ya'o&mZfpepf qef@usifawmfvSefa&;ae@ jzpfay:vmyHktusOf;csKyf

t*Fvdyfacwf ya'o&mZf&Srf;jynf(1886)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufae@wGif t*Fvdyf0dwdk&d,bk&ifronf jrefrm

bk&ifoDaygrif; ydkifqdkifaome,fajrtm;vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyf avm'wfz&Jef;uxkwfjyef
a=ujimay;chJonf ?
(1989)ckESpfwGif ArmjynfOya'twGuf tufOya'udk xkwfjyefcJh+yD; &Srf;jynfe,fwGif&SdaomapmfbGm;/ +rdK@pm;
rsm;ESifhtcGefawmfa&;&m t}uD;tuJrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHwdk@u +rdK@pm;e,fpm;rsm;udk w&m;0ifjyefvnfa&G;cs,fcJhav
onf?jynfrwGif ya'o&mZfpepfysufjyKef;oGm;aomfvnf; &Srf;jynfwGif&Sdaom apmfbGm;rsm;onf +rdK@pm;e,fpm;rsm;t
aejzifhya'o&mZfpepfudk usifhoHk;ae+rJjzpfonf?
(1989) atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufae@wGif &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESifh ajrmufydkif;udk pkpnf;I t*Fvdyfwdk@u ya'o
&mZf&Srf;jynf[ka=ujimay;cJhonf? (1923) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufae@wGif acwfaemufjyefqGJaom ya'o&mZfpepfudk
t*Fvdyfwdk@ zefwD;cJhonf? (1945) ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(19)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom (zwvz)“zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;vGwf
vyfa&;tzGJ@” aeol&def tpnf;ta0;owfrSwfcsuft&atmufjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdv#if wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onfvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;twlwl&rnf@ta=umif;udkyg a=ujimcJhonf?
EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKrsm; &ifhusufaom&Srf;jynfvli,ftzGJ@onf atmufjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdv#if awmifwef;
a'oonfvnf; w+ydKifeufwnf;vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf (1946) ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (20) &ufae@wGif &Srf;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ (&yv)udkwnfaxmifcJhonf?&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm a'gufwmbat;(OUX)
OD;xGef;jrwifh (twGif;a&;rSL;) awmif}uD;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;tzGJ@ 0ifrsm;rSm OD;tkef;oGif (oDayg)/ OD;oef@az (rdk;rdwf)/ OD;pHwif
(erfhrwl) wdk@jzpf+yD; jyef=um;a&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm ol&OD;xGef;az/ OD;at;armif/ yef;csD OD;pHaz/ OD;bjzL/ OD;tkef;az/ b¾ma&;
rSL;rSm OD;bat;wdk@jzpf=uonf?
(1949) ckESpf/ aESmif;ydkif;wGif (&yv) udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;I OD;wifat; (&Srf;jynf)/ OD;cGefapm/ OD;cGefxD; wdk@yg0if
vm+yD; (&yv) tzGJ@csKyfwGif ytdk0f;trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif}uD; qDqdkif apmfbGm; p0fcGef=unfonfvnf; A[dktvkyftr_
aqmiftzGJ@wGif yg0ifcJhavonf?
ya'o&mZfpepf qef@usifawmfvSefa&;twGuf tkyfwcsyf/ oJwyGifh yg0ifcJhaom ytdk0f;trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
tcsdK@rSm [defwdxGOf (awmif}uD;) OD;eEWm[def (paig)/ xGufatmifom; (paig)/ xGufatmifom; (aemifum;)/ Adkvf[def
armif(zmrGef;)/ OD;a&$ (awmif}uD;) q&mrGef (awmif}uD;) / jzm;armf[Jkif (aqmif;zdk@) ESifh ausmif;om;wyfzGJ@ AdkvfxGef;&if
avm (&Srf;+ynfe,faumifpD OUX a[mif;)ponfwdk@jzpf=uonf?
acgif;aqmif}uD; apmfbGm;p0fcGef=unfonf t*FvdyfESifhapmfbGm;rsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom (cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyf
a&;) (Scheolule Area Administre tion Rigulation) onf &Srf;jynfvlxktwGuf tusdK;oufa&mufr_r&Sdonfh
ta=umif;odcJh&I (&Srf;jynf.trSm;rsm;) [laom pmtkyfudkt*Fvdyf/ jrefrmESpfbmomjzifha&;om;xkwfa0cJhavonf?
