GTDinh Duong TAGS

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI
VIN NGHIN CU NUI TRNG THU SN 1
GS.TS V DUY GING
DINH DNG V THC N THU SN
H Ni 2006
LI NI U
Cun Dinh dng v Thc n thu sn son cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh Nui Trng Thu sn, chng trnh Cao hc. Ni dung cun sch tp trung vo cc vn dinh dng v nhu cu dinh dng ca tm c i vi nng lng, protein, axit amin, vitamin, cht khong; cc ngun thc n ca tm c; cng ngh thc n cng nghip cho tm c. Vic s dng thc n cng nghip nui thm canh tm c va gip nng cao nng sut sinh khi, hiu qu s dng thc n, va gim nhim mi trng, hn ch dch bnh. Nhng kin thc v dinh dng v thc n rt cn thit cho vic s dng v sn xut thc n cng nghip cho tm v c. Nhng kin thc ny ngy cng tin b v su sc, hy vng rng nhng ni dung quan trng nht ca mn hc c cp v s gip cho ngi hc thc hnh c trong sn xut. Ngi bin son GS.TS V DUY GING I HC NNG NGHIP HA NI
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn--------------------------1
Chng m u NHNG C IM DINH DNG C Dinh dng l g? Dinh dng l nhng hot ng sinh l v ho hc chuyn nhng cht dinh dng t thc n thnh nhng cht dinh dng ca c th. C 4 qu trnh dinh dng: thu nhn thc n, tiu ho hp thu thc n, chuyn ho v bi tit. Mn hc nghin cu cc qu trnh trn gi l dinh dng hc. Mc ch ca dinh dng hc ng vt thu sn l nghin cu c s khoa hc v thc tin cho qu trnh chuyn nhng cht dinh dng ca thc n thnh nhng cht dinh dng ca c th hiu qu nht (con vt kho mnh, sinh trng pht trin tt v c hiu sut li dng thc n cao nht). Lch s pht trin dinh dng hc ng vt nc Dinh dng hc thu sn ch mi pht trin gn y: + Nhng nghin cu u tin v nhu cu dinh dng thc hin ti Corland (Ohio, M) vo nhng nm 40 v ch pht trin mnh t thp nin 60. + Thc n nhn to cho ng vt thu sn bt u p dng t thp nin 50 v cui thp nin ny thc n vin c dng ph bin ti M v Chu u. + Thu sn bao gm cc loi c xng (finfish) v gip xc (crustacean) c nhng c im dinh dng khc vi cc ng vt trn cn. S lng cc loi c rt phong ph, nhng hin ch c khong 20 loi c nghin cu v dinh dng v i b phn tp trung vo nhng loi c n i. Nhng c im dinh dng ng vt nc - C c cu trc ng tiu ho v chc nng tiu ho rt khc nhau v a s ng vt thu sn tri qua giai on u trng, giai on ny nhu cu dinh dng bin i rt ln, nn nghin cu v dinh dng kh hn so vi ng vt trn cn. - C l ng vt bin nhit (poikilotherms) nn c nhu cu nng lng thp hn ng vt mu nng v khng tiu tn nng lng vo vic iu tit thn nhit. Tuy nhin li nhy cm vi stress ca mi trng, c bit l nhit nc. Do vy nhu cu dinh dng thng c xc nh nhit nc nht nh, gi l nhit mi trng tiu chun (SET: Standard Environmental Temperatures).
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn-------------------------3
V d: SET (theo NRC): 59o F (15o C): c hi (chinook salmon) 50oF (10oC): c hi vn (rainbow trout) 86oF (30oC): c da trn M (chanel catfish) - V nhu cu dinh dng: Nhu cu nng lng ca ng vt thu sn thp hn ng vt trn cn (v khng mt nng lng iu ho thn nhit, khng tn nhiu nng lng vn ng, khng mt nhiu nng lng trong chuyn ho protein (c c xp vo nhm ammoniotelic- bi tit amoniac). Nhu cu vitamin cng cao hn, c bit vitamin C do c khng t tng hp c trong c th, do vy nhu cu vitamin ph thuc nhiu vo thc n. Nhu cu cht khong thp hn v c c th ly cht khong t mi trng nc. Hu ht cc loi c c nhu cu v axit bo h ?3 (hay n3) v cc nhm ng vt thu sn khc nhau th c nhu cu axit bo ny khc nhau. - V hiu sut li dng thc n: Hiu sut li dng thc n ca c cao hn ng vt trn cn (HSLDTA ca c trong khong 1,2 - 1,7/1, ln 3/1, g 2/1). - V phng thc ly thc n ca c: C nhiu phng thc nh bt mi (predator: salmon, trout...), gm (grazers: mullet...), lc (strainers: menhaden c th lc 6 gallons nc/pht qua mang), ht (suckers: buffalo...), k sinh (parasites nh sea lamprey...). Do thc n phi c ch bin v cho n theo phng thc ly thc n ca c. Quan h gia thc n t nhin v thc n nhn to trong nui trng thu sn Trong nui trng thu sn, tu phng thc sn xut, thc n t nhin v thc n nhn to chim v tr khc nhau. Trong nui qung canh, thc n t nhin l quan trng, khi phng thc qung canh c thay dn bng bn thm canh hoc thm canh th thc n nhn to thay th dn cho thc n t nhin. Trnh thm canh cng cao th thc n nhn to cng gi vai tr quan trng (xem s ). chng trnh mn hc Mn hc c 10 chng, t chng1 n chng 7 l phn nguyn l dinh dng, cc chng cn li l phn thc n cng nghip.
Trong qu trnh hc, sinh vin c mt ngy tham quan nh my thc n chn nui gia sc v thc n thu sn. Kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin c nh gi theo im thi kt thc mn hc, im chuyn v im tng trnh tham quan thc tp.
thc n nhn to thc n t nhin
nui qung canh
nui bn thm canh
nui thm canh
S :
Mi quan h gia thc n t nhin v thc n nhn to trong nui trng thu sn
Chng 1 SINH L TIU HO CA C

1- CU TO GII PHU B MY TIU HO CA C sau. ng tiu ho c c 4 phn, l rut u, rut trc, rut gia v rut
Rut u gm xoang ming v mang. Rut trc gm thc qun, d dy, pylorus. Mt s loi c khng c d dy (khong 15% loi c khng c d dy) th rut trc ch c thc qun v mt on rut bt u t cui ng thc qun ko n ca ng dn mt. Rut gia l on rut t sau pylorus n u on rut sau. Gn pylorus c ti m h v (pylorus caecae), c ch c 5-8 ti , c hi vn c 35-100 ti. Rut sau gm rut kt v l thi phn. Nim mc rut l cc lng nhung, kch c lng nhung bin i theo thi tit v thc n (c sng mi trng lnh c lng nhung di v dy hn so vi c sng mi trng nng, tuy nhin tng s lng nhung th khng bin i). c im chung v gii phu ca ng tiu ho tt c cc loi c l: - Cu to gii phu bin i theo tp tnh n. - Rut ca loi n thc vt (herbivores) di hn loi n ng vt (carnivores). Chiu di rut/di thn ca carnivores, omnivores (n tp) v herbovores ln lt l 0,2-0,5/1 0,6-8,0/1 v 0,8-15/1. - Loi c khng c d dy khng c pha tiu ho axit.
S 1.1 CAC C QUAN TIU HO CA C
S 1.2: NG TIU HO CA C HI VN, C DA TRN, C CHP V M HOA
2- SINH L TIU HO V HP THU CA C ng tiu ho ca c c dch d dy, dch tu v dch rut, trong cc dch ny cha enzyme, gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh tiu ho cc cht dinh dng. 2.1- Dch d dy (gastric secretion) Dch d dy c tnh axit c hu ht cc loi c, tr c khng c d dy. Thnh phn dch d dy gm: * Axit hydrochloric: tit ra t d dy khi c thc n, pH dch d dy c th t ti 2 sau khi n vi gi. * Enzyme: Pepsin c hnh thnh t pepsinogen trong mi trng axit. Pepsin phn ct dy ni peptide thnh nhng mch ngn hn, n phn gii c hu ht protein nhng khng phn gii c mucins, spongin, conchiolin, keratin hay nhng peptide phn t lng thp. Dich d dy cng cha mt s enzyme khng phn gii protein, l cc enzyme: a/ Amylase - Clupea sp. b/ Lipase - Tilapia sp. c/ Esterases (pH = 5,3 - 8,0) d/ Chitinase - Coryphaenoides sp (n crustaceans) e/ Hyaluronidase - Scomberjaponicus f/ Cellulase - trong mt vi loi estuarine v c nc ngt, enzyme ny c ngun gc vi sinh vt ch khng phi ca c. 2.2- Dch tu (pancreatic secretion) * Bicarbonates: do tu tit ra trung ho axit HCl tit ra t d dy. * Enzyme - Proteases: a/ Trypsin: hnh thnh do thu phn trypsinogen, phn gii dy ni peptide c nhm carboxyl n t arginine hay lysine. Hot ng ti u pH=7. b/ Chymotrypsin: hnh thnh do trypsin tc ng vo chimotrypsinogen, phn gii dy ni peptide ca nhm carboxyl ca axit amin mch nhnh (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine). c/ Elastase c hnh thnh khi proelastase c hot ho bi trypsin, n phn gii dy ni peptide ca elastin. d/ Carboxypeptidases hnh thnh t procarboxypeptidases sau khi c trypsin hot ho, n thu phn dy ni peptide cui cng ca c cht.
- Amylase: Tuyn tu l ngun ch yu ca amylase ca c, pH ti u cho hot ng ca n l 6,7. - Chitinase: Nhiu loi c, c bit cc loi c n cn trng v gip xc. Enzyme ny hoc sinh ra t tu (pH cho hot ng ti u l 8-10) hoc t d dy (pH cho hot ng ti u l 1,25-3,5). - Lipase: Lipase thu phn m triglyceride, phospholipides v esters sp. - Carbonic anhydrase thy rut c coral, ngi ta cho rng enzyme ny dng phn gii calcium carbonate. 2.3- Dch mt (bile secretion) V c bn, mt c ging mt ng vt c v, nhng v m gan v m tu ca mt vi loi c trn ln nhau cho nn dch mt c cha enzyme ca tu. Dch mt c tnh kim yu, cha mui mt, cholesterol, phospholipides, sc cht mt, anion hu c, glycoproteins v ion v c. Dch mt l tc nhn nh ho m trong qu trnh tiu ho m. 2.4- Dich rut (intestial secretion): Dch rut cha cc enzymes: a/ amino-di-tripeptidases b/ alkali v axit nucleosidases (phn chia nucleosides); c/ polynucleotidases (phn chia axit nucleic); d/ lecithinase (phn chia phospholipides); e/ lipase v nhng esterases khc (phn chia lipides); f/ amylase, maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, lactase, trehalase v laminarinase (tiu ho carbohydrates). Hot tnh amylase rut c chp cao hn c hi. Laminarinase trong rut c r Phi nui bng phiu sinh. Laminarinase phn gii laminarin (-1,3 glucan), c nhiu trong nhm to Laminariaceae. 2.5- S tiu ho + Protein: Tiu ho protein bt u d dy trong nhng loi c c d dy, protein b phn ct thnh nhng mnh polypeptide tip tc c tiu ho rut. Di tc ng ca enzyme dch d dy, dch ty v dch rut, protein b phn gii thnh peptide v axit amin theo s : Protein pepton, polypeptide peptide n gin axit amin ng thi enzyme tiu ho protein ca c ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau:
+Tui: hot tnh enzyme peptic v tryptic tng mnh trong 20 ngy tui u, sau hot tnh tryptic tng mnh hn peptic (40 ngy tui hot tnh tryptic tng 10 ln cn hot tnh peptic tng 4 ln). +Thnh phn khu phn: khu phn nhiu tinh bt v x lm gim hot tnh proteolytic. + Nhit nc: enzyme proteolytic tit nhiu v c hot lc cao nhit cao (40-50oC), nhit t 20oC n 5oC, hot lc proteolytic gim 30-40% gi tr ban u. + pH: i vi Clarias gariepirius, pH ti u cho pepsin d dy l 3, cho trypsin v chimotrysin l 8,2 v 7,8; i vi Anguilla japonica nhng con s tng ng l 2,5-3,3 i vi pepsin (nhit 40-50oC) v l 7,6 i vi trypsin (nhit 46oC). +Thi gian nui dng: hot tnh protease dch rut c chp t ti a sau khi n 5 gi, hot tnh amylase gim sau khi n 1 gi , nhng sau 5-6 gi li tng ln. + Lipid: Di tc ng ca dch mt, m c nh ho v di tc ng ca lipase m bin thnh mono, di-glyceride, glycerol v axit bo. + Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate di tc ng ca nhng enzyme tit ra tu v rut bin thnh hexose v pentose. Chitin b phn gii thnh N-acetylamin nh enzyme chitinase. Amylase v maltase tit ra ch yu on rut gia, sacarase tit ch yu on rut xa, tuy nhin c chp amylase tit ra ch yu tu v hu nh khng tit ra rut. C con (6,5 g) c hot tnh amylase v maltase cao hn c ln (400 g); khu phn giu tinh bt lm tng hot tnh ca amylase v maltase; nhit thch hp cho carbohydrase hot ng th tng i rng (20-40oC). 2.6- S tiu ho vi sinh vt Vi sinh gm vi khun v protozoa c phn cui rut non tip gip trc trng, chng tit ra cc enzyme proteolytic, amylolytic, chitinase,
vt.
+ Loi: hot tnh proteolytic ca loi n ng vt ln hn loi n thc
lecithinase v cellulase. Tuy nhin vi khun ch ng mt vai tr nh trong qua trnh tiu ho chitin v cellulose. 2.7- S hp thu + Protein: axit amin c hp thu theo gradient nng sau khi kt hp vi ion v c, nhng peptide n gin c hp thu bng c ch pinocytosis (thc bo). + Lipid: nhng sn phm ho tan ca tiu ho lipid c hp thu ch yu nim mc rut trc v c pyloric caeca. + Carbohydrate: glucose c hp thu nim mc rut theo c ch hp thu tch cc v theo gradient nng .
S 1.3: Tm tt hot ng ca cc enzymes tiu ho
S rn n d dy HCl Pepsin
pepsinogen Pancreatic enzymes +bicarbonate - Aminopeptidase(Peptides) - Nucleosidases (Nucleosides, nucleic acids) - Lecithinase (Phospholipide) - Lipase (Fat) - Amylase, maltase etc. (Carbohydrates)
Intestial enzymes ? Trypsinogen Trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen
Chymotrysin (prrotein) Proelastase Elastase (protein) Procarboxy peptidase
Carboxypeptidase (peptide) (Carbohydrate) Amylase (Fat) Lipase
Bile
3- T L TIU HO THC N T l tiu ho thc n c xc nh bng t l phn trm ca cht dinh dng tiu ho, hp thu c so vi cht dinh dng n vo. C hai cng thc xc nh t l tiu ho, l t l tiu ho biu kin (apparent digestibility coefficient - ADC) v t l tiu ho tht (true digestibility coefficient - TDC): ADC = (q - p)/q x 100 (1) q : cht dinh dng n vo p : cht dng thi ra phn TDC = (q - (p - p)/q x 100 (2) q v p: cng thc (1) p : chtdinh dng ni sinh thi ra phn (t bo thnh rut, dch tiu ho...) Trong thc t kh xc nh TDC cho nn trong dinh dng ng vt thu sn ngi ta thng ch s dng ADC. xc nh t l tiu ho mt cht dinh dng no trong thc n, c nhiu phng php khc nhau, tuy nhin c mt phng php c p dng ph bin l phng php dng cht nh du. Cht nh du thng dng l oxit crom (Cr2O3), cht ny hu nh khng tiu ho, hp thu trong ng tiu ho. Oxit crom c trn vo thc n theo t l 1-2%. Sau khi cho n mt thi gian, ngi ta ly mu phn ca c. Cng vi vic nh lng thnh phn phn trm ca cc cht dinh dng trong phn, ngi ta cng xc nh t l phn trm ca oxt crom trong phn. Sau p dng cng thc sau tnh t l tiu ho (digestibility coeficient - DC): DC = 100 - [ 100 % A x % B ] % B % A % A: %cht nh du c trong thc n (theo khi lng cht kh) % B: %cht nh du c trong phn (theo khi lng cht kh) % A: %cht dinh dng c trong thc n (theo khi lng cht kh) % B: % cht dinh dng c trong phn (theo khi lng cht kh)
Cu hi 1- Nhng c im cu to ng tiu ho ca c. 2- Nhng enzyme tiu ho protein, lipid v carbohydrate v kt qu tc ng ca nhng enzyme ny trong qu trnh tiu ho thc n. 3- Hp thu protein, lipid v carbohydrate ca c. 4- Cng thc tnh t l tiu ho thc n.
Chng 2 DINH DNG PROTEIN V AXIT AMIN

1- PROTEIN 1.1. Phn loi V mt chc nng ngi ta chia protein thnh nhiu loi sau: +/ Protein n gin: l protein ch cho axit amin khi thy phn, bao gm hai nhm l protein si v protein cu. - Protein si (fibrous protein): gi vai tr cu to cc m lin kt nh collagen, elastin v keratin. Protein ny khng ha tan v bn vi cc enzyme tiu ha, collagen c hydroxyproline, l mt axit amin quan trng ca protein ny. Elastin cu to gn v mch mu, chui polipeptid ca elastin giu alanine v glycine. Keratin c hai loi l - keratin l protein ca lng v tc v - keratin l protein ca lng v, da, keratin rt giu axit amin cha lu hunh, v d protein lng cha ti 4 % lu hunh. - Protein hnh cu (globular protein): l cc enzyme, khng nguyn v hocmon. Thnh phn: + Albumin: c sa, mu, trng, thc vt. c im: ha tan trong nc, ngng t bi nhit. + Histone: c nhn t bo, y n gn vi deoxyribonucleic. c im: ha tan trong dung dch mui v khng b ngng t bi nhit, khi thy phn cho ra nhiu arginine v lysine. + Protamin: l protein kim gn vi axit nucleic c nhiu trong tinh trng ca ng vt c v, protamin giu arginine nhng khng c tyrosine, tryptophan hay axit amin cha lu hunh. + Globulin protein c trong sa, trng, mu.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn-----------------------14
+/ Protein phc tp: loi protein ny ngoi cc axit amin cn c nhm khng phi protein nh glycoprotein, lipoprotein, photphoprotein v chromoprotein. Glycoprotein l thnh phn ca nim dch c tc dng bi trn, cng c trong lng trng trng, ovalbumin. Lipoprotein l thnh phn chnh ca mng t bo. Photphoprotein nh cazein ca sa v photphovitin ca lng . Chromoprotein nh hemoglobin, cytochrome hoc flavoprotein. V mt dinh dng thc n ngi ta chia protein thnh hai loi: +/ Protein th: gm c protein v cc hp cht cha nit khng phi protein. Theo quy c ca ngnh thc n chn nui v c, protein th c tnh bng cng thc: Protein th = Nx 6,25 +/ Hp cht N phi protein: l nhng hp cht cha N nhng khng c cu trc protein nh axit amin t do, amin (putresine, histamine, cadaverine), amid (ure, asparagine, glutamine ), nitrat, alkaloit ( nicotine, cocaine, strichnine, morphine) Thc n thc vt non cha nhiu hp cht nit phi protein hn thc vt trng thnh ( 25-30% nit tng s), thc n xanh cha ti a 50-60% nit phi protein, thc n ht cha 10% nit phi protein. 1.2 Vai tr Protein ngoi vai tr cu trc ( nguyn liu to cc m v cc sn phm) cn c nhng vai tr quan trng sau: To cc cht xc tc (enzyme), hocmon. Thc hin chc nng vn chuyn nh hemoglobin. Tham gia chc nng c gii nh colagen. Chc nng bo v nh khng th (antibody). Chc nng thng tin nh protein th gic.
Protein cn c vai tr to nng lng, 1g protein sn sinh ra 4,5
kcal nng lng ( c). C l loi Aminotelic ( thi amoniac) khc vi ng vt c v l loi Ureotelic v chim l Uricotelic, i vi cc loi ny 1g protein ch cho 4 Kcal nng lng. 1.3 -Nhu cu protein ca c Ngi ta chia nhu cu lm hai loi: nhu cu duy tr v nhu cu sn xut Nhu cu protein cho duy tr c cao hn ng vt c v. V d: c hi vn (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nng 100g c nhu cu protein duy tr hng ngy l 52,1; 69,3 v 97,7 mg/ngy, tng ng vi nhit mi trng l 100C , 150C v 200C. Nhu cu protein cho sn xut ( cho tng trng) cng cao hn ng vt c v 4 ln, g 2 ln v ph thuc vo: + Loi c: v d c r phi ln nhanh hn hai ln so vi c m hoa. + Tnh bit: v d c chp ci ln nhanh hn c chp c + Tui v khi lng c th: nhu cu protein tnh cho mt n v khi lng c th con vt non cao hn con vt trng thnh.Th nghim nui dng c giai on c bt, c hng v c ln (fry, fingerling v yearling fish) thy rng nhu cu protein cao nht giai on fry, sau gim dn cc giai on sau. i vi c hi, giai on fry, protein khu phn phi t 50%, lc 6 8 tun gim cn 40% v 35% giai on yearling. + Mt n. + Mc hot ng. + Yu t mi trng: nhit , nh sng, mn, nng O2, cht c hoc cht chuyn ha ( nh NH3 hay nitrite). V d: c hi yu cu khu phn cha 40% protein khi nhit nc l 80C, nhng nhit nc 140C nhu cu protein s l 55% tnh trn c s khu phn kh.
