{]mNo\ Ihn{Xbhpw

B[p\nI Ihn{Xbhpw
sNdptcn, Fgp, Ip \ym, Ipamc\mim, Dq,
htm Fo IhnI aebmf IhnXm cwKs bpK{kjvSmfmWv.
Chsc {]mNo\ Ihn{Xb (BZnIhn{Xb) sapw B[p\nI
almIhn{Xbsapw thXncnv hntijnnpp. IhnXbn
cq]`mhv am hcpm\pw ]pXnb {]m\v XpSw
Ipdnm\pw Cu IhnIv IgnpshXv {itbamWv. {]mNo\
Ihn{Xb IhnI hyXykvX ImeLfn PohnncphcmWv. KmYm
{]m\w, Infnmv {]m\w, Xp {]m\w Fnhbvv XpSw
IpdnXv Cu IhnIfmWv. B[p\nI almIhn{Xb IhnI Htc
ImeLnemWv PohnncpXv. IhnXbn ]pXpabpsS s]mSnpI
krjvSnphm Cu IhnIpw Ignp.

`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw

aqp tImSn-bn-tesd tIc-fo-b-cpsS amXr-`mj-bmWv ae-bmfw.

tIc-f-ns 96.5 iX-am\w t]cpw amXr-`mj-bmb ae-bm-f-amWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv.
tIc-f-nse HutZym-KnI `mjbpw ae-bm-fam-Wv.
e-Zzo-]nse apJy`mjbpw ae-bm-f-am-Wv.
an\n-tm-bnse "al' ae-bm-f-ns D]`m-j-bm-sWv Icp-Xp-p.
ae-bmfw F ]Zw BZy-Im-e--fn tZins t]cm-bn-cp-p.
ae-bmfw tZi-\m-a-am-bn-cp--tm ChnSps `mjv ae-bm-gva, ae-bm-, aebmw Xangv, aebmw ]mg, ae-bmfw Fo
t]cp-I Dm-bn-cp-p.
18-mw \qm-n\p tij-amWv ae-bmfw
`mjm-hm-Nn-bmbn Xo-Xv.
{ZmhnU tKm{X-nse Zn-W-im-J-bn
Ds--XmWv ae-bm-fw.
ae + Bfw, ae + Afw Fn--s\ 2 Xcn ae-bm-f-s ]ncn-s-gp-Xmw.
ae-tbmSv tNp InS-p esa
A-n-emWv ae-bm-f-sa t]cv.
]Z-hn-\ymk coXn A\p-k-cnv ae-bmfw
kwnjvS Iy-bns-Sp-p.
`c-W-L-S-\-bn Dsm-n-n-p 22
`mj-I-fn ae-bm-f-n\v Fmw m\w
{ZmhnU tKm{X-nse kpjvS `mj-I-fn
ae-bm-fhpw Dv.

{]mNo\ Ihn-{Xbw

aebmf en]n

`mcXnse Ghpw {]mNo\ en]n

{_mnbmWv. {_mnsb AtimI
en]nsbpw ]dbpw. {_mnbpsS
tZit`ZfmWv JtcmjvTn, {ZmhnUn,
tZh\mKcn
sXt Cybn {]NcnncpXv
{ZmhnUnbmWv. {ZmhnUnbpsS tZi
t`ZfmWv hsgpv AYhm shsgpv.
hsgpns\ tNc ]mWvUy en]nsbpw
\m\w tam\w Fpw ]dbpw.
hsgpv A`yknncpXv "Hmw \tam
\mcmbWmb' Fv sNmnsmmWv.
AXns NpcpsgpmWv \m\w tam\w.
aebmfn\v kzambn DmbncpXv
hsgpmWv. ]noSv tImsegpv Fv
t]cp asmcp en]n coXnbpw hS
tIcfn Dmbn.
hsgpnsbpw tImsegpnsbpw
kn{i cq]ambn aebm Fsmcp
en]nbpw sX tIcfn
Dmbncpp.
aebmbvv cmbkhSnhv Fsmcp
t]cpapv.
{ZmhnU kwLmcsf IqSmsX
kwkvIrXmc IqSn FgpXm
aebmfw ]noSv Bcy Fgpv Fv IqSn
t]cp {K en]n D]tbmKnp.
aebmfn CpXv Ac
en]nbmWv.

sNdp-tcn, Fgp--, Ip \ym

sNdp-tcn (15-mw \qm-v)

4 P\\wtImgn-tmSv Pn-bnse Ipdp4

{-\mSv hS-I-c.
sNdp-tcn cNn {]kn Imhyw
IrjvW-KmY. tIme-p-\mSv `cn-ncp DZ-b-hs \nt-i-{]-Im-camWv Imhyw cNn--Xv.
{Zmhn-U- hr--n-se-gp-Xnb Hmas alm-Imhyw. ip-a-e-bm-fn BZyw Dmb Imhyhpw
CXp-X-s."IrjvW-mv' Fv
asmcp t]cpw Cu Imhy-n-\p-v.
IrjvtWmn apX kzKmtcm-lWw hsc 47 IY-I; 8266
Cuc-Sn-I. Hcp `mK-sam-gnv _mnsbmw {Zmhn-U-hr--amb aRvP-cnbn.
sNdp-tcn {]tbm-Kn aRvPcn
hr-n\v KmYm-hrw Fv
asmcp t]cv.

Fgp-- (16mw \qm-v)

4 P-ew ae-pdw Pn-bn-ep
Xncq Xr-n-bq inh-t{X
kao-]w.

4
4
4

4
4

alm-k-am[n ]me-mSv Nnq aTw

]cs AwKo-I-cn--s t]cv
Xpv cmam-\p-P Fgp--
Ihn-Ipe Kpcp, ]pXp-a-e-bm--X
atl-i, Bym-nI BNm-cy,
ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ]nXm-hv, Infnmv {]m-\-ns D]-m-Xmhv
Fn-s\ ]e-Xcw hnti-j-W At-l-n\v \Inbnpv.
tII, ImI-fn, A-\-S Fo
hr-sf Infn-m-n {]tbm-Knn-p--Xp-sImv Chsb Infn-mv
hr- Fpw ]d-bp-p.
kwkvIr-X-nse Aym cmam-bW-ns kzX{ hnh-\-amWv
Aym--cm-am-b-Ww Infn-m-v.
hymk alm-`m-c-X-ns
kwn]vX hnh-\-amWv alm-`mcXw Infn-mv

4
4
4
4
4

Dc cmam-b-Ww, lcn-\m-a-Io\w, Nnm-cXv\w XpS-n-bh av

IrXn-I.
1964- Xncq-cn Xpkvam-cIw
]qn-bm-bn.
Unkw-_ 31 XpZn-\-ambn
BtLm-jn-p-p.
tIcf km-cns AXyp-X
kmln-Xy-k-m-\-amb Fgp--
]pc-kvImcw 1993- Bcw-`n-p.
BZy-k-m\w iqc-\mv Ip]nbvv e`n-p.

Ip \ym
(17mw \qm-v)
4
4

P\\w ]me-mSv Pn-bnse

enSn Inn-p-dn-n -aw-Kew Iev aTw
Xp {]m-\-ns hyh-m]-I.

4
4
4

4
4
4
4

cma, cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z, IrjvW

Fn-s\ ]e t]cp-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wnp-p.
tIc-fob P\-km-am\yns Ihn,
^en-X -k-{am-v, kmaq-lnI hnaiI.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq amm-WvUh
- bp-sSbpw ImnI Xncp-\m-fnsbpw B{in-X\
- mbn Ign-np-v.
Ip FXv
hmeytcmsWpw A`n{]mbw.
BZy XpIrXn Ieym-W-ku-Kn-Iw ioX- Xp
ioX-, Hm, ]d-b Fns\ Xp-en\v aqv hn`m-Kw.
\ym cNn alm-Imhyw {ioIrjvW-N-cnXw aWn-{]-hmfw.
BsI \m--tmfw
XpIr-Xn-I \ym cNnnpv.

4
4
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4

Dq Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c- (1877-1948)

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4

B[p-\nI almIhn-{Xbw
Bim, Dq, h-tm

FUzn AtWmUns "ssev Hm^v Gjy' F IrXn-bpsS kzX{

hnh-\-amWv "{io_p--N-cnXw'
Ghpa[nIw hnhm-Z- krjvSn JWvU-Imhyw "Zpc-h' BWv.
F.-B-dns ac-Ws Bkv]-Z-amn cNn Imhyw "{]tcm-Z\w'.
Bim Ah-km-\-sa-gp-Xnb JWvU-Imhyw "IcpW'.
"NWvUm-e-`n-p-In-' bnepw "Icp-W'-bnepw _paX kzm[o\w ImWmw.
eoe, \fn-\n, _me-cm-am-b-Ww, {Kma-hr--nse Ipbn, ]pjv]-hm-Sn, h\ame, aWn-ame Fnh ap IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

4
4
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4

P-ew N-\m-tcn. Xd-hmSv Xncp-h-\--]p-cv Dq-cn-em-Wv.

