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s sinh ra mt t trng bin i . Ta t cun dy th hai trong t trng cun dy th nht th trong cun dy th hai xut hin dng in , gi l dng in cm ng . Dng in trong cun dy th hai bin i nh dng in trong cun dy th nht sinh ra n , l hin tng cm ng in t . Hai cun dy cng st nhau th hin tng cm ng in t cng mnh . Hin tng cm ng in t rt mnh khi qun c hai cun dy trn cng mt li st t . Nguyn l lm vic ca MBA cng da trn hin tng cm ng in t . Nu n1 l s vng dy cun s cp,U1 l in p vo cun s cp , n2 s vng dy cun th cp , U2 l din p ra cun th cp . Ta c t s bin p : K = n1/n2 =U1/U2 = I2/I1 . Trong : I1 l dng in s cp , I2 l dng in th cp . Nu : K>1 (U1>U2) l bin p gim p . K<1 (U1<U2) l bin p tng p . 1 . Bin p trung tn Bin p trung tn c cun s cp v th cp , li dng thng l ferit hnh xuyn hoc on ferit ngn . ng dng : dng phi hp tr khng ghp gia hai tng ca my thu . 2 . Bin p m tn - Bin p ni tng(o pha) :Bin p ny dng phi hp tr khng ra ca tng trc cao vi tr khng vo ca tn sau thp nng cao khuch i ca mch . Bin p o pha cng l bin p ni tng m cun th cp c im ra gia , dng o pha v kch thch transistor tng cng sut y ko . - Bin p ra phi hp tr khng gnh ca transistor cng sut v tr khng loa a cng sut ra loa .Bin p ra tng n c 4 u dy ra , tng y ko c 5 u ra .

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Bi 4 : LINH KIN BN DN V IC
I/ Dit bn dn
1. k hiu cc loi dit : Cc ( +) gi l Ant Cc ( - ) gi l katt

2. Dit thng a/ K hiu :

P N

( Ant ) ( Katt )

b/ Cu to : Gm hai lp P (l trng) v N(in tch) ghp li . P : in tch (+) ; N : in tch m (-) Dit tip im : Gm mt ming bn dn germani hoc silic loi N v 1 mi nhn vnfram t ln n . t im : Dng in nh, in dung gia cc cc nh ( c 1picofara) . in p ngc nh ( vi chc vn ). Dit tip mt : Gm hai ming bn dn p v n tip xc vi nhau t im : Dng ln ( vi chc miliampe n vi chc ampe ), in p ngc kh cao ( vi chc vn n hng nghn vn ) . c/ Nguyn l hot ng : Phn cc thun (m) : Phn cc ngc (kha) :

d/ ng dng : chnh lu dng, p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu 3. Mt s ng dng ca dit c bit a . Dit n p : - K hiu : - ng dng : Dit n p n nh in p mt gi tr nht nh ( do nh ch to qui nh ) . Dit n p dng cho cc mch in cn n nh in p mt chiu . b . Dit bin dung :

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- K hiu:

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- ng dng : Dng trong cc khi cao tn chn tn hiu hoc iu chnh tn s t ng. c . Dit ng hm : - K hiu : - ng dng : Dit ng hm c tn s rt cao , n hng nghn megahec .Dit ng hm c dng khuch i , to sng v chuyn mch . d . Dit pht sng LED - K hiu :

- ng dng : it pht sng thng c dng trong cc phn t ch th cc s bn dn , cc thit b in t

II . Transistor ( tranzito )
1. Cu to v k hiu : Transistor cu to gm c 3 vng : Vng gia ca transistor l vng cc gc baz ( B ) , hai vng bn l vng cc pht hay emit ( E ) , v vng cn li l cc gp hay colect ( C ) . Trong trnsistor c hai lp tip gip PN . Khong cch ca hai lp tip gip ( cng c ngha l b dy ca cc gc ) rt b c vi chc micrn . Transistor c 2 lai c bn sau : IE = Transistor PNP ( thun ) : IB+IC

Vng gia dn in bng electron , hai vng bn dn in bng l trng . Transistor NPN ( ngc ) : IE =