+ mn cao th yu cu v protein cng cao. V d c hi vn yu cu protein khu phn l 40 v 43,5% khi mn ln lt l 10 0/00 v 20 0/00. + Cht lng protein khu phn v cn i nng lng: Kanko (1968) thy khu phn c hi cha 40% protein s cho tc sinh trng ti u khi bt c trng l ngun protein chnh, nhng vi nhng khu phn giu nng lng, protein ch cn 30% (ch c hi s dng m tt hn carbohydrate). Protein c axit amin cn i v c t l tiu ho cao s to cho nhu cu protein thp hn so vi loi protein khng cn i axit amin. Do b nhng yu t trn chi phi cho nn kh c c mt hng dn chung v protein cho c k sinh trng ca c. Bng 2.1 sau y cho nhng kt qu nghin cu v protein ca c (cc th nghim xc nh nhu cu protein ca c thng lm trn c ging c khi lng t 5 - 50g). 1.4- T l nng lng/protein C hai cng thc, hoc l t l nng lng/protein (E/P), hoc l t l protein/nng lng (P/E) : Nng lng ca khu phn (KJ hoc MJ/kg) -------------------------------------------------Protein th (%)
E/P =
mg (hoc g) protein T l P/E = -----------------------------------------------Nng lng khu phn KJ (MJ) T l E/P ti u cho c chp l 450-500 (tnh theo DE). Nh vy thc n vi mc 2% th trng, DE khu phn l 16,9 - 20,1 MJ/kg v protein th ca khu phn l 30-42%. Khuyn co ca NRC v nhu cu protein ca mt s loi c ghi bng 2.2 1.5- Cht lng protein thc n Protein ca cc loi thc n khc nhau c cht lng khc nhau, ngi ta o cht lng protein theo cc ch tiu sau:
+Biological value (BV)
Protein tch ly Protein tiu ha Nn

vo(
Nn vo( Nphn+Nnc tiu) Nn vo - Nphn

i)(
x 100
Nphn-Ntrao
Nnc
tiu-
Nni x 100
sinh)
Nn vo ( Nphn Ntrao i)
Bng 2.1: Nhu cu protein mt s loi c (NRC 1993) Species C hi i Ty dng C da trn C chp C trm c C m hoa C hi vn C qu R phi xanh R phi sng Nil C chnh Nht % Protein trong khu phn (giai on juvenile) 45 32 - 36 31 - 38 41 - 43 40 40 52 34 30 44,5
Bng 2.2: T l P/E hoc E/P cho tng trng ti u ca mt s loi c (NRC 1993) Ging loi Khi lng (g) C trn M 526 34 10 266 600 C r phi i loan C chp C hi vn C hi (Salmo gairdneri) C tr phi C tra C basa 15 20 40 32 28 18,6* 21,5** 18,6** 14,4** Machiels&Henken, 1985 Hung L.T, 1999 Hung L.T, 1999 50 20 90 94 22,2 28,8 27,0 27,0 24,4 30 31,5 33 42 9,7 12,8 11,6 13,1 12,8 12,3 12,3 15,1 17,2 22,7 22,5 23,2 20,5 19,3 24,6 25,8 22,0 25,1 Page&andrews,1973 Garling&Wilson, 1976 Mangalik, 1986 Mangalik, 1986 Li&Lovell, 1992 El Sayed, 1987 Takeuchi et al., 1979 Cho&Kaushik, 1985 Cho&Woodward, 1989 DP (%) DE (KJ/g) DP/DE (mg/KJ) Tc gi
DE: nng lng tiu ho; DP: protein tiu ho, *GE: nng lng th**CP/GE Bng 2.3 gii thiu BV ca cc protein khc nhau th nghim trn c chp th trng t 50 100g vi khu phn cha 10% protein.
Bng 2.3: BV mt s protein thc n c (Ogino v Chen 1973) Protein Lng trng kh Cazein Bt c trng Gelatin Bt gluten ng Bt tng BV 89 80 76 23 55 74 Kh m Nhn xt X l Ethanol v Ete khng c vit.C
Nm men t du ha 73 - 79 BV ph thuc vo loi, k thut ch bin. V d, bt c hp 1270C trong 3,5 gi c BV gim 10 20% so vi bt c hp trong 25 pht. +Hiu qu protein (PER: protein efficiency ratio): PER = Tng trng(g) Protein tiu th(g)
Hoc mt ch tiu tng t c tn l Gi tr protein sn xut ( PPV = productive protein value). Lng protein ca m tng(g) Protein tiu th(g)
PPV =
100
V d: S lin quan gia lng thc n cung cp ( tnh theo % th trng c), tng trng trong 4 tun ( tnh theo % th trng ban u ca c), PER, PPV khi nui c chp con ( khi lng ban u l 40g) c trnh by bng 2.4.
Bng 2.4: Hiu qu chuyn ha thc n v hiu qu li dng protein theo cc khu phn khc nhau Khu phn thc n 1 3 5 7 9 Tng trng% 19 81 117 128 101 FCR 1,41 1,14 1,41 1,87 2,76 PER 1,46 1,80 1,46 1,10 0,74 PPV 28,2 30,3 22,8 18,1 12,1
+Thang gi tr ha hc (CS: chemical score) xc nh CS ca mt thc n no cn bit hm lng cc axit amin ca n, em so snh hm lng tng axit amin ca thc n vi hm lng axit amin tng ng ca trng g t tnh CS. V d: T l % ca lysine la m so vi lysine ca trng g: (2,7/7,2) x 100 = 37,5% CS ca lizin la m: 37,5 100 = - 62,5 Bng 2.5: CS ca la m Axit amin Arg Hist Lys Trip. Phe.ala Met Met + cyst % la m 4,2 2,1 2,7 1,2 5,7 2,5 4,3 % trng 6,7 2,7 6,8 1,9 5,4 3,3 5,5 Chemical score - 37,31 - 22,22 - 60,29 - 36,84 5,55 - 24,24 - 21,81
Thr Leu Isoleu Val
3,3 6,8 3,6 4,5
5,5 8,5 7,0 8,2
- 40,00 - 20,00 - 48,57 - 45,12
+Ch s axit amin quan trng (EAAI = Essential Amino Acid Index)
100.a 1 100.a 2 100a n x x........ ae 1 ae 2 ae n
EAAI =
a1an: axit amin ca protein thc n( g/100g protein) ae1aen: axit amin ca protein trng g(g/100g protein) 2-AXIT AMIN Axit amin l thnh phn ca protein. Protein t nhin c khong 23 axit amin. C hai loi axit amin, axit amin thit yu v khng thit yu. i vi tm v c c 10 loi axit amin c coi l thit yu. 2.1 : Cc axit amin thit yu Bng 2.6 : Cc axit amin thit yu ca tm v c Axit amin thit yu (Indispensable amino acids) Arginine (Agc) Histidine (Hist) Isoleucine (Isoleuc) Leucine (Leu) Lysine (Lys) Axit amin khng thit yu (Dispensable amino acids) Alanine Acid aspatic Acid glutamic Glycine Proline, Hydroxyproline
Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe.ala) Threonine (Thre) Tryptophan (Tryp) Valine (Val) Ch :
Cystine Tyrosine Serine Ornitine
1/-Phenylalanine c th c thay th mt phn bng tyrosine (thay th c 5% phenyl alanine c channel catfish). 2/-Cystine c th thay th mt phn ( 60%) methionine, th nghim c channel catfish.
2.2- Nhu cu axit amin : Nhu cu axit amin ca c ghi bng 2.7, cc s liu trong bng cho thy: - Nhu cu arginine ca nhm c hi giai on fry gn ging nh g nhng ln hn ca ln v chut rt nhiu. ng vt c v v gia cm, c th c th t p ng c mt phn arginine nhng c th khng. Nhu cu arginine ca c nc mn thp hn c nc ngt. Khng c s i khng arginine - lysine c. - Nhu cu histidine cho sinh trng ca hi giai on fry l 0,7% tnh theo cht kh khu phn (1,6g/16gN). Histidine c dng hnh thnh dipeptit carnosine v ansezine. Kh cacboxyl histidine thnh histamine. Khu phn n c hi (O. mykiss) c nhiu histamine lm cho thnh d dy b lot ging gia cm.
- Nhu cu isoleucine nhm c hi giai on fry ph thuc vo hm lng leucine trong khu phn, tng isoleucine th cng tng nhu cu leucine. Mi tng tc gia isoleucine v leucine cng thy c channel catfish. Bng 2.7 : Nhu cu axit amin mt s loi c (% vt cht kh) C chnh Axit amin Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine C chp 1,6 0,8 0,9 1,3 2,2 1,2a 2,5b 1,5 0,3 1,4 C r phi 1,18 0,48 0,87 0,95 1,43 0,75c 1,05d 1,05 0,28 0,78 (Anguilla japonica) 1,7 0,8 1,5 2,0 2,0 1,2a 2,2b 1,5 0,4 1,5 C trn (Ictalurus puntatus) 1,0 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,2 0,6 1,2e 0,5 0,12 0,71 C hi (Salmo gyerdneri) 1,4 0,64 0,96 1,76 2,12 0,72f 1,24 1,36 0,3 1,24
Ghi ch bng 2.7 a: khng c cystine; b: khng c tyrosine, nu c, tyrosine chim 1% nhu cu phenyalanine; c: c 0,15% cystine; d: c 0,5% tyrosine; e: c 0,3% tyrosine; f: c cystine - i vi c hi giai on fry, 1,9% lysine/CK khu phn (4,8g/16gN) s cho sinh trng tt, nhng c sinh trng v hiu qu li dng thc n cao th lysine cn 2,5%. Nhu cu lysine ca c hi (O. mykiss) giai on fry th cao hn (6,1g/16gN hay 9g/kg khu phn), cc giai on sau th mc
lysine ti thiu l 25 - 30g/kg khu phn. Cung cp lysine thiu s dn n ngho sinh trng, thi lot vy v cht. - Axit amin cha S rt quan trng i vi dinh dng c, methionine c nhiu trong protein ng vt nn nhng khu phn c qu t protein ng vt, sinh trng ca c gim mnh. i vi c hi (O. mykiss) sinh trng s tho mn khi khu phn cha methionine + cystine t nht l 13 - 15g/kg CK khu phn ( 0,85 - 1,05% khu phn). - Thiu methionine (khng thiu cystine) dn n vim cata thu tinh th mt, gim sinh trng. Thu tinh th b c sau 2 - 3 thng tu theo mc thiu. Tuy nhin tha methionine cng dn n c ch sinh trng. - Threonine: nhu cu ca c hi (O. mykiss) i vi axit amin ny l 1,2%/CK khu phn (3g/16gN), hm lng cao hn lm gim sinh trng. - Tryptophan: thiu lm tng scoliosis nhm c hi (scoliosis l bnh bin dng ct sng do thiu serotonin). Scoliosis c th lin quan n mc serotonin no. Cho ung serotonin - creatinsulphate (0,25 - 3g/kg khu phn) gim s bin dng ct sng ca c hi giai on fry, nhng khng ngn nga c bnh (ch c da trn khng thy c s quan h gia scoliosis vi tryptophan.). nhm c hi, thiu tryptophan gy vim cata thu tinh th mt. Hin tng ny xy ra nghim trng khi nhit gim thp (t 20oC xung 10oC). 2.3- Vn b sung axit amin cng nghip vo khu phn C chp non, cyprius carpio khng th sinh trng c trn khu phn m protein c thay th bng hn hp axit amin c thnh phn tng t. C da trn cng khng li dng c axit amin t do b sung vo khu phn. Khu phn bt c c thay bng tng b sung thm methionine, cystine hay lysine v hu ht nhng axit amin hn ch khng nng cao c tng trng.
Tng arginine vo khu phn gelatin ca da trn t 11g ln 17g/kg lm tng trng nng ln r rt, nhng thm arginine, cystine, tryptophan hay methionine vo khu phn cazein khng lm thay i tng trng v hiu sut s dng thc n. Tuy nhin h c hi (salmonids) li c th s dng c axit amin t do cho sinh trng. Khu phn zein - gelatin b sung lysine, tryptophan thy sinh trng tng r rt so vi khu phn ny khng b sung 2 axit amin trn. Cu hi n tp: 1. Nhu cu protein ph thuc vo nhng yu t no ? Cho bit nhu cu protein ca mt s loi c. 2. Cng thc tnh BV, PER, CS, EAAI. 3. K tn 10 axit amin thit yu i vi tm v c, nhu cu cc axit amin ny, vai tr axit amin thit yu i vi c
Chng 3 Dinh dng lipid 1- Phn loi Theo MacDonald et al. (2002), lipid c phn loi nh sau:
Lipid th Lipid
C cha glycerin
Khng cha glycerin
Glycerid n gin
Glycerid phc tp
Du M
Glycolipid
Phospholipid
Glucolipid Galactolipid
Lecithine Cephaline
Cerebrosid Sap Steroid Terpen Prostaglandin
1.1- Du m : Du m l este ca glycerol v acid bo, khi c ba nhm glycerol c este ho bi acid bo s to ra triacyglycerol (hay cn gi l triglyceride) 1.2- Phospholipid : Phospholipid l este ca acid bo vi acid phosphatidic. Phospholipid l thnh phn ca lipoprotein trong mng sinh hc, n phn b rt rng, c bit c
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn---------------------------27
nhiu tim, thn v m thn kinh. V d : Myelin ca dy thn kinh cha ti 55% phospholipid ; trng v tng cng cha kh nhiu phospholipid. Phospholipid c phn thnh hai nhm tu theo trong cu trc c cha gc glycerol hay gc sphingosyl. Glycerolphospholipid gm phosphatidyl cholin (PA, cn c tn l lecithin), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE, cn c tn l cephalin), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphotidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG). Sphingolipid ph bin nht l sphingomyelin. CH2.O.CO.R1 CH.O.CO.R2 O CH2.O.P .OH OH Acid phosphatidic 1.3- Glycolipid Glycolipid l hp cht lipid cha ng glucose hay galactose. Cerebroside c nhiu trong m n o v sphingosine. 1.4- Steroids Steroids bao gm nhng hp cht sinh hc nh sterol, acid mt, hocmon adrenal v hocmon sinh dc, chng c mt n v cu trc c bn gm nhn phenanthrene lin kt vi vng cyclopentane. + Sterol : c 3 loi l phytosterols (ngun thc vt), mycosterols (ngun nm) v zoosterols (ngun ng vt). Phytosterol v mycosterol khng hp thu c rut ng vt v khng thy c trong m ng vt. Cholesterol l mt zoosterol c trong tt c cc t bo ng vt, c bit c nhiu trong n o (170g/kg cht kh). N cng l mt thnh phn chnh ca mng t bo ng vt, c vai tr quan trng trong vic iu khin nht (fluidity).
CH2.O.CO.C15H31 CH.O.CO.C17H33 CH2.O.PO3.CH2.CH2.N+(CH3)3 Phosphatidylcholine
Cholesterol cng l tin cht ca cc steroids khc nh hocmon sinh dc, hocmon ca tuyn v thng thn (estrogen, androgen, progesterol, aldosterone, corticosterone) v acid mt. Nng bnh thng ca cholesterol trong mu l 1,3 - 2,6 g/lit. V cholesterol c ho tan rt thp, khi c nhiu trong mu trong thi gian di chng s tch t trn vch thnh mch, dn dn cng li to thnh nhng mng x va. y chnh l nguyn nhn ca bnh cao huyt p v tim mch. 1.5- Sp Sp l este ca mt acid chui di v mt gc ru chui di. mt s loi c nh c sn, sp l mt thnh phn ng k ca lipid v nhng loi c nh thng c kh nng s dng sp nh l mt ngun nng lng. 1.6- Terpenes Terpenes c to nn t nhng n v isoprene lin kt vi nhau thnh chui thng hay vng. Isoprene l hp cht 5 cacbon c cng thc : CH2 :C.CH :CH2 CH3 Nhiu isoprene thy trong thc vt c mi v rt mnh, chng l thnh phn ca du long no ; ng vt isoprene c trong coenzyme nh coenzyme nhm Q. 1.7- Eicosanoids Eicosanoids l mt nhm ca cc hp cht prostaglandins, thromboxanes v prostacyclins sinh ra trong qu trnh chuyn ho nhng acid bo cha no C20 (tin ca tt c cc cht ny l acid prostanoiic). Prostaglandins v dn cht ca chng nh hng n s co ca c trn, ngng t tiu cu, huyt p ng mch ; chng c ch s tit dch d dy v v gii phng acid bo t m m v l cht gy vim. Thromboxanes l cht kch thch mnh s ngng kt tiu cu cn prostacyclins l mt trong cc cht c ch s ngng kt
tiu cu. Thromboxanes l cht gy co mch cn prostacyclins l cht gy d n mch. Sn phm chuyn ho ca eicosanoids l acid eicopentaenoic c tc dng iu ho s sn sinh eicosanoids t acid arachidonic. Acid ny c trong du c v nh n m t l bnh tim mch ca ng dn sng trn bin rt thp. Prostaglandins thng di dng PGE 2 c dng gy ng dc hng lot gia sc nhm iu khin thi gian ca chng. Nhm hp cht eicosanoidcos lin quan vi cc acid bo c th hin s 5.1.
S 5.1: Mi lin h gia cc acid bo v nhm eicosanoid Khu phn Linoleic acid -Linoleic acid Dihomo--Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Linolenic acid
Series 1 Prostaglandin & Thromboxans Series-3 leucotrienes
Series-2 Prostaglandin & prostacyclins & thromboxans
Series-3 Prostaglandin & prostacyclins & thromboxans Series-3 leucotrienes
2. Chc nng lipid + Cung cp v d tr nng lng : L ngun nng lng chnh ca ng vt, 1g lipid cho 9,1 Kcal GE hoc 8Kcal DE. Khu phn c vng nc lnh (coldwater fish) cn nhiu lipid hn c vng nc m (warmwater) v nng lc s dng carbohydrate ly nng lng km hn. Takeuchi et.al. (1978) cho bit sinh trng ca c hi vn (rainbow trout) khng b nh hng khi protein khu phn gim t 48% xung 35% nu lipid tng t 15% ln 20%. Nh vy, khi xy dng khu phn cho tm v c khng ch m bo cn i t l P/E m cn cn c mt t l lipid nht nh (i vi nhiu loi c t l ny l t 20% tr ln). Tuy nhin qu nhiu lipid c th lm mt cn bng E/P v tha m tch lu m v ph tng. Steffens et.al. kho st nh hng ca vic b sung thm du vo khu phn c hi vn thy sinh trng v chuyn ho thc n ca c tng ln khi lipid khu phn tng t 4,7% ln 9%, cc loi du khc nhau cng cho kt qu khc nhau (xem bng 5.3). Mc lipid ti a trong thc n ca c nc ngt thng thp hn c bin, mc ny i vi c chp l 12-15%, r phi <10%, tr phi v c trn M 7-10% ; c hi 18-20%, c chm 13-18%, c m 13-14%, c vn bin 12-15%. + Cu to mng t bo : Phospholipid l thnh phn quan trng ca mng t bo. Nhng tn thng mng t bo thng do nhng gc acid bo trong phospholipid b oxy ho cho ra nhng peroxid u c mng t bo, phong to vic sn sinh enzyme trong t bo, c bit l nhng enzyme chuyn ho nng lng, t lm ri lon s chuyn ho. +Vn chuyn cc cht tan trong lipid :
Lipid l dung mi ho tan cc vitamin A D E K, khu phn ngho lipid s dn n s hp thu cng nh s vn chuyn nhng vitamin ny trong dch bo b cn tr. Bng 5.3: nh hng ca b sung du n tng trng v FCR ca c Khng thm du Khu phn: - M % - Protein % Th trng ban u (g) Th trng cui (g) Tng % FCR trng) (kg/kg tng 1,98 1,28 1,46 1,57 4,7 40,1 35,5 127,7 261 9,0 38,2 35,2 169,6 382 8,9 38,3 39,6 169,1 324 141,1 313 8,2 38,6 34,2 Du hng dng Du gan c thu Du c
3. Vai tr dinh dng ca acid bo 3.1. K hiu ho hc ca acid bo trong dinh dng c M l nhng triglyxerid, khi thu phn m cho acid bo v glyxerol. CH2OCO.R1 CH.OCO.R2 CH2.OCO.R3 Axit bo no: Lauric acid: CH3-(CH2)10-COOH k hiu 12: 0 CH2OH 3 RCOOH + CHOH CH2OH
C hai loi acid bo, l acid bo no v cha no. V d:
Palmitic acid:
CH3-(CH2)14 - COOH
k hiu 16:0
k hiu 12:0 th s u biu th s lng cacbon, s th 2 l s lng ni i trong chui C, s 0 c ngha l khng c ni i. Acid bo cha no: Oleic acid: CH3 - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - COOH k hiu 18: 19 S u l s lng nguyn t C trong phn t, s th hai l s lng ni i, s th ba sau ch l v tr ni i tnh t nhm CH3 u chui (c th thay k hiu bng n). Linoleic acid: CH3 - (CH2)4CH = CH - CH2 - CH =CH -(CH2)7- COOH 18: 2 6,9 Linolenic acid: CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH = CH-(CH2)7-COOH 18:3 3, 6, 9 Arachidonic acid: CH3-(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)3-COOH 20:4 6, 9, 12, 15 Da vo v tr ni i u tin so vi gc methyl, cc acid bo c xp vo cc h sau: Palmitoleic acid (n7): 16:1n7 18:1n7 Oleic acid Linoleic acid (n9): 18:1n9 20:1n9 (n6): 18:2n6 18:3n6 20:3n6 20:4n6 22:4n6
Linolenic acid (n3): 18:3n3 20:5n3 22:5n3 22:6n3 3.2- Sinh tng hp cc axit bo ca ng vt thu sn
Tt c ng vt u c th tng hp c cc acid bo no chui di t acetat: n CH3COO- CH3CH2CH2COO- CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 Tt c cc loi ng vt cng tng hp c cc axit bo cha no bng cch thm nhng ni i vo pha u chui cha nhm cacboxyl nhng khng c th thm nhng ni i vo pha u chui cha nhm methyl (tr thc vt). S sinh tng hp cc axit bo trn c v ng vt thu sn nh sau: Acetate 14:0 (myristic acid) 14:1n5 16:1n5 16:0 (palmitic acid) 16:1n7 18:1n7 18:0 (stearic acid) 18:1n9 20:1n9 20:0 (arachidic acid) 20:1n11 22:1n11 Oleic acid 18:1n9 20:1n9 18:2n9 20:3n9 Linoleic acid 18:2n6 20:2n6 22:3n6 18:3n6 20:4n6 Linolenic acid 18:3n3 20:3n3 22:4n3 18:4n3 20:5n3 22:6n3
20:2n9
20:3n6 22:4n6 22:5n6
20:4n3 22:5n3
Nh vy, cc acid bo h n5, n7, n9 c th c c sinh tng hp t cc tin cht l cc acid bo no, cc h n3 sinh ra t tin cht l acid linolenic (18:3n3) v cc h n6 sinh ra t tin cht l acid linoleic (18:2n6), cc tin cht ny khng c trong c th m hon ton phi ly t thc n.