]WvUnX Ihn, DtJ Kmb-I, Dze i_vZm-Vy Fnh hnti-j-W-
A[ym-]-I, Xl-knZm, apkn-^v, CIw-SmIvkv Io-j-W Fo \ne-Ifn {]hn-n-p-v. am{X-a Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq km-cns No^v sk{I--dnbpsS Npa-Xe Xm-en-I-ambn hlnn-p-apv.
\nb-a-n _ncp-Zhpw ae-bm-f-nepw Xan-gnepw _ncp-Zm-\-c _ncp-Zhpw. aebmfw sFnI hnj-b-ambn FSpv BZyw Fw.F ]mkmb B Dq-cm-Wv.
Ggv hmey-sf Av ]pkvX-I--fmbn {]kn-o-I-cn "tIcf kmln-Xy-Ncn{X' -amWv Ghpw henb kmlnXy kw`m-h-\.
ae-bm-f-nse BZy Ncn-{X-a-lm-Imhyw "Dam-tI-cfw' BWv. Dam-tI-cfw BZyambn {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv 1913--em-Wv.
tIc-f-h hen-b-tIm-bn--p-cms "abq-c-k-ti'n\v Peacock Messenger F Cwojv Xa Dq-cn-t-Xm-Wv.
Hcp thiym-kv{Xo-bpsS IY ]d-bp Imhy-amWv "]nwKf'.
Dq-cns ]-a-e-bmf IrXn "Hcp t\'.
hnm-\-Zo-]n-I, kvac-W-am-[pcn Fnh KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv.
Dq cNn Np-Imhyw "kpP-tXm-Zzmlw'.
IW-`q-j-Ww, `n-Zo-]n-I, Nn{X-ime Fnh {]kn JWvU-Im-hy-.
Hcp Xp-q-hv, t{]a-kw-Ko-Xw, Hcp ag-pn {]ikvX Ihn-X-I.

h-tm \mcm-bW tat\m (1878 1958)

F. Ipam-c-\m-im (1873 1924)
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4
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4

P-ew Nnd-bnIogv Imbn-c sXmhn-fm-Iw.

kvt\l-Km-b-I, Bi-b-Kw-`o-c, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIm-hv Fo \ne-I-fnepw
{]i-kvX. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS Im-\nI hk--n\v XpSw Ipdn Ihn.
A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp--Xp-sImv "Bim' F ]Z-hn.
1891- {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hp-am-bn ]cn-N-b-s-p.
BZy JWvU-Imhyw "hoW-]qhv' 1907- anX-hmZn ]{X-n {]kn-o-I-cn-p.
1922- shbnkv cmP-Ip-am-c-\n \nv ]pw hfbpw t\Sn.
1903- Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. tbmK-ns BZy sk{I--dn.
1918- sI. `m\p-a-Xn-b-sb hnhmlw Ignv tXm-bv-en Xma-kw.
1924- P\p-. 16-\v ]-\-bm-n "sdUn-a' t_m-]-I-S-n acn-p.
Ipam-c-tImSn kvamcIw ]-\-bn nXn sNp-p.
"Nnm-hn-jvS-bmb koX' \mS-Iob kzmK-Xm-Jym\ coXn-bn cNn Imhy-am-Wv.

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4

P-ew ae-pdw Pn-bnse Xncq Xmeq-n sh-p-\mSv awKew {Kmaw.

tIcf hmevao-In, ae-bmfn SmtKm, tIcf Iem-a-WvUe m]-I, Cy
tZio-b-X-bpsS Ihn, i_vZ-kp--c Fn-s\ At\Iw hnti-j-W-.
Cyv ]pd-p- k-cnm Ah-kcw e`n BZys ae-bmf Ihn.
Ihn-{X-b-n ]-`q-j _lp-aXn e`n-Xv h-tm-fn-\m-Wv.
\nf-bpsS Xocv sNdp-Xp-cp-n-bn apIp--cm-Pbp-ambn tNv "tIcf Iem-aWvUew' m]n-p.
h-tm cNn alm-Imhyw "Nn{X-tbmKw'
kzw _m[n-cy-ns lrZ-b-hyY Ah-X-cn-n-n-cn-p Imhyw "_[n-c-hn-em]w'
ss__n IYsb Bkv]-Z-amn cNn Imhyw "aKvZ-e\ adnbw'
_-\--\mb A\n-cp-, KW-]-Xn, kmln-Xy-a-RvPcn (11 `mK-), Znhm-kz]v\w, hnjp--Wn, hnem-k-e-Xn-I Fo IrXn-Ifpw hmevaoIn cmam-bWw, A`nm\ imIp--fw, kz]v\ hmk-h-Zw XpS-nb Xa-Ifpw h-tmfns {][m\ cN-\-I-fm-Wv.

{]mNo\ kmlnXyw
]mv aWn{]hmfw, NcnX,
Imhy, Np, kti Imhy

cma-N-cnXw
4

]mp-{]-m-\-nse BZy- IrXn. ae-bm-f-nse BZy-Im-hy-sa

m\hpapv. Nocm-a-\mWv cma-N-cn-X-ns Im-shv Icp-Xp-p. IhnbpsS Pohn-X-Imew F.-Un. 11-\pw 12-\pw CS-bvm-Wv. cma-bm-W-nse bpIm-WvU-amWv CXnse {]Xn-]mZyw. BsI 164 ]S-ehpw 1814 ]mp-Ifpw Dsmn-n-cn-p-p. Ihnsb ae-bm-f-ns "tNmk' Fv Dq hnti-jn-n-np-v.
Xncp\ng ame ]mp{]m\n cmaNcnXw t]mse eWsam Hcp
Imhyw. ImktImSn shqcn \nmWv CXv e`nXv. tUm. Fw.Fw.
]pcptjma\mWv Cu Imhyw ]pdpsImphXv. tKmhn F
IhnbmWv Xncp\ngame cNnXv. Bdpf t{XspdnmWv {][m\
hnjbw.

cma-I-Ympw `mc-Xw]mpw
4
4
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4

tImhfw Ihn-I-fn Hcm-fmb Ann Bim-t-XmWv cma-I-Y-mv

BZys ]qW-amb cmam-b-W-IrXn F m\-ap-v.
"`mjm ]cn-afw' F t]cn Cu IrXnv hymJym\w cNn-Xv
tUm. ]n.-sI. \mcmb-W-]n--bm-Wv.
N{-h-fbw F H-hmZyw D]-tbm-Kn-mWv Imhyw Be-]n-p--Xv.
An-n--bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb A-\-n cNn--XmWv `mc-Xw-]mv

I cmam-bWw
4
4
4
4
4

\ncWw Ihn-I-fn-sem-cm-fmb cma--Wn- Fgp-Xnb Imhyw.

ae-bm-f-nse BZys kqW cmam-bWw CXm-sWv ]d-bp-p.
Imn-p-dp-nb cmam-bW Imhy-sav tUm. ]pXp-tcn cma-N-{.
cmaWn ae-bm-f-nse "kvs]k' Fv Dq
I `mc-Xw, I `mK-h-Xw, inh-cm{Xn amlmyw Fo IrXn-Ifpw cma-Wn--cpsS hI-bm-bn-p-v.

`mc-X-ame
4
4

\ncWw Ihn-I-fn asm-cm-fmb i-c--Wn--cpsS IrXn.

alm-`m-c-Xs D]-Po-hn-p-mb `mj-bnse BZy IrXn

`mjm `K-hZv KoX

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\ncWw Ihn-I-fns am[-h--Wn--cpsS IrXn.

am[-h--Wn- Xncp-h-\--]pcw Pn-bnse ae-bnIogpIm-c-\m-Wv.
600 hjw apv, ae-bm-f-n-se- Cy-bn Xs `K-hZv KoX-p-mb
BZy-hn-h\w CXm-Wv.
700 tmI--fp `K-hXv KoXsb 328 ioep-I-fn-embnmWv Xa sNbvXXv.

eoem-Xn-eIw
4
4
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4

`mjm-hym-I-c-W-s-p-dnpw Imhy-im-kv{X-s-p-dnpw ae-bm-f-nepmb

BZy-e--W {Kw. aWn{]hmfw ]pjvSn {]m]n ImemWv CXns cN\.
{InkvXp-hjw 14-mw \qm-n-ep-m-b-Xm-sWv Icp-Xp-p.
eoem-Xn-eIw kwkvIr-X-n-emWv cNn-n-cn-p-Xv. Fv inev]--fm-bn-mWv
hn`-Pn-n-cn-p--Xv.
eoem-Xn-eI
-
- ns BZy inev]w am{Xw ae-bm-f
- n BZyw X-a sNbvXXv A
Xp-cm-\m-Wv. BZys kq XPa Bq chn-h-bmWv sNbvXX
- v.

sshinI X{w
4
4

{]mNo\ aWn-{]-hm-f-nse BZy-IrXn. cN-\m-Imew F.-Un. 11-mw iXIw

A\w-K-tk-\-bmWv CXnse \mbnI. Cu IrXn BZyw shfn--n-se-n--Xv
Bq-cm-Wv.