Vng gia dn in bng l trng , hai vng bn dn in bng electron . 2 . Nguyn l hot ng : Xt hot ng ca transistorPNP theo s : Cc in tch ( l trng ) truyn qua tip gip EB to nn dng IE di chuyn n vng baz ( B ) tr thnh ht thiu s v tip tc khuych tn su vo vng baz hng ti tip gip BC . Trn ng khuch tn , mt phn nh l trng tc hp vi ht a s ca baz ( in t ) to nn dng in cc baz ( IB ) . Do kt cu min baz mng nn gn nh ton b cc ht khuych tn ti c b ca min BC Trang -8-

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v b trng gia tc do BC phn cc ngc cun ti min colect to nn dng in cc colect( Ic) . Qua phn tch ta thy : IE = I C + I B Do IB rt b nn : I E IC Mc hao hc dng khuch tn trong vng baz , ngi ta nh ngha h s truyn t dng in ca transistor : = IC / IE nh gi tc dng iu khin ca dng IB ti dng colector IC , ta nh ngha h s khuch i dng in ca transistor : = IC/ IB ; c gi tr t vi chc n vi trm. Vy transistor PNP hot ng khi VE > VB v VB>VC Transistor NPN hot ng c khi cp ngun cho B : VB>VE v VB<VC 3 . Thng s k thut ca transistor - Transistor thuc loi g : PNP hay NPN . - Icmax l tr s dng in ln nht qua cc C . - Ucmax l tr s in p ln nht t vo hai cc CE . - Pcmax l tr s cng sut ln nht tiu hao trn tip gip CB . - H s khuch i dng in hay cho bit kh nng khuch i ca transistor . - ICR l tr s dng colect khi mch vo h ( IV = 0 ).Dng ny cng nh th cht lng transistor cng tt . - Nhit lm vic gii hn cho php transistor lm vic n nh . IcR khng tng qu mc , Icmax , Ucmax , Pcmax khng gim qu mc . - Tn s ct fc l tng s cao nht transistor c th lm vic m h s khuch i dng in gim i cn 0,7 tr s ban u . 4 . Mt s lu khi s dng transistor - Cn phn bit c cc chn ( u ra) ca transistor : E,B,C - Cn m bo cc thng s k thut cho php . 5 . ng dng - Transisor s dng rng ri trong ngnh in t , tin hc , vin thng , in t dn dng v cc ngnh cng nghip khc .Trong mch in , transistor lm nhim v khuch i dng in ,in p .

III . Thyristor
1. Cu to: Gm c bn lp bn dn khc loi t lin nhau : P-N-P-N . Hai lp ngoi cng gi l hai min pht . Min pht P gi l Ant ( A) , cn min pht N gi l Katt ( K ) , hai lp gia gi l min gc . Tip gip gia hai min gc gi l lp gc , tip gip gia hai min gc v min pht gi l lp pht . 2 . K hiu : SCR c hai loi c bn : SCR loi P v SCR loi N . G l cc iu khin .

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3 . Ngun l hot ng thyristor : a/ Phn cc ngc : Ant m so vi katt , thyristor ngt in theo chiu ngc ch c mt dng in r rt nh chy qua. b/ Phn cc thun : Ant dng so vi katt nhng khng c tn hiu iu khin cc G , thyristor ngt in theo chiu thun v c tc dng nh mt in tr ln . Ch c dng in r rt nh chy qua . c/ Phn cc thun ng thi c tn hiu iu khin cc G : Khi c xung dng tc ng vo cc iu khin G , trong khi ant dng hn so vi katt ( VA>VK),th thyristor dn in . Xung dng in tc ng vo cc G cng ln th thyristor cng d m thng . Khi tn hiu kch trn cc G mt th thyristor vn cn dn in bng dng duy tr . Thyristor ch ngng dn khi dng ant thp hn dng duy tr . Trong mch cung cp bng dng xoay chiu th thyristor s t ngt bn k m v ch thng bn k dng . Trong mch in mt chiu (DC) , tt thyristor hon ton ngi ta to in p ngc gia ant v katt .