(1934) ckESpf *syefuvGwfvyfa&; twkta,mifudkay;+yD; usdKif;wHke,fESifh rdkif;yefe,fwdk@udk xdkif;EkdifiHodk@ay;tyf+yD;
usef&Sde,ftcsdK@udk Armjynfodk@oGwfoGif;ay;cJ@onf? xdk@a=umifh EkdifiHa&; Edk;=um;r_rsm;&Sdvmaom &Srf;jynf vli,frsm;
onftodynm/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh vufwGJI e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf?

pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@ESifhapmfbGm;rsm;
1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (3)&ufae@ yxrt}udrfjynfe,f OUXa&$;&mwGif OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)onfa&$;cs,f
wifajrmufjcif;cH&+yD; &Srf;jynfe,f (3) e,fESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfajymif;vJa&;twGuf pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Iatmuf
ygtcsuf (5) csufukd csrw S fcJh=uonf?

1? awmifwef;a'o tcGefawmfb¾ma&;udPrsm;onf A[dkaumfrDwDtzGJ@rSwdkuf&kdufudkifwG,f&ef?

2? awmifwef;a'owGif&Sd &J (vJAD; )wdkudkA[dkaumfrDwDrSwdkuf&dkufudkifwG,f&ef?
3? e,fydkif (+rdK@pm;/[de/f xrHk/ausmh )rsm;onf vlxkqENt& a&$;cs,fwifajrmuf&ef?
4? avmif;upm;0dkif;rsm; tm;vHk; vHk;0ydwfxm;&rnf?
5? awmifwef;a'o&Sd e,fxdef;rsm;onf we,fESifhwe,fajymif;I tkyfcsKyf&rnf [lIjzpfonf?
 OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;) OUX . qENudk,lI awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;tzGJ@udk atmufygtwdkif; zGJ@pnf;cJh=u
onf?
(1) OD;xGef;at; (&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;trwf)
(2) OD;bpH (&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;trwf) (,QK Auy uefawmf}uD;+rdK@e,f acG;ilt&yfwGifusqHk;)
(3) OD;xGef;tHk (&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;trwf)
(4) OD;jzL (jzm;AGm OD;jzL oxHkapmfbGm;udk,fpm;)
(5) p0fcGefyef;pdef (&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;)
(6) OD;at;armif (EdkifiHawmf w&m;a&;0ef}uD;csKyf)
(7) 'l;0g;aZmfb (ucsif udk,fpm;vS,f)
(8) OD;csefxGef;atmif (a&S@aecsKyf)
(9) OD;jrifhxl; (awmifwef;a'otwGuf t=uHay;yk~dKvf) ponfwdk@jzpf=uonf?

OD;xGef;jrifh(vif;ac;) jynfe,f OUX rSa=ujimcsuf rsm;xkwfjyef+yD;aemuf (1948) ckESpf rwfv wGif awmif}uD;
+rdK@Y tpnf;ta0;usif;y+yD; anmifa&$+rdK@ ESifh rdkif;udkif+rdK@wdk@wGif OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;) acgif;aqmifI &Srf;jynfpHkprf;a&;t
zGJ@wdk@onf apmfbGm;wdk@. uef@uGufr_udkcH&um (&yv)tzGJ@ tygt0if apmfbGm;rsm;udkqef@usif=uaom tzGJ@rsm;udkapmf
bGm;rsm;. &efoltjzpf owfrSwfa=umif; / (&yv) tzGJ@ysufpD;a&;twGuf wdkufxkwf&rnfqdkonfhta=umif;udk rwfv
(30)&ufae@ tpnf;ta0;wGif apmfbGm;rsm;u csrSwfcJhonf?