Dnb-o-N-cnXw
4
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4

BZys `mjm Np-IrXn

13-mw iX-I-amWv cN-\m-Im-ew.
cN-bn-Xmhv tXhNncn-Ip-am-c-\m-Wv.

Dp-\o-en-k-tiw
4
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4

ae-bmf `mj-bn-ep-mb BZy kt-i-Imhyw

ap-bv kt-i-sav asmcp t]cp-ap-v.
14-mw iX-I-amWv cN-\m-Im-ew.
BZyw {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv ckn-I-c-RvPn-\n-bn
BZn-Xy-h-bmWv kt-i-hm-l-I
Xncp-h-\--]pcw apX sshw Xmeq-n ISp-p-cpn hsc-bp bm{Xmhn-h-cWw CXn-ep-v.

Nt{m-hw
4
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4

{]mNo\ aWn-{]-hm-f-nse Ah-km-\s IrXn

15-mw \qm-mWv CXns cN-\m-Im-ew.
N{nIm atlm--h-sapw taZn\n shn-em-shpw t]cp-Ifpv.
Nt{m--h-Im-cs\ ] sImv km-\n--W-sav ]d-Xv
B.-\m-cm-b-W-]-Wn-
Nt{m-hw Hcp ]cm-Pb Ih-\-am-sWv Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n

cmam-bWw Np
4
4
4

ae-bm-f-nse Ghpw henb Np-IrXn

]p\w \q-Xn-cn-bmWv CXns Imhv
cmh-tWm-hw apX {iocm-am-Zn-I-fpsS kzKm-tcm-lWw hscbp IYbmWv.

cma-]p-cv hmcy (17, 18 \qm-n-\n-Sv)

4
4
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P-ew tImbw Pn-bnse ao\-n Xmeqnep cma-]pcw

IptN-e-hrw hn-m-ns Imhv
"i-c' FmWv bYm t]scpw ]d-bp-p.
IptN-e-hrw BZys JWvU-Im-hy-am-sWpw BZys B-\njvT
Imhy-am-sWpw A`n-{]m-b-.
"IptN-e-hrw' \tXm-X F hn-mv hr-n-emWv cN-\.
Pb-tZ-h-cpsS "KoX-tKm-hn'n\v "`mjm-jvS-]Zn' Fsmcp ]cn-`m-jbpw hmcy
cNn-p.

]qm\w \q-Xncn (15\pw, 16\pw \qm-n-\n-Sv)

4
4
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4

P-ew ae-pdw Pn-bnse s]cn-a-.

"{_-Z-' F-XmWv bYmY t]cv.
Io\ kmln-Xy-n\v {]Nm-c-ap-m-nb Ihn.
kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-\mb taev-q-cns ka-Im-en-I.
"ARvP-\ -{io-[c Nmcp-aqt' F {]mY-\m-KoXw {]knw
"AmSn Xn-sem-cp-n-bp--s\' FpXpS-p KoXw ]qm-\-n-t-Xm-Wv.
"\c-\m-bn-s\ P\np `qan-bn' F ]m-c Io-\hpw {]i-kvXw.
`mjm-Im-arXw ({io-IrjvW Im-ar-Xw), km-\-tKm-]mew, m\m\
XpS-n-bh av {]kn IrXn-I.

Cc-bn- Xn (1783-1856)
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B[p\nI kmlnXyw
Ipn-p- Xp-cm (1864-1913)
4
4
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4

P-ew Xriq Pn-bnse sImSp--q.

"tIcf hymk' F A]-c-\m-a-t[-bhpw Dv.
shWn {]m-\w, ]-a-e-bmf {]m\w Fn-h-bpsS D]-m-Xm-hv.
kck {ZpX-Ihn Inco-S-aWn F hnti-j-W-ap-v.
alm-`m-cXw (XPa), Ihn-`m-c-Xw, tIcfw (a-lm-Im-hyw), aZn-cm-in- bm{X (]-Zynep bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- w), ]mepn Ncn-Xw, Xp tImfm-n Fnh IrXn-I.

P\\w N-\m-ti-cn-bnse evan-]pcw sImm-cw. cma-h FmWv t]cv.

abq-c-k-ti cN-\-tbmsS tIcf Imfn-Zm-k F A]c \ma-t[-bw.
B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZy-ns ]nXmhv F m\-hp-ap-v.
tIc-f-h-bpsS `mcy dmWn evan-`m-bn-bm-Wv. sshbm-I-c-W-\mb F.-B.
cmP-cm-P-h tIc-f-h-bpsS `mKn-t\-b-\m-Wv.
{]mk-h-g-n i_vZ-]--ns \mb-I.
1868- Bcw-`n ]mT-]p-kvXI Inn A[y- tIc-f-h-bm-bn-cp-p.
AIv_ (t\m-h, Xa), hnim-J-hn-Pbw (a-lm-Im-hyw), ssZh-tbmKw (Imhyw), tIc-fo-b-`mjm imIp--fw (a-Wn-{]-hmf imIp--fw), hnm\ aRvP-cn,
al--cn-X-kw-{Klw Ch {][m\ IrXn-I.

Dmbn hmcy (18mw \qm-v)

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P-ew Xriq Pn-bnse Ccn-m-e-pS IqS amWn-Iy-t-{X- kao-]w.

\f-N-cnXw B--Y-bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv
"cma' FXv bYmY t]scv A`n-{]m-bw.
Dn-cm-a-\mWv Dmbn hmcy-cmbn amdn-bXv.
amm-WvU-h-bpsSbpw ImnI Xncp-\m-fn-sbpw Imev Ip
\-ymsmw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn Ign-n-cp--Xmbn ]d-bp-p.
\f-N-cn-Xs tIcf imIp--f-sav ap-tcn hnti-jn-n-p.

aebmf `mjbpsS Dn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

kwkvIrX P\yhmZw (aebmfw kwkvIrXn \npw DmbXv)

tImhpn s\SpmSn, hSpwIq cmP cmP h
kzX{ PhmZw ({ZmhnUn \npw kzX{ambn ]ncnphp)
tUm. tKmZh, Bq, tUm. sI.Fw. tPmPv
D]imJm hmZw (sImSpangns ]cnWmaw)
tUm. ImUz, F. B. cmP cmP h, Kpv
an{i `mjmhmZw (kwkvIrXw, Xangv FnhbpsS an{iWw)
CfwIpfw Ip]n
`mjm kw{IaW hmZw (imk\ `mjbn hyhlmc `mjm cq]
ImemImefn ISp IqSp {]{Inb) kn F. BWn.
]qh Xangv aebmf hmZw (`mjbpsS ]qh Ncn{Xw Hs
Hct\zjWamImsX Fm `mjIfpsSbpw ]qhNcn{Xw ka{Kmt\zjWw
\Sn Hcp XmcXay KthjWw A\nhmcyamsWp A`n{]mbw)
Fkv.hn. japJw, sI.Fw. {]`mIc hmcy

P-ew Xncp-h-\--]pcw
chn-h-s\ kwkvIr-X- \m-a-ns ae-bmf hmsam-gn-bmWv Cc-bn-.
kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns {]oXn-`m-P-\-am-bn-cp-p.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Bm\ Ihn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-Xv dmWn ]mhXn `mbn.
D-cm-kz-bw-h-cw, Z-bm-Kw, IoN-I-h[w Fnh {]kn B--Y-I.
Hma-\-n-n-Smthm F Xmcmv Xn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.
"IcpW sNbvhms\p Xmakw IrjvWm....'', "{]mW-\m-Y-s\-\nv \Inb ]cam-\--c-ks' -Fo hcn-I XnbptSXmWv.
hoc-hn-cmS Ipamc hnt`m F Ipn, Xn-bpsS Dcm kzbw-h-c-n-te-Xm-Wv.
{]ikvX Ih-bn{Xn Ipn-pp Xn, Xn-bpsS aI-fm-Wv.

tIc-f-h henb tImbn--p-cm (1854-1914)

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F.-B. cmP-cm-P-h (1863-1918)

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4

P-ew Be-pg Pn-bnse lcn-mv sImm-cw. ZoL-Imew A[ym-]-I-\mbn-cp-p. BZys ae-bmfw s{]m^-k-dmWv cmP-cmP h.
tIcf ]mWn\n F A]-c-\m-a-t[bw t\Sn.
{]mk-hm-Z-n A-]--ns t\Xmhv F.-B. Bbn-cp-p.
\f-N-cn-X-n\v "Immc XmcIw', abq-c-k-t-i-n\v "a-{]-Imiw' Fo
hymJym-\- {]kn--am-Wv.
Ipam-c-\m-ims "\fn\n' F Imhy-n\pw henb tImbnpcms abq-ck-t-i-n\pw Ah-Xm-cnII Fgp-Xn-bXpw G.-B BWv.
BwKe km{amPyw (kw-kvIrX alm-Im-hyw), ae-b-hn-emkw (BZy sdmamnIv
Imhyw), ae-bmf imIp--fw, `mjm Ipam-c-kw-`hw Fnh {][m\ IrXn-I.
aWn-Zo-]n-I, `mjm-`q-j-Ww, i_vZ-tim-[n-\n, kmln-Xy-kmlyw, a[y-a-hym-I-c-Ww,
{]Ya hymI-c-Ww, hr-a-RvPcn Fnh {]apJ `mjm-imkv{X IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

Pn. i-c-p-dpv (1901 1978)

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P-ew Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Ime-Sn.