4 . ng dng : c ng dng nhiu trong l thut bn dn thnh lp cc s nn in cng sut ln , cc s t ng khng ch trong mch in .

IV . Triac ( 1tit )
1.Triac l hai thyristor ghp i song ( song song i u ) . Khi cng G c kch th triac dn c hai chiu t A1 A2 K hiu : 2 . Nguyn l lm vic : Triac lm vic tng t SCR , triac c kh nng iu khin dng xoay chiu ( theo c hai hng ) . Triac thng hay tt dng in theo c hai chiu hoc chiu ny hay chiu kia l ty thuc tn hiu tc ng vo cc G l dng hay m . Dng mt chiu : * Khi c dng kch IG triac dn theo chiu T2 T1

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Dng xoay chiu : * Bn k dng : Cc G c kch xung dng , triac dn theo chiu T2 T1 * Bn k m : Cc G c kch xung m , dng in i theo chiu T1 T2

Triac c 4 ch lm vic : - Ch 1 : Dng A2 (+) dng cc G (+) - Ch 2 : Dng A2 (+) dng cc G (-) - Ch 3 : Dng A2 (-) dng cc G (+) - Ch 4 : Dng A2 (-) dng cc G (-) . Triac c nhy cao nht khi iu khin theo ch 1 v ch 4 , nhy gp 2 ln ch cn li . 3 . ng dng : c s dng trong in t vin thng v in t dn dng : Kim tra v iu khin vn tc ca mt in . Kim tra v iu khin nhit . Kim tra v iu khin cng nh sng . Lm cc mch qut trong mn hnh v tuyn .

III . Linh kin quang bn dn (1tit)

1 . Quang in tr a/ Cu to : Quang in tr l mt linh kin bn dn in khng c lp chuyn tip pn , thng lm t loi vt liu hn hp gia hai nguyn t thuc nhm 3 v nhm 5 bng tun hon ha hc Mendeleep) . V d :Cds(sufit Cadmi)CdSe(Selenit Cadmi),ZnS K hiu : b/ Nguyn l hot ng : Quang in tr lm vic ch th ng , khi c chiu sng s xut hin cc ht dn t do ( quang ht in t hay l trng ) lm dn in tng 1 lng : = e (nn + pp) n v p : gia tng nng khi c chiu sng . n v p : linh ng ca in t v l trng . c/ Cc c tnh quang trng ca quang in tr : dn quang in quang nhy quang theo bc sng nh sng vo . Tc lm vic : thi gian cn thit quang in tr thay i 65% gi tr ca mnh khi chuyn t ch chiu sng sang ch ti v ngc li . Trang - 11 -

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in tr lc ti H s nhit in tr ca quang in tr (nhiu nhit ) l khng i d/ ng dng : Quang in tr c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nh : t ng tt m ,t ng dng trong my ghi m , bin i tn hiu quang- in. Mch ng dng quang in tr : Rq cng nh ( < 0,7 k ) th rle s tc ng . ( nh sng chiu vo ) Rq 0,7 k th rle khng tc ng . (lc ti ). Rle s ng mch , n hay chung s hot ng .

VI. MCH KHUCH I THUT TON ( IC OP_AMP )

1/ Cc khi nim c bn : Khuch i thut ton : Operational Amplifier IC OP_AMP l mch khuch i t hp c h s khuch i rt ln , tr khng vo ln v tr khng ra nh Hin nay cc b khuch i c s dng thit k cc mch nh : dao ng , mch to xung, mch lc, mch so snh , mch khuych i DC,AC,n p. OA khuch i in p : Ud = U1-U2 vi h s khuch i l Kd : Do : Ur = KdUd = Kd(U1-U2) Nu : U2 = 0 th Ur = Kd.U1 nn Ur ng pha vi tn hiu vo U1, v vy u vo U1 c gi l u vo khng ov k hiu bi du (+) . Nu : U1 = 0 th Ur = -Kd.U2 nn Ur ngc pha vi tn hiu vo U2, v vy u vo U2 c gi l u vo ov k hiu bi du ( - ) . Ngoi ra OA cn c hai chn cp ngun i xng, cc chn b in p, b tn s Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c cc tnh cht sau : _ Tr khng vo Zv = . _ Tr khng ra Zr = 0 . _ H s khuch i Kd = . Theo s + tng - ng OA l tng c c im U1 = U2 , dng in vo OA u 1 , 2 : Io = Io = 0 . Trn thc t khng c b khuch i thut ton l tng , thng thng OA c Zv c hng trm K ti hng M , Zr c hng ti hng vi chc , Kd khong vi trm ti hng triu ln . 2/ Cc ng dng ca OA a/ Mch khuch i o : H s khuch i in p : in p ng ra : Du (-) th hin tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo .

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b/ Mch khuch i khng o : H s khuch i : in p ng ra :

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Chng II :

CC MCH IN T C BN
Bi 1 :

MCH CHNH LU

I/ Mch chnh lu na chu k S mch : Nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp in p xoay chiu U1 vo hai u cun L1 th hai u cun L2 xut hin in p cm ngU2 . Nu na chu k u in th ti A (+), diode D c phn cc thun nn c dng qua ti (i t A qua D , qua Rt ti B ). na chu k tip theo in th ti A(-), diode b phn cc ngc khng cho dng in i qua . Nh vy dng in qua ti theo mt chiu nht nh cc na chu k u . II/ Chnh lu hai na chu k S mch :

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II/ Chnh lu ton sng dng cu

S mch : Nguyn l hot ng :

Bi 2 : MCH N P
Chc nng ca n p l n nh in p mt chiu ra ti khi in p v tn s li thay i , khi ti bin i . I/ Mch n p dng diode Zenner Zenner hot ng trong vng nghch phi ln hn Uz ( Uv > Uz ) Uv = (1,22,5) Uz Thc t : Uz = 3v,6v,7.5v,9v,12v,18v,15v,24v. Ch : Khi phn cc thun Zenner cng ging nh Diode . II/ Mch n p dng transistor 1 . S mch n p b ( n p ni tip) : Hai in tr R1 v R2 ng vai tr nh mt mch ly mu , diode zener Dz cung cp in p chun v transistor T2 iu khin dng baz ca transistor T1 thay i dng qua transistor T1 duy tr c in p u ra . Nu in p u ra tng qua phn p R1 , R2 , in p U2 tng , lm in p UBE c T2 tng ( Uz khng i ) , lm dng qua T2 tng dn n dng IB ca T1 gim lm cho dng qua ti gim . in p u ra gim , v vy duy tr c in p u ra ca mch . Trng hp in p u ra gim gii thch tng t . Cng thc : U2 = UBE2 + Uz = R2.Ur/(R1+R2) ; Ur = (R1+R2)(Uz+UBE2)/R2 2 . Mch n p song song n gin dng transistor : in p trn ti c xc nh bi in p zener v in p gia base-emiter . Nu in tr ti Trang - 14 -

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gim , dng iu khin cc B ca T1 cng gim , dng colector cng gim , s lm dng ti ln ln v n nh c in p trn ti . Ut = Uz + UBE

II/ n p dng IC
IC n p c th iu chnh c in p hoc l c nh . Dng ti ca cc IC t hng trm mA n hng chc A , ph hp vi cc mch yu cu gn nh . IC n p 3 chn c s ghp ni nh sau : 1 . n p c nh dng IC H IC 78xx cung cp in p c nh t +5v n +24v . K hiu : xx ch in p ra . V d : IC 7812 c in p ra l +12v . s d mch thc t : Trong C = 0,1F ci thin qu trnh qu v lc nhiu tn s cao . Dng in ra h IC 78xx thng 1A . H IC 79xx tong t h IC 78xx nhng cp in p c nh t -5v n -24v . 2 . n p dng IC c th iu chnh c in p ra IC loi LM317 c th hot ng vi in p ra t 1,2v n 37v , in tr R1 v R2 xc nh in p ra ( 1,2v n 37v ) . Ur = URef (1+R2/R1) + IadjR2 Trong : URef =1,25v v Iadj = 100A 3 . Mt s mch n p ng dng IC 78xx , 79xx a/ Mch tng dng ra

b/ Mch nng in p ra in p ra c th iu chnh c, ta thay R2 bng mt bin tr .