Nh vy hai acid bo linolenic v linoleic l hai acid bo thit yu. Xem thm s 5.3 biu th nhng con ng to acid bo cha no v ko di chui carbon t tin cht l acid linolenic v acid linoleic ca Dave A.Higgs v Faye M.Dong (2000) cui chng. Cc acid linolenic v linoleic nm trong nhm PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) cn nhng acid bo nm tronghai h trn nhng c chui carbon di trn 20 v c s ni i l 3 hay trn 3 nh arachidonic acid (20:4n6), EPA (20:5n3) v DHA (22:6n3) c gi l HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acid). Tm li, HUFA l nhng acid bo trong PUFA c chui carbon di 20 vi s ni i t 3 tr ln. 3.3- Cc yu t nh hng n thnh phn acid bo trong ng vt thu sn + mn: C nc ngt cha nhiu acid bo C16 v C18 trong khi c nc bin cha nhiu acid bo c chui carbon di hn nh C20 v C22. Ngoi ra c bin cha mt t l cao cc h acid bo n3 hn h n6 so vi c nc ngt. T l n6/n3 thay i t 0,34 v 0,15 ln lt i vi c nc ngt v c nc bin. T l n6/n3 cng thy khc nhau i vi loi c di c t bin vo sng hay ngc li (bng 5.4). Bng 5.4: Thnh phn ca acid bo thay i khi c di c Axit bo A.no Mono n6 n3 n6/n3 Plecoglosus altivelis bin TG 34,9 27,4 4,4 31,7 0,14 PL 31,8 16,1 2,2 49,4 0,04 nc ngt TG 35,1 32,0 7,2 23,9 0,30 PL 53,8 35,9 3,2 6,9 0,46 Onchorhynchus masu nc ngt TG 31,9 18,6 4,0 39,8 0,10 PL 37,5 18,6 4,0 39,8 0,10 TG 31,0 43,1 23,0 23,2 0,10 bin PL 36,0 19,2 1,5 43,1 0,03
+ Nhit : C vng n i thng cha nhiu PUFA trong thnh phn acid bo hn c vng nhit i, t s n6/n3 gim theo s gim nhit . + Thc n: T l acid bo n6/n3 thay i rt ln theo t l n6/n3 ca thc n. Khi cho c n thc n cha nhiu n6 nh m b, du thc vt, c c khuynh hng thay i t l n6/n3 trong c th bng cch tng t l n6/n3 v ngc li khi cho c n thc n giu acid bo n3. C c kh nng iu ho s lng acid bo trong c th, tuy nhin ngi ta thy rng mt khi c lng acid bo d tha n c th c ch s hp thu v tch lu cc acid bo khc. Acid bo 18:2 c th ngn cn s tch lu v s dng acid bo 16:1 v 18:1. Nh vy thnh phn acid bo trong c th l kt qu ca s iu chnh cn bng gia acid bo thc n v acid bo tng hp t cc ngun cht trong c th. + Ma v: Thnh phn acid bo trong c thay i theo ma. Lng lipid tng s v ch s it ca du c mi h thp nht vo thng ging v tng cao vo thng su hng nm. 3.4-. Vai tr v nhu cu ca axit bo thit yu + Vai tr dinh dng: thiu EFA c th gy nhng ri lon sau: Thi lot vy, vy, tng t l t vong,vim c tim, gim kh nng sinh sn (c chp, c hi, c trp), gim sinh trng, gim s ham n, gim tiu th thc n. Khu phn n ca c hi vn ngho acid bo h omega-3 thy c triu chng: t l cht cao, hm lng nc trong c cao lm cho c nho, vy ui d b thi lot do vi khun Flexebacterium sp., hemoglobin v s lng hng cu gim, gan sng, nhim m, kh nng sinh sn gim (t l n v t l sng ca u trng gim). Trong qu trnh pht trin ca trng v u trng c, triglycerid v phospholipid l ngun nng lng chnh v acid bo h n3-HUFA gi mt vai tr
quan trng. Khu phn thiu h acid bo ny, t l cht tng cao trong vng 19 ngy (th nghim trn c trp ). Cng trn loi c ny Fernandez Palacios et al., (1995) bo co rng khu phn cha mt nng ti u n3-HUFA trong 3 tun s lm cho cht lng sinh sn, bao gm t l , n v cht lng u trng c ci thin r rt. Tuy nhin cn ch rng khu phn tha n3-HUFA hay t l EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid- 20 :5n3), DHA v AA (arachidonic acid) khng thch hp c nh hng xu n tt c kh nng sinh sn ca tm v c. Thnh phn acid bo khu phn cng c nh hng n kh nng min dch ca c th. Trong mt nghin cu trn c hi, Thomson et al., (1996) thy rng khu phn y acid bo n3 nhng t l n3/n6 thp th sc khng vi vi khun Aeromonas salmonicida v Vibrio anguillarum km hn khu phn c t l n3/n6 cao. + Nhu cu acid bo thit yu (EFA) ca c: Nhu cu EFA ca c khc nhau theo loi v cho n nay cng cha c hiu bit mt cch y , bng 5.5 gii thiu nhu cu acid bo thit yu ca mt s loi c. Bng 5.5: Nhu cu cc axit bo quan trng (EFA) ca c
Loi C nc ngt Ayu Da trn (Channel catfish) C hi Chum (Chum salmon) Nhu cu EFA Tham kho
Kanazaw et al. (1982) Satoh et al. (1989) 1-2% linoleic acid hay 0,5-0,75 EPA Takeuchi &Watanabe (1982)Yu & Sinnhuber v DHA (1979) Watanabe et al. (1975), 1% linoleic acid v 1% linolenic Takeuchi & Watanabe acid 1% linoleic acid hay 1% EPA
C hi Coho C chp C chnh (Japanese eel) C hi (Rainbow trout) R phi Nile R phi Zillii C bin C trp hng C pecca (r bin) C sc vn C bn C cam
1-2,5%linolenic acid 1% linoleic acid v 1linolenic acid 0,5 linoleic acid v 0,5% linolenic acid 1% linolenic acid 0,8% linolenic acid 20% lipid di dng linolenic acid hoc 10% lipid di dng EPA v DHA 0,5% linoleic acid
(1977) Takeuchi et al. (1980) Gastell et al. (1972)
Watanabe et al. (1974) Takeuchi&Watanabe(1977) Takeuchi et al. (1983)
Kanazawa et al. (1980)
1% linoleic acid hay 1% arachidonic Webster & Lovell (1990) acid 0,5% EPA v DHA 0,5% EPA v DHA hay 0,5% EPA 1% EPA v DHA 1,7% EPA v DHA hay 1,7% DHA 0,8% EPA v DHA 2% EPA v DHA Yone et al. (1971) Buranapanidgit et al(1989) Watanabe et al. (1989) Gatesoupe et al. (1977) Deshimaru and Kuroki (1983)
+ Ngun thc n giu EFA: Ni chung du thc vt nh du lc, du bng, du ng, du da, du ci du, du tng giu acid bo omega-6, ch c du lanh l giu acid bo omega-3. Cc loi m ng vt nh m ln, b, cu giu acid bo omega-6, ch c du m c bin l ngun thc n di do acid bo omega-3 (bng 5.6). Cc loi phytoplankton nh vi to v zooplankton nh lun trng (rotifer), artemia... rt giu PUFA nh linolenic acid, EPA v DHA l ngun thc n rt quan trng ca u trng tm v c (xem chng X, thc n t nhin).
Bng 5.6: Hm lng cc PUFA trong du v m
Hu ht du thc vt, c nc ngt 18: 3n-3 (Linolenic acid)
Mt vi loi du thc vt, c bin
18: 2n-6 (Linoleic acid)
DESATURASE 18: 4n-3 (Octadecatetraeinoic acid)
18: 3n-6 ( linolenic acid)
ELONgASE 20: 4n-3 (Eicosatetraeinoic acid)
20: 3n-6 (Diomo linolenic acid) 1-series prostanoic 20: 4n-6 (Arachidonic acid,AA nonesterified)
5 DESATURASE
20: 5n-3 (Eicosapentanenoic acid, EPA nonesterified) 3-series prostanoid 5-series leucotrienes & lipoxins
CYcLOOXYGENASE LIPOXYGENASE 2-series prostanoid 4-series leukotrienes & lipoxins
ELONGASE
22: 4n-6 (Docosatetraeinoic acid)
Elongase 22: 5n-6
22: 5n-3 (Docosapentaeinoic acid) Eicosanoids 24:5n-3 22: 6n-3 (Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) 24: 6n-3 -oxidation
24:4n-6
Desaturase 24: 5n-6 -oxidation
S 5.3: Con ng chuyn ho axit bo h n6 v n3 (Dave A.Higgs v Faye M.Dong (2000)
Cu hi n tp : 1/ Vai tr ca lipid i vi c. 2/ Phn loi, cch gi tn v k hiu ca acid bo no v khng no. 3/ Phn bit acid bo thit yu (EFA), PUFA (polyunsatured fatty acid) v HUFA (highly unsatured fatty acid). 4/ c im chuyn ha acid bo ca c. T acid bo oleic (omega-9), acid bo linoleic (omega-6) v acid linolenic (omega-3) s cho nhng acid bo no trong h omega-9, omega-6 v omega-3. 5/Vai tr dinh dng ca acid bo omeg-3, tm quan trng ca t l acid bo omega-6/omega-3 trong khu phn c
Chng 4 NHU CU CARBOHYDRATE CA C

1. PHN LOI Carbohydrate l cc hp cht cha CHO, c rt nhiu trong thc vt. Cng thc chung (CH2O)n hay Cx(H2O)y Phn loi - ng ba (trioses): glyxeradehyde - ng bn (treoses): erythrose Monosaccharide - ng nm (pentoses): arabinose, xylose - ng su (hexoses): glucose, galactose - ng by (heptoses): sedoheptulose ng Oligosaccharide - Disaccharide : sucrose, maltose,... - Trisacchride : raffinose - Tetrasaccharide : stachyose
Polysaccharide : +Pentosans (C5H4O8)n : araban, xylan... +Hexosans : Tinh bt, dextrin, glycogen, cellulose, inulin,... Khng ng Carbohydrate : Glycolipid, glycoprotein. phc tp Cng thc phn t tinh bt (dy ni vi glucozit 1- 4 v 1- 6) Amylose (:
6 CH2OH 5 6 CH2OH 5
H
4 3 2 1
H
4 3 2 1
O CH2
Amylopectin
Cng thc phn t cellulose (dy ni 1-4 glucozit):

CH2OH H H OH H H H CH2OH OH H H H H H CH2OH CH2OH
Chitin :
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together by -1,4 linkages
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together by -1,4 linkages
Chitin l polymer ca N-acetyl-D- glucosamine, c nhiu cn trng, gip xc, nm v to xanh. Sau cellulose, chitin l mt polysacharid phong ph nht trong t nhin. 2. S CHUYN HO NG C Tinh bt amylaza Dextrin + Maltose + Glucose Dextrin glucozidaza Glucose + Maltose Maltose glucozidaza Glucose + Glucose lactaza Lactose Glucose + Galactose sucraza Sucrose Glucose + Fructose C c kh nng hp thu tt glucose, nhng kh nng s dng glucose th km hn ng vt trn cn. Theo di trn c n khu phn giu tinh bt hay glucose, thy rng lng ng trong mu tng ln rt cao v ko di, khc vi ng vt c v c hm
lng ng trong mu rt thp v n nh. Thc ra c c kh nng tit ra insulin (sau ba n hm lng insulin tng trong khong 5-48 mg/ml plasma, nhng khi nhn i ch c 1-3mg/ml). Insulin c tc dng bin glucose thnh glycogen d tr gan, c v no v t lm gim lng ng trong mu. Tuy nhin qu trnh chuyn glucose thnh glycogen cn ph thuc vo cc th th (receptor) c trong t bo v mi tng quan vi glucagon. Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy c r phi thiu th th tip th glucose do insulin em n v c phn ng chm v khng hiu qu i vi insulin. Tuy nhin nu tng s ln cho n th thy tng kh nng s dng glucose. iu ny cho kt lun l kh nng chuyn ho glucose ca c chm hn ng vt trn cn, thm mt lng ln thc n cha glucose s dn n s gia tng t ngt v lu di glucose plasma ca c. c con ng sn sinh glucose (glucogenesis) t protein v lipid l con ng quan trng. Cc axit amin u c th c chuyn ho to ra glucose, trong alanine, serine v glycine c u th hn axit glutamic v axit aspartic. Cn i vi triglyceride th sau khi thu phn, glycerol s c phosphoryl ho to ra dihydroxyacetone phosphat ri hnh thnh pyruvat v i vo chu trnh Krebs to nng lng. Cn cc axit bo s theo con ng -oxy ho to nn acetyl-CoA i vo chu trnh Krebs. 3- S DNG TINH BT V CHT X CA C 3.1- Tinh bt Tinh bt l ngun nng lng r tin hn protein v lipid v c cc nh sn xut a vo khu phn vi nhng t l khc nhau tu theo loi c. Nhm c hi n ng vt, carbohydrate lm gim sinh trng. Tuy nhin c bn (Pluronectus platessa) v c chp th b sung tinh bt lm tng tc sinh trng. T l tiu ho tinh bt ca c chp trong khong 40-80% ph thuc vo ngun tinh bt (xem bng 4.1) Bng 4.1. T l tiu ho cc carbohydrate khc nhau ca c chp 2 nm tui (Scerbina 1973) Hm lng cacbohydrat % i mch (barley) 55.0 Yn mch (oats) 37.3 Mch en (rye) 46.8 % tiu ho 74 75 84
La m (wheat) 43.6 u peas 34.1 u lupins 22.8 Kh lc (groundnut meal) 15.0 Kh u tng (soyabean meal) 25.4 Thc n hn hp 14.8 - 30.5
58 45 56 65 51 46 - 75
Lng tinh bt c th s dng ti a trong khu phn ca mt s loi c ghi bng 4.2. Cn ch rng nhng nhm c s dng c tinh bt nu tng tinh bt trong khu phn th lm tng hm lng lipit c th. Bng 4.2 : T l % tinh bt c th s dng ti a trong thc n mt s loi c
C nc ngt Chp C trn M C hi C r phi C chnh
% tinh bt 40-45 30-35 25-30 35-40 25-30
C bin C mng bin C chm C bn Atlantic
% tinh bt 35-40 20-25 15-20
(dn theo ti liu ca L Thanh Hng 2000) tng hiu qu s dng tinh bt trong thc n thu sn nn p dng cc bin php sau : - H ho tinh bt qua bin php nu chn, p vin hay p n tng t l tiu ho tinh bt. - Tng s ln cho n trnh glucose tng t ngt sau ba n. 3.2- Cht x i vi c Hot tnh enzyme cellulase rt yu trong ng tiu ho ca c. X trong khu phn lm tng sn xut phn, gim t l tiu ho, tng khi lng ng tiu ho (bng 4.3). T l x trong khu phn c thng c khuyn co t 8-10%, i vi tm th khng qu 5%. Nu x khng nh hng n t l tiu ho v li dng ca
cc cht dinh dng khc, c th s dng x nh cht pha long v iu chnh t l P:E khi phi hp khu phn. Bng 4.3: nh hng ca x th n t l tiu ho VCK khu phn X th (%/CK) T l tiu ho VCK (%) Thi gian rng d dy (pht) T l khi lng d dy/WB 0 71 782 1,4 10 66 379 1,8 20 59 412 1,9
(Ngun : Werner Steffens, 1985- th nghim trn c hi) Cu hi n tp : 1- Vai tr ca tinh bt i vi c v s li dng tinh bt ca c. 2- Bn cht ca cht x, c c s dng c cht x khng ?
Chng 5 NNG LNG V NHU CU NNG LNG

1. CC DNG NNG LNG CA THC N Gross energy Faece Digestible energy (DE) N excretion Metabolizable energy (ME) Heat increment (HI) Net energy (NE)
Maintenance Cng thc:
Growth
DE = GE -Nl phn ME = DE - Nl nit thi tit NE = ME - HI
N thi tit qua mang dng NH3 (ch khng phi ure) nn mt t nng lng, v th chnh lch gia DE v ME c nh hn ng vt c v. V d : c hi vn
DE (KJ/g) Glucose Tinh bt chn Tinh bt sng 15,6 10,6 4,8 ME (kKJ/g) 13,1 9,0 3,0
%
83,9 84,9 62,5
+ n v o nng lng : cal, Kcal, Mcal J, KJ, MJ 1 Kcal = 4,19 kj 1 KJ = 0,24 Kcal
(1J = 1Nm = 1w/s) + Ga tr nng lng ca cht dinh dng:
Bng 5.1 v 5.2 di y gii thiu gi tr GE v DE ca mt s cht dinh dng trong thc n thu sn. Bng 5.1 : Gi tr GE v DE ca mt s cht dinh dng Cht dinh dng Protein M Cacbohydrate GE (KJ/g) 23.9 39.8 17.6 DE (KJ/g) C chnh 22.2 33.3 6.8 R phi 18.9 37.7 16.8 C chp 16.8 33.5 14.7
Bng 5.2 : Gi tr DE, ME ca mt s loi thc n c Nguyn liu Ng (extruded) 30% kp 60%kp Bt ng La m Bt tng Kh du bng Bt c Bt c Du ng vt Bt ph phm gia cm Tm la m C da trn 4,6 8,5 10,7 10,7 11,2 17,2 2,5 DE (MJ/kg) R phi 13,0 11,2 16,1 36,4 15,2 11,2 C hi 12,5-14,8 11,3 14,6-19,8 8,1 11,5 7,1-10.2 ME (MJ/kg) (C hi) 10,8-137 9,5-10,3 12,5-17,3 5,8 5,2-9,4
Trong sn xut, d c tnh gi tr nng lng tiu ho (DE) ca thc n, ADCP (1983) ngh s dng nhng gi tr DE sau y cho cc cht dinh dng (bng 5.3). Gi tr nng lng tiu ho ca mt s loi thc n tnh ton trn c s cc s liu bng 5.3 c ghi bng 5.7 Thnh phn ho hc thc n tm - c cui chng.
Bng 5.3 : Gi tr DE ca mt s cht dinh dng dng c tnh DE ca thc n thu sn (ADCP 1983)
Cht dinh dng Carbohydrate (khng phi rau c) Carbohydrate (rau c) Protein (ng vt) Protein (thc vt) Cht bo GE (Kcal/g) 4,1 5,5 9,1 DE (Kcal/g) 3,00 2,00 4,25 3,80 8,00
2. NHU CU NNG LNG - Nhu cu duy tr Nhu cu nng lng duy tr l nhu cu nng lng ch cho c khng thay i th trng trong thi gian th nghim. Nhu cu nng lng duy tr ca c thp hn ng vt trn cn v c tiu hao t nng lng cho s vn ng v gi thng bng c th, c khng c c ch iu tit thn nhit, c bi tit amonia m khng bi tit ure hay axit uric. Nhu cu nng lng duy tr so vi tng nhu cu nng lng hng ngy chim t l 14-17% c chp, 17-24% c hi, cn ng vt c v t l ny l 30-59%. Nhu cu nng lng duy tr cho c bnh qun 70 KJ/kg th trng hay 50 KJ/kg W0.75 (t0 20-240C). Bng 5.4 cho bit nhu cu nng lng ca mt s nhm c. Bng 5.4 : Nhu cu nng lng duy tr ca ba nhm c
Nhm c C chp Nhm c da trn Nhm c hi Khi lng c (g) 80 80 10-20 100 150 300 Nhit (oC) 10 20 25 25 18 15 Duy tr (KJ/kg c/ngy) 28 67 84 72 85-100 60
(Ngun : Guillaume et al. 1999, dn theo L Thanh Hng 2000)
- Nhu cu tng trng: khu phn protein, tng nng lng th tng sinh trng, v d: GE (MJ/kg thc n kh) 13,8 16,8 18,6 209-18,2 Tng (% so vi BW u) 148 257 392 380 - 150 20,5 22,8 24,9 218 283 320
mt mc nng lng, tng t l protein c th khng lm lm tng tc sinh trng (bng 5.5) Bng 5.5: nh hng ca nng lng v protein khu phn n tc sinh trng ca c (c chp W=170g, cung cp thc n mc 2% khi lng c th, t0 240C). DE (MJ/kg thc n kh) 18,3 20,1 Protein (% thc n kh) 41,3 2,01 2,15 46,5 1,99 2,17 51,4 2,01 2,14
Cc kt qu trn cho thy s quan trng ca vic duy tr t l nng lng/protein trong khu phn ca c.
Cu hi n tp : 1. Cc dng nng lng ca thc n, cng thc tnh. 2. Nhu cu nng lng cho duy tr, sinh trng ca c, nhng yu t chi phi nhu cu nng lng cho sinh trng. 3. Cng thc P/E v cho mt s ch tiu P/E thch hp ca mt s loi c.
Chng 6 NHU CU VITAMIN

C c nui hng nghn nm nay nhng nhng biu hin thiu vitamin ch mi pht hin gn y khi c c nui thm canh bng thc n cng nghip. B sung vitamin cho c trong iu kin nui thm canh khng nhng thc y c tng trng ca c m cn ngn chn c nhng ri lon bnh l do thiu vitamin. Thng thng vitamin b sung trong thc n ch chim 1-2%, nhng chi ph li chim ti 15% tng gi tin thc n. C hai nhm vitamin l vitamin ho tan trong m (gm vitamin A, D, E, K) v vitamin ho tan trong nc (gm vitamin B1, B2, PP, B5, B6, B12, biotin, axit folic, cholin, vitamin C...). Di y trnh by vai tr dinh dng, nhu cu v ngun cung cp mt s vitamin tan trong m (vitamin A, D, E), nhng vitamin khc th c ghi trong bng tm tt. 1- VITAMIN A + Cng thc :
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2-OH
CH3
+ Cc dn xut ca Vitamin A: Vitamin A c cc dn xut sau: retinol, retinaldehyd, retinoic, retinilacetat, retinilpropionat, retinilpalmitat. + 1UI = 0,300 microgram retinol = 0,344 microgram retinilacetat = 0,440 microgram retinilpalmitat + Cc cht tin vitamin A: a caroten, caroten, criptoxanthin (ng vng), astaxanthin (rong bin) caroten ? cho ra 2 phn t vitamin A. + Vai tr sinh hc: - Vai tr th gic: Trn t bo vng mc mt c mt quang cht tn l rhodopsin, khi c nh sng, rhodopsin b phn gii thnh retinol v opsin, trong ti th c qu trnh ti
tng hp ngc li. Rhodopsin to nn kch thch thn kinh v gy phn x nhn. Khi khu phn thiu vitamin A ng vt b bnh qung g. nh sng Rhodopsin Retinol + Opsin t i + Vai tr vi nim mc thng b: T bo thng b do t bo gc bit ho m thnh, khi khu phn c y vitamin A, t bo gc bit ho hnh thnh t bo tit nim dch ( l cc t bo cuboidal, columna v t bo goblet), cn nu khu phn thiu vitamin A, t bo gc ch yu bit ho hnh thnh t bo vy c, loi t bo ny tit t nim dch, lp thng b, nim mc s kh, sng ho, kh nng ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun b gim (xem s 8.1) Tm tt:
+ VitaminA Basal cells (T bo gc) - VitaminA Cuboidal, columna v goblet cells Squamous cells (ging vy c)
S 8.1 : T bo goblet (t bo tit nim dch)
+ Vai tr lin quan n sc khng ca c th: Khi thiu vitamin A s sn sinh khng th b gim thp. Nh vy cng vi hin tng sng ho, gim hot ng ca h thng khng th lm cho sc chng bnh ca c th b suy gim. Biu hin chung ca s thiu vitamin A c l : xut huyt h mt, gc mang c, np mang b xon li. C trn ca M nui bng khu phn c 0,4mg caroten/kg thc n c hin tng c chm tng trng, mt li, thn xut huyt. c chp thiu vitamin A s c mu nht nht, xut huyt da v vy, bin dng np mang. Tuy nhin qu nhiu vitamin A (2,2 triu UI/kg di dng retinyl palmitat) lm cho c chm tng trng, thiu mu, bin dng cung ui. 2- VITAMIN D + Cng thc : Trong t nhin c hai vitamin D ph bin l vitamin D2 v D3 (cn c tn l ergocalciferol v cholecalciferol), tin ca vitamin D2 l ergosterol v tin vitamin D3 l 7-dehydrocholesterol. Di tc ng ca tia t ngoi, tin vitamin D bin thnh vitamin D. Di y l cng thc ca tin vitamin D3 vvitamin D3 :
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
HO
7-dehydro cholesterol
H3C CH3 CH2
CH3
CH3 CH3
HO
Vitamin D3
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
HO
Ergosterol
H3C CH3 CH2
CH3
CH3 CH3
HO
Vitamin D2 + Vai tr sinh hc : - 1UI = 0,025 microgram vitamin D3 tinh th. - Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) hp thu vo mu n gan, gan c thu phn thnh 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (vit tt 25(OH)-vitamin D3), khi n thn n li b thu phn tip bin thnh 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 hoc 24,25(OH)2vitamin D3. Sn phm thu phn 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 c hot tnh mnh nht, n kch thch thnh rut tit mt protein vn chuyn (BP = binding protein), nh protein ny ion Ca c hp thu vo mu cng nh vn chuyn Ca vo xng v cc sn phm khc cng vi phospho . Hp cht cha Ca
Ca
++
+ BP BP Rut
CaBP
Ca
++
+ BP
CaBP
Xuong ++ Ca Sa Trng T chc
BP Mu
Hot tnh sinh hc ca vitamin D3 trn cc loi c hi v c trn M gp 3 ln vitamin D2. Chc nng sinh ho ca vitamin D l thc y s hp thu Ca (v c P) rut duy tr s khong ho bnh thng ca xng. Thiu vitamin D3: ngho sinh trng, gan nhiu m, c ch homeostasis i vi Ca b cn tr (biu hin tetany c xng). Hin ti ngi ta vn cha hiu r hon ton nhu cu vitamin D ca c. nhm c hi ngi ta thy nhu cu vitamin D rt nh, thm ch khu phn khng cha calciferol th rainbow trout cng khng biu hin mt triu chng no c. Thng thng ngi ta b sung du thc vt th cng c vitamin D, tuy nhin vi thc n vin ngi ta thng a vo 2000-3000 IU vitamin D3/kg thc n.