`mh-Ko-X-fpw BJym-\-I-hn-X-Ifpw A-\m-Ko-X-fpw annIv Ihn-X-Ifpw
kntm-fnIv Ihn-X-Ifpw kw`m-h\ sNbvXp.
1965 `mcXnse Hm-as m\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw "HmS-p-gen\v' e`n-p.
1968- ]-`q-j ]pc-kvImcw
1968 apX 1972 hsc cmPy-k`m AwK-am-bn-cp-p.
hnem-k-e-lcn (dp-_m-bn-bv hnh-\w), taL-mb (ta-L-k-ti hnh\w), kmln-Xy-Iu-XpIw (4 `mK-), kqcy-Im-n, aq-cp-hn-Ifpw Hcp ]pgbpw
(J-WvU-Im-hyw), shfn--ns kmn, shfn--ns ZqX, \ng-ep-I
\ofpp (B--I-Ym-]-cw), hniz-Zi-\w, ]mtY-bw, \nan-jw, ]Yn-Is ]mv,
a[pcw kuayw Zo]vXw, Ipn-Ip-thn Cfw-Np-p-I, Imt hm IS-tehm
Fo IrXn-Ifpw cNn-n-p-v.

N-pg IrjvW-]n (1911-1948)

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4

P-ew Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, CS--n.

ca-W (1937, Bc-WyI hnem-]-Im-hyw), XpSn-p Xmfp-I (B--I-Y), tZhKoX (Ko-X-tKm-hn hnh-\w), aZn-tcm-hw (dp-_m-bn-bv hnh-\w),
XI apcfn (C-S--n-sb-p-dnv hnem] Ihn-X), bh-\n-I, h-e, ]mSp
]nim-Nv, Imhy-\-In, kv]n-p An-am-Sw, a\-kzn-\n, kzc-cm-Kkp[,
tZh-X, c-]p-jv]-, \odp Xoq-f.

sshtem-nn {io[-c-ta-t\m (1911-1985)

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"{io' F XqenIm \ma-t[-b-nepw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.

Ihn-X-Iv "Imn-p-dp-nb IhnX' F hnti-jWw
apIp-f-ame B-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-sW-nepw {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv ]no-Sv.
"In-sm-bvv' BWv BZyw {]kn-o-I-cn IrXn.
"IrjvW-ar-K-' ac-Wm-\--c-amWv {]kn-o-I-cn--Xv.
"hnS' F IrXnv 1971-se tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv e`n-p.
"aI-c-sm-bvn'\v 1981-se hb-em AhmUv e`n-p.
{iotc-J, HmW-m-p-Im, IpSn-sbm-gn-, hnpw ssItm-pw, Ibv]-h--cn,
ISIm--I Fnh ap IrXn-I.
am-gw, Iom-Sw, ]-, Dze aplqw, Pe-tk-N-\w, Ejnirw-K
Fnh {]kn Ihn-X-I.

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Fw.-]n. A (1913 2003)

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tIc-f-nse ImjnI `mh-ns Ihn.

in-bpsS Ihn-X, ]cp-j-`m-h-ns Ihn-X Fns\ hnti-j-W-.
]pI-ehpw Acn-hm-fpw, Imhnse ]mv (1969-se tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan
AhmUv), Idp sNn-n-I, Hcp-]nSn s\n (1971 tIcf kmlnXy AmZan Ahm-Uv), An-n-cn, Am-Sn-bn-tev hopw, Xzim-kv{X- Ddp-tm, ]qX-mv Fo Imhy-fpw Iqp-Ir-jn, Ifnbpw Nncnbpw Fo
\mS-I-fpw CS-t-cn-bpsS hI-bm-bn-p-v.

P-ew Xncp-h-\--]p-cw.
1998 Fgp- - ]pc- k v I m- c w, 1995 h- t m AhmUv , 1998 iqc- \ mSv
Ip]n AhmUv IqSmsX tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv, Bim
ss{]kv, Dq AhmUv Fnhbpw e`n-p.
shn-\--{Xw, Pohn-tXm-hw (dp-_m-bn-bv hnh-\w), Hcp kucy t{]ns IY (B--I-Ymwiw Dsm-p IrXn), eoem-ku-[w, {]km-Zw, ]\n\oqhpw ]S-hmfpw Fo Imhy-fpw Imbpw I\nbpw hnNm-c-ku-c`w Fo
D]-\ymk kam-lm-c-fpw cNn-n-p-v. BtWmUns "ssev Hm^v Gjy'
F IrXn "ZnhyZo]w' F t]cn Xpa sNbvXnpv.

F.hn. IrjvW-hm-cy (1916-1989)

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P-ew Xriq.
N-pg ssien-bpsS A\p-IcWw Ihn-X-bpsS Iq-Sp F hmZ-KXn AhX-cn-n-Xv F.-hn. Bbn-cp-p.
N-pg Ihn-X-sb-gp-X-cp-sXv {]tabw ]mm-n-b-Xn F.-hnpw ]p-v.
tIcf `mjm Cn-yq-ns BZy Ub-d-IvS F.-hn. Bbn-cp-p.
\o Ihn-X-I, Iptd-qSn \o Ihn-X-I, sImp-sXm-, Kmnbpw
tKmUvskbpw, Nn{Xmw-KZ (B-
- Y
- ), DW-cp D-tcy, Ata-cn-b
- n-eqsS (bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww), a\-\-;\nK-a-\-, ho-W-, hnai-\-, h-tmfns Imhy-inev]w \ncq-]-W-, hmkvtImUn Kma, hoc-c-hn-h N{I-hn
\mS-I- Fn-h-bmWv IrXn-I.

shn-pfw tKm]m-e-p-dpv (1902-1980)

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CS-tcn tKmhn- \mb (1906-1974)

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]n. Ipn-cm-a \mb (1905 1978)

alm-Ihn ]n. F Npcp--t-cn Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
"Ifn-b-\v' 1959-se tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv e`n-n-p-v.
"Xma-c-tmWn'mWv 1967-se tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv.
Ihn-bpsS Imm-Sp-I, Fs-n-cb
- pp Rm, \nXy-I\
- y-Is
- b-t-Sn, ]nbpsS
B-IY
- I
- , hc-`n-, hk-tm-h
- w, ctYm-h
- w Fnh ap IrXn-I.

tIcf Xpf-kn-Zm-k FXv A]-c-\m-a-t[-bw.

amWn-Iy-hoW (1966--tI-cf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv), Ima-kp-c`n (1974
tI{-km-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUv), IZ-fo-h-\w, tIc-f-{io, am\-k-]p-{Xn, ktcmh-cw, Imfn-Zm-ks IaWn (A-`n-m-\-im-Ip-f hnh-\w), ssIc-fntImiw (\n-L-p), Xpf-ko-Zmk cmam-bWw (hn-h-\w) 1969 HmS-p-g
AhmUv), \oe-P-e-nse ]w (t\m-h).