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Bi 3 : MCH KHUCH I TN HIU NH

I/ Khi nim v mch khuch i
Mch khuch i c tnh cht l khi ta a vo mt tn hi nh , ng ra s xut hin mt tn hiu c bin ln hn nhiu ln . Ba ch khuch i c bn : - Khuch i in p H s khuch i : Kv = Vout/Vin - Khuch i dng in H s khuch i : Ki = Iout/Iin - Khuch i cng sut H s khuch i : Kp = Pout/Pin = Ki . Kv

II/ Ch lm vic ca mch khuch i

Ta c th thay i ch lm vic ca transistor bng cch thay i in p phn cc VBE ca n . Cc ch lm vic - Ch A . - Ch B . - Ch AB . - Ch C . 1 . Mch khuch i ch A : Khi a mt tn hiu ng vo , ng ra s ly c tn hiu c c hai bn k m , dng ca tn hiu ( tn hiu ra hon ton ging tn hiu vo ) . Phn cc sao cho : - UBE = 0,2V i vi transistor Germanium . - UBE = (0,3 0,4)V i vi transistor Silicon . Mch khuch i ch A thng dng khuch i cao tn RF trong TV ,radio, khuch i trung tn ,m tn 2 . Mch khuch i ch B Khi ta cho mt tn hiu AC hnh sin vo ng vo ca mch , ng ra ta ch ly c mt phn ca bn k dng (nu dng transistor NPN) hoc mt phn ca bn k m (nu dng Transistor PNP) . Transistor ch B hot ng khng cn phn cc , mch ch c phn cc v bt u phn cc khi c tn hiu vo . Mch khuch i ch B thng dng trong mch khuch i cng sut ,mc y ko . Mi transistor khuch i mt bn k tn hiu , sau c ghp li vi nhau thnh mt chu k. Tn hiu ghp t ng ra ca hai transistor lun lun b mt mt phn ti giao im ca hai bn k , ngi ta gi l mo giao im .

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3 . Mch khuch i ch AB Khi a mt chu k tn hiu vo ng vo , ta ly c mt bn k tn hiu ng ra ca mch khuch i .Do khc phc c hin tng mo giao im ch B . transistor hot ng ch AB ngi ta phn cc : UBE =0,1V (i vi transistor Germanium) . UBE = 0,3V( i vi transistor Silicon) 4 . Mch khch i ch C Tn hiu ng ra ch l mt phn nh ca mt bn k ca tn hiu vo . Transistor lm vic ch C khi c phn cc tip gip B-E sao cho VB<VE . Mch khch i ch C thng dng tch mt chm tn hiu nh tch xung ng b ra khi tn hiu hnh tng hp trong TV .

III/ Ba cch rp transistor cn bn

1 . Mch khuch i mc theo kiu E chung S mch : R1,R2 : Cu phn p phn cc cho transistor . R3 : in tr ly in cp cho cc C ca transistor , v cng l tr gnh ca transistor . R4 : nhm n nh nhit . C1,C2 : t lin lc a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra . C3 : t thot thnh phn xoay chiu t cc E xung mass . C4 : t lc in ngun . a/ H s khuch i dng in : iIn = iB ( i l dng xoay chiu ) . Kiu rp E chung c kh nng khuch i dng in . h s khuch i : ki = = ic/ib b/ H s khuch i in p : Kv = Vout/Vin = ic.Rc/ib.Ri = Rc/Ri . (Do ic = ib) . Mch ghp kiu E chung c kh nng khuch i in p . d/ H s khuch i cng sut Do mch va khuch i dng in , va khuch i in p nn c kh nng khuch i cng sut. H s khuch i : Kp = Pout/Pin e/ lch pha gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo Khi ng vo c bn k dng th ng ra c bn k m v ngc li , ngha l in p ca tn hiu ng ra o pha so vi in p tn hiu ng vo .

