Yvonne Choo Shuen Lann

Definitions for Chemistry SPM ( Form 5 ) Rate of Reaction The change in quantity of the reactant or products per time unit Is a measure of how quickly a chemical reaction happens

Fast Reaction The conversion of reactant to products takes place in a short time

Slow Reaction The conversion of reactant to products takes more time to complete

Observable Change A change that can be observed by our senses

Average Rate of Reaction The rate of reaction over an interval of time

Instantaneous rate of reaction Rate of reaction at any given time

Catalyst A substance that changes the rate of reaction. It does not undergo any chemical change

Decomposition A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances

Effective Collision A collision between reactant particles that result in reaction between them

Activation Energy, EA The minimum energy the colliding particles must have before collision between them can result in chemical reaction

Energy Profile Diagram A graph that represents the energy change that occurs in a chemical reaction

Collision Frequency The number of collisions per unit time

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Effective Collision Frequency The number of effective collisions per unit time

Collision Theory Theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of collisions between particles, effective collisions, and activation energy

Carbon Compound A compound that contains carbon, C combined with other elements

Organic Compound A carbon compound found in, produced by, or derived from living organisms

Hydrocarbon An organic compound that contains only carbon, C and hydrogen, H

Saturated Hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon that has only single covalent bonds

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Alkane A group of saturated hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon that has double or triple covalent bonds

Structural Formula A formula that shows which atoms are bonded to each other in a molecule of the organic compound

General Formula A formula that shows the general form of the molecular formula of a homologous series

Straight-chain Alkane An alkane in which the carbon, C atoms are joined in a continuous straight line

Substitution Reaction Alkene A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons A reaction in which one atom replaces another atom within a molecule

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Addition Reaction A reaction in which a molecule adds to the two carbon, C atoms of a double bond

Homologous Series A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next one in the series by a fixed unit of structure

Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

Isomerism The phenomenon of organic compounds existing as isomers

Alkyl Group Alcohol A homologous series containing the hydroxyl group (-OH) A side-chain containing only carbon, C and hydrogen, H atoms joined by single bonds

Functional Group An atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the similar chemical properties of a homologous series

Hydroxyl Group The functional group of alcohols

Hydration A reaction in which water is added to a compound

Fermentation The reaction in which yeast converts glucose, C6H12O6, into ethanol, C2H5OH

Distillation The process of extracting a substance by vaporizing it then condensing the vapour

Carboxylic Acid A homologous series containing the carboxyl group (-COOH)

Carboxyl Group The functional group of carboxylic acids

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Esterification The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen ion, H+

Ester A homologous series containing the carboxylate functional group

Extraction of Ester To take out the ester from its natural sources (fragrant plants)

Oils and Fats Natural Esters

Fatty Acid A carboxylic acid that has a long chain of about 10 to 20 carbon, C atoms. It has only one carboxyl group

1,2,3-propanetriol/ glycerol An alcohol that has three hydroxyl groups

Saturated Fat Has a higher proportion of saturated fat molecules than unsaturated fat molecules

Unsaturated Fat Has a higher proportion of unsaturated fat molecules than saturated fat molecules

Hydrogenation The addition of hydrogen, H2 to the double bond between two carbon, C atoms

Natural Rubber Polymer obtained from the latex of the rubber tree

Elasticity Latex A milk- like colloid obtained from the rubber tree The ability to return to the original shape after being stretched, compressed, or bent

Coagulation of Latex The separation of rubber particles from the water in the latex

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Redox Reaction A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time

Oxidizing Agent Oxidizes a substance. It is reduced in the redox reaction

Reducing Agent Reduces a substance. It is oxidized in the redox reaction

Oxidation Number/ Oxidation State The imaginary charge of an atom if it exists as an ion

Oxidation A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, O; loses hydrogen, H; loses electrons; or undergoes an increase in oxidation number

Reduction A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, O; gains hydrogen, H; gains electrons; or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

Corrosion of a Metal The oxidation of the metal through the action of water, air, and/or electrolytes

Rusting of Iron, Fe The corrosion of iron, Fe. It is a redox reaction in which iron, Fe is oxidized to form hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.3H2O or rust

Reactivity Series of Metals An arrangement of metals in the order of their reactivity towards oxygen, O2

Vigour of a Chemical Reaction Shows how reactive the reaction is

The Extraction of Metal The process of obtaining a metal from its ore

Electrolytic Cell An electrochemical cell that uses electricity to produce a chemical change

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Chemical/ Voltaic Cell An electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a chemical change

Exothermic Reaction A chemical reaction that releases energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings

Endothermic Reaction A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) to the surroundings

Energy Level Diagram A graph that shows the energy change of a chemical reaction

Heat of Reaction, H The energy change of a chemical reaction. It is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products

Thermochemical Equation A chemical equation with the heat of reaction, H written at the end of the equation

Heat of Precipitation The energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from its ions

Heat of Displacement The energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal

Heat of Neutralization The energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions, OH- from an alkali

Heat of Combustion The heat given off when one mole of substance is burnt completely in excess oxygen, O2

Fuel Value/ Heat Value Soap The salt formed when a fatty acid is neutralized by an alkali The amount of energy (measured in kilojoules) that can be obtained when 1g of fuel is burnt

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Detergent The salt formed when an alkyl hydrogen sulphate is neutralized by an alkali

Additives Substances added to a detergent to increase its effectiveness

Biological Enzyme An organic catalyst

Whitening Agent An additive that makes clothes whiter and cleaner

Saponification The hydrolysis of an ester. The catalyst is an alkali

Hydrolysis A reaction of a compound with water

Surface Tension The attractive force between water molecules. This force prevents water from wetting the surface

Food Additive Any substance that is added to food to preserve it or improve its flavour and appearance

Preservative Food additives that prevent or slow down spoilage of food

Antioxidant Food Additives that prevent oxidation of food

Flavouring Agent Food additives that give flavour to food or enhance its natural flavour

Stabilizers and Thickening Agents Dyes Food additives that colour food or replace lost colours Food additives that improve the texture and consistency of food

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Drug Any natural or artificial made chemical that is ue=sed as a medicine

Traditional Medicines Medicines that are derived from plants and animals

Modern Medicines Medicines that are manufactured on a large-scale for consumers

Analgesic Modern medicines that relieve pain

Antibiotics Modern medicines that kill bacteria

Psychotherapeutic Medicine Modern medicines used to treat mental illness

Side Effects of a Drug The undesirable effects that the drug produces in addition to that intended