(1948) ckESpf rwfv(31) &ufae@ rdkif;udkif+rdK@wGif usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;) rS xkwf
jyefcJhaom rl (5) csufudk apmfbGm;rsm;vHk;0oabmrwlonfhta=umif;(&vy)tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk oma&;ema&;rsm;wGif vHk;
0rul&a=umif; (&yv) tzGJ@udkulnDaom bkef;}uD;ausmif;udkvnf;vHk;0rudk;uG,f&a=umif;touf(18)ESpfjynfholwdkif;
apmfbGm;tzGJ@xJ0if&rnfjzpfa=umif; r0ifv#if jypf'%fay; ta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif; wifjycJh=uonf ? apmfbGm;rsm;.
ajcmufvef@r_a=umifh pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@ (9)a,mufwGif yg0ifaom OD;jzL (ytdk0f;)/ p0fcGefyef;pdef (yavmif)ESifh 'l;0g;aZmfbwdk@
toD;oD;E_wfxGufcJh=uonf? OD;xGef;jrifh (vif;ac;)acgif;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@onf ya'o&mZfpepfqef@usif&eft
wGufv_H@aqmfay;cJhonfomru &Srf;jynf&Sd jynfaxmifpktrsdK;om;rsm;tm;EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;r_ rsdK;aphcsay;cJhonf?

ya'o&mZfpepf awmfvSefa&; tiftm;}uD;rm;vmjcif;

ya'o&mZfwdk@. zdEdSyfr_udkrcHEdkifI ytdk0f;a'owGif&Sdaom ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;wdk@onf ya'o&mZf apmfbGm;rsm;udk jyef
vnfqef@usifawmfvSef=uI &Sr;f jynfwpf0Srf;vHk; ysHhESH@cJhavonf? *E<rmq&mawmf (aemif[Jif}uD;)OD;aqmifI
(1946)ckESpfwGif ('kp&dkufr_yaysmufa&;tzGJ@)udk zGJ@pnf;I xDyHk/aemif[Jif}uD;/xDwGdKif/xDacgif/ yifwGef&Gm/ yifvJrf;/ xrf;ay;
(xDyHk taemuf)ausmufwpfvHk;/ aqmif;zdk@wdk@rSpI ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;pkpnf;um ya'o&mZfpepfudkawmfvSefcJh=uonf?
armf[Jkif; (aqmif;zdk@)/ armfzm'DG;(aemif[Jif)paom yk*~dKvfwdk@onf tzGJ@aumfrDwD q&mawmf (xD¹yGef)nDtudk
(5)a,mufaecJ/ xGufeEWD;/ wwD;(aemif[Jif )wuG@H'GD;/armfwduGH(yifwGef;)ESifh &Srf;q&m paomolwdk@rSmppfzufqdkif&m
wyfAdkvfrsm;jzpf=u onf? wcsGef;avmfvD(vsifjrefpGmoGm;Edkifajy;EdkifaomavmfvDum;)ESifhq&mrSwf (aemif[Jif)wdk@onf
q&mawmf.wyf Adkvfrsm;jzpf=uonf? *E<rmq&mawmfbk&m;/ xDacgif q&mawmfbk&m; (*E<rmq&mawmf. tpfudk)
yifvJrf;q&mawmf bk&m;ESifh OD;Zif;}uD; (vHk;zdk;) paom&[ef;oHCmwdk@onf ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&;twGuf
jynfolvlxkudkpkpnf;I xDacgif/yifwGefajrmufydkif;/aemifum;awmifydkif;t&yfrsm;wGif qef@usifv_y&f Sm;cJ=h uonf?