F.-F. ImSv (1927-1987)

4

k^-eao bm{X (1986- hb-em AhmUv), 1963, ]mXm-f-ns CSn-ap-g-w,

CXm B{i-a-arKw sImv sImv, \mSNn-v.

tUm. sI. A---Wn- (1930-2006)

hb-em cma-h (1928-1975)

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P-ew hb-em, Be-pg

Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, kn\n-a Fo taJ-e-I-fn Hcp-t]mse hyn-ap{Z ]Xn-n-p.
"IqS-n-dv' F Ne-n-{X-n-\mWv BZyw Km\w cNn--Xv.
\m\q-dncw Nn{X-v cm-bn-c-ncw Km\-.
"A\pw _mbpw' F kn\n-a-bnse "a\p-jy aX-sf krjvSnp'' Fp
XpS-p Km\-n\v 1973- tZiob AhmUv.
"_en-Ip-So-c--tf...'' F hn-h-Km\w sI.-]n.-F.-kn.v thn cNn-XmWv.
]mZ-ap-{Z-I, sImbpw ]qWq-epw, F\nv ac-W-an-, apf-m-Sv, Fs amsm-en-hn-X-I, k-kw-Ko-Xw, Bbnj (J-WvU-Im-hyw), ]pcp-jm--c--fn-eqsS (D]\ym-k-) Fnh Ihn-X-I.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-nse Ghpw anI IrXnv 1977 apX hb-em {Sv hbem AhmUv Gs-Sp-n. BZys AhmUv efn-Xmw-_nI AP-\-ns
"An--km-nv'.

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IS--\n cma-Ir-jvW (1935 2008)

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]n. `mkvI-c (1924-2007)

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P-ew sImSp--q.
ae-bmf Ihn-Xm-cw-Kpw kn\n-am-cw-Kpw Hp-t]mse Xnf-n.
BZyw Km\-c-N\ "N{nI' F Nn{X-n-\p-th-n.
1954- cmap Imcym-n-s\mw kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "\oe-p-bn' F Nn{X-n\v
Cy-bnse cm-as \ Nn{X-n-\p shn-sa-U e`n-p.
"Imb-e-cn-Iv he-sb-dn-t-- m....'' sI cmL-h kwKoXw ]I Km\w ]n.
`mkvI-c cNn--Xm-Wv.
Ihn-Xm-cw-Ks ka-{K-kw-`m-h-\v 2000- h-tm AhmUv.
"HmpI h-tmgpw' F IrXnv 1982- tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv,
1981- HmS-p-g AhmUv.
hb-em Kn-p-p, ]mSp aX-cn-I, k{X-n Hcp cm{Xn... XpSn
At\Iw IrXn-I.

Xncp-\-q Icp-Wm-I-c (1924 2006)

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P-ew sImw.
"Xncp-\-q Icp-Wm-I-cs IrXn-I' 1988-se hb-em AhmUv e`np.
ka{K kw`m-h-\bvv 1985- Bim ]pc-kvIm-chpw tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan
AhmUpw.
"{Kojva-k-y-I' F IrXnv aqeq AhmUv.
t{]aw a[p-c-amWv [oc-hp-am-Wv, ap-Xp-n-I, ku-cy-ns ]S-bm-fn-I,
dmWn, An ab-p-tm, {Kojva-k-y-I, taL-k-t-iw ({Zm-hnU hrn Xa), A`n-m\ imIp--fw ({Zm-hn-U-hr- Xa), ae-bmf `mjm]-cn-Wmaw kn-m--fpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw (K-Zy-Ir-Xn), Hcp alm-bp--ns ]cyh-km\w (\n-cq-]-Ww).

P-ew Be-pg
arXyp-]q-P, tKm{X-bm-\w, Nncp-X, IpSpw-_-]p-cm-Ww, tKm]n-Im-ZWvU-Iw.
A-
- W
- n-c
- psS teJ-\
- (cv `mKw), XIgn inh-i
- c
-
- n (Po-hN
- c
- n-{Xw).
1975- tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv, 2004- h-tm AhmUv,
2002 hb-em AhmUv \nc-kn-p.

P-ew ]-\w-Xn
1995- Bd-p-f-bn \nv CS-Xp-] kzX-{-\mbn \nb-a-k-`-bn Fn.
]ptcm-K-a\ Iem-km-lnXy kwL-S-\-bpsS {]kn-Umbncp-p.
Ipd-n, Imm-f, ISn-qs]m, an{i-Xm-fw, ag-s]-pp afw sImp-p,
shn-sh-fn-w, kqcy-ine (hn-h-\w) Fnh IrXn-I.

H.-F.-hn. Ipdpv
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4

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P-ew sImw Pn-bn Nh-d.

1949- {]kn-o-I-cn "s]mcp-Xp kucy' amWv BZy-Ir-Xn.
Rm \ns kvt\ln-p-p, amp-hn N--sf, Zmln-p ]m\-]m-{Xw,
abno-en, A-cw, Hcp-Xpn shfn-w, Idp ]n-bpsS ]mv, An-i-e-`, `qan-smcp Nc-a-Ko-Xw, arK-bm, Dv, ss`c-hs XpSn, imMvI]n-I,
D-bn-\n, Rm\-n, WnIw ]t.... Fnh {][m\ IrXn-I.
1972 tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv An-i-e-`-.
1975 tI{-km-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUv A-cw.
1982- hb-em AhmUv "Dv' F Ihn-X-bvv.
1992 Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb AhmUv
1998 ]{io
2006 h-tm ]pc-kvImcw
2007 Fgp-- ]pc-kvImcw
2010 m\]oT ]pckvImcw

kpK-X-Ip-amcn
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P-ew Xncp-h-\--]pcw
2003 h-tm AhmUv, 2004 tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan s^tm-jnv
2006- ]{io e`n-p.
app-n-n, ]mXn-cm-q- (1967 tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv), ]mhw
am\-h lr-Z-bw, Ccpn-d-Ip-I, cm{Xn-ag (tI-{-km-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUv),
A- e - a Wn (B- i m AhmUv , 1984 hb- e m AhmUv , 1982 HmS- p- g
AhmUv), Ipdn-n-q-, Xpem-hj--, cm[-sb-hn-sS, IrjvW-I-hn-X-I,
tZh-Zm-kn, hmg-t.

Anw ANyp-X \q-Xncn

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B[p\nI KZy kmlnXyw

-P--ew ]me-mSv Pn-bnse Ipam-c-\-q.

-Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns CXn-lm-kw, sh--ns IY, _en-Zi-\w, a\x-kmn-bpsS ]q, \nan-j-t-{Xw, ]-h-n-fn, Ac-t-w, CSn-p-s]mfn temIw, Aar-X-Km-Yn-I, Ifn-sm-n-en, D]-\-b\w (K-Zyw), kam-h\w
(K-Zyw).
-1972- tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv (_-en-Zi-\w).
1973- tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv
1974 HmS-p-g AhmUv . 1997 htm ]pckvImcw
-2002 ]-{]`m ]pc-kvIm-cw, 2004 Aar-X-Ion ]pc-kvImcw
-2008 Fgp-- ]pc-kvIm-cw, 2008 amXr-`qan kmln-Xy-]p-c-kvIm-cw.

sISm-aw-Kew ]p-pn (1909 1975):

F m\w
- nse BZy t\mh
- m-f
aeb
m-Sn-bpsS
-cn Ap s\Sp-
1887 {]kn-o-I ' bvmWv.
- X
"Ipe

o-I-cn
1889- {]kn-
BZy kmaq-ly-t\m-h "Cp-teJ'bmWv.
H. Np-ta-t\ms
~
X
Xn ]qn-bm-ms
gp
F
Np-ta-t\m
Z'
mc
"i
t]mb t\mh
m-dm-bXv
Fgp-Xm BZyw X
mw
"imcZ' c `mKw --kp-{_--Wyw, Ipdp-w\
kn. A-m-bn. A ]w-]-n-bn tKm]m-e,

n]
e
mm]
tK
n

hcpw
hoIr-jvW XpS-nb
m[
cm
]n, ]m-n
v Xm-dm-bn.
"imcZ' ]qc-W-n\

t\mh

-IS-p-h-n, a{n-bpsS aI,

Bizmk \nizm-kw.

]p\-eq _me (1928 1987): tIm-bnse ]mv, arX-k-RvPo-h-\n, cma

cmL-h

kn-Zm-\-:

-Fgp---s\-gp-Xp-tm, Ihn _p, hnv, Ch-s\-q-Sn, aebm-fw, tZim-S\w 2005 kmy F IrXnv hbem AhmUv.
sN\w Nmtm: -]p-cn, hnfw-_-cw, I\-Im--c-, Bh-\m-gn, Bfn-m-tk-c-I, c-Zqjyw
]pXp-tcn cma-N-{: -]pXnb sIm\pw ]pXnb Be-bpw, Bhp-{X Dn, in-]q-P, Cu hon Bcp-an-t, Bt-b-kzml. 2008 htm
]pckvImcw.
hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W \q-Xncn: -{]Wb KoX-, `qan-I-\y-sb-t-Sn, `qanKo-X-, D-bn-\n-bnse cm-I-ep-I, Bc-Wy-Iw.
Bq chn-h: \K-c-n Hcp b, ]nXr-K-a\w
_me-N-{ Npn-mSv: Kk, Aam-hm-kn, ]co-, am\-km-cw
Un. hn\-b-N-{: ka-b-am-\-kw, ka-kvX-tI-c-fw ]n.-H, Imbn--c-bnse IS,
Znim-kqNn
hn. a[p-kq-Z-\ \mb: `mc-Xo-bw, \mdm-W-p-{`m-, Kmw
tdmkv tacn: Nmp-s]-p ag
A (1947 - 2010) kzw PohnXw sImv hyhnXntbmSv Ieln
IhnbmWv F A. hmb\v tijhpw Iq Akv{Xw t]mse a\kn
Xdp \np IhnXIfmWv A aebmfn\v kw`mh\ sNbvXXv.
Idpv, _p\pw BnIpnbpw, _enpdnpI, NntcmKmip]{Xnbnse
Znhk, amfanm ]mv, {]hmknbpsS KoXw, apdnth iojI Fnh
{][m\ IrXnI.
"shbn Xnp ]nI' tIcf kmlnXy AmZan AhmUv t\Sn. 2010se
IhnXbvp Bim AhmUv A\mWv e`nXv.