C trao i Ca trc tip vi nc qua mang, cho nn vng nc no ngho Ca th mi phi b sung Ca cng vi vitamin D . 3- VITAMIN E + Cng thc : Vitamin E c nhiu ng phn nh -tocopherol, -tocopherol, tocopherol v -tocopherol, nu hot tnh ca -tocopherol l100, th cc tocopherol , v ln lt l 30-40, 10 v 1.
CH3 HO H3 C CH3 O CH3
-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
a-Tocopherol
+ Vai tr sinh hc : Vai tr sinh hc chnh ca vitamin E l cht chng oxy ho sinh hc, ngn cn s oxy ho cc axit bo khng no PUFA v HUFA c trong mng t bo. Thiu vitamin E thng dn n tn thng gan, c thoi ho, v c quan sinh dc b nh hng. Trn c chp, ngi ta ghi nhn vitamin E lm tng kh nng sinh sn, c n khu phn b sung vitamin E c h s thnh thc l 14,1% thay v 3,3% trn khu phn khng b sung vitamin E. Ngoi ra vitamin E cn gip nng cao t l n ca trng. Vitamin E v Se c quan h h tr nhau trong vic ngn tr s oxy ho nhng axit bo khng no. Vitamin E c vai tr ngn cn s hnh thnh peroxit, cn Se tham gia vo mt enzym c tn l glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), c tc vai tr xc tc s phn gii peroxit thnh nc : GSH-Px 2 GSH + H2O2 GSSH + H2O B sung vitamin E v Se vo thc n c c tc dng lm tng tc sinh trng, FCR v bn ca huyt cu (bng 8.4).
Bng 8.4 : Tc dng ca vitamin E v Se b sung vo thc n c (Bell et al. 1985 ; dn theo W.Steffens 1989)
Vitamin E (mg/kg) 2,0 41 2,0 41 Se (mg/kg) 0,06 0,06 0,9 0,9 3137 2976 3125 2322 Tng trng (%) 1,53 1,63 1,62 1,89 FCR (kg/kg TT) Vitamin E : 15,9 2,8 16,0 1,7 - Mu (microg/ml) 35,6 3,4 36,8 2,3 - Gan (microg/g) 20,1 21,6 30,9 51,5 T l hng cu v (%) 4- VITAMIN K + Cng thc : Cho n nay ngi ta bit vitamin K c 3 dng ho hc nh sau :Vitamin K1 c trong thc vt c tn l phytokinon, vitamin K2 do vi sinh vt to ra c tn l menakinon v vitamin K3 tng hp bng con ng ho hc c tn l menadinon. Hot tnh ca vitamin K3 ln hn 2 ln K1 hoc K2. Vitamin K tham gia vo mt enzym hot ho protrombin, cn cho s ng mu ca ng vt trn cn v c. Lng vitamin K 0,5 - 1 mg/kg trong thc n duy tr s ng mu bnh thng trn cc loi c hi. Thc n ng vt nh bt c l ngun cung cp quan trng ca vitamin K2. Vitamin K3 bn khi khng trn vo thc n hn hp hoc trong premix (v cholin chlorid v cc ion kim loi xc tc phn hu chng).
O CH3 CH3 CH3
CH2 -CH=C-CH2-(CH2-CH2-CH-CH2)3 H O
Vitamin K1
O CH3 CH3 (CH2-CH=C-CH2)nH O
Vitamin K2
O CH3
H O
Vitamin K3
5- VITAMIN C (AXIT ASCORBIC) Vitamin C cn gi l axit ascorbic, hu ht cc loi c khng t tng hp c vitamin ny trong c th (ngi, kh, chut bin cng khng tng hp c vitamin C trong c th). Axit ascorbic l mt cofactor trong qu trnh hydroxin ha prolin v lizin hnh thnh hydroxyprolin v hydroxylizin trong procollagen (tin collagen). Nh vy axit ascorbic cn cho vic hnh thnh m lin kt, m so v khung protein xng. Vitamin C gip cho st c hp thu tt do ngn nga c hin tng thiu mu hay gp c do thiu vitamin C. Ngoi ra vitamin C cng vi vitamin E tham gia vo qu trnh hn ch s hnh thnh peroxit lipit trong m c. Thiu vitamin C c salmon v trout c biu hin bin dng cu trc (scoliosis, lordosis, sn mt, mang v vy bt thng), xut huyt ni. Nhng du hiu ny xy ra trc c nhng du hiu khng c trng nh gim n v yu t, km linh hot (anorexia v lethargy). Bin dng cu trc cng thy channel catfish, carp, tilapia. Gn y ngi ta cng thy b sung vitamin C cho channel catfish v rainboww trout c tc dng tng p ng min dch (tng hot tnh thc bo ca t bo h thng min dch). Yamamoto et.al. 1985 mi trng nhim kim loi nng (Yamamoto et.al. 1985), thuc dit cn trng cha hydrocacbon chlorinated (Mayer et.al. 1978 lm tng nhu cu vitamin C ca c. Vitamin C rt d b ph hy trong qu trnh d tr v ch bin, do vy ngi ta phi bo v n trc khi b sung vo thc n c. Vitamin C khi s dng cho c thng dng bc vi ethylcellulose hay bc vi m, dng phosphorylated ascorbic l dng kh bn nhng t tin cho nn cng it c dng. 6 - VITAMIN NHM B Bng 8.1 : Tm tt nhng triu chng thiu vitamin nhm B ca c
Tn vitamin Nhu cu Triu chng thiu (mg/kg) 0,5 Chy mu vy, hin tng thn kinh, nht mu, km 10-20* n, chm ln. S dng c sng lm thc n s thiu B1 v trong tht c sng c thiaminase gy v hot thiamin 4-7 Km n, chm ln, t l cht cao, chy mu da v 15-20* vy, hin tng thn kinh, s nh sng 4-5 Km n, chm ln, ri lon thn kinh 8-12* 30-50 Km n, chm ln, l , chm chp, thiu mu, chy
Thiamin (B1 Riboflavin (B2 Pyridoxin Pentothenic axit
40-50* Nicotinic axit 28 80-120* Biotin 1-2,5 0,5-1* Folic axit Vitamin NR B12 NR Inositol 440 100-150 Cholin 4000 800-1200 Vit. C NR 300-500
mu da, li mt Chy mu da, t l cht cao Chm ln, gim hot ng
Chm ln, chy mu da v vy, mt nim mc da. Chm ln, gan nhim m. Chm ln, bin dng ct sng, xut huyt vy, u v da.
NR: Khng c nhu cu (di iu kin th nghim) * Tng 30 giai on fry v 50% giai on brood stock 7- NHU CU VITAMIN CA C Nhng nghin cu v nhu cu vitamin hu ht thc hin trn c hi v nhng kt qu nghin cu ny c chp nhn cho nhng loi c khc (bng 8.2) Bng 8.2 : Nhu cu vitamin ca nhm c Salmonid (mg/kg thc n) (R. Stickney, 2000) Vitamin Vitamin A (IU) Vitamin D3 (IU) VitaminE Vitamin K3 Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Pyridoxine Pantothenic acid Niacin Biotin Folic acid Vitamin B12 Inositol Cholin Ascorbic acid (vitaminC) NRC (1993) 2500 2400 50 R* 1 4-7 3-6 20 10 0,15 1 0,01 300 1000 50 Mc thm vo thc n 6000 2000 300-500 10 15 25 15 50 180 0,6 8 0,03 130 1000 150**
R* : c nhu cu nhng khng xc nh c s lng ** : dng loi vitamin C bn 8- S DNG VITAMIN TRONG THC N C u ht vitamin b sung vo thc n c c sn xut bng con ng ho hc hoc vi sinh vt hoc kt hp c hai ch khng phi chit t thc n t nhin, v cc vitamin chit t ngun t nhin rt t v hiu qu thp. Cc vitamin tng hp c sn xut ra di dng khc nhau v c bo v chng li s phn hu trong qu trnh ch bin v d tr.Khi s dng vitamin trn vo thc n phi ch n bn ca vitamin. Cc dng vitamin khc nhau v cch bo v khc nhau th c bn khc nhau. V d : vitamin A di dng vitamin A acetat cha trong vin nang, trong nang cha mt ca khung (matrix) bng gelatin c cu trc lin kt cho, vitamin phn tn khp trong ci khung ny cng vi cht chng oxy ho v c bc mt lp v bo v bng tinh bt ng. Thng trong vin gelatin ngi ta thm c vitamin D3 . Bng 8.3 : bn ca vitamin trong premix v trong vin p n sau 3 thng d tr nhit trong phng (F.Hoffmann-La Roche, 1988) Hot tnh cn sau 3 thng d tr nhit trong phng (%) Trong premix Trong vin p n
Vitamin
Dng s dng
Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Pyridoxine Pantothenic acid Niacin Biotin Folic acid Vitamin B12 Cholin Inositol Ascorbic acid
Vitamin A acetate Cholecalcalciferol dl-a tocoferol acetate Mui menadione (K3) Thiamin mononitrate Tinh th Pyridoxine hydrochoride Calcium d-pantothenate Niacinamide v nicotinic acid D-Biotin Tinh th Dung dch 1% Mui chloride
70 - 90 80 - 100 90 - 100 65 - 85 70 - 80 90 - 100 80 - 90 80 - 100 90 - 100 80 - 100 50 - 70 50 - 80 khng thm 100
70 - 90 75 - 100 90 - 100 40 - 70 60 - 80 90 - 100 80 - 90 80 - 100 90 - 100 70 - 90 50 - 65 40 - 80 100 100 90 10 - 30
Ascorbate-2-polyphosphate Tinh th
90 30 - 70
bn ca vitamin D3 trong iu kin bo qun nh vitamin A bng 75 80%. Cc dng vitamin khc v bn ca n trong thc n vin (p n) v trong premix ghi bng 8.3. Tuy nhin cn lu n bn ca vitamin C. Tinh th axit ascorbic cc k nhy cm vi s oxy ho. Trong 3 ngy d tr nhit thng, ton b hot tnh vitamin mt ht, trong vin hot tnh vitamin C ch cn li 20% sau khi s l nhit v d tr. Gn y ngi ta s dng asorbate-2monophosphate (sn phm ny c ascorbate-2-monophosphate v mt lng nh
ascorbate-2-polyphosphate, hot tnh acid ascorbic l 33% v 35 % ln lt). Dng vitamin ny ch mt 15 % hot tnh trong vin p n v d tr 3 thng nhit trong phng, trong khi vin vitamin C bc m hay ethylcellulose mt ti 70-90% hot tnh trong cng iu kin. Cu hi n tp: 1. Cng thc vitamin A, vai tr v nhu cu i vi c. 2. Cng thc vitamin D vai tr v nhu cu i vi c. 3. Cng thc vitamin E vai tr v nhu cu i vi c. 4. Vai tr vitamin C i vi c v nhng ch khi b sung vitamin C trong thc n c. 5. Nhng ch khi s dng vitamin trong thc n tm v c.
Chng 7 NHU CU CHT KHONG

1. I CNG Ngi ta phn bit cht khong lm hai loi: + Khong a lng : Nhu cu ln hn 100mg/kg khu phn nh Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, v S. + Khong vi lng: nhu cu nh hn 100mg/kg khu phn nh Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Cr, Se, F, I, v Ni. Thnh phn khong ca c th c hi v c chp. Bng 7.1: Thnh phn cht khong trong c th c (Shearer 1984, Kirchgessmer v Shwarz 1986) C hi (10-1800g) C chp (170-1150g)
Khong a lng (g/kg WB) Ca P Mg K Na Khong vi lng (mg/kg WB) Fe Cu Mn Zn
5,2 4,8 0,33 3,2 1,3 12 1,2 1,8 25
6,1 5,0 0,25 2,1 0,85 20 1,1 0,7 63
S trao i khong ca c th hin s 1. V c bn ngi ta chp nhn rng nhu cu khong ca c tng ng vi ng vt bc cao. Tuy nhin, mi trng xung quanh (nc) l ngun cung cp khong quan trng, ngoi thc n.
Nc
Mu
M (c th)
Khu Phn, phn nc tiu S 1: Trao i khong c
2. CANXI - PHOTPHO - MAGIE 2.1. Canxi: Ca ca c th c phn b tp trung xng, vy. Hm lng Ca ca c chp (khi lng - 340-3300mg) nh sau: Ct sng: 80g/kg (69-96g/kg) C : 124mg/kg (57-410mg/kg) Gan : 38mg/kg (21-155mg/kg) T l Ca/P ca xng v vy l 1,5-2,1 v ca ton b c th l 0,7-1,6. Nng Ca ca nc l 200mg/l p ng nhu cu Ca cho c hi. Nu lng Ca ca nc thp (5mg/l) th c phi li dng Ca ca khu phn. Nh vy sinh trng ca c ph thuc vo nng Ca v pH ca nc. Ngi ta cng thy nng nhm trong mu cao lm gim s hp thu Ca. Nhng h nc axit, pH thp, Ca thp v Al cao lm gim t l sng ca c r rt. Nhng h no c nng Ca nh hn 0,8mg/l; pH nh 4,5 thng khng c c (Howell et al. 1983). P cng lm gim thp hp th Ca. Vy nhu cu ca c trong khu phn l bao nhiu? Ni chung kh xc nh c nhu cu Ca ca c. C hi c th trng ban u l 1,2 g khng thy biu hin sinh
trng khc nhau khi khu phn cha 0,3-3,4g Ca/kg v nng Ca nc l 2030mg/l. C da trn c th trng 6-24g sng trong nc nng Ca l 56mg/l p ng sinh trng ti u khi khu phn cha 8gCa/kg (+8g photpho hu dng) nhng sinh trng gim khi Ca khu phn l 20g/kg. C hi Chu u, c chp thch hp vi khu phn 18-22g/kg Ca. O. aureus thch hp khu phn 8gCa/kg trong iu kin nc khng c Ca. 2.2. Photpho C ly P t nc km hn Ca. V d c hi (c ging) hp th P t nc ch bng 1/400 so vi Ca t nc. Hp thu P t nc cng ph thuc vo nhit nc v hm lng Ca nc. Hp thu P t nc tng khi nhit tng v nng Ca nc gim. Nh vy ngun P khu phn i vi c quan trng hn l ngun P t nc. Nhu cu P khu phn ca c nm trong phm vi 0,4-0,7% khu phn ph thuc vo: + Cu to ng tiu ho: loi c c d dy hp thu P tt hn c khng c d dy, ngay c khi ngun P c li dng km. + Ngun Photpho: P phytic khng li dng c v c khng c enzym phytase. Ging nh ng vt trn cn, photpho monocanxi c li dng cao nht, i v tri canxi th km hn, nht l c chp ( bng 7.2). Bng 7.2: Sinh trng ca c hi v c chp (g) theo vi li dng ca photpho khu phn.
Monocanxi photphat Dicanxi photphat Tricanxi photphat
C hi (11 tun) 640-710 610 494
C chp (4 tun) 270-287 150 112
P trong bt c, cazein, nm men u c rainbow trout li dng tt, c chp li dng tt P trong nm men v cazein.
2.3. Magi Mg gi vai tr quan trng trong phn ng photphoryl ho v mt vi enzym. Mc Mg trong nc ngt khng p ng d nhu cu Mg ca c, phi b sung mt lng thch ng vo khu phn. Nc bin cha 1,3g Mg/lt th p ng nhu cu Mg cho c bin. Cowey et. al. (1977) lm th nghim vi c hi nng khong 30g thy rng tnh ham n, tng trng v FCR tt khi khu phn cha 1000mg Mg/kg so vi khu phn 26-63mg Mg/kg. Th nghim c hi non thy 200-300mg Mg/kg th cho sinh trng nu nc cha 1,7mg Mg/lt. Thiu Mg gn vi mc Ca 26-40g/kg khu phn lm tng nephrocalcinosis (nephocalcinosis: Ca lng ng thn), natri trong c cng tng, lm cho tht nt...v c tht cha nhiu nc. c chp thiu Mg lm gim thu nhn thc n, ngho sinh trng v inertia. Trong mt th nghim ngi ta thy mc Mg l 52mg/kg lm tng t l t vong t ngi ta thy nhu cu ti thiu Mg phi l l 400-700mg/kg khu phn. 3- CC NGUYN T KHONG KHC Bng sau y tm tt chc nng ca cc nguyn t vi khong: Bng 7.3: Tm tt vai tr dinh dng ca mt s nguyn t vi lng Nguyn t Fe
Chc nng Cu to Hb, myoglobin, cytocrome v nhiu enzym khc Tham gia vo cc enzym c ng nh cytocrome oxidase, feroxydase, tyrosinase, superoxide dismutase Coenzym ca mt s enzym tng hp ure, trao i axit amin, axit bo v oxy ho glucose.
Biu hin thiu v nhu cu Chm ln, thp Hb v hematocrit. 200mg/kg thc n ca c chp. 30mg/kg thc n ca c da trn. Chm ln, vim cata, tim yu. 3mg/kg thc n ca c chp. 5mg/kg thc n ca c da trn Chm ln, ct sng ngn (short body dwarfism). Vim cata, t l t vong cao, 2,4mg/kg thc n ca c da trn , 13mg/kg thc n ca c chp
Cu
Mn
Zn
Co
Cofactor ca mt s enzym v thnh phn ca nhiu metaloenzym nh cacbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase, malic dehydrogenase, alkali photphatase, superoxid dismutase, ribonuclease v DNApolymerase. Thnh phn ca vitamin B12
Chm ln, km n, vim cata, thi vy v da, t vong cao. 20mg/kg thc n ca c da trn. 15-30mg/kg thc n ca c chp
Se
Chm ln, s lng hng cu gim, mc khuyn co 1 - 6mg/kg thc n. Chm ln, thiu mu, vim Thnh phn ca glutathion peroxidase, phn gii peroxid cata. Mc khuyn co 0,25mg/kg thc n ca c da trn sinh ra trong qu trnh oxy ho m Thnh phn hormon thyroxin 0,6-2,8mg/kg thc n ca c hi
Khong hn hp dng cho c (premix). 2,1% CaCO3 73,5% CaHPO4.2H2O 8,1% K2HPO4 6,8% K2SO4 3,1% NaCl 2,5% MgO 0,558% MnCO3 0,034% Cu (OH)2.2CuCO3 0,081% ZnCO3 0,001% KI 0,002%NaF 0,020% CoCl2 0,0686% axit citric
Cu hi n tp 1. S chuyn ho khong ca c. 2. Vai tr ca Ca, P, Mg, v nhu cu ca c. Ti sao kh nng li dng P di dng axit phytic c rt thp, bin php khc phc. 3. Cho v d v mt cng thc khong hn hp ca c v cho kin nhn xt v cng thc khong ny.
Chng 8 THC N NG VT THU SN

1- THC N NG VT THU SN 11. Phn loi thc n Ngi ta xp thc n cho ng vt thu sn thnh 5 nhm da vo thnh phn dinh dng v cch s dng : + Thc n th xanh: bao gm thc n xanh nh rau c xanh, thc n th kh nh c kh, rm, thn cy ng T l x/CK trong thc n thng ln hn 18%. + Thc n giu nng lng : nhm thc n c hm lng protein nh hn 20% v x/CK nh hn 18% . + Thc n giu protein : nhm thc n c hm lng protein ln hn hoc bng 20%, l protein ngun gc ng vt nh bt tht, bt c, bt lng v thu phn... v protein ngun gc thc vt nh kh du tng, kh du bng, gluten ng + Thc n giu khong nh bt , monocanxiphosphat, dicanxiphosphat + Thc n b sung: gm thc n b sung dinh dng nh vitamin, cht khong, axit amin, v thc n b sung phi dinh dng (feed additives) nh cht chng oxy ho, sc cht, cc thuc phng bnh... 1.2. c im dinh dng ca cc loi thc n 1.2.1. Thc n giu nng lng Cc loi ht ng cc v ph phm ca ng cc, cc loi bt c nm trong nhm thc n ny.Thnh phn ho hc : Tinh bt chim 2/3 khi lng ht, protein 9 12%, m 2 4%, x trung bnh 6% nhng khc nhau nhiu gia cc loi ht v ph phm ca ht. Bt sn l ngun thc n giu tinh bt (60-70%/CK) nhng protein li rt thp (0,9%/CK). 1.2.2. Thc n giu protein C hai nhm l thc n protein c ngun gc thc vt v ngun gc ng vt. Nhm thc n protein ngun gc thc vt c hai nhm nh :
+ Nhm thc n c 20 30% protein th, trong nhm ny c b ru, b bia, b mch nha, hm lng protein 25 27%, cht lng protein thp ( thiu lysine), x tng i cao ( 12 15%). + Nhm thc n cha 30 45% protein, trong nhm ny c cc loi kh du lc, kh du bng, kh du lang, kh tng, kh hng hng dng, kh ci du, Hm lng protein ca cc loi kh du ny t 42 46%. Cht lng protein cao hn nhm thc n trn. Tuy nhin kh du lanh v kh du bng ngho lysin, kh du lc ngho axit amin cha S, ch c kh tng l c cht lng kh hon ton. T l x ca nhm thc n ny thp hn nhm trn ( 9 11%), ring kh tng rt thp (5%). Cht bo ca nhm kh du ph thuc vo cch ly du, nu ly du bng cch p th cht bo ca sn phm cn 6- 8%, cn chit du bng dung mi hu c th cht bo ch cn 1 2%. Sau y l c im dinh dng ca mt s loi kh du : + Kh tng : 42 48% protein, giu lysine ( 2,45%) nhng hn ch methionine v cystine, Ca, P, v vitamin B. Khu phn nui c O. niloticus c th thay hon ton bt c bng kh tng nu b sung thm 0,25% methionine. + Kh du bng: 40 45% protein, ngho methionine, cystine, lysine, Ca, P, giu vitamin B1, cha 0,003 0,2% gossypol l cht c gy c ch enzym tiu ho v lm gim ngon ca kh du bng. + Kh du lc: 45 50% protein,ngho lysine, methionine, cystine, d tr trong iu kin nng m s sn sinh mycotoxin, c bit l aflatoxin. C rt nhy cm vi c t aflatoxin, liu gy c c l 1 ppb trong khi g con l > 50 ppb, ln con 50 ppb, b > 200 ppb. + Kh du ci du : protein ging kh du tng, cha glucozit lm gim sinh trng ca c chp. Glucozit bn i vi nhit. + Kh du hng dng: 35 40% protein, khng thy c cht c, x cao ( 16%). + Kh du vng: 40% protein, giu methionine, arginine v leucine., nhng thiu lysine. Cha axit phytic d kt hp vi cht khc nh axit amin, vi
khong to thnh phytat khng ho tan, khng hp thu c, lm mt cn i axit amin v vi khong khu phn. Nhm thc n giu protein ngun gc ng vt gm c bt tht, bt tht xng, bt mu, bt c, ph phm sa Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi thc n ny ghi bng 8.1. Bng 8.1 : Thnh phn dinh dng ca nhm thc n protein ngun gc ng vt Khong% Thc n Bt tht Bt tht xng Bt mu Bt c 50% protein 70% protein 65% protein Sa : Bt sa kh m Vng sa ( whey) Bt tm Ph phm gia cm Bt lng v thu phn Protein% 53 51 80 53 74 68 34 14 49-74 60-65 80-85 Bo% 10 10 2 4 1 1 1 1 15-20 Na 8,0 10,0 0,3 1,2 0,9 P 4,03 5,07 0,22 1,0 0,8
Ngho lysine hn bt c Catfish c th dng 15% bt lng v thu phn
Sau y l c im mt s thc n giu protein ngun ng vt : + Bt c : Bt c c 50 65 70% protein, rt cn i vi axit amin, giu lysine (7,8%/CP), methionine (3,5%/CP), methionine+cystine (4,7%/CP), tryptophan ( 1,3%/CP), threonine ( 4,9%/CP).