0ef}uD;vSaz(ytdk0f;jzm;AGmvSaz-,cif'kOUX KNU)onf yxrt}udrfyifvHknDvmcHrS jyefvmI 'kp&dkufr_y
aysmufa&;tzGJ@udk pkpnf;I ya'o&mZfpepfwdkufzsuf&ef twGuf tiftm;pkpnf;cJh&m wdkufyJt G &dSeft[kef}uD;rm;vmcJh
onf? anmifa&$rSwufvmaom apmfbGm;&J (vJbD;)wdk@onf ytdk0f;trsKd ;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf&ufpufr_a=umifh &&mvuf
eufrsm;udk udkifaqmif+yD; jyefvnfckcHcJh&m &Srf;jynfwpfckvHk;wGifysH@ESH@cJhavonf? 'kp&dkufr y_ aysmufa&;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmif
aom ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;wdk@onfvnf; xdcdkufaoqHk;r_rsm;jym;+yD; apmfbGm;vufudkifwkwf&Jrsm;onfvnf; tqHk;t&HSL;
yifusqHk;cJhavonf? apmfbGm;rS ppfwyf&Jrsm;udk xyfrHapv$wfI ausmufwvHk;/ aemifcJkif;/ aemif[Jif;/ aqmif;zdk;a'o
rsm;wGif rD;&d_@zsufqD;jypfcJhjcif;a=umifh ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfonf ydkIyif jyif;xeftm;}uD;vmcJhonf?
 ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&; us,fjyef@ap&eftwGuf (1947)ckESpfwGif ytdk0f;vd_if;Al;udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
OUXrSm OD;bdk;cif(awmif}uD;)twGif;a&;rSL;rSmOD;cef;cdkif (tif;av;uef)wdk@jzpf=uonf? “ytdk0f;vd_ifAl; ” tzGJ@onfpepf
rSefuefI ya'o&mZfpepfwdkufzsuf&eftwGuf tm;tiftjynf@jzifh jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf? &Srf;jynfwGif &Sdaomya'
o&mZfpepf awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;wGif ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@onf xif&Sm;cJhavonf? ya'o&mZfpepf ysufjy,f&ef
twGuf (1949) ckESpfwGif ay:aaygufvmaom ytdk0f;trsdK;om;v$wfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (ytvz) onf Oya'abmift
wGif;rS ya'o&mZfrsm;udkqef@usif&mwGif xif&Sm;cJhonf? apmfbGm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk tcGifhta&;,lIudk,f
usdK;twGuf tusdK;tjrwf &Sm=uaoma=umifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;uvkyfor#tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&ap&ef jynfe,faumifpDt
pnf;ta0;wGif ya'o&mZfpepfysufjy,f&eftwGuf trsdK;rsdK;wifoGif;=uavonf?