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2 . Mch khuch i mc theo kiu B chung S mch : R1,R2 : hnh thnh cu phn p phn cc cho transistor . R3 : in tr cp dng cho cc C . R4 : in tr cc E . C1,C2 : t lin lc a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra . C3 : ni tt thnh phn xoay chiu t cc B xung mass . a/H s khuch i dng in K1 = iout/iIn = ie/iIn 1 Do : IE = ic + ib ic Vy kiu rp b chung khong khuch i dng in . b/ H s khuch i in p Kv = Vout/Vin Mch c kh nng khuch i in p . c/H s khuch i cng sut Kiu rp B chung do ch khuch i in p m khng khuch i dng in nn h s khuch i cng sut khng ln . e/ lch pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra Vin tng UE tng UBE gim Q dn yu - Ic gim Vout tng . Vin gim UE gim UBE tng Q dn mnh - Uc gim Vout gim . Nh vy tn hiu ra ng pha vi tn hiu vo . 3 . Mch khuch i mc theo kiu C chung S mch : R1,R2 : phn cc cho B cho transistor . R3 : in tr ly tn hiu ra . C1,C2 : t lin lc . Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra cc E , cc C l im chung ca tn hiu . a/ H s khuch i dng in Ki = iout/iIn . Rt ln Kiu rp C chung c kh nng khuch i dng in . b/ H s khuch i in p Kv = Vout/Vin 1 Trong : Vout = VE ; Vin = VB + VE v VB>VE Mch C chung khng c kh nng khuch i in p . d/ H s khuch i cng sut Kp =Ki .Kv Mch C chung khuch i dng , khng khuch i p nn h s khuch i cng sut khng ln . e/ lch pha gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo Trong kiu rp C chung ta thy : tn hiu vo tng ln , phn cc VBE tng , Q dn mnh , dng IE tng , p UE tng ln tc Vout tng ln .

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Ngc li : Vin gim xung th VBE gim , Q dn yu ,dng IE gim ,UE gim tc Vout gim . Vy mch rp kiu C chung c tn hiu ra ng pha vi tn hiu vo . Mch C chung tr khng vo ln, tr khng ra nh nn thng dng lm tng m gia cc tng khuch i phi hp tr khng .

*Bng so snh cc c im ca ba kiu rp Transistor EC ,BC ,CC :

EC Cc E Cc B Cc C Ngc pha C C Ln Nh Ln BC Cc B Cc E Cc C Cng pha Khng C Nh Ln Ln CC Cc C Cc B Cc E Cng pha C Khng Nh Ln Nh

im chung Tn hiu vo Tn hiu ra lch pha Khuch i dng in Khuch i in p Khuch i cng sut Tr khng vo Tr khng ra

Bi 4 : MCH DAO NG V TO XUNG

Cc mch dao ng iu ha c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin, trong cc my o , my kim tra , thit b y t . Cc mch to dao ng c th lm vic trong khong tn s vi Hz cho n vi nghn MHz . to ra dao ng ta dng cc thnh phn tch cc nh : n in t, transistor,diode

I/ Mch dao ng ba im in cm ( mch dao ng Hartley)

Bin p T c qun theo t l 2:8 tnh t im ngun +Vcc xung , im gia bin p cp cho cc C transistor Q chnh l im ly ngun +Vcc , y cng chnh l im mass AC , tc im chung ca cun dao ng , vi cu trc ny ca cun bin p , tn hiu hi tip trn hai cun dy t cc thu v cc nn s lch pha 180 , hn na , mch chng ta ang kho st l mch cc E chung , do tn hiu t cc B ra cc C b o pha 180 , gc lch pha ton mch s l : ton mch = hi tip + C-B = 180 + 180 = 360 (0) (Tha mn iu kin dao ng) hi tip : l gc lch pha gia cun dy cc thu v cun dy cc nn. C-B : l gc lch pha gia cc thu v cc nn Tn s dao ng c tnh theo cng thc :

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Tc dng ca cc linh kin : - T C1 : lin lc tn hiu cm ng v cc B , cch ly in p DC gia cc B v cc C transistor Q. - in tr R1 : cp dng phn cc B cho transistor hot ng . - T C2 : kt hp vi cun bin p T hnh thnh mch cng hng dao ng . - T C3 : thot mass tn hiu AC , suy gim hi tip m trn cc E transistor Q . - in tr R2 : n nh nhit cho transistor .