Cht lng bt c ph thuc vo loi c v phng php ch bin v d tr. C hai phng php ch bin bt c: - Ch bin m : C ti em hm hi sau p tch nc v du, b c sy kh nghin thnh bt, lm bn bt bng cc cht chng oxy ho. Dch p c chit m, c c ri cho thm vo bt b sung vitamin v protein ho tan. - Ch bin kh : C sau khi nu chn ( hoc hm chn) ri lm kh khng tch m. Bt c cng c th ch bin theo phng php chit bng dung mi. Bt c ch bin theo phng php ny rt giu protein ( 80%) v t m. + Bt tm : L ph phm ca nh my ch bin tm ng lnh bao gm u tm v v tm. Hm lng protein 30-40%, chitin 10-15%. Bt u tm l ngun cung cp axit bo n3, cholesterol, asthaxanthin v cha c cht dn d. Bt u tm c th thay 20-30% bt c. + C p ( fish silage) : y l cch bo qun bng phng php ln men sinh hc trong mi trng axit. C hay ph phm c c cht nh, trn vi bt sn v r mt theo t l 5 kg c + 3 kg bt sn + 2 kg r mt. C th thay bt sn bng bt go, bt ng, bt cc loi khoai c hoc ch cn vi r mt. C iu kin thm axit hu c nh axit formic hay ch phm ln men lactobacillus. C bm nh t vo cc thng nha kn, thnh thong khuy u. Trong qu trnh , axit lactic c hnh thnh, pH xung di 4,5 nh vy sn phm c bo qun vi thng khng hng. C p c hm lng protein t 30 50%/CK tu theo nguyn liu em v c nhiu axit amin qu nh lysine, methionine. + Bt lng v thu phn:
Hm lng protein cao ti 80-85% nhng khng cn i axit amin (ngho lysine, histidine v tryptophan). Bt lng v c th thay 30% bt c trong khu phn c r phi v c tr. +Bt tht: Bao gm ph ph phm l m, hm lng dinh dng bin i nhiu tu theo ngun ph phm, protein t 30-50%, lipit 8-11%, Ca 4,5-5% v P 810%. +Bt mu: Bt mu c hm lng protein cao ti 85-90%, giu lysine, tuy nhin t l tiu ho protein bin ng t 40-80% tu cch sy. 1.2.3. Thc n b sung C hai nhm thc n b sung, l thc n b sung dinh dng v thc n b sung phi dinh dng (feed additives). Thc n b sung dinh dng bao gm thc n b sung vitamin, vi khong, axit amin tng hp... Thng thng thc n b sung loi ny c sn xut di dng premix. Premix l mt hn hp cha hot cht v cht mang. Hot cht c th l axit amin, vitamin, nguyn t vi lng, cn cht mang th tu loi hot cht m c th khc nhau. V d i vi hot cht l vitamin, axit amin... th hot cht l tru hay cm m nghin mn, i vi hot cht l vi khong th cht mang l bt . cho cc hot cht trn u vo cht mang th khi lng ring v kch thc ca hot cht- cht mang phi tng ng nhau, thi gian bo qun tng ng v khng ph hoi nhau. + Thc n b sung phi dinh dng: Bao gm cht chng oxy ho, cht to mu, to mi, cht hp ph mycotoxin, enzym, cht dn d, cht kt dnh... Sau y xin gii thiu mt s thc n b sung ny : - Cht chng oxy ho: Trong cng nghip thc n thu sn ngi ta thng s dng cc cht chng oxy ho l Ethoxyquin (1,2 dihydro-6 cthoxy-
2,2,4 trimethyl quinoline) vi liu 150ppm, BHT (Butylated hydroxy Toluen) vi liu 200ppm, BHT (Butylaled hydroxy Anisole) vi liu 200ppm. - Cht chng nm: C cc loi nh potassium sorbate, polypropilene glycol, aluminiumsilicat, Mycofix-plus... ngn nga s pht trin ca mt s nm mc sn sinh mycotoxin. - Sc cht: C khng th sinh tng hp c cc sc t nn phi c cung cp t thc n. Sc t c nhiu trong thc n t nhin nh rong, to, rau c xanh, cc sc t tng hp thng chit rt t cc ngun thc vt trn. Hai loi sc t s dng trong thc n ca c hi (lm da, c v vy) l asthaxanthin v cathaxanthin. Asthaxanthin cng dng to mu cho tm hm. Cc sc t trn cng dng cho c cnh. i vi c tra hay basa ngi tiu dng a thch tht c trng khng vng, nh vy i vi loa c ny ngi ta khng dng sc t hay nhng loi thc n t nhin cha sc t nh ng vng hay rau xanh. - Cht dn d : Cc axit amin t do nh glycine, alanine, glutamate ; mt s peptid nh betain c tc dng hp dn tm, c. Cc cht ny hin din trong bt tm, bt c, bt mc, bt cc loi nhuyn th hay trong cc sn phm thu phn ca nhng thc n ny, cc loi ny c th trn vo thc n mc 1-5%. - Cht kt dnh : Cht kt dnh lm cho thc n bn trong nc. Cht kt dnh thng dng l tinh bt ng cc, tinh bt sn c th dng 5% trong hn hp thc n vin. Cc cht kt dnh khc c dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc n thu sn l alginate, gelatin, chitosan, bentonite, CMC (carboxyl methyl cellulose). 1.2.4- Thc n t nhin Nhm thc n t nhin bao gm phytoplankton, zooplankton, mn b hu c v sinh khi vi khun. Sau y xin gii thiu mt s c im dinh dng ca nhm thc n ny.
Phytoplankton Phytoplankton l nhm to ph du c hm lng protein cao (40-50%), giu cc axit amin thit yu nh lysine, arginine, threonine nhng thiu axit amin cha lu hunh l methionine v cystine. Lipid trong to bin ng t 715% khi lng kh, cc nhm to bin giu axit bo 3 l ngun axit bo quan trng cho cc sinh vt bin. Khong tng s ca to thng c hm lng <10% (to Spirulina c 8,9% khong, 0,1% Ca, 1,2% P v 3,3% Mg). Zooplankton Nhm ng vt ph du ny c gi tr dinh dng cao v ph hp vi tp tnh dinh dng ca rt nhiu loi thu sn, c bit giai on u tin ca qu trnh sinh trng. c im dinh dng ca nhm zooplankton l giu protein (50-60%), giu axit amin thit yu, giu lipid ((20%) v cc axit bo quan trng (bng 8.2). Bng 8.2: Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s zooplankton nc bin v nc ngt Zooplankton Rotifier Anostraca (Artemia) Cladocera Malacostraca Ostracoda Copepoda Thnh phn dinh dng (% vt cht kh) CK 11,2 11,0 9,8 24,6 35,0 10,3 CP 64,3 61,3 56,5 49,9 41,5 52,3 EE 20,3 19,5 19,3 20,3 7,1 Tro 6,2 10,1 7,7 19,6 1,7 GE Kcal/kg 4866 5835 4800 5537 5683 5445
(Ngun: Hepher 1988)
- Rotifera L nhng zooplankton c kch thc 0,04-0,1 m/m, thng thy trong nc ngt (gm cc nhm Brachionus, Karetella, Polgartha), nc l v nc bin (gm nhm Brachionus). Brachionus plicalitis c hai nhm c kch thc khc nhau, chng c kh nng trinh sn to ra mt qun th ton con ci. B. plicatilis c dng ng nui u trng c bin trong mt hai tun u. - Cladocera L gip xc bc thp ph bin trong nc ngt gm cc ging Moina, Daphnia, Bosmina, Sida. Cladocera c kch thc trung bnh 0,2-0,7 m/m, l thc n thng gp trong cc loi c, c bit c bt mi n. - Copepoda L gip xc c kch thc ln hn Cladocera (0,8-1,2 m/m), Copepoda l mt phn thc n ca c bt mi n hay thc n ca c n ng vt ph du khc. Copepoda giu protein v axit bo quan trng, rt thch hp cho tm c. - Artemia Artemia l gip xc bc thp thuc h Artemiidae, c xp thnh hai nhm da vo thnh phn axit bo cha no nhiu ni i (PUFA) v phn b a l, l "nhm nc ngt", giu axit bo 18: 3 3 v "nhm nc bin" giu axit bo 20: 5 3. Cc loi c nc ngt s dng hai nhm Artemia trn khng c s khc nhau v tng trng v t l sng trong khi mt s loi c bin s dng "nhm Artemia nc ngt" c t l sng rt thp so vi s dng "nhm Artemia nc bin". Cc nghin cu cho thy cc loi c bin rt cn cc axit bo 20: 53 v 22: 6 3, trong khi "nhm Artemia nc ngt" li thiu ht cc axit bo k trn. tng lng axit bo PUFA cho sinh khi Artemia, nhiu k thut lm giu axit bo cho Artemia c s dng nh cho Artemia tm trong dung dch giu dinh dng hay cho n thc n cha nhiu axit bo PUFA. Mn b hu c v sinh khi vi khun
Mn b hu c l sn pjm phn gii cht hu c c ngun gc t ng vt hoc thc vt. Mn b hu c c gi tr dinh dng thp nhng gn trn mn b hu c l nhng tp on nm, vi khun v cc protozoa lm nhim v phn hu cht hu c. Lng protein trong mn b hu c ch khong 10%, nhng nu k chung vi tp on sinh vt cng sinh th gi tr dinh dng ca mn b hu c tng ln nhiu ln, c bit sinh khi vi khun l ngun cung cp axit amin thit yu, nht l nhm axit amin cha lu hunh. 1.2.5- S sng probiotic trong nui trng thu sn Do yu cu v v sinh an ton thc phm ngy cng cao, khng sinh v cc ho cht dng lm thc n b sung (feed additives) trong thc n cho ng vt nui trn cn v ng vt nui di nc c kim sot ngy cng cht ch. Khong 20 nm trc y khng sinh dng vi mt lng rt ln, hng nm lng khng sinh sn xut ra ln ti 27 ngn tn, 90% s lng ny b sung vo thc n chn nui (theo International Poultry Production s 1998). Khng sinh to ra nhng dng vi khng sinh, loi ngi tn hng t la nghin cu v tm ra nhng loi khng sinh mi thay th khng sinh c mt tc dng dit khun. Ngy nay khng sinh b hn ch s dng lm cht kch thch sinh trng v phng bnh trong chn nui v nui trng thu sn. Bt u t nm 2006, Cng ng Chu u cm s dng tt c cc loi khng sinh lm thc n b sung trong chn nui v nui trng thu sn. Nhiu bin php c p dng thay th khng sinh, trong s cc bin php ny probiotic c tc dng ln v c nhiu trin vng. Nauy gim lng khng sinh trong NTTS t 50 tn vo nm 1987 xung cn 746,5kg nm 1997, nhng sn lng c vn tng t 50 ngn tn ln 350 ngn tn. Lch s dng probiotic trong NTTS cn rt mi. Yasuda v Taga, ln u tin s dng vi khun nh mt ngun thc phm v nh mt tc nhn sinh hc khng ch bnh ca c vo nm 1980. Vi khun Vibrio alginolyticus c dng nh mt probiotics cho tm Ecuador vo nm 1992, nh vy sn lng tm tng 35% trong khi ton b lng dng khng sinh gim 94% trong thi gian t 1991 n 1995. Ngy nay vic s dng probiotic trong nui tm Mexico cng tr ph bin. FAO cng coi vic nghin cu probiotics cng vi cc cht kch thch min dch (immunostimulant), cc cht nng cao kh min dch (immune enhancers) nh mt trong cc bin php ch yu ci thin cht lng mi trng nui thu sn.
Probiotic l g? Theo Laurent Verschuere v CTV (2000) probiotic c nh ngha nh sau: Probiotic l nhng vi khun sng c nh hng tt cho con vt ch nh vo s bin i h vi khun gn vi con vt ch hay xung quanh con vt ch, t ci thin kh nng s dng thc n, nng cao kh nng chng bnh v ci thin cht lng mi trng xung quanh Da trn nh ngha ny chng ta thy rng probiotic c th bao gm nhng vi khun ngn nga bnh sinh (pathogen) pht trin trong ng tiu ho, trn cu trc b mt ng vt ch v trong mi trng nui. Nhng vi khun cung cp cht dinh dng khng h tr cho con vt ch hay khng c mi quan h tng tc vi vi khun khc, vi mi trng sng ca con vt ch th khng bao gm trong nh ngha ny. Probiotic cn c cc tn khc l: Probiont, Probiotic Bacteria, Beneficial Bacteria. Hu ht probiotic c dng nh mt tc nhn kim sot sinh hc trong nui trng thu sn thuc v vi khun lactic (Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium...), Vibrio (Vibrio alginolyticus...), Bacillus v Pseudomonas. Kiu tc ng ca probiotic C nhiu nghin cu v c ch tc ng ca probiotic, tuy nhin cng cha c nhng l gii c chp nhn hon ton. Sau y l tm tt nhng kiu tc ca probiotic theo L. Verschuere v ctv. (2000) v Jenn-Kan Lu (2003): Probiotic sn sinh cc cht c ch Vi khun probiotic c th sn sinh mt s ho cht c tc dng dit khun hay c ch hot ng ca vi khun bnh di dng n hay hn hp nh khng sinh, bactericins, siderophores, lysozymes, proteases, hydrogen peroxid, axit hu c hay diacetyl, nh ngn chn bnh v hn ch s cnh tranh cc cht dinh dng v nng lng ca nhng vi khun c hi. Tc ng ny c th thc hin trn b mt (trn da) v trong rut ng vt ch hay trong mi trng nui cy vi khun. Cc nh vi sinh hc a ra cc bng chng sau: Lactobacillus sp. c th sn sinh bactericins l cht c ch trng ca vi khc (ch yu l vi khun gram (+).
Cc vi khun bin sn sinh enzym phn gii vi khun chng li Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus l vi khun hiu kh gram (-), thng nhim trong hi sn v gy c cp tnh cho ngi). Alteromonas sp.dng B-10-31, phn lp t nc bin gn b ca Nht sn sinh monastatin c tc dng c ch hot tnh protease ca Aermonas hydrophila v V. anguillarum (hai vi khun ny thuc vi khun gram (-) thng nhim trong nc, trong t v thc phm). Tranh ginh ho cht/nng lng vi nhng vi khun khc Tt c cc vi khun u yu cu Fe tng trng. Siderophores l chelat st ba khi lng phn t thp (<1500) do vi khun probiotic sinh ra v c th ho tan st kt ta cho vi khun s dng, cc khun hi khng c kh ny cho nn thiu st cho tng trng ca chng. Bn thn vi khun c hi b loi b th cng c ngha l loi b c i th cnh tranh cc cht dinh dng v nng lng dng cho vi khun probiotic v cho con vt ch. C ch ny x ra m v c thc nghim vi V. anguillarum (dng VL4335). Tranh ginh v tr bm dnh vi vi khun c hi Vi khun probiotic c th ngn tr s khu tr ca bnh sinh theo c ch tranh ginh tr bm dnh trn vch rut hay trn b mt cc m khc. Vi khun bm dnh trn nim mc rut nh c ch c trng (da vo cht bm dnh (adhesin) ca vi khun v cc phn t receptor ca thng b rut) v c ch khng c trng (da vo nhng yu t ho vt l hc). Nng lc cnh tranh bm dnh v sinh trng trong rut hay nim dch c chng minh in vitro trn vi khun probiotic Carnobacterium dng K1 i vi V. anguillarum v A. hydrophila. Nng cao p ng min dch ca rut Khng nguyn ca probiotic kch thch t bo nim rut sn sinh khng th chng li bnh. Cht c ch ca probiotic tip tc nng cao hiu qu ca khng th ca con vt ch. Trong thc nghim ngi ta thy ng vt th nghim c b sung vi khun lactic tng kh nng chng li bnh truyn nhim ng rut kh r rt. Ci thin cht lng nc X l nc nui thu sn bng probiotic thy gim c cht hu c trong nc ca ao nui, gim uc BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand: yu
cu oxy sinh ho) v gim c amonia, nitrit v hydrogen sulfide, khng ch c vi khun bnh. Ngoi cc kiu tc ng trn ngi ta cng thy rng vi khun probiotic cn gp thm enzym cho con vt ch cng nh cung cp cc nguyn t a vi lng cho con vt ch, gip con vt ch s dng thc n hiu qu hn v tng trng tt hn. Tuy nhin cng cn lu rng trong mi tng tc vi vi to th vi khun probiotic li c ch s pht trin ca vi to, c bit to . Trong s 41 dng vi khun th nghim c ti 23 dng c ch sinh trng ca to n bo Pavlova lutheri nhng mc khc nhau. Vi khun probiotic hn ch s pht trin ca to l iu khng mong mun trong nui u trng bng k thut nc xanh (green-water technique), tc l k thut b sung thm to n bo cho u trng. ng dng probiotics trong nuI trng thu sn C 3 cch s dng probiotic trong nui trng thu sn: a trc tip vo nc vi khun probiotic khu tr trc trong nc, trn probiotics vo thc n, ng nui thc n sng (rotifier, artemia) vi probiotic. Kt qu thc nghim trn c C hi i dng (Atlantic salmon) v c hi nc ngt (O. mykiss) nui bngthc b sung vi khun probiotic l Camobacterium, vi khun bnh c dng trong thc nghim l Aeromonas salmonicida. S lng A.salmonicida trong phn t 105 CFU/g gim cn 102 CFU/g phn sau khi dng probiotic trong 3 ngy. Vi khun probiotics l Pseudomonas fluorescens cng c tc dng hn ch A. salmonicida do c ch tranh ginh st. Vi khun P. fluorescens tc ng bn ngoi c th c. Kt qu thc nghim trn cc loi gip xc (crustaceans) + Kt qu thc nghim trn tm Artemia ng nui bng mi trng b sung Bacillus sp. ci thin t l nui sng ca tm Penaeus monodon khi cho nhim Vibrio harveyi. Sau 10 ngy nui nhm tm th nghim c t l nui sng l 100% cn nhm i chng l 26%.
Vi khun proboiotic l V. alginolyticus hng ngy a vo b nui u trng tm (b 25-60 tn) lm t l nui sng v khi lung ca tm cao hn tm i chng hay tm dng oxytetracycline. Vi khun c hi V. paraheamolyticus khng pht hin thy trn tm dng probiotic, trong khi pht hin thy 10% mu tm c vi khun gy bnh ny trn tm nhn khng sinh hay trn tm i chng. Indonesia ngi ta dng Bacillus cho ao nui tm gip tm pht trin 160 ngy khng c vn g, trong khi tt c nhng ao nui khng dng Bacillus u tht bi do Vibrio git cht tm trc 80 ngy nui. + Kt qu thc nghim trn cua Diatom v rotifier vi dng vi khun PM-4 ri a vo b nui u trng cua (Portunus trituberculatus) trong 7 ngy, dung tch b 200m3, b cng nui diatom v rotifier. C mi tng quan m gia s c mt ca PM-4 vi mt ca Vibrio spp. Trong 7 th nghim, t l sng ca u trng cua b sung PM-4 l 27,2%; trong 6/9 th nghim khng c PM-4, u trng khng pht trin, t l sng ch t 6,8%. Probiotics dng trong x l nc Hp cht hu c trong nc, di tc ca hu ht vi khun, b phn gii thnh amoniac, amoniac tham gia vo qu trnh nitrit ho bin thnh nitrit (NO2-) ri thnh nitrat (NO3-) nh nhm vi khun t dng m ch yu l Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter theo phn ng tm tt nh sau: Nitrosomonas 2NO2--N +2H2 + 2H2NH3-N + 3O2 2NO2 -N + O2 2NO3--N Nitrat li c thc vt v to bin thnh nitrit ri c chloroplast chuyn thnh NH4+ sinh tng hp protein. Protein li b vi khun phn gii thnh NH3. Qu trnh phn gii hnh thnh NH3 nhanh hn qu trnh ly NH3 tng hp protein, nng NH3 trong nc s cao v c hi cho s sng ca ng vt nc. Thng thng ngi ta dng cht hp ph (nh zeolite hay De-Odorase chit t cy Yucca) gim lng NH3 trong mi trng nui. Vi khun probiotic (ch yu l Nitrobacter) c vai tr thc y qu trnh nitrit ho nh lm gim bt nng NH3 trong nc.