&Srf;jynfya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&;ESifh'Drdkua&pD &Sifoefa&;tzGJ@rsm;wGif (ytvz) tzGJ@onf txif&Sm; qHk;
jzpfonf? OUXrSm OD;bdk;cif jzpf+yD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm jzm;AGm OD;jzL jzpfonf? xdkESpfOD;wdk@rSm &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD0ifrsm;
jzpf=uonf?ya'o&mZfrsm;tkyfpdk;xm;aom&Srf;jynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@udk zsufodrf;+yD; vlxkqENt&&Srf;jynfe,ftzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ&eftwGuf(ytvz)tzGJ@ESifh ya'o&mZfpepfudkawmfvSefaeaom tjcm;tzGJ@rsm;onf
&Srf;jynfe,faumifpDdudka&G;cs,fwifajrmuf&efwifoGif;cJhavonf? &Srf;jynfya'o&mZfawmfvSefa&;twGuf acgif;aqmif
tzGJ@(&vy) onf v$wfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrDSysufpD;oGm;cJhavonf? xdkumvtcsdefwGif OD;xGef;at; acgif;aqmifaomt
zGJ@ (&vy) &Srf;jynf jynf@ol@v$wfvyfa&;tzGJ@tif;av;nD!$wfa&;toif; (UIA. United Inla Associoatin) &Sr;f
jynfe,fvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;rsm;tpnf;t&Hk; (&wvz) *E<rm q&mawmfbk&m;OD;aqmifaom ('kp&dkufy
aysmufa&;toif;) umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;ba&$ OD;aqmifr_atmufwGif apmfbGm;rsm; zGJ@pnf;aom awmifwef;rsm;pnf;
vHk;nD!$wfa&;tzGJ@wkd@ tzGJ@(3)zGJ@ rS yg0ifaom(&Srf;jynfvHk;qdkif&mtzGJ@csKyf) (&yvz) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? (&yvz)&nf&G,f
csufrsm;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;tm%mtjrefpGef@&efESihf&Srf;jynfwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;jzpfonf? OUXrS p0fcGefcsdK (EdkifiHjcm;
a&;0ef}uD;) onf OUXjzpfaomfvnf; apmfbGm;zufrS bufvdkufojzifh twGif;a&rSL; OD;xGef;at; OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@
onfcGJxGufI &Srf;jynfawmifwef;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!$wfa&;tzGJ@ (&wpnz)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ytrz onf &yvzzGJ@
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jimcsufxkwfcJhonf?

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awmifwef;a'o wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf vkyftm;crsm; q,fyHk oHk;yHkudktcGefawmfaqmif&onf vltdkcGef/
vlysdKcGeftysdKcGef/tvkyform;cGef/tdrfcGef/+cHcGef/v,f,mcGef rsm;omru vdaRmfoD;/ydMJoD;/oabFmoD;/o&ufoD;tcGefrsm;
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v#if wpf}udrf vlysdK (& )a,muf /tysdK (&)a,muf apmfbGm; om;orD;aqGrsdK;rsm;. t0wftpm;rsm;udk av#mfzGwfay;
&+yD; xrif;[if; csuf&jcif; tdrfrsm;wGifoef@&Sif;a&;vkyfay;&onf?apmfbGm;tcsif;csif; wdkufcdkuf&v#ifvnf; tdrfajc
(10) tdrfv#if wpfOD;uspDoGm;&onf?apmfbGm;rsm;&yf&Gmodk@vnfywfaomtcg &kyf&nfvSyaom tysdKrsm;tm;jrifawG@
ygu csufcsif;twif;t"Rodrf;ydkufonf? apmfbGm;tcsdK@onf rdzk&m;aygif;ta,muf (40/ 50 )ausmf&Sd+yD;vJcsm;
apmfbGm; onf rdzk&m; (33 ) a,muf&Sdonf?
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&Sdonf? xdkausmif;odk@ apmfbGm;trsdK;tEG,frsm; wufa&mufoif=um;cGifh&Sd+yD;jynfolvlxkvlwef;pm;tv$maygif;pHkrS
aygufzGg;vmonfhom;orD;rsm;ynmoif=um;wufa&mufcGifhr&Sdyg oU&mZf (1923-24)ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfwjynfvHk;Y
txufwef;ausmif;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm; (19)ausmif;&Sdonf rlvwef;ausmif;rSm (10) ausmif;om&Sdonf?
ausmif;om;OD;aygif;(3000)ausmf&Sdonf? usef;rma&;zufwGif apmfbGm;rsm;onf aq;&kHaq;ay;cef; usef;rma&;Xmersm;
aqmufvkyfay;jcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh &Srf;jynfwpfjynfvHk; arG;zGm;r_ (50)&mcdkifE_ef;aoqHk;cJh=u&onf? ya'o&mZfpepf
qdk;arG cHpm;r_rsm;a=umifhawmifwef;'owGif&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk; ynma&;ESifhA[kokwrsm;enf;yg;+yD;
acwfaemufus usefcJhonf?
