2.

11 (a) Let L, SA, SB denote the respective events leakage at site, seam of sand from X to A, seam of sand from X to B. Given probabilities: P(L) = 0.01, P(SA) = 0.02, P(SB) = 0.03, P(SBSA) = 0.2, Also given: independence between leakage and seams of sand, i.e. P(SBL) = P(SB), P(LSB) = P(L), P(SAL) = P(SA), P(L SA) = P(L) The event water in town A will be contaminated = LSA, whose probability is P(LSA) = P(L SA) P(SA) = P(L)P(SA) = 0.010.02 = 0.0002. (b) The desired event is (L SA) (L SB), whose probability is P(L SA) + P(L SB) - P(L SA L SB) = P(L)P(SA) + P(L)P(SB) - P(L SA SB) = P(L) [P(SA) + P(SB) - P(SA SB)] = P(L) [P(SA) + P(SB) - P(SBSA) P(SA)] = 0.01 (0.02 + 0.03 - 0.20.02) = 0.00046