-
Nitrobacter
Nhm vi khun Bacillus sp. cng thng c s dng x l nc. Ngy nay probiotic c dng kh ph bin trong chn nui v nui trng thu sn. Thng thng ngi ta phi hp probiotic vi prebiotic (prebiotic l nhng cht h tr vi khun c li pht trin v loi b nhng vi khun c hi nh manan oligosacharide v glucan oligosacharide), vi vi khong v vi cht hp ph amoniac. V d Shrimp-604TM ca hng Alltech (M) l sn phm phi hp ca manan oligosacharide, crm v selen hu c cng vi cht hp ph amoniac chit rt t cy yucca dng cho tm rt hiu qu (nng sut v t l nui sng tng 10%, hiu sut chuyn ho thc n tng 20%, tc tng trng tng 30%). 2-CHT KHNG DINH DNG V CHT C 2.1- Cht khng dinh dng +Cht c ch tripsin: tng sng cha cc tinh th protein dng cu c tc dng c ch tripsine (1kg tng sng cha khong 3g), nhng tinh th protein ny kt hp vi tripsine v chimotripsine to thnh nhng phc bn, lm mt hot tnh ca enzym. C n tng sng th sinh trng b c ch do s tiu ha protein b cn tr. Tuy nhin phn ng ca c vi cht c ch tripsine khc nhau theo vi loi, c hi th nhy cm hn so vi c da trn v c chp. Cht c ch tripsine khng bn vi nhit, nh vy x l nhit s loi b c n. + Tc nhn gy ngng huyt (hemaglutinin): Ngoi cht c ch tripsine, tng cn cha hemaglutinin (cn gi l lectin), mt cht lm ngng kt hng cu. Tuy nhin hemaglutinin b pepsin d dy phn hy, nh vy nhng loi c c d dy th cht ny khng gy tc hi c. + Axit phytic: Khong 70% photpho ca tng v ca nhiu loi thc n thc vt di dng phytat v c khng s dng c P di dng ny. Axit phytic cn c th kt hp vi protein, axit amin, cc cht khong nh Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn,
Zn to thnh nhng phc khng tiu ha hp thu c. Th nghim thm 0,5% axit phytic vo khu phn c hi thy sinh trng ca v hiu sut chuyn ho thc n ca c gim 10%. + Gossypol: Gossypol cha trong tuyn sc cht ca ht bng, hm lng khong 2,4 %khi lng ht. Gossypol liu cao trong khu phn c lm gim sinh trng v lm tn hi n m ca mt s c quan. Gossypol cng c th gy ung th cng vi aflatoxin B c rainbow trout. Gossypol c th kt hp vi lysin, gy thiu lysin trong khu phn t lm gim sinh trng. C c th dung np mt lng gossypol t do nht nh, tuy nhin mc dung np ty thuc vo loi. V d salmonid dung np mc 250mg/kg khu phn (tuy nhin khng nn cung cp qu mc 100mg/kg kp), blue tilapia c th dung np mc 1800mg/kg khu phn. + Glucosinolates: Glucosinolates thy trong mt s ht nhiu du nh ci du. Ht ci du c th cha 3 8% glucosinate, tuy nhin nhng ging ci tin ch c di 0,2mg/g (ci du loi ny cn c tn l canola). Glucosinate bn thn n khng c nhng b enzym myrosinase thy phn thnh ion thyocyanate hay izothyocyanate. Cc sn phm thy phn ny s cn tr s ly I tng hp thyroxin v gy tng sinh tuyn gip v gim thyroxin huyt tng. X l nhit ch loi b c myrosinase nhng khng loi b c glucosinate. 2.2- Cht c ngun gc ha hc Nhng cht c ngun gc ha hc thng dy ln trong thc n ca c l thuc tr su, thuc dit c, hp cht clo hu c nh endrin, dieldrin, DDT, DDE, v nhng cht thi cng nghip nh polychlorin biphenyl (PCB), phtalate esters, hexachloro benzen (HCB) ... Hu ht cc tn d ha cht ny c trong du c hay bt c b dy ln. Nc b nhim nhng ha cht ny lm cho trng khng n c, c con b cht rt nhiu.
Toxaphe can thip vo chuyn ha vitamin C nh hng n tng hp collagen, t lm cho xng pht trin khng bnh thng. Dieldrin lm gim hot tnh ca enzym phenylalanin hydroxylase, hu qu keto axit mu tng, lm c chm sinh trng. Dieldrin cng lm gim hot tnh glutathion synthetase, gim kh nng kh c NH3. DDT v nhng hp cht endrin lm tng hot ng tuyn gip, c ch chuyn ha glycogen ca gan, c ch Na+ v K+ ATPase mang v thn gy khiu mang v ri lon thn kinh. Phng th nghim quc gia v ngh c Columbia ( M) khuyn co du c ( dng trong khu phn c vi mc 3 5% ) khng c cha > 2ppm v bt c khng c cha > 0,1 ppm clo hu c v PCB. Quy nh ca c quan FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) ch cho php mc PCBA ti a trong thc n c l 0,2 ppm v trong thc n ng vt l 2,0 ppm. Ngay i vi mi trng nc ngi ta cng quy nh mc PCBA, mc ny i vi nhm c hi v c nc ngt l < 0,002 ppm. Cc cht c ngun gc ha hc khc nh kim loi nng, nitrit cng nguy hi. Thy ngn c trong cc thuc chng mc, bo qun ht ging, lm sch kho ..Hg c th tch ly dn trong gan, n mc no th gy c. Quy nh v Hg trong mi trng nui c hi trung bnh l 0,0005 ppm, ti da l 0,002 ppm. Hm lng NNO2 trong nc l 0,55 mg/l c th lm cho 50% c hi b cht, c nh hn liu LD50 cn thp hn. V d c hi khi lng 12g liu ny l 0,19 mg/l ( sau 24 gi nui), i vi Ictalurus liu LD50/96 gi l 24,8mg/l, liu gy cht 100% ca NO3 l 1400 mg/l. Cadmium (Cd): nc cha ( Cd) gy c cho nhiu loi c. Cd hp thu qua ng tiu ha gy cht hoi t bo gan. Liu gy cht c l 5 microgam/g khi lng c th. 2.3- Cht c sinh hc. 2.3.1. Salmonella
Ngun dy ln rt nghim trng i vi thc n d tr trong kho, thng do loi gm nhm truyn vi khun ny. C ti 1200 serotypes ca vi khun salmonella thy ng vt mu lnh v mu nng v trong s ny c 80 serotypes gy bnh. Bt c l ngun thc n dy ln salmonella ln nht. phng trnh dy nhim vi khun ny phi ph v chu trnh pht trin ca salmonella. Chu trnh pht trin ca samonella thng bt u t chut, phn chut nhim samonella lm cho thc n nhim vi khun ny v t truyn cho c. 23.2. Mycotoxin L cht c do nm mc sinh ra, cc mycotoxin thng gp l : + Aflatoxin do nm Aspergilus flavus v A. parasitius sinh ra. C 4 loi aflatoxin l B1, B2, G1 v G2 trong B1 l c nht. Liu gy c LD50 ca aflatoxin B1 tnh theo mg/kg th trng ca c l 0,5, ca vt l 0,35 0,56 v ca g l 6,5 16,5 m. C nc m c nhy cm vi c aflatoxin thp hn c nc lnh ( LD50 ca c hi v c da trn ln lt l 0,5 v 15 mg/kg th trng). Khi b nhim c ng vt b cht t ngt, m khm thy gan sng, hoi t, xut huyt, lch thn cng c hin tng tng t. Tc hi quan trng ca aflatoxin l lm suy gim kh nng min dch ca c th, con bnh d b mc bnh. + Tricothecene T2 do nm Fusarium tricintum sinh ra vi liu 15 mg/kg khu phn gy gim tiu th thc n, gim sinh trng, gim huyt cu v Hb ( th nghim trn c hi). + Cyclopiazoic axit ( CPA), mt neurotoxin thng gn vi aflatoxin i vi c da trn liu c CPA l 0,1 mg/kg khu phn, bng 1/10 so vi liu c ca aflatoxin).
Cu hi n tp: 1- c im dinh dng ca nhm thc n giu nng lng v protein 2- K tn v nu vai tr ca nhng thc n b sung dinh dng v phi dinh dng. 3- V sao ngi ta nh gi cao gi tr dinh dng ca thc n t nhin, u trng tm c thch loi thc n no? 4- Cc cht c ngun gc ha hc, sinh hc v cc cht khng dinh dng trong thc n ca c v tc hi ca chng.
CHNG 9 THC N SNG (LIVE FOOD)

1/Vai tr ca thc n sng i vi nui trng thy sn Thc n sng (live food hoc live feed)) l cc phiu sinh (plankton). Phiu sinh chnh l chui thc n s cp v th cp cho hu ht ng vt nc. Phiu sinh c hai nhm, l phiu sinh thc vt (phytoplankton) v phiu sinh ng vt (zooplankton). Phytoplankton c coi l sinh vt t dng, bi v chng c th s dng ngun cacbon, nit n gin v nh sng mt tri sinh trng v pht trin; chng l im xut pht ca chui thc n. Zooplankton c coi l sinh vt d dng, chng n nhng sinh vt t dng v cc sinh vt d dng khc. Zooplankton li l ngun thc phm quan trng ca u trng tm v c trong t nhin hay nui trng. Trong nhng nm 70, sn xut ca cc tri c v tm hu nh da ch yu vo vic nh bt nhng c ging (giai on c bt) sng trong t nhin. Tuy nhin, t sau khi k thut sn xut u trng t n b m tr nn ph bin th hng t u trng c, u trng thn mm v gip xc c sn xut trong cc tri ging trn ton th gii. u trng l nhng sinh vt cn rt nh, yu ui v cha pht trin y v mt sinh l nh kch thc ming cn nh, gic quan v h thng tiu ho cha hon thin. Nhng yu t ny hn ch vic la chn v s dng thc n thch hp trong nhng pha nui dng u tin ca u trng. Sau y l nhng v d minh ho thm v nhng yu t gy kh khn cho vic nui u trng tm v c: + Kch thc ming u trng pha nui dng u Kch thc ming ca u trng pha u gii hn kch thc ca cc tiu phn thc n m u trng c th n. Ni chung, kch thc ming c lin quan vi kch thc c th v kch thc c th li b chi phi bi ng knh ca trng v thi k nui dng ni sinh (tc l thi k tiu th ti lng ). V d: trng c hi Atlantic thng ln hn trng Gilhead seabream t nht 4 ln (bng 1.9). Kt qu l lc n, u trng c hi kh ln v ti lng cng ln cung cp thc n ni sinh trong 3 tun pht trin u tin, cn nh u trng c Gilhead seabream th rt nh, ti lng cng nh v cung cp thc n ni sinh ch trong khong 3 ngy. pha u, u trng c hi c th n c nhng tiu phn thc n c kch thc 1mm, cn nh u trng Gilthead seabream ch n c nhng tiu phn c kch thc 0,1mm. Bng 1.9: Kch thc trng v chiu di u trng lc n ca mt s loi c* Loi C hi Atlantic (Salmo salar) C hi vn (Onchorhyncus mykiss) C chp (Cyprinus caprio) Seabass chu u (Dicentrarchus labrax) Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) ng knh trng (mm) 5,0 - 6,0 4,0 0,9 - 1,6 1,2 - 1,4 0,9 - 1,2 Chiu di u trng (mm) 15,0 - 25,0 12,0 - 20,0 4,8 - 6,2 7,0 - 8,0 3,5 - 4,0
Turbo (Scophthalmus maximus) Sole (Solea solea) Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) Greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) Bream (Acanthopagrus cuvieri)
0,9 - 1,2 1,0 - 1,4 1,1 - 1,25 0,9 - 1,0 0,77 - 0,90 0,78 - 0,84
2,7 - 3,0 3,2 - 3,7 3,2 - 3,4 1,4 - 2,4 1,4 - 2,4 1,8 - 2,0
* Ngun: Jones v Houde, 1981 (dn theo Patric Lavens v Patric Sorgelooos,1996) + ng tiu ho Tnh trng pht trin ca h thng tiu ho ca u trng pha u cng cho bit u trng c th tiu ho c thc n n vo hay khng. V d: u trng c hi pha u c ng tiu ho pht trin tt vi h thng enzyme cho php tiu ho c thc n p vn (feed crumble). Ngc li, u trng c Gilhead seabream (ging nh u trng nhiu loi c khc) khng c d dy hon chnh, ng tiu ho th ngn, ch c mt s enzyme hot ng u pha nui dng. T thy rng u trng ca nhng c ny ch c th s dng c nhng ngun thc n m: - d tiu ho (nh thc n cha mt s ln axit amin t do v oligopeptide thay cho nhng phn t protein phc hp). - cha enzyme cho php thc n t phn gii. - cung cp y cc cht dinh dng quan trng m u trng yu cu. Ni chung thc n phi ch khng p ng c tt c cc yu cu cho u trng cc loi c nh nh Gilhead seabream v kt qu l u trng ngho sinh trng v c t l cht cao. Tri li, thc n sng th c th p ng c tt c cc tiu chun cn thit ca u trng cc loi c nh. Ngoi ra, thc n sng cn c tc dng kch thch s pht trin cc gic quan ca u trng. Cc gic quan ca u trng nh th gic, khu gic, v gic v ng bn rt quan trng i vi vic pht hin thc n. Tuy vy cc c quan ny li pht trin cha hon thin khi u trng cn non. V d vng mc mt ca u trng c ch cha t bo hnh nn, khin cho nng lc th gic km, nhng vng mc mt ca c giai on ln hn (giai on c hng), ngoa t bo hnh nn cn c t bo hnh gy vi nhiu sc cht th gic trn vng mc, nh vy nng lc th gic tt hn. Thc n sng thng c tng phn tt hn thc n nhn to v nh vn ng lin tc m c hiu qu kch thch, gip cho gic quan u trng pht trin. Ngoi ra nh kh nng bi ca thc n sng m thc n c phn b u trong ct nc, gip cho u trng c nhiu c hi gp c thc n. Khu phn t nhin ca hu ht cc loi c nui gm nhng loi phytoplankton (diatoms, flagellates vv..) v zooplankton khc nhau (copepods, cladocerans, u trng decapod, rotifers, cilliates vv..). S phong ph v a dng ca thc n sng vi nhng kch thc v thnh phn dinh dng khc nhau cho u trng c nhng c may tuyt vi tng trng v pht trin. Ngy nay ba nhm thc n sng dng ph bin nui u trng quy m cng nghip (industrial larviculture) l: 1/ Nhng loi vi to c kch thc 2 n 20 m s dng cho: hai mnh v (bivalves) tm th (penaeid shrimp)
rotifer, copepods c 2/Brachionus plicatilis s dng cho: gip xc (crustaceans) c bin 3/Artemia spp. (meta-)nauplii cho: gip xc (crustaceans) c Ngoi cc nhm trn, mt s loi thc n sng khc cng c dng vi mc hn ch hn, bao gm Brachionus rubens, Moina spp., daphnids, trng Artemia kh v cho c nc ngt v u trng tm v sinh khi Artemia cho u trng tm hm, postlarrvae tm v tm b m, c bin giai on c hng. Trong vi nm gn y ngi ta t c kt qu rt tt trong vic nui tm bng mt s sn phm b sung v thay th thc n sng. Tuy nhin i vi vic nui c bin giai on u bng loi thc n ny th kt qu cn rt hn ch. 2/ Vi to (micro-algae) Vi to l ngun thc n cho tt c cc giai on sinh trng ca ng vt hai mnh v, thc n cho u trng ca mt s loi gip xc v thc n cho mt s loi c giai on sinh trng u. Mt khc to li l ngun thc n ca zooplankton v chnh zooplankton li l ngun thc n cho u trng ca c v gip xc giai on u trng v giai on c hng. Bn cnh , vic nui u trng c bin theo k thut nc xanh (green water technique), to c dng trc tip trong cc tank u trng v chng ng vai tr lm n nh cht lng nc, cung cp dinh dng cho u trng v khng ch vi khun (hnh 1.9).
H. 1.9: Vai tr trung tm ca vi to trong nui trng bin (theo Brown et al., 1989)
2.1- Cc loi to nui trng ch yu Ngy nay 40 loi vi to khc nhau c phn lp t khp ni trn th gii c nui trng theo phng thc thm canh. Bng 2.9 cho bit 8 lp chnh v 32 genera to nui trng ang c dng nui dng nhng nhm ng vt nc quan trng. Bng k cc loi to trong bng bao gm cc loi diatoms, to xanh chlorococcalean v to xanh hnh roi (flagellated), to xanh hnh si c kch thc t vi micromet n hn 100m. Hu ht nhng loi to dng thng xuyn trong nui bin l diatoms Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Cheatoceros gracilis, C. calcitrans, to roi Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica, Monochrysis lutheri v Chorella spp. (H.2.9). Table 2.9: Cc lp v genera vi to ch yu c nui trng * Class Genus ng dng Bacillariophyceae Skeletonema Thalassiosira Phaeodactylum Chaetoceros Cylindrotheca Bellerochea Actinocyclus Nitzchia Cyclotella Haptophyceae Isochrysis Pseudoisochrysis Dicrateria Chrysophyceae Prasinophyceae Monochrysis (Pavlova) Tetraselmis (Platymonas) Pyramimonas Micromonas Cryptophyceae Chroomonas Cryptomonas Rhodomonas Cryptophyceae Xanthophyceae Chlorophyceae Cyanophyceae Chlamydomonas Chlorococcum Olisthodiscus Carteria Dunaliella Spirulina PL, BL, BP PL, BL, BP PL, BL, BP, ML, BS PL, BL, BP, BS PL BP BP BS BS PL, BL, BP, ML, BS BL, BP, ML BP BL, BP, BS, MR PL, BL, BP, AL, BS, MR BL, BP BP BP BP BL, BP BL, BP, FZ, MR, BS BP BP BP BP, BS, MR PL, BP, BS, MR
* De Pauw and Persoone, 1988 PL, u trng penaeid shrimp ; ML, u trng tm nc ngt; AL, u trng abalone ; BS, brine shrimp (Artemia); FZ, zooplankton nc ngt BL, u trng bivalve mollusc; BP, hu u trng bivalve mollusc; MR, rotifers bin (Brachionus); SC, copepods nc mn;
2.2- Gi tr dinh dng ca vi to Gi tr dinh dng ca vi to ph thuc vo kch thc t bo, t l tiu ho, cht c v thnh phn sinh ho (bng 3.9). iu kin nui trng cng nh hng nhiu n gi tr dinh dng ca vi to. Tuy bin ng kh rng tu theo cc lp v cc loi, nhng hm lng protein, lipid v carbohydrate biu th bng % cht kh nm trong phm vi 12-35, 7,2-23 v 4,6-23, ln lt. Cc acid bo cha no HUFA, c bit eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) v docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) gi vai tr quan trng trong vic nh gi gi tr dinh dng i vi vi mt loi to dng nui ng vt bin. EPA c nhiu trong cc loi diatom (Chaetoceros calcitrans, C. gracilis, S. costatum, T. pseudomonas) v prymnesiophyte Platymonas lutheri, cn DHA th c nhiu trong prymnesiophytes (P. lutheri, Isochrysis sp.) v Chroomonas salina. Thnh phn acid bo ca 10 loi vi to pht trin di nhng iu kin xc nh v thu hoch pha log c trnh by s 3.9. Vi to cng l mt ngun giu vitamin C (0,11 - 1,62 %/cht kh).
H.2.9: Mt vi loi to bin dng lm thc n trong nui trng thu sn: (a) Tetraselmis spp., (b) Dunaniella spp., (c) Chaetoceros spp. (theo Laing, 1991) Bng 3.9: Hm lng chlorophyl a, protein, carbohydrtae v lipid ca 16 loi vi to dng ph bin trong nui thu sn (% theo cht kh)
Cht kh Chl a Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Lp v loi to Bacillariophyceae Chaetoceros calcitrans Chaetoceros gracilis Nitzchia closterium Phaeodactylum tricornutum Skeletonema costatum Thalassiosira pseudonana Chlorophyceae Dunaliella tertiolecta Nannochloris atomus Cryptophyceae Chroomonas salina Eustigmatophyceae Nannochloropsis oculata Prasinophyceae Tetraselmis chui Tetraselmis suecica Prymnesiophyceae Isochrysis galbana Pavlova lutheri Pavlova salina Bacillariophyceae Chaetoceros calcitrans Chaetoceros gracilis Nitzchia closterium Phaeodactylumtricornutum Skeletonema costatum Thalassiosira pseudonana Chlorophyceae
(pg.cell-1) (pg.cell-1) 11.3 74.8 76.7 52.2 28.4 99.9 21.4 122.5 6.1 269.0 168.2 30.5 102.3 93.1 0.34 3.8 0.78 9.0 0.41 23.0 0.63 13.1 0.27 9.7 1.73 20.0 0.080 6.4 0.98 35.5 0.054 2.1 3.83 83.4 1.63 52.1 0.30 8.8 0.29 6.8 0.86 29.7 0.34 24.2 0.68 2.0 6.4 2.4 2.5 12.2 5.0 11.0 0.48 32.5 20.2 3.9 1.8 9.1 6.9 1.8 5.2 10.7 5.0 5.5 15.0 4.5 14.5 1.1 45.7 16.8 7.0 5.9 12.3 11.2
Isochrysis aff. Galbana (T-iso) 29.7
% theo cht kh 11.3 74.8 76.7 52.2 28.4 3.01 34 1.04 12 26 0.53 30 1.21 25 0.95 34 6.0 4.7 9.8 8.4 4.6 8.8 16 7.2 13 14 10 19
Dunaliella tertiolecta Nannochloris atomus Cryptophyceae Chroomonas salina Eustigmatophyceae Nannochloropsis oculata Prasinophyceae Tetraselmis chui Tetraselmis suecica Prymnesiophyceae Isochrysis galbana Pavlova lutheri Pavlova salina
99.9 21.4 122.5 6.1 269.0 168.2 30.5 102.3 93.1
1.73 20 0.37 30 0.80 29 0.89 35 1.42 31 0.97 31 0.98 29 0.98 23 0.84 29 0.98 26
12.2 23.0 9.1 7.8 12.1 12.0 12.9 6.0 9.0 7.4
15 21 12 18 17 10 23 20 12 12
Isochrysis aff. Galbana (T-iso) 29.7
+ To Chlorella: Chlorella c bit n nhiu bi vai tr quan trng ca n v dinh dng cng nh l nhn t mi trng trong nui trng thy sn. Vic dng Chlorella vo trong sn xut l phng php nc xanh c p dng rng ri trong sn xut ging tm cng, mt s loi c v hai mnh v. Khi ng u trng tm cng xanh, Cohen (1976) thy rng s hin din ca thc vt phiu sinh c th thc y s tng trng ca u trng tm thng qua vic loi b NH3 v mt s cht c khc. Joshep (1977) cng ghi nhn s b sung to s lm cho mi trng nc tr nn giu dinh dng, cung cp nhng hp cht vi lng m thc n ban u v thc n b sung khng c. Chlorella cng c ch nhiu trong sn xut ging cua Scylla serrata. i Loan, Nht Bn, u trng cua c ng trong mi trng c b sung Chlorella. Thm Chlorella vo mi trng ng, t l sng ca cua tng cao. Ngoi ra, Chlorella cn l thc n rt quan trng trong ng nui lun trng v ng vt phiu sinh khc. Bn cnh nhng loi Chlorella bin, loi Chlorella nc ngt, Chlorella vulgairs, cng c th nghim thnh cng lm thc n cho lun trng. Theo mt s bo co, tc tng trng v sc sinh sn trung bnh ca lun trng cao nht khi cho n Chlorella, tip theo l loi Isochrysis galbana (Nagata v Whyte, 1992). Vi hm lng HUFA cao, Chlorella khng ch l thc n quan trng ca lun trng m cn c dng lm giu acid bo cho lun trng v mt s ng vt ph du khc trc khi dng chng lm thc n cho c v cc loi nui thy sn khc. S 3.9. Thnh phn acid bo ca 10 loi vi to. (Volkman et al., 1989).