jynfrydkif;wGif rsdK;cspfpdwfrsm;&Sifoefxufjrufaecsdewf Gif awmifwef;a'owdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf bdef;pm;
uaZmfaomuf/ t&ufaomuf/ avmif;upm;rsm;jzifh tcsdefukefchJ=u&onf awmif;wef;a'owdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.
xdktcsdef wpf&uf0ifaiGrSm ajcmufyJE_ef;omjzpfonf ? bkef;}uD;jyefyGJ/ ESpfpOfbk&m;yGJawmfrsm;wGif ydu k uf sL;/ av;avmif
*sif/ukH;uif;/ oHk;q,fajcmufaumif paomavmif;upm;enf;rsdK;qHkudk uaBmZwdkif;ac: &Srf;jynfe,fwpfckvHk; ysH@ESH@pGm
usif;yjyKvkyfcJ=h uonf? xdka=umifh ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdk@onf avmif;upm;r_
wGif epfjrKyfIvlaer_b0tqifhtwef; wdk;wufr_vHk;0r&SdcJyh g?

ya'o&mZfpepfudk awmfvSefjcif;
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif vlOD;a& 'kwd,trsm;qHk;rSm ytdk0f;vlrsdK;rsm;yifjzpfonf? ytdk0f;vlrsdK;trsm;pkrSm oeyfzuf+cHrsm;
om pdkufysdK;vkyfudkifchJ=uonf? oeyfzuftyifwpfyifwGif tcGefawmfwpfyJay;aqmif&onf? oeyfzufyiftyifaygif;
oHk;axmif&Sdv#if tcGefawmfwpfaxmif&Spf&mcGefq,fig;usyf ay;aqmif&jcif;a=umifh wpfESpfv#ifvkyftm;cESifh0ifaiGrSm
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xdka=umifh oHk;qGJ&efaiGa=u;rsm; vHkavmufr_r&Sdojzifh tcGefawmfrsm;ray;aqmif=u&ef pka0;wdkifyif=u+yD; ya'o&mZf
pepfudkqef@usifawmfvSef=u&ef oabmwlwdkufyJ0G if=uonf? xdka=umifh ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;. vufudkifwkwfrsm;
onf ya'o&mZfqef@usifawmfvSefolrsm;udk ESdyfpufowfjzwf+yD; rdef;rom;rsm;udkvnf; apmfum;zsufqD;onf oeyf
zuf+cHrsm;udkvnf;rD;&–d@zsufqD;=uonf? yifvHke,fwGif&Sd a[G;[Grf;&Gmudk apmfbGm;vufudkifwkwf&Jrsm;u rD;&–d@zsufqD;
=uI jzm;wfaumifcJOD;aqmifaom ya'o&mZfawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;onf (1949) ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk; ay:xGufvmchJ
jcif;jzpfonf? vG,fyGwf&Gmta&Shzuf xDwaumif&GmwGif ytdk0f;trsdK;om;v$wfajrmufa&;tzGJ@udk ya'o&mZfpepfrsm;
awmfvSef&eftwGuf (1949) ckESpf/'DZifbmv(11)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;avonf? jzm;AGmOD;vSazrSm EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyf
a&;zufwGif wm0ef,l+yD; ppfa&;zufwGifjzm;AdkvfwHkonf wm0ef,lonf? &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-

1? ya'o&mZfpepfwdkufzsufa&;
2? ppfrSefaom ytdk0f;jynfe,f a'o&&Sda&;
3? bdef; rl;,pfaq;0g; avmif;upm;rsm; yaysmufa&;
4? ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;rsm; wdk;wufjrSifhrm;apa&; wdk@jzpfonf ?
ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&;a=umifh vdGKifaumf/ bef;,Of/ aemifrGef/ erfhckwf/ [dkyHk;/ rdkif;yGef/ yifvHk/ vJcsm;/ pHum;
anmifa&$/ &GmiHpaom apmfbGm;ydkife,fajrrsm;rS vlxkrsm;onf apmfbGm;a[mfrsm;udk rD;&–d@zsufqD;chJavonf? ya'o
&mZfawmfvSefa&;wGif &Srf;/ "Ek/ tif;om;rsm;onfvJ ‘ytrz’ ESifhtwlyg0ifI q&m!Gef@/ Adkvf+rdKif(,ck wdkif;jynfem,m
u OD;aqmifaom tif;om;v$wfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ ) onfvJtwl wdkufyGJqiffEGJcJhavonf?
apmfbGm;rsm;vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;cJh=u+yD; (1959) ckESpf {+yDv(27) &ufae@wGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDrS {+yDv(29)
&ufae@wGif &Srfjynfe,f jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;udk csrSwfay;cJhavonf? &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolrsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk csrSwfay;
cJh&mwGifEdkifiHawmforRw OD;0if;armif 0ef}uD;csKyf Adkvfae0if; ESifh &Srf;jynfe,f OUX p0f[Hkz wufa&muftm;ay;cJh=u
onf? ya'o&mZfpepfysufjy,fap&eftwGuf awmfvSefa&; tzJG@tpnf;ESifh qef@usifa&;tzJ@G rsm;rSm-
1? 1929 ckESpf - jzm;wefausmif;wd,Hk (aumifc,f;) awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@
2? 1946 ? - (&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@)(& -y -v)
3? 1946 ? - *E<rmq&mawmf OD;aqmifaom ('kp&dkufyaysmufa&;tzGJ@)
4? 1947 ? - zGJ@pnf;cJhaom (ytdk0f;trsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;) ytdk0f;vd_if;Al;
5? 1948 ? ? (pHkprf;a&;aumfr&SiftzGJ@)
6? 1949 ? ? (ytdk0f;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@)
7? 1950 ? ? (jynfaxmifpk ytdk0f;trsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf)
8? 1950 ? ? (&Srf;jynf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@)
9? 1950 ? ? (tif;av;nD!Gwfa&;toif;) (UIA) tzGJ@
10? 1950 ? ? (&Srf;jynfawmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;tzGJ@) (& w p n z)
12? 1950 ? ? (&SrfjynfvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;t&Hk;) (& w v z)
rSwfcsuf ? ? awmifwef;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ (wpnz)onf apmfbGm;rsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;
twGufzGJ@pnf;jcif; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;ba&$ OD;aqmifaom&Srf;jynfvHk;qdkif&mtzGJ@csKyf(&yvz)onf apmfbGm;rsm;zuf
ta&;,lumuG,fay;aoma=umifhjyefvnf+ydKuGJoGm;jcif; &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolrsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
(1959)ckESpf/ {+yDv(24)&ufae@wGif apmfbGm;rsm;tm;vHk;onf rdrdwdk@ydkife,fajrrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&xHodk@ tyfESH+yD;
oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uonf?
apmfbGm;rsm; (33)a,mufwGif (29)a,mufrmS vufrw S fa&;xd;k ay;cJh=uonf?