BZy Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bnI kn.-hn. cma]n--bpsS

1891- {]kn-o-I-cn "amm-WvU-h'

~
1915- kn.-hn. cNn kmaqly t\mh "t{]am-arXw'

~
amm-WvUh
- -bpsS cN-\t- bmsS kn.hnv
"tIcf kvtImv ' F A]-c-\m-a-t[bw e`n-p.

~
amm-WvUh
- -bpsS XpS-bmbn
1913- "[-cm-P' bpw
1918- "cma-cmP _l-Zqdpw' {]kn-o-I-cn-p.

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B
- Zys A]-kI t\mh-emWv A Xp-cm Fgp-Xnb "`mkvIc tat\m'
-BZy dnb-ennIv t\mh kZm sI.-Fw. ]Wn--cpsS "[qa-tI-Xp-hns DZbw'
-BZy Bt] lmky t\mh Ing-t-mv cma tat\m Fgp-Xnb "]d-tmSn
]cn-Wbw'
a
- e-bm-f
- n Ghpw IqSp-X hn-gn t\mh-emWv XIgn inh-i
- c
-
- n-b
- psS
"sNo'
BZys cmjv{Sob t\mh-emWv sI. \mcm-bW Ipcp--fpsS "]md-pdw'
ae-bm-f-nse Ghpw hen--ap t\mh-emWv hnem-kn-\n-bpsS "Ah-Im-in-I'
BZys t_m[-[mcm t\mh-sev Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv t]mn-c dm^n-bpsS
"kzK-Zq-X'.

A Xp-cm
`qX-cm-b (N-cn-{X- t\m-h)
`mkvI-c-ta-t\m

kZm sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-

tIcf knwlw (]-g-n-cm-Pm-hns IY)
[qa-tI-Xp-hns DZbw

]-p-cm-a
Aar-X-]p-fn\w

Ing-t-mp cma tat\m

]d-tmSn ]cn-Wbw

`h-{Xm-X \q-Xn-cn-mSv
A]v^s aI

\thm-m\ L-nse
t\mh-en-p-Ifpw IrXn-Ifpw
tIi-h-tZhv
HmS-bn \nv, Im-Sn, {`mm-e-bw, Hcp kp-cnbpsS IY, Ipp- p- d p- ns B- I - Y ,
Abm (G-hpw _rl-mb t\mh).

XIgn inh-i
- c-
- n
sNo, cn-S--gn, A\p-`-h- ]mfn--I,
Ap- s ]- p- , GWn- - S n- I , \pcbpw
]Xbpw (^vfmjv _mv kt-Xw), Npv, PohnXw
kp-c-amWv ]t, Ib (X-I-gn-bpsS Ghpw
henb t\mh).

sshw apl-Zv _jo

_mey-Ime kJn, t{]a-te-J-\w, i_vZ-, pm-sm-cm-t\-mp, Pohn-X-ns \ngm-SpI, ]mp--bpsS BSv, am{n-I-q-, aXn-epI, apo-p-I-fn-m-cs aI, B\-hm-cnbpw
s]mIp-cn-ipw.

sI. \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-
]md-pdw

Imcmv ANyp-X-ta-t\m
hncp-Xip (BZy ]nm-dkvIv t\mh)

Fkv.-sI. s]ms-mSv

Dn-Ir-jvW ]pXq

k-dnb

Hcp sXcp- h ns IY, Hcp tZi- ns IY

(m-\-]oTw ]pc-kvIm-cw), hnj-I-\yI

_en--v, B\--I, Aar-X-I-Y\w

s{]bvkv Zn temUv, `mkvIc ]t-ecpw Fs

Pohn-X-hpw, Fpv hntijw ]nem-tm-sk.

tPmk^v ap-tcn

C\n Rm Dd-s

sIm- b n \nv Ipcn- i n- t e- v , ]md- p- d v

hnX hnv, s{]m^-.

efn-Xmw-_nI A\w

Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h \mb

\mep-sI-v, Akp-c-hn-v, Imew, av, cm-aqgw, hnem-]-bm-{X, hmcm-W-kn.

Ddq_v (]n.-kn. Ipn-Ir-jvW)

Ban-\, Ip-bpw Iqp-Im-cpw, Dm-p, anms-v, kp-cn-Ifpw kp-c-m-cpw, AWn-b-d

he
s\v, Bt-bw, KuX-a, Nmth, \ng-ep-d-p
hgn-I, Ac-nw

]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW

An-kmn

Im-\m-S
]d-n-a-e, Ggmw-ap-{Z, DjvW-ta-J-e, kmn, Cse-bpsS \ng, Htdm-X, tImgn

F. taml-\
C-es ag

\-\m
Bm-hns t\mhp-I, Dn-p-s temIw

t]mn-c dm^n
kzKZq-X, B\n-bpsS tNn

Fw. apIp-

app hn

a-gn-p-g-bpsS Xoc--fn, Zln, lcn-Zzm-dn

aWn-I apg-p-p, tIi-hs hnem-]-,
Infn hp hnfn--tm, Bhn-em-hnse kqtcym-Zbw, Im-Sn-bpsS ImgvN, djy

CW-{]m-hp-I, ]mSm ss]n-fn, Hcp IpSbpw

Ipp-s]--fpw.

amSv Ipp-p-

B\v

Aiz-m-am-hv, {`jvSv, Ahn-Lv\-a-kvXp, Ftcm

alm-\p-`m-h-ep, _rl-Zm-c-Wy-Iw.

In-s--, bn--d-v, Iv, hmUv \ 7

Bq-w, A`-bmYn-I, acp-`q-an-I Dm-IpXv

kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW

tImhn-e

s]cp--Shw {io[-c

Pn. hnth-Im-\-
F ssa\kv _n, Ggm-sa-S-, Xmgvhm-c-,
tXm-, X-Iw, lnam-e-bw.

]md-p-dv

{KojvaP
- zm-eI
- , A`-bw, Hcp ko\w t]mse

tkXp

BZy-In-c-W-, aIt\ \n\-p-th-n, ]Wn

Xocm hoSv, Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw, \nW-a-Wn
Imev]m-Sp-I.

]mWvU-h-]p-cw, AS-bm-f-, Adn-bm hgnI, Incm-Xw, Xmfn-tbm-e, h\-hm-kw, \ntbm-Kw,

Bdm-as s]Ipn

sI. kptc-{

kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW

Xmfw, Imp-Ip-c-v, Pzme, in, acWw Zp_ew, Kpcp, W-{]-`m-N--ew.

\ngm- S p- I , apt ]d- p ]n- I ,

]qPyw, ]pg apX ]pg hsc, kv]-am-]n-\n-Isf
\n

ae-bm-q cma-Ir-jvW
thcp-I, bn, b{w, s\q aTw, AarXw
tXSn

hnem-kn\n
\nd-ap \ng-ep-I, Dum, Ah-Im-in-I
(1985- hb-em AhmUv).