PUFA.
Ghi ch: (a) C16- & C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); (b) 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3; (c) (n-3) and (n-6)
Cc loi to (vit tt): C. CAL: Chaetoceros calcitrans; C.GRA: C. gracilis; SKEL: Skeletonema costatum; THAL: Thalassiosira pseudonana; ISO: Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian); PAV: Pavlova lutheri; DUN: Dunaliella tertiolecta; NAN: Nannochloris atomus; TET: Tetraselmis suecica; CHRO: Chroomonas salina.
2.3- Vi to trong nui trng thy sn + To Dunaliella:
To Dunaliella c cha hm lng glycerol v -caroten cao nn c xem l i tng nui y trin vng, dng lm thc n khng ch trong ngh nui thy sn m cn nhiu lnh vc khc. Trong cc loi thuc ging Dunaliella, loi D. salina c hm lng -caroten cao nht (Borowithzka, 1990), chim 20% trng lng kh (Kranzfelder, 1991). Trong nui thy sn, Dunaliella ng vai tr trong ch dinh dng ca nhuyn th nhng vi mc khc nhau ty theo loi nhuyn th. Quan st qu trnh tiu ha ca u trng Strombus gigas vi 8 loi to khc nhau (Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, T. seucica, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlamidomonas cocoides, Thalassiosira fluviatilis, Chlorella sp., v Chaetoceros sp.), Aranda (1994) thy rng qu trnh tiu ha to Tetraselmis chuii, Chaetoceros sp. v Chlorella sp. nhanh hn so vi 5 loi to cn li. S tiu ha to Chaetoceros sp. v Chlorella sp. nhanh hn so vi to D. tertiolecta...Khi ng u trng Mytilus galloprovincialis vi cc loi to Dunaliella tertiolecta, T. seucica, I. Galbana, P. tricornutum, dng n l hay hn hp, kt qu cho thy t l sng v sc tng trng ca u trng thp nht nghim thc cho n hn hp T. seucica v I. Galbana (Moskera v ctv., 1989). Dunaliella khng ch c vai tr quan trng trong ng nui nhuyn th m chng cn dng lm thc n cho mt s loi c bin, cho Artemia v ng vt phiu sinh khc. + To Spirulina: Cng vi Chlorella v Dunaliella, Spirulina cng l loi to rt giu protein, acid amin thit yu, acid bo, khong, vitamin v cc hp cht carotenoid nn chng c xem l ngun dinh dng rt tt trong nui thy sn. Mustafa v ctv. (1994) thng bo Spirulina c thm vo lm thc n b sung cho Pagrus major vi t l 5% lm tng tc tng trng ca c, hiu qu chuyn i thc n v hiu sut s dng protein; thnh phn protein c trong tht c khng b nh hng xu. So vi nhng loi to c kch thc ln c th nghim trc th loi Spirulina nh hng tt nht n s tng trng v s dng thc n ca c Red sea beam. El (1994) cng cho bit tc tng trng v hiu qu s dng thc n ca c Silver sea beam khc nhau khng c ngha gia nghim thc c b sung 50% Spirulina trong khu phn n vi nghim thc i chng 100% bt c. Tuy nhin, thay 75% Spirulina th c nh hng bt li. Spirulina cng c ngh thay th mt phn bt c trong ch n ca c r phi O. mossambicus. Boonyarapalin v ctv (1989) nghin cu v s thay i mu sc ca c r phi Oreoromic niloticus vi cc ngun b sung sc t khc nhau, gm: Spirulina marigold, Pepal meal, bt u tm, bt ngh v thc n i chng. ng thy rng tng ng vi cc loi thc n trn, mu sc ca c r phi thay i theo th t nu , vng lam, lam, cam v hi cam. Mt nghin cu khc cng cho bit sc t ca c chp tr nn m hn khi cho c n khu phn c b sung 10% Spirulina. Ngun cung cp sc t khc l Marigold petal ch cho s bin i mu nh (Wutiporn-Phromkunthong, 1984). S bin i mu sc ca tm s nui cng c Okada v ctv nghin cu. Cc tc gi nghin cu s dng cc ngun b sung carotenoid khc nhau trong khu phn n ca tm t caroten, Spirulina, Phaffia v krill oil. H nhn thy Spirulina cho kt qu tt nht v s gia tng hm lng caroten trong v ca tm. Nn cho tm n vi khu phn cha 3% Spirulina trong 1 thng trc khi thu hoch.
Nghin cu v nh hng ca cc ngun protein khc nhau trong khu phn n ca tm th (Penaeus indicus), Ali (1992) pht hin Spirulina v u phng cho sc tng trng ca tm tt hn so vi bnh du da; hiu qu s dng protein th v gi tr sinh hc ca Spirulina cao hn so vi u phng. Khi ng u trng tm he (Penaeus) t gia on Zoea 1 n Mysis 2, Gu v ctv (1989) thy rng u trng c cho n Spirulina apletensis v S. platensis cng vi bt u nnh, t kch c 663-757 m, di hn c ngha so vi thc n i chng ch dng bt u nnh. T l tm sng ca nghim thc trn t 48-53%, cao hn rt nhiu so vi i chng (11%). + To khu: Trong lp to khu, loi Skeletonema costatum c phn lp ln u tin bi Masue (1941) c dng rng ri v l thc n rt quan trng ca u trng tm bin. Hudinaga t c thnh cng u tin trong vic s dng to ny lm thc n cho u trng tm, t l sng giai on Mysis t 30%, cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc kt qu trc y, ch t 1% (Liao, 1983). T kt qu , nhiu loi to khu khc nh Chaetoceros sp., Thlasiosira, Isochrysis,... cng c nghin cu lm ngun thc n cho u trng tm. Ty theo tng loi to v c im ca chng m mi loi u c nhng u im v nhc im ring i vi u trng tm. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca lnh vc sn xut tm ging, ngi ta ch bin ra nhiu loi thc n nhn to thay th mt phn hoc ton b to khu. Tuy nhin, n nay to khu vn c xem l thc n ti sng rt quan trng ca u trng tm. Trong th nghim so snh v s nh hng ca 9 loi thc n nhn to dng thay cho to khu (Chaetoceros) lm thc n cho u trng tm, Utama v ctv (1992) nhn thy gim mt to t 50.000 xung cn 5.000 t bo/ml do vic thay th to bng thc n nhn to vn cho kt qu tt, t l sng ca u trng tm gia cc nghim thc vn khng khc nhau, nhng mt to khng th thp hn 5.000 t bo/ml. Hn na, Chu (1991) cng nhn thy u trng tm Metapenaeus ensis v Penaeus chinese cho n thc n nhn to b chm ln v t l sng lun thp hn so vi tm cho n Chaetoceros garcilis v Artemia. Kt qu th nghim ca Chu (1989) cho thy ch dng mt loi to Chaetoceros gracilis c th cung cp ch n y dinh dng cho u trng tm Metapenaeus ensis t giai on Zoea n PL6 vi t l sng t 35-63%. Vic b sung Artemia khng lm ci thin c t l sng ca u trng tm. Bn cnh , to khu cn ng vai tr quan trng trong nui nhuyn th. Okauchi (1990) th nghim tm hiu v vai tr ca to i vi spat ca trai (Pintctada fucata) v thy sc tng trng ca spat cho n ch c to Isochrysis aff galbana thp hn so vi spat cho n kt hp Isochrysis galbana v Chaetoceros garcilis. Laing v ctv (1990) nghin cu v gi tr dinh dng ca to kh loi Nannochloris sp. v Tetraselmis seucica so vi l i chng gm hn hp to Chaetoceros calcitral v T-ISO dng lm thc n cho u trng nghu Manila (Tapes philipinarum), thy rng u trng nghu cho n to kh c sc tng trng bng hoc cao hn so vi cho n dng ti sng, nhng thp hn so vi l i chng. 3/Lun trng (rotifers) 1.3. Hnh thi
Rotifer thuc v lp ng vt a bo nh nht. Trong s hn 1000 loi c nhn bit, c ti 90% loi sng mi trng nc ngt. Chiu di c th ca rotifer khong 2mm, con c nh hn v km pht trin hn con ci. C th ca tt c cc loi gm mt s t bo c nh (v d cc loi Brachionus cha khong 1000 t bo) (xem hnh 3.9 m t s lc mt s loi rotifer nc mn v nc ngt). Rotifer c mt lp v keratin c gi lorica, hnh thi v cc loi gai cho php phn bit s khc nhau gia cc loi. C th rotifer c 3 phn l u, thn v chn. u mang c quan vn ng, l cc lng hnh khuyn, gip con vt vn ng xoay trn (v th rotifer c tn gc l Rotatoria). Thn cha ng tiu ha, c quan bi tit v sinh sn. C quan c trng ca rotifer l mastax, mt c quan c canxi ha vng ming, c vai tr nghin nhng tiu phn thc n n vo (xem hnh 4.9). 2.3. Mt vi c im sinh hc quan trng Rotifer c hai nhm loi, nhm loi nc mn v nhm loi nc ngt. Trong nhm loi nc mn, rotifer dng trong nui u trng bin thng l rotifer kiu nh (c tn l Brachionus rotundiformis) v kiu ln (c tn l Brachionus plicatilis). Chiu di lorica ca rotifer kiu ln trung bnh l 239m/m (130-340m/m), cn ca kiu nh l 160m/m ( 100-21-m/m). Rotifer nc ngt thng dng trong nui u trng nc ngt l cc loi Brachionus calyciflorus v Brachionus rubens.
H.4.9: Hnh thi ca Brachionus plicatilis (theo Koste, 1980)

i sng ca rotifer nc mn ko di khong 3,4 - 4,4 ngy 25oC. Ni chung, u trng trng thnh sau 0,5 - 1,5 ngy v sau th con ci trng c 4 gi mt ln. Ngi ta cho rng con ci c th sinh ra 10 th h trc khi cht. Nng lc sinh sn ca Brachionus ph thuc vo nhit mi trng, trong phm vi t 15 n 25oC tui con ci ln u, khong cch gia hai ln v tui th cng ngn khi nhit cng cao v s trng c trong c i cng nh hn khi nhit tng. Trong vng i ca Brachianus plicatilis thng c hai kiu sinh sn, sinh sn v tnh (asexual) v hu tnh (sexual). Trong sinh sn n tnh, con ci sn sinh trng amictic (diploid, 2 nhim sc th), trng s n thnh con ci amictic. Trong iu iu kin mi trng no , con ci sinh sn hu tnh, sinh ra con ci mictic v amictic. Tuy khng phn bit c v hnh thi, nhng con ci mictic th sn sinh ra trng haploid (n nhim sc th). u trng n ra t trng mictic khng th tinh th pht trin thnh con c haploid, c kch thc nh ch bng khong 1/4 kch thc ca con ci, khng c ng tiu ha v bong bng nhng c mt dch hon cha y tinh trng. Trng mictic th tinh th c kch thc ln hn v c mt lp v ht dy bc ngoi. y l nhng trng ngh m s ch pht trin v n ra nhng con ci amictic sau khi tip xc vi mi trng thun li (xem hnh 5.9).
H 5.9: Sinh sn v tnh v hu tnh ca Brachionus plicatilis (theo Hoff v Snell, 1987) iu kin sng ca rotifer ph thuc vo mn, nhit , oxy ha tan, pH, hm lng NH3, vi khun. Brachianus plicatilis c th sng trong mi trng c mn t 1 n 97 ppt, tuy nhin kh nng sinh sn tt nht khi mn di 35 ppt (Lubzens, 1987). Hu ht cc c s ng nui rotifer s dng mn 10-20 ppt. mn thay i 5 ppt c th c ch kh nng bi v gy cht, nh vy vic thay i mn phi thc hin t t v thn trng.
Nhit ti u cho rotifer kiu ln thp hn kiu nh, ni chung tng nhit trong phm vi thch hp th tng kh nng sinh sn. Nui rotifer di nhit ti u th lm chm s tng trng ca qun th. Nhit ti u thch hp vi hu ht cc nhm rotifier l 28-32oC. 3.3. Gi tr dinh dng ca rotifer Rotifer rt giu protein (52-59% CP) v cht bo (13% EE), c bit l cc HUAF (3,1% n-3 HUFA). Rotifer l thc n l tng ca u trng tm v c v chng c kch thc nh, bi chm, sinh trng vi mt cao v sinh sn nhanh. Gi tr dinh dng ca rotifer ph thuc vo mi trng. Ngi ta c th tng gi tr dinh dng ca rotifer bng cch nui rotifer trong cc mi trng c lm giu cc cht dinh dng nh acid bo omega-3, vitamin C, protein ... V d hm lng HUFA ca rotifer nui trong mi trng to Chlorella sp., men bnh m hay cc mi trng nhn to khc ca hng Selco thay i rt nhiu theo vi cc mi trung khc nhau, HUFA ca rotifer nui trong mi trng ca hng Selco c th tng 5-10 ln so vi mi trng to Chlorella hay to kt hp men bnh m. (s 4.9).
S 4.9: Hm lng HUFA ca rotifer nui trong cc mi trng khc nhau (CHL: Chlorella sp., Men bnh m: BY, Protein Selco: PS, mi trng Selco: CS v Super Selco: SS) 3.4- Rotifer trong nui trng thy sn Wendy (1991) t kt qu nghin cu ca Nagata (1989) cho bit Brachionus plicatilis c s dng rt rng ri trn th gii trong ng nui u trng ca trn 60 loi c bin v 18 loi gip xc. Zheng v ctv. (1994) nghin cu s dng rotifer cho tm he cng khng nh Brachionus plicatilis l mt trong nhng loi thc n thch hp nht cho u trng tm he giai on Mysis 3. Brachionus plicatilis cn l ngun thc n tt cho ng u trng tm Penaeus monodon, P. indicus v P. merguiensis Cruz v ctv (1989) bo co c bt r phi cho n kt hp thc n ch bin vi rotifer t c trng lng cui, tc tng trng hng ngy v nng sut cao hn so
vi c bt ch cho n mt loi thc n, hoc rotifer hoc thc n ch bin. Vic s dng rotifer lm thc n cho c bt mc d khng lm tng t l sng ca c, nhng li lm tng tc tng trng v nng sut c bt. 4/ Artemia Trong cc khu phn nui u trng tm v c, nauplii ca Artemia c dng nhiu nht. Hng nm trn 2000 tn cyst kh Artemia c bn trn th trng. Tnh cht duy nht ca Artemia l hnh thnh nhng phi ng, gi l cyst, l ngun thc n tuyt vi ca u trng tm c. Cyst c quanh nm vi s lng ln dc theo b cc h nc mn, m ph ven bin hay nhng rung mui trn khp th gii. Sau 24 gi p trong nc bin, cyst n ra nhng nauplii bi t do v c th trc tip em nui cc loi u trng ng vt bin hay nc ngt.
Brachionus plicatilis mang trng. Kch thc rotifer trng thnh: 100-300 microns
H. 3.9: M t s lc hnh thi mt s loi rotifer nc mn v nc ngt (Scar 2000) (a): Rotifer nc mn, (b): rotifer nc ngt, (c): Keratella spp.
1.4. Mt s c im sinh hc quan trng Artemia trng thnh c kch thc trn di 1 cm, c hai mt kp, ng tiu ha thng, c ru anten v 11 cp t ngc. Con c c c quan giao cu (penis) phn sau ca vng thn. Con ci c t cung ngay sau cp t ngc s 11. Trng pht trin trong hai bung trng xoang bng. Khi chn trng tr nn trn v i vo t cung theo ng dn trng (xem hnh H. 4.9).
Con c
Con ci
nng lng cao v mt s dung mi hu c. Cyst kh c th d tr hng thng hay hng nm m khng nh hng n n. Khi ngm vo nc bin, t hnh trn lm hai mt, cyst bin thnh hnh cu bn trong cha phi. Sau 20 gi v ngoi ca cyst v ra, phi xut hin vi mng bc bn ngoi, l nauplii. Nauplii pht trin qua nhiu giai on, khi bc vo giai on bung d (phi treo di v rng) th c ngha l nauplii pht trin hon ton. Sau khi mng ngoi ca nauplii v ra, nauplii bc vo giai on bi t do (H. 4.9). Thc ra phi pht trin qua nhiu giai on, giai on u gi l instar I (kch thc 400-500 microns, instar I ch sng bng cht d tr trong ti lng ), sau 8 gi th vo giai on instar II, giai on ny nhn c thc n c kch thc 1-50 microns nh to n bo, vi khun... Sau 15 ln lt xc (t instar I n instar XV), u trng tr
Trong mi trng t nhin, Artemia sn sinh cyst, cc cyst ny ni trn mt nc. Cyst c mt lp v cng, mu nu m, bo v rt hiu qu phi sng bn trong v chng li c cc iu kin bt li nh kh, nhit chnh lch t 0 - 100oC, bc x
thnh Artemia thnh thc. Bnh thng, 200.000- 300.000 nauplii n ra t 1 g cyst cht lng cao. i kin ti u cho cyst n: nhit > 250C (tt nht 280C), mn 5 ppt, nc sc kh v tun hon tt, nh sng y , pH = 8, mt khng qu 5 g cyst/lit nc.
H. 4.9: S pht trin ca cyst Artemia t khi p trong nc bin n khi n thnh nauplii 2.4. Gi tr dinh dng Cn c thnh phn axit bo, Artemia c chia lm hai nhm: nhm cha nhiu EFA, ph hp vi u trng c nc ngt (c Nam M); nhm cha nhiu PUFA (20: 53) v DHA (22: 63), ph hp vi u trng c nc mn (c h Saskachewan Canada, Greatlake M v Tien-tsin Trung quc). Cyst ca Artemia giu protein (50%), cht bo (14%), nauplii c hm lng protein thp hn mt cht nhng hm lng cht bo li cao hn (bng 4.9). T l acid amin t do so vi protein tng s ca nauplii cao hn cyst; hm lng acid amin ca nauplii khc nhau nhiu theo vng a l (bng 5.9). Ph acid bo ca cyst v nauplii ging nhau nhng khc nhau v mcViatmin C trong cyst dng ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS), l dng rt bn nhng c li dng sinh hc km. Trong qu trnh cyst n thnh nauplii, vitamin C c thy phn thnh dng t do, c bn thp nhng c li dng sinh hc cao i vi u trng tm c.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn-------------------------
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Bng 4.9: Thnh phn dinh dng ca cyst Artemia b v v nauplii instar I (% cht kh)
H Nc Ln cysts Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Tro 50 14 9 nauplii 41-47 21-23 11 10
Vnh San Francisco cysts 57 13 5 nauplii 47-59 16-27 11 6-14
Bng 5.9: Thnh phn acid amin ca nauplii Artemia (mg.g-1 protein) (theo Seidel et al., 1980).
Macau, Brazil Aspartic acid Threonine Serine Glutamic acid Proline Glycine Alanine Valine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Pistidine Lysine Arginine 110 52 45 131 57 60 46 53 22 56 89 105 51 49 117 115
Great Salt Lake, UT-USA 113 48 54 135 59 60 49 52 37 68 100 66 85 27 93 97
San Pablo Bay, CAUSA 141 60 77 102 49 74 42 55 26 54 84 77 104 35 87 98
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Bng 4.9: Hm lng axit bo ca cyst Artemia (vng H ln, San Francisco) mg/g 9.0 27.2 9.1 11.2 1.1 4.5 2.7 4.1 0.1 4.0
C18:0 C18:1 C18:3 C18:4 C20:0 C20:4 C20:3 C20:5 C22:6 Tng
Stearic Oleic Linoleic Octadecatetra Arachidic Arachidonic Eicosatrienoic Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) Docosahexaenoic (DHA) Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Artemia c dng nui u trng tm penaeid giai on u trng sau v postlarval; nauplii mi n thng cung cp cho tm lc khi pht giai on mysis u. Tuy nhin, penaeid thng n to trc khi n Artemia, thm Artemia qu sm trong chu k sng ca tm s xy ra hin tng cnh tranh to gia Artemia (Artemia khng c tm n) vi tm. Gii php thun tin l dng nauplii lm cht (bng cch ngm nhanh nauplii vo nc nng 80oC hay lm lnh -10oC) hay s dng cyst Artemia kh v. Tuy nhin u trng tm nc ngt li c th s dng tt nauplii ca Artemia, u trng Macrobrachium c th cho n nauplii mi n ngay t giai on u. u trng ca nhiu loi c bin nh c bn (turbot), c m (grouper) ch c th s dng Artemia sau thi k n nhng mi nh nh rotifer. Tuy vy, thi k n Artemia ca u trng c bin tng i di (20-40 ngy) cho nn cyst Artemia vn l loi thc n sng c tiu th nhiu nht ca u trng c bin ( sn xut 1000 fry cn 200-500 g cyst Artemia). Artemia lm thc n cho tm bin: Artemia l thc n rt quan trng trong ng nui u trng v hu u trng tm bin. Artemia bt u cho n khi u trng t n giai oan Mysis1 hay ngay c Zoa E2-3. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy rng, thnh phn dinh dng ca nhng ngun Artemia khc nhau v ngay c nhng t sn xut khc nhau l khc nhau. Amat nghin cu nh hng ca cc ngun Artemia khc nhau ln u trng mt s loi tm bin cho thy rng kt qu tt nht tm n Artemia c thnh phn HUFA cao nht. Vic sn xut ging tm cng xanh cng ph thuc cn bn vo ngun Artemia. Khng nh tm bin, u tm cng xanh c th bt u cho n t giai on u vi Artemia mi n. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh tm bin, trong ng nui u trng tm cng xanh, ngoi Artremia cn b sung thm cc ngun thc n nhn to khc tng cng dinh dng v nng cao t l sng ca u trng.
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i vi c bin, trong sn xut ging, Artemia thng c bt u cho n mt tun sau khi cho n bng rotifer vi kch c nh. Lng Artemia cn cho sn xut ging c thng tn hao nhiu hn so vi sn xut ging tm bin v tm cng xanh. Kt qu sn xut ging c bin c nng cao rt c ngha khi Artemia c lm giu ha HUFA. i vi c nc ngt, rt nhiu loi c c ng nui trc tip ao sau khi ht giai on non hong. u trng c s s dng ngun thc n t nhin trong ao nh to, ng vt ph du c gy nui bng cch bn phn. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu loi c cn c ng nui trn b nh c Basa, c tra, c lng .., v v th Artemia l thc n rt quan trng cho sn xut ging nhng loi c ny. Ngoi ra, trong ngh nui nui c cnh, c u trng Artemia v Artemia trng thnh u c s dng cho mc ch sn xut ging hay nui. Mc d Artemia c gi tr dinh dng rt cao v c mt s loi c th da vo ngun thc n l Atermia n c, song, trong sn xut ging, vic b sung cc ngun thc n nhn to hay lm giu Artemia l iu rt cn thit v rt ph bin.