 1? odEMD ajrmufbuf ppfzvHk owdk;r[mpnfol p0fzmvHk
2? usdKif;wHk ? p0fpdkif;vHk
3? rdk;rdwf ? p0fcGefcsdK
4? rdk;eJ ? oa&pnfol p0fjynf@
5? awmifydkif ? r[moa&pnfol p0fyef;pdef
6? pHum; ? r[moa&pnfol p0fcGef=unf
7? omrdkif;cef; ? r[moa&pnfol p0fxGef;at;
8? rdkif;udkif ? p0f=unf
9? odMDawmifydkif; ? p0f[Hkz
10? vJcsm; ? oa&pnfol p0fEGH
11? &yfapmuf ? p0fcGefqm
12? rdkif;yef ? oD&dysHcsD p0fa&$rH_
13? vG,fvHk yifavmif; ? ? p0frdk;ausmf
14? abmfe,f ? ? p0fcGefarmif
15? rdkif;yGef ? ppfaq;[kH
16? aus;oD;refpH ? oa&pnfol p0fa&$z
17? rdkif;&SL; ? 0Àausmfxif p0frefz
18? rdkif;aemif ? p0ftHkarmif
19? puG,f ? p0fcGef!Gef@
20? bef;,Of ? p0fcGef!Gef@
21? usLH; ? p0fcGefaomif;
22? &GmiH ? p0fcGef&D
23? yif;w, ? p0f0if;=unf
24? ayG;vS ? p0fxGef;pdef
25? yifrD usrdkif; p0fcGefOD;
26? erf@ckwf/ aemifrGef p0fzvHk p0fvGef;tHk
27? oxHk/ qDqdkif ? p0fatmifjrifh udk,fpm; a':at;oef@
28? armufr,f usrdkif; p0fxGef;z udk,fpm; p0fAdkvfcrf;
29? [dkyHk; ? p0fcGeftdk; udk,fpm; emif;a&$O
anmifa&$ apmfbGm;ESifhoDaygapmfbGm;onf aemufw&ufwGif vma&mufvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=u+yD; udk;uef@apmf
bGm; ESifhrdkif;vGef;apmfbGm; wdk@rSm vufrSwfxdk;jcif; r&SdcJh=uay? ya'o&mZfpepfonf ,ae@tcsdefcgwGif &Srf;jynfawmif
wef;a'owdk@wGif uG,faysmuf ysufokef;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; wcsdK@aomae&mrsm;wGif jyefvnf&Sifoef&ef OD;wnfr_rsm;&Sd
vmI rdrdwdk@ tm;vHk;onf xdkpepfqdk;xyfrHray:ayguf&eftwGuf awmfveS fa&;owd t+rJ&Sdae=u&rnfjzpfonf?
ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om; wdk@OD;aqmifawmfvSefcJh=uaom ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&;onf ,ckqdkv#if vmrnfh
2001-ckESpf 'DZifbm(11) &ufae@wGif (52) ESpfajrmufjynfhcJh+yDjzpfonf? vlopfpdwfopfarG;zGm;&if;trsdK;om;tcsif;csif;
cspf=unfa&;/ ytdk0f;trsdK;om; xkwpfckvHk; cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJh+yD;jzpfonf? tem*wfytdk0f;trsdK;om;
wdk@. b0tmrcH csuf&&Sda&;twGuf tav;xm;I }udK;pm;aqmif&$uf&ef ytdk0f;trsdK;om;tm;vHk;wdk@.wm0efyif
jzpfonf?
wzufwGif pD;yGm;a&; / ynma&; / usrf;rma&; / bmoma&; / omoema&; / &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ESifhtrsdK;om;
ordkif; azmfxkwfa&;wdk@wGif ytdk0f;trsdK;om;tm;vHk;wdk@. wm0efyifjzpfonf? ya'o&mZfpepf ysufokef;a&;twGuf
wdkufyJ0G ifcJhaomtmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;i,frsm;udk t+rJwef;*k%fjyKEkdif&ef twGuf ya'o&mZfpepf qef@usifawmf
vSefa&;ae@udkESpfpOft+rJjyKvkyfoifhayonf? ytdk0f;trsdK;om;tcsif;csif; cspf=unfa&; / wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; cspf=unf
a&;/ wnfaqmufoGm;=u&if;vmrnfh ( 52 )ESpfajrmuf ya'o&mZfpepf qef@usifawmfvSefa&;ae@}uD;udk ae@x;lae@jrwf
jzpfa=umif; csD;usK;*k%fjyKa&;om;vdkuf&ygonf?