III/ Mch dao ng ba im in dung ( mch dao ng Colpitts)

Trn mch dao ng ba im in cm , im gia ca tn hiu l im chung ca cun dy , by gi , nu ta dng mt cun dy nhng im chung tn hiu l im chung t in , mch s tr thnh mch dao ng ba im in dung hay mch dao ng Colpitts . Tn s dao ng ca mch :

Trong : t C3 l t lin lc tn hiu cm ng v cc B ,cch ly in p DC gia cc C v cc B transistor .

III/ Dao ng sng rng ca

Sng rng ca l mt trong nhng dng sng quan trong trong in t. N c s dng rng ri trong my hin sng , trong cc hin th ca ra a v trong nhiu ng dng khc . To ra sng rng ca : Transistor T dn in khi khng c tn hiu xung hnh ch nht Uv c a n u vo . Hng s thi gian C1R1 (t = 0,69R1C1)l di so vi chu k (t1+t2) ca xung . Trong khong thi gian t1 khng c tn hiu vo , transistor T dn ng thi t C2 c np thng qua in tr R2 .

K t khi dng sng hnh ch nht c ghp qua C1R1 ti cc baz v cc colector (nu T dn). Trong khong thi gian t2 ny transistor b kha (Vb>Vc) t C2 phng Trang - 20 -

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in trong khi hng s thi gian tch in C2R2 ln v hng s thi gian phng in nh nn to ra sng rng ca . Phn tng ca Ura ph thuc vo c tnh tch in ca t in , mc tch in s tng i tuyn tnh (ng thng) .Hng s thi gian C2R2 cng ln th thi gian tng ca Ura cng ngn . Mt dng mch khc pht sng rng ca :

Cch pht sng rng ca trn lm vic nh sau : Khi khng c tn hiu vo , transistor T b kha do khng phn cc (baz v emitor c in th t) . Khi tn hiu vo c cp cho baz ,T chuyn sang dn trong thi gian xung t2 ngn, C2 khng tch in qua REC . Trong thi gian m ca xung(tn hiu vo), T khng dn C2 tch in qua R2 hng v in p colector . Phn tng ca sng rng ca c to ra colector xy ra trong khong thi gian transistor kha .

III/ Dao ng sng tam gic

Sng tam gic c dng : gi tr tng ln tc thi t gi tr cc tiu n gi tr cc i, ri lp tc o ngc hng , khng duy tr mt gi tr c nh . Mc tn hiu dng sng tam gic thay i theo ng thng .

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III/ Dao ng sng ch nht ( xung a hi )

Mch in dao ng a hi trn +c - hai trng thi n nh khng bn : T1 T2 v ngc li : T1 T2 Khi T1 T2 ( khong thi gian t 0 n t1 trn th ). C1 phng in qua CE1 qua Ucc,RB1 C2 phng in qua RcBE1 Khi T1 T2 ( khong thi gian t t1 n t2 ) C1 np qua Rc , BE2 v C2 phng qua CE2,Ucc , RB2 qu trnh np , phng in ca C1 v C2 y mch n trng thi ti hn lt gia hai trng thi nu . Ch qu trnh lt trng thi t bin do b lc C1 RB1,hay C2 RB2,l cao tn , ngha l cc bin t mc cao v mc thp ( t bin p t T1 sang T1) c tn dng qua b lc dp tt phn t th hai ( T2sang T2 ) . Chu k xung vung gc tnh bi : Tr = 1 + 2 trong 1 = 0,7 RB1 C1 ; 2= 0,7 RB2 C2 Khi chn RB1 = RB2 = R , C1 = C2 = C ta c T = 1,4RC

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