F.-]n. apl-Zv
Ad-_n-smv (Fw.-Sn-bp-ambn tNs-gp-Xn-b-Xv),
F-m-Sw, acw, lnc-Wy-I-in-]p.

tPmPv HmW-q
Cw, D-S, Im-a-c, Fgp-Xm-p-d-,
Ima-\, AIse BImiw

bp.-F. JmZ
Hcp ]SIm-fn-s-ns Ncn-Xw, Xrtm-qs-cpa,
AtLm-c-inhw

sI.-F taml-\-h
Hml-cn, Aam-hkn

Bbp-ns ]pkvXIw

Imcq
Kucn
sI.-]n. cma-\pn
kq^n ]d IY
Fw.-]n. \mcm-bW
- ]
- n
]cn-Wmaw
Sn.-hn. sImp-_mh
s]cp--fn-bm-w, hr-k-Z\w
sI.-sP. t__n
amth-en-adw, _kv]p-m\
AIv_ I-n
arXyp-tbmKw
]n. ]fl-cm-P
\-{X-tf Imh
sI. cm[m-Ir-jvW
\lqj ]pcmWw
C. hmkp
Nph-p-\mS
JmenZv
Htc tZi-m-cmb \
_m_p `c-ZzmPv Iem-]-smcp Krl-]mTw

sNdp-IY

{]kn--amb sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw Fgp-p-Imcpw

thbn Ipn-cm-a
\mb-\m (tI-k-cn) Fgp-Xnb "hmk\m-hn-IrXn' bmWv BZys sNdp-I-Y-.
1891-- "hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n' amkn-Ibn BZyw {]kn-o-I-cn-p.

am[-hn-pn (I-ae kpc-)

\cn-o-dp-I ]d-p-tm, ic sImsmcp
Xpem-`m-cw, \jvS-s \oemw-_cn

\-\m
an IpWn

H.-hn. hnP-b
Fp-Im-en, Imp ]d IY, ISo-cv,
Hcp \o cm{XnbpsS Hmbvmbn

AmSn \mcm-b-W-p-Xp-hm
Ibva-f-s IeymWw

kn.-F-kv. tKm]m-e--Wn-
Cs\ hcp-sav {]Xo-n-n

C.-hn. IrjvW-]n

]n. he
Imh, Bc-Wy-ImWvUw, AcpXn
Icbpn,

k-dnb
Fw. kpIp-am-c

Imcq

]nXr-X-Ww, Xnp-n, Ncn-{X-KmY

tahn-em-kw, aoIm-cn, Hcp-]n-Sn-a-v, ac-m-hI, Im-{Iw s]mXn-tmdv

hn.-sI.-F
Nmkv, am\m-nd sSv, ]s Imew

efn-Xmw-_nI A\w

F.-F-kv. am[-h

amWn-, aqSp-]Sw

lnKzn-, Nqssf-ta-nse ih-

sshw apl-Zv _jo

Fkv.-hn. thWp-tKm-]\m-b

P-Zn-\w, \oe-sh-fnw (`m-ho-\n-e-bw), Nncnp ac-m-h, innSn ap, ]qh--gw, B\q-S, hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb aqv

Fcp-a, kv{Xo]w, \Jw, IY-I-f-Xn-km-Zcw,

tcJbnm Hcm

Ddq_v

s]_pn

tIi-h-tZhv
bap\ GIm-{K-ambn Hgp-Ip-p, KpkvXn, sImXnn,
Ipppdpns BIY.

XIgn
sh-sm--n, Xl-knZm-cpsS A,
]Xn-{hX, t]cnmY

s]mIpw hn
i_vZn-p Ie

Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h\m-b
Ccp-ns Bm-hv, Ipty-S-n, hm\-{]-w,
sjeIv, \ns Hmbvv

sI kckzXnb
F. taml\
]qPbvsSpm ]q

Im\mS
{ioN{Iw

]flcmP
A]c

sI.]n. cma\pn
thshs Ipcniv, PmXn tNmZnpI

sshimJ
AXncpIfnmsX

kn cm[mIrjvW

Sn. ]fl-\m-`

IpSnsbmgn

{]Imiw ]c-p s]Ip-n, \fn-\-Im-n, ]pg

ISv ac--fpsS CS-bn-te-v, Kpap-l-Zv

]m]d, ImSns kwKoXw

kn.-hn. {iocm-a
hmkvXp-lm-c, pc-ky-[mc

cv kmln-Xy-\m-b-I-m (tI-c-f-hbpw F.-B-dpw) ......................... F.-Un. lcn-i

Ipam-c-\m-im ............................................................................................................... sI. kptc-{
Pohn-n-Spp arXn-bn (Ip-n-p-g-sb-p-dn-v) ................ tUm. ]n.-hn. them-bp-[]n
N-pg \-{X--fpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\w,
arXyp-RvPbw Imhy-Po-hnXw (B-im-s\-p-dn-v) ............................................ Fw.-sI. km\p
tbip-tZ-h .................................................................................................. sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m
tZhv, tIi-h-tZhv .................................................................................................... Pn.-F. ]Wn-
Ch-s\s {]nb kn.sP ........................................................................................... tdmkn tXmakv
kn.-hn. cma]n ................................................................................. ]n.-sI. ]c-ta-iz-c\m-b
Ncn-{Xs AKm-[-am-nb Kpcp ............................................................................ sI.-]n. A
Pohn-X-in-ev]n-I ....................................................................................................... kn.-]n. {io[-c
Imd amIvkv ......................................................................... kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n

Bfl-IY
- I
- ,- kvac
- W
- I
- , A\p-`h
-
- p-dn-p-I

ImSn Imtm-fhpw

tIfo-ku[w (\m-ep-`m-K-)

cmn-b-, tKm]m-e\m-b-cpsS XmSn, aqSav

{it-ba
- mb Poh-Nc
- n-{X-Ir-Xn-I

kmdm tPmk^v
Fw.]n. \mcmbW]n
apcpI F ]mmn

Bfl-IY F t]cn Bfl-IY cNn-Xv sshv ]mp-aq-Xv

BZys Bfl-IY kztZ-im-`n-am\n cNn "Fs \mSp-I-S-'
Fs ho PohnXw ................................................................................................................ XIgn
Fs \mSI kvac-W-I ....................................................................................... ]n.-sP. BWn
kvac-W-a-WvUew ........................................................................................ ]n.-sI. \mcm-b-W-]n
Ign Imew .............................................................................................. sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m
Pohn-X-k-acw .................................................................................................................... kn. tIi-h
Fs Pohn-X-kva-c-W-I ................................................................................ ap ]-\m-`
FXnv ............................................................................................................................ ]n. tIi-h-tZhv
sImgn Ce-I ............................................................................................. tPmk^v ap-tcn
Iocpw In\mhpw ................................................................................................... hn.-Sn. `-Xn-cn-mSv
Fs IY .............................................................................................................................. am[-hn-pn
B-tcJ ............................................................................................................................ shn-pfw
Pohn-X
- mX ................................................................................................................................. sNdp-ImSv
Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-I ......................................................................... ]n. Ipn-cm-a \m-b
Hm-bpsS Hmf--fn .......................................................................................... Pn. i-c-p-dpv
Fs km-c-]-Y- ............................................................. If-n them-bp-[ \mb
Xncn-p-t\m-p-tm ........................................................................ sI.-F. Zmtam-Zc tat\m
Rm .............................................................................................................................. F.-F. ]n
BtcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-msX ................................................................................. Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb
Acp ImWm \S .............................................................................................. Xnsm-Sn-b
Hcp kPs Hm-p-dn-p-I ................................................................... ]n.-sI.-B hmcy
kvarXn-ZWw ............................................................................................................. Fw.-]n. a-Y
Hfn-hnse Hm-I, Hfn-hnse Hm-Ip-tijw ................................... tXmn `mkn

ASp--f-bn\nv ]me-san-tev .............................................................. `mcXn DZ-b`- m\p

XpSn-p Xmfp-I ............................................................................................................... N-pg
Hm-bpsS Ad-I .................................................................................................. apl-Zv _jo
Fs IY-bn-m-bva-I .......................................................................................... F.-]n. DZ-b-`m\p
Pohn-X-m-b-I ..................................................................................................................... H. am[-h
Fn-eqsS ................................................................................................................................ Ippn
Fs PohnXw Ac-nepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ................. Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW\m-b
Ggm-bncw cmhp-I ..................................................................................... tXmn IrjvW-]n
Hm-bpsS B_w .............................................................................. ae-bm-q cma-Ir-jvW
NnZw-_c kvacW ...................................................................................... _me-N-{ Npn-mSv
hymg-h kvac-W-I ........................................................................................... _n. Ieym-Wn-b
Fs C-se-I .......................................................................................... shm-n \tS-i
a\km kvacman ................................................................................................. Fkv. Kp]vX\m-b

Nne bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- IrXn-I
""h-am-\-p-kvXIw AYhm tdmam bm{X''bmWv BZys
bm{Xm-hn-h-cW IrXn. ]mtd-am- tXmam I-\m-cmWv {K-Im-hv.
_nemn hntijw ................................................................................... sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m
lna-Kncn hnlmcw .............................................................................................. Xt]m-h\ kzman-I
Kpns \mn .......................................................................................... sI. _me-Ir-jvW
]bWw .................................................................................................................. Sn.-F. tKm]-Ip-am
Ba-tkmWpw Ipsd hymIp-e-X-Ifpw ..................................................... Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{-Ip-am
DW-cp D-tcy ................................................................................. F.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy
]pcp-jm--c--fn-eqsS ......................................................................................... hb-em cma-h
]pXp-a-bpsS temIw .......................................................................... tUm. sI. `mkvI-c \mb
Bq--n X\nsb .................................................................. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h \mb
thmK-bn ap-s]-p-tm ..................................................... ]p\-n Ip-_vZp
slt_-dnbw ............................................................................................................... Bjm tat\m
CtUm-t\-jy Ub-dn, ss\ Ub-dn, ]mXncm kqcys \mn,
_men-Zzo-]v, knwl-`q-an, e t\mv _pv ...................................... Fkv.-sI. s]ms-mSv
IpS-Pm-{Zn-bpsS kwKoXw ................................................................................................. Im-\m-S
Rm Hcp ]pXnb temIw Ip .................................................................... F.-sI. tKm]m-e
ssN\ aptmv ........................................................................................................................ ap-tcn
_en Ubdn ...................................................................................................................... CFw-Fkv
bm{X ......................................................................................................................... \nXy-ssN-X\y bXn
Ata-cn _lqXv AOm tl ................................................................. thfq IrjvWIpn
Ata-cn--bn Hcp ae-bm-fn-sv ...................................................................... tdmkn tXmakv
e Ubdn ........................................................................................................ sI.-B Kucn-b
\-Z-bpsS \mn ....................................................................................... s\q ]n. Zmtam-Z-c
temI-ns apI-n-eqsS .................................................................. sI.-hn. kptc-{-\mYv

kmwkvIm-cnI m]-\-
tIcf Iem-a-WvUew
Xriq- sNdp-Xp-cp-n-bn htm \K-dmWv Bm\w. tIc-fnse BZys InX kh-Iem-im-e-bmb Iem-a-WvU-e-ns
{]Ya sshkv Nmk-e tUm. sI.Pn. ]utem-km-Wv.
Iem-a-WvU-e-w {]kn-o-I-cn-p
amkn-I tIcf Iem-a-WvUew
ss{Xam-knI
sNbam: H.-F.-hn. Ipdpv.

tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan

Bm\w Xriq.
BZy-{]-kn-U v
kZm sI.-Fw.]Wn-
{]kn-o-I-c-W-
kmlnXy N{I-hm-fw, kmln-XytemIw, ae-bmf enddn kt
{]kn-U v Fw. apIp-.

tIcf kwKoX \mSI Am-Zan

Xriq sNp-mhv Bm-\w.
sNbam aptIjv
ssZzam-knI tIfn.

tIcf kwm\ Ne-n{X

Am-Zan

Xn-cp-h-\--]pcamWv Bm-\w.
sNbam sI.-B.-tam-l-\

tIcf t^mIvtem Am-Zan

Iq-cn Nnd-bv tImhn-e-Iw
Bm\w.
apJ-]-{Xw "s]men'.

kvIq Hm^v {Uma

Xriq- Ac-Wm-p-I-cm]I Ub-d-IvS Pn. i-c-n-

tIcf kwm\ sse{_dn

Iukn

Xncph\]pcw Bm\w
{]kn-o-I-cWw "{Km-temIw'
{]kn-U v ]nc-tImSv apcfn.

tIcf tv Ne-n{X hnI-k\

tIm-td-j

km DS-a--X-bn Cybnse {]Ya kwcw-`w. sNbam

sI.Pn. tPmPv.

BZy sNbam
]n.-B.-F-kv. ]nGjy-bnse Ghpw henb
pUntbm tImw-Ivkv
Xncphs Nn{XmRvPen
pUntbm. Xncp-h-\--]p-cv ssIcfn, {io, Iem-`-h Xntb--dp-I
tImtdj DSaXbnepXv.
{]kn-o-I-cWw "kn\n--sSIv'.

kmwkvIm-cnI {]kn-o-Ic- W
hIpv

"kwkvImc tIcfw' ss{Xam-kn-I

tIcf {]kv Am-Zan

Fd-Wm-Ip-fw Im-\mSv
tIcf km, tIcf bqWn-b
Hm^v hnMv tPW-en-v, Cy
\yqkv t] skmsskn Fn-hbpsS kwbp kwcw-`w.
"aoUnb ssUPv' {]knoIcWw.
BZ-ys sNbam
sI.-F.-Zm-tam-Z-c-ta-t\m-
\ne-hnse sNbam
tXmakv tP-_v.

tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv

Xncp-h-\--]p-cv \f-- Bm\w
BZ-ys Ub-d-IvS
F.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy-.
UbdIvS ]n.sI. t]m

am\p-kv{In]vvkv sse{_dn
tIcf k-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn
Imcy-h-p {]hn-p-p.
Hmdn-b dnkv Cn-yqv
BUv am\p-kv{In]vvkv sse{_dn
(lkvX-en-JnX {K-im-e) F
t]cnemWv Ctm {]hn-pXv.

ae-bmfw alm-\n-Lp hIpv

(Malayalam Lexicon)
tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bpsS Iogn
]mfbw Hm^o-kv Im-kn.
iqc-\mSv Ip]n--bmWv
m]I FUn-.

 tIcf efn-X-IemAm-Zan

tIcf kwm\ _me-km-lnXy

Xriq- sNp-m-hv
{]kn-o-I-c-Ww "Nn{X-hm'
BZys Ay-
Fw. cma-h cmP
sNbam
kn.-F. Icp-Wm-I-c.

Cn-yqv

tImi Cn-yqv

CS--n Bm\w
cm-bncw sIms tIcf Ncn-{Xns hnIm-k]
- c
- n-Wm-a
- Cu ayqkn-b-n ImWmw.

F{_lmw tPmk-^v {]Ya Ub-dI

- vS
"Ipn- I - f psS sImmcw' F Hcp
m]-\-hp-ap-v.
_me-hn-m-\-tIm-i-ns Ap
hmey- {]Im-i\w sNbvXp.

tIcf kwm\ k-hn-m-\ tIcf Ncn{X ayq-knbw

Xncp-h-\--]p-cv PK-Xn
Ub-d-IvS ]mp-p-n.

sk{S Bsshvkv
1887- Xncp-h-\--]p-cv m]n
lqkq sk{S shWm-Ip-e
dnmUvkv F ]pcm-tcJ
kqnv KrlamWv ]noSv
sk{S BsshvkmbXv.

tIcf tv Bsshvkv
1962- {]tX-yI hIp-mbn Xncp-h-\-]p-cv \ne-hn hp. tImbv-Is sk{S sdmUv
Hm^okpw sk{I--dn-tb-n-t\mSp
tNp Cwojv sdtmUv
Hm^okpw tcJm-e-b--fm-Wv.

tIcf ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW

hIpv

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq (1891), sImn ]pcm-hkvXp-h-Ip-p-I (1925) kwtbmPnnv tIcf ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW

hIpv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn.

Nn{Ukv _pIv {Sv

Zln Bm-\-w.
Imq-Wnv i m]I
"Nn{Ukv thUv' amkn-I

]_vfnIv sse{_dn
1929- m]n-Xw.
Xncph\]pcw Bm\w
1959- tIc-f-ns kwm-\ tI-{-sse-{_-dn-bmbn Dbn.
"hmm-]-{XnI' amknI

tIcf {K-im-em-kwLw
tIc-f-n km-cXm {]h-\n\v XpSw Ipdn-Xv {K-imem
kwL-am-Wv.

kakvX tIcf kmln-Xy ]cn-jv

1927 CS--n-bn \S kmlnXy-k-amPw hmjn-I-amWv ]cn-jmbn cq]-s--Xv. CS--n-cm-Pm-hmbn-cpp cm-[n-Im-cn. BZ-ys
{]kn-U v tae-v AN-yp-X
tat\m.

hmkvXp-hnZymKpcp-Ipew
kwm\ kmwkvIm-cnIhIp-ns
Iogn (1993) {]hn-p m]\w. Bdapf ]m-km-cYn t{Xn\Sp-m-Wv Bm-\w.

ae-bmf Iem-{Kmaw
agn]pg-bpsS XocmWv
Bm\w.
ae-bmf Iem-{Kmaw BSvK-ym-edn
D-c-tI-c-f-nse hn]p-e-amb Iemim-e-bmWv.

Ip \-ym kvamcIw
Inn-p-dn-n-aw-K-ev (]m-e-mSv
Pn) Ip \-ym P\n Ie-p-`-h-\-amWv Ip \-ym
kvamc-I-ambn amdn-b-Xv.
sabv 5 Ip Zn\w

A Xp-cm kvamcIw
Xriq-cnse A-tm- Bm\w.

Cn-yqv Hm^v ayqd

s]bnnwKv

Kpcp-hm-bq-cn {ioIrjvW t{Xns Ingt \S-bn

an-bq IrjvWIp-n-\m-b-
BZy {]nkn-.