5/ Cc zooplankton khc 1.5. Copepod Copepod c hai nhm, mt l calcanoid (Acartia tonsa, Eurytemora affinis, Calcanus finmarchius & C. helgolandicus, Pseudocalcanus elongatus) v hai l harpacticoid (Tsibe holothuriae, Tigriopus japonicus, Tisbenta elongata, Schizopera elatensis). Calcanoid c ru anten th nht rt di (khong 16-26 t), cn harpacticoid th ru anten ngn hn (khong 10 t). Hu ht copepod trng thnh c chiu di trong khong 1-5m/m, c th hnh ng, phn trc phnh to hn phn sau. Thn gm hai phn r rt, l ngc v bng, u ln vo t th nht ca phn ngc c. u c mt v ru anten kh di. Con c nh hn con ci, khi giao phi con c m ly con ci bng ru anten ri phng tinh vo ca ca l tip nhn tinh ca con ci, sau ca c bt li bi mt loi cht gn c bit. Trng thng c bao bng mt ti trng v gn vo t bng u tin ca con ci. Calcanoid trng vo nc, trng n thnh nauplii ri sau 5-6 ln lt xc u trng tr thnh copepodite. Sau 5 ln lt xc na copepodite bc vo giai on trng thnh. S pht trin t trng n khi trng thnh c th ko di mt tun n mt nm. Tui th ca copepod ko di t 6 thng n mt nm. Di nhng iu kin khng thun li, copepode c th sn sinh trng ngh (cyst). Kch thc ca copepod ph thuc vp loi v s pht trin ca c th. Nh kch thc khc nhau m m bo c thc n cho u trng tm c trong tt c cc giai on pht trin.
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Harpacticoid Tsibe holothuriae giai on nauplii ch c kch thc 55 micron n khi trng thnh th c kch thc 180 micron. Schizopera elatensis c kch thc 50-500 micron, Tisbenta elongata c kch thc t 150 n hn 750 micron. Trong nui trng copepod, ngi ta thy harpacticoid t nhy cm v dung np tt i vi iu kin mi trng hn calcanoid ( mn: 15-70 g/lit nhit 17-30oC) v nh vy harpacticoid d nui thm canh hn. Nhiu loi copepod n i c th sn sinh cyst ging nh Artemia. Cyst c th dung np c iu kin lm kh 25oC v ng lnh -25oC, chng c th chu c nhit thp (3-5oC) di ti 9-15 thng. V mt thc n v cht lng dinh dng, copepod c mt s u im trong nui u trng c bin nh sau: - Copepod c th em nui u trng c cc giai on khc nhau nh nauplii, copepodite - Chuyn ng zic-zac ca copepod c tc dng kch thch th gic ca nhiu loi c. - Cht lng dinh dng ca Copepode c cho l cao hn Artemia, protein trong phm vi 44-52%, t l acid amin cn i tr methionine v histidine. Thnh phn acid bo khc nhau nhiu theo iu kin nui trng. V d: (n-3) HUFA ca Tisbe trng thnh nui bng to Dunaliella (thp HUFA) hay to Rhodomonas (cao HUFA) l 0,8% v 1,3% tnh theo cht kh, ln lt. Hm lng EPA v DHA ln lt l 6% v 17% ca Tisbe trng thnh cho n to Dunaliella v ln lt l 18% v 32% khi nui bng to Rhodomonas. (n-3) HUFA ca nauplii th cao hn Tisbe trng thnh. - Copepod c cho l c hm lng enzyme tiu ha cao hn Artemia (Pedeson, 1984, kho st trn u trng c herring thy rng copepod c tiu ha tt hn Artemia). 2.5. Daphnia v Moina + Daphnia Daphnia thuc v phn b Cladocera sng hu nh duy nht nc ngt. V gip bc ton thn, tr u v gai ui (apical spine) (xem hnh H. 5.9). Hin ti c 50 loi c bo co trn ton th gii, trong ch c 6 loi c vng t thp nhit i. Kch thc ca Daphnia trng thnh khc nhau nhiu ty thuc vo thc n; khi thc n phong ph, con trng thnh c v gip (carapace) di gp hai ln cc c th mi thnh thc. Khng nhng vy, kch thc ca u cng bin i t trn chuyn sang bu dc vo ma xun v gia h, nhng t gia h tr i th u li tr v hnh trn. S bin dng ny c gi l bin hnh theo chu k (cyclomorph), c th xy ra do nhng yu t ni ti hay do mi tng tc gia cc yu t di truyn v mi trng.
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H. 5.9: S gii phu trong v ngoi ca Daphnia Bnh thng, Daphnia sinh trng t nauplii ti khi thnh thc phi tri qua 4-5 ln lt xc, thi gian lt xc ca mi thi k ph thuc ch yu vo nhit (11 ngy 10oC hay 2 ngy 25oC) v vo thc n. Cc loi Daphnia sinh sn n tnh hu nh ch sinh ra con c. Trng c sn sinh trong ti trng vi 200 ti vi trm trng. Mt con ci c th sn xut vi trng. Trng n tnh nu c sn sinh theo kiu khng gim phn th kt qu cho ra nhng con ci, nhng i khi cng xut hin con c. S pht trin ca phi cladoceran xy ra trong ti p (broodpouch) v u trng l phin bn nh ca con trng thnh. Trong iu kin khng thun li trng th tinh hnh thnh lp v bo v phi bn trong, l cc trng ngh (cyst). Gi tr dinh dng ca Daphnia ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn ha hc ca ngun thc n. Ni chung Daphnia ngho acid bo quan trng, tuy nhin Daphnia cha mt ph rng enzyme tiu ha nh protease, peptidase, lipase v cellulase, l ngun enzyme ngoi sinh tt trong rut ca u trng c. + Moina Moina cng thuc phn b Cladocera, nhiu c im sinh hc ging nh Daphnia. Moina pht trin mnh ao v nhng h nc. Thi k t thnh thc sinh sn cn 5 ngy nhit 26oC. Con c nh hn con ci, con ci thnh thc sinh dc
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ch mang hai trng nm trong ephippium (xem hnh H. 5.9). Moina nh hn Daphnia nhng c hm lng protein cao hn. Sinh khi ca moina thng dng nui u trng c hi vn, c hi v cc u trng c nc ngt hay nc mn khc. Moina micrura cng c bo co l c tc dng tt khi thay th mt phn Artemia trong nui u trng tm Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 3.5. Nematode Nematode, Panagrellus redivivus c chng minh l thc n tt nui thnh cng u trng c chp, c silver carp v tm Penaeus blebejus. Panagrellus redivivus l loi thc n sng tt v n c kch thc nh (ung knh 50 micron), profile acid amin tng t nh ca Artemia (bng 5.9), nhng EPA DHA th cao hn ca Artmia. Mt khc P. redivivus li c th nui trng rt n gin trong cc khay cha 70 g bt m (loi 10,8% protein)/100cm2, sau gi m bng cch phun nc. Mi trng nui cy hng tun c b sung 0,5 g men/100cm2. Khay nui cn gi ni thong kh c nhit 20-23oC, khay cn che y bng vi mng trnh cn trng. Nematode c th thu hach hng ngy trong khong 53 ngy trn cng mt mi trng. Sn lng ti a c th t 75-100 mg/100cm2 sau 3 tun nui. Bng 5.9: So snh hm lng protein v acid amin ca P. redivivus and Artemia ( % of total amino acids) (Watanabe & Kiron, 1994). P. redivivus Protein Amino acids ILE LEU MET PHE TYR THR TRY VAL LYS ARG HIS ALA ASP GLU 5.1 7.7 2.2 4.7 3.2 4.7 1.5 6.4 7.9 6.6 2.9 8.8 11.0 12.8 4.7 8.9 7.3 1.9 6.0 11.2 12.9 3.8 8.9 1.3 4.9 5.4 2.5 48.3 Artemia 61.6
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GLY PRO SER 4.5. u trng bnh xe (trochophora larvae)
6.4 5.4 3.7
5.0 6.9 6.7
Mt s loi c bin nh c bn, c hanh th rotifer th qu ln cho pha nui dng u ca u trng, u trng bnh xe c th thay th rotifer. u trng bnh xe c kch thc khong 50 micron (xem H. 6.9), bi chm v c gi tr dinh dng cao i vi u trng c bin (u trng trocophora cha 15% EPA v DHA so vi tng acid bo.
H. 6.9: Hnh thi s gin ca u trng bnh xe (trocophora larvae) 6- Qun l ao nui pht trin zooplanton v thc n t nhin Cht lng nc ca ao nui c nc ngt ph thuc vo cc yu t: vt l, ho hc v sinh hc. + Yu t vt l: Khc nhau theo cc vng trong ao nui (H. 7.9). vng gip b (littoral zone), cy thu sinh nh hng n lng oxy ho tan (DO) ca nc trong ao. vng y (benthic zone), tnh cht t c nh hng quan trng n cht lng nc. vng ct nc (limnetic zone), sinh vt nc sng vng ny v cc s o v cht lng nc thc hin trong vng ny. + Yu t sinh hc Yu t sinh hc lin quan n cc sinh vt sng trong ao thng qua chu trnh sau: Vi khun Phytoplankton Zooplankton C & Tm Cht hu c lng cn Vi khun Phytoplankton
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Cc pha pht trin sinh vt nh s cho thy, pha trc c nh hng n pha sau. Phn v c v hu c v cht lng nc ao nui c nh hng n chu trnh pht trin h sinh vt trong ao (s 5.9). +Yu t ho hc Cc yu t ho hc l: oxy ho tan, nhit , pH, mn, c, kim v cng, amoniac, cht dinh dng.. u nh hng n pht trin ca h sinh vt trong ao nui.
H. 7.9: S lt ct cc vng ao nui Boyd, 1998 a ra cc tham s v hm lng thch hp cc cht v c ho tan trong ao nui ghi bng 6.9. Gii php pht trin zooplankton bng vic bn phn hu c, phn v c hoc phn hu c kt hp vi phn v c. u im ca phn v c l thc y sinh vt t dng (P l ngun thc n rt c bn ca phytoplankton), thnh phn tng i n nh, sn c, d mua, v tn t cng v d d tr. Trong khi, phn hu c (phn gia sc, kh du bng, kh tng, bt c alfalfa..) lm thc y pht trin sinh vt t dng (autotrophic organism) v d dng (heterotrophic organism), gii phng CO2 cung cp cho thc vt, gip lm gim c, v c nh hng lu bn. Ngoi ra, vic bn vi cho mi trng ao nui cng c cc tc dng nh: kh chua, tng pH, tng ho tan ca phosphor, v thc y s phn gii ca cht hu c. Qun l ao nui trc v sau khi th c c nh hng rt quan trng n s pht trin ngun thc n t nhin, t c nh hng n nng sut v hiu qu nui c. Sau y l mt im cn ch : - Dn ty ao trc khi th c. Nu l ao mi o th phi dn nc vo ra vi ln ra ao. Ty vi vi 10-12kg/100m2 y ao. Cy ba y ao v phi nng 5-7 ngy. Bn lt phn chung (50kg/100m2 y ao). Nu l ao c nui c, phi tho cn bt ht c, vt bt bn thi, pht quang bi rm quanh ao, lp kn cc hang hc, p b, sa cng cp thot nc. Ty vi vi 8-10kg/100m2 y ao v phi nng 5-7 ngy. Bn lt bng phn chung v phn xanh mi th 30-40 kg/100m2. Ba san phng y ao 1-2 lt.
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S 5.9: Chu trnh pht trin h vi sinh vt trong ao nui Bng 6.9: Hm lng cc cht ha tan trong mi trng ao nui (Boyd, 1998 ) Nguyn t Oxy Nit Nit Nit Carbon Mg Dng tn ti trong nc O2 N2 NH3 NO2 CO2 Mg2+ Hm lng chp nhn 5-15 mg/l Bo ha <0,1 mg/l <0,3 mg/l 1-10 mg/l 5-100 mg/l Nguyn t Hydro Nit Nit Sulfur Ca Dng tn ti trong nc H+ NH4 NO3 H2S; SO4 Ca2+ Hm lng chp nhn pH 7-9 0,2-2 mg/l 0,2-10 mg/l 5-100 mg/l 5-100 mg/l
- Sau khi bn lt, cho nc vo ao, lc nc qua ng chn. Mc nc ly vo ch cn 0,5-0,7 m, ngm ao 2-3 ngy, nc ao s c mu xanh nn chui. Trc khi th c phi ly nc, m bo mc nc su t 1 1,5m. - Sau khi th c phi ch n vic bn phn cho ao, c th dng phn hu c nh phn chung, phn xanh v phn v c nh m, ln, vi... Nui c kt hp vi chn nui (h thng VAC) va c ngun phn hu c cho c, va kim sot c nhim mi trng do chn nui. - Thm nc mi vo ao nui c mi tun mt ln (dng cao khong 0,3m nc), sau 2 tun tho nc y v thm nc mi vo tng mt. Nhng ngy c ma ging phi kim tra b ao, cng ...Nhng ngy tri oi bc, thi tit thay i phi theo di hin tng c ni u, nu c b thiu oxy th phi x l kp thi. - Sau khi thu hoch c li thc hin vic x l ao nh trnh by trn: vt bn, dn ty ao, bn phn... bc vo mt v nui c mi.
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Chng 10
CH BIN THC N NUI C V THC N HN HP
1. CH BIN THC N HT Tnh cht vt l ha hc ca tinh bt ht - Tinh bt l polysaccarid d tr trong ht, c, qu. i phn t tinh bt c hai cu t l amyloz v amylopectin. - Amyloz l mt polyme mch thng do cc phn t - glucoz lin kt vi nhau theo kiu 1,4 a glucozit. Thng thng tinh bt ht ng cc cha 20 30% amyloz ( go ngon cha 25 30% amyloz, t l ny cao hn hay thp hn u lm thay i ngon). - Amylopectin l mt polyme mch nhnh do cc glucoz lin kt vi nhau qua mch 1,4 v 1,6 - glucozit. Trong lng phn t ca amylopectin l hng chc triu, trong khi amyloz ch khong 106. - Cu trc ht tinh bt kh c bit, mi ht c mt rn ht (hilum), xung quanh rn ht l cc vng ng tm ( cn gi l vng sinh trng). Cc ht tinh bt ng cc thng c cc vt nt hnh thnh do s mt nc nhanh ca ng cc trong qu trnh thnh thc. Chnh nh nhng vt nt ny m enzym tiu ha d thm nhp to iu kin d dng cho s phn gii. Cc ht tinh bt ca cc loi c khng c vt nt ny cho nn kh tiu ha hn. Tinh bt c cu trc tinh th, di tc dng ca nhit hay axit, cu trc tinh th b ph v 1.2- Bin i vt l, ha hc ca tinh bt trong qu trnh ch bin 1.2.1- S gelatin ha Di tc dng ca c, nhit hoc ha cht, lin kt hydro gia cc i phn t amyloz v amylopectin b ph v, cu trc t nhin ca ht b bin i. 1.1.
Khi tinh bt c ngm trong nc v nhit nc tng dn ln ti 55 C, cc ht tinh bt ht nc v trng phng ln. S trng phng ny l qu trnh thun nghch, sau khi lm lnh v kh, ht tr li bnh thng. Tuy nhin nu ngm nc v un nng nhit cao hn ( 60 - 800C), cc ht tinh bt mt i cu trc tinh th. Nhit un nng cng cao, cng ko di v c s rung ng mnh th cu trc tinh th cng b ph v nhiu. y l qu trnh gelatin ha. Nhit d gelatin ha khc nhau ph thuc vo ngun gc tinh bt : tinh bt i mch 59 - 640C, tinh bt ng 62 - 720C, tinh bt la m 65 - 670C, tinh bt cao lng 67 - 770C. Gelatin ha c th xut hin khi nghin hoc cn mng cc ht ng cc, mt s dung dch kim hay axit cng c tc dng thc y qu trnh gelatin ha.
0
1.2.2- S rn anh ( retrogradation) v dextrin ha Rn anh l qu trnh trong cc ht tinh bt t trng thi trng phng hoc gelatin ha tr v trng thi qun t thnh tng m v khng ha tan. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l lin kt hydro gia amylopectin c phc hi. Mc rn anh ph thuc vo bn cht, vo hm lng nc t do, nhit . S rn anh ca tinh bt lm gim hiu qu tc ng ca enzym, do l gim t l tiu ha. Dextrin ha l qu trnh ct phn on cc cu t amyloz v amylopectin. Dextrin ha c th thc hin bng phng php x l tinh bt bng nhit v m, bng dung dch axit hoc mui. X l bng tia hng ngoi (micronizzing), n bng (poping) l cc phng php dextrin ha in hnh, t l tiu ha tinh bt tng ln r rt. 1.2.3- Tc ng ca enzym amylase ln tinh bt Cc -amylase c th gn vo mt im bt k bn trong ca chui tinh bt mch thng v b gy chng thnh cc on c kch thc nh hn, chuyn chng thnh ng maltoz v dextrin mch thng hoc mch nhnh.
Cc -amylase gn vo cc mch .1,4 v .1,6 glucozit phn ngoi vi ca i phn t tinh bt, thy phn tinh bt thnh maltoz v glucoz. i vi cc cu t amylopectin, -amylase u tin tc ng vo cc lin kt gn cc im phn nhnh v b gy chng thnh cc oligosaccarit c lin kt phn nhnh. V i th cc amylase tc ng ln b mt ht tinh bt, trc ht nhng ch gy hay nhng vng khng hon ho v cu trc, sau lan ta ra cc vng xung quanh, to thnh cc hc hnh nn, xi mn cc ht v lm cho chng ha tan hon ton. 1.3- K thut ch bin Thc n ht thng c ch bin theo cc k thut sau (bng 9.1) : Bng 9.1: Tm tt cc phng php ch bin thc n ht Ch bin kh Kh lnh Nghin ba Nghin trc ln Kh nng N bng (Poping) X l tia hng ngoi (Micronizing) Rang chn (Roasting) p n (Dry extruding) Ngm t (Soaking) ht t X l kim (Alkali treatment) X l axit (Acid treatment) Ch bin t t lnh t nng Hp cm (Steam rollring) Hp v lm v (Steam flaking) Lm gin n (Expanding) Nu chn (Cooking)
1.3.1. Cc phng php ch bin kh - Nghin bng ba: trong my nghin, ht c p v bng h thng ba p. nh ca ht ph thuc vo loi ht, m ca ht, kch c mt sng, tc dng ht lu chuyn. - Nghin bng trc ln: ht c lm v, b cn mng v nghin nh bi cc trc ln trong my nghin. nh ca ht ph thuc vo kch c v cu
trc, tc ca vng quay ca con ln v cc yu t khc nh loi ht, m ca ht. - N bng (popping): y l phng php lm gin n v ph v cc ht bng nhit v p sut cao. Ng, go, cao lng, la m c th p dng n bng nhng i mch, yn mch khng thc hin c. Nhit n bng thng l 150oC, nhng mc bung n khc nhau nhiu ty theo loi ht v m ca ht. - Phng php dng sng cc ngn (micronizing): nh tc ng ca vi sng, nhit ca ht tng nhanh trong khong 140-180oC vi thi gian vi chc giy thy theo loi ht, tinh bt ht c c gelatin ha, vitamin c bo ton. - Phng php rang chn: ht c quay trong mt khoang kim loi chuyn ng theo chu k. Nhit ca ht trong qu trnh rang t khong 150oC. - p n (extruding): ht c p qua mt syranh trn, bn trong l mt trc c rnh xon. Lc ma st to ra nhit khong 95oC. Tinh bt c gelatin ha v cht khng dinh dng cng b ph hy, cc cht dinh dng c bo ton. 1.3.2. Cc phng php ch bin t - Ngm nc: ht c ngm nc trong khong thi gian 12-24 gi, ht ngm mt lng nc. - Phng php ht t: ht c ngm nc t hm lng nc 2530% sau em ym kh 20 ngy. Trong qu trnh , cc enzym c sn trong ht s tc ng n tinh bt. Cht lng ca sn phm ch bin s ph thuc vo loi ht, nhit mi trng v t l nc trong ht. - X l kim (alkali treatment): ht c ngm hoc phun bng dung dch xt nng 2,5-4% ph thuc vo loi ht. Cng c th s dng dung dch amoniac, tuy nhin phng php ny ng vai tr bo qun nhiu hn l lm thay i tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca ht.
- X l axit (acid treatment): x l axit thng p dng cho ht cc ti, axit c dng l axetic, propionic, izobutyric, formic, benzoic nhng ph bin l axit axetic hoc propionic hoc hn hp ca hai axit ny. Ty theo m ca ht m t l axit c dng t 0,5-3% tnh theo khi lng ht, m cng cao lng axit cng nhiu. u im ca phng php x l axit l khng cn c hm kn ( ht ngm axit c th bo qun trong ti polyetylen, trong thng g ), thi gian bo qun c th ko di ti mt nm. Tc dng bo qun ca ht vn cn duy tr khi a ht ra khi ni bo qun. - Phng php hp cn (steam rolling): trc ht ht phi chu tc ng bi hi nc nng trong khong thi gian t 3-5 pht, sau ht c nghin bng trc ln. - Hp v lm v (steam flaking): theo phng php ny ht c phun mt lng hi nc nng trong khong thi gian sao cho m ca ht nng ln 18% (vi ng mt 12 pht, vi ht cao lng mt 25 pht). Nhit ht t c khong 100oC khi a vo trc ln. - Hp chn p sut cao (pressure cooking): ht c p chn nhit 143oC v p sut 3kg/cm2. Sau khi hp chn nguyn liu c lm mt cho n khi nhit cn 90oC v hm m gim cn 20% trc khi cn v nghin bng trc ln. - Phng php lm gin n (expanding): theo phng php ny ht c hp chn trong iu kin c hi nc p sut v nhit cao ( 15kg/cm2, 200oC trong 20 giy ). Di p sut v nhit cao, ht b trng phng sau gin n n mc ti a. - p vin (pelleting): thng thng ngi ta a hi nc nng vo khi nguyn liu a nhit ln khong 60-94oC, nhit ny mt phn tinh bt c gelatin ha. Nh sc p ca trc ln trn syranh, vin thc n c hnh thnh khi chui qua cc rnh ca thnh syranh. 3. THC N HN HP V CNG NGH THC N HN HP 3.1- Phn loi thc n cng nghip
* nh ngha: Thc n cng nghip l mt hn hp thc n bao gm mt s nguyn liu qua ch bin v phi hp theo cng thc ca nh ch to, p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca tm v c. * Cc loi thc n hn hp: c hai loi: + Hn hp hon chnh: y cc cht dinh dng, khi cho n khng phi b sung thm bt c mt cht dinh dng no khc (dng trong h thng nui cng nghip). + Hn hp b sung: b sung thm mt s cht dinh dng cn thit nh vitamin, cht khong * Cc dngthc n hn hp : C nhiu dng TACN cho tm v c nh dng kh, dng t; trong li chia lm dng bt hay vin, dng mnh hay ht, mi dng i hi mt cng ngh sn xut ring (s 9.1) thc n TS kh Kh Bt ri bt ri Vin Vin khng kh Khng kh kkkkkkkkk m (Moist) m (moist) t t (wet)
Khng p n Vin ni Khng to hnh Dng cho Dng bnh Dng thi vin chm Vin chm mnh, ht
S 9.1 Cc dng Thc n cng nghip cho tm v c
Ep n n ep
3.2- Tiu chun cht lng ca thc n hn hp * m: Hm m ca TACN (dng kh) rt quan trng v hm m ca thc n c quan h n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt t nh hng n thi hn s dng. Bng 2 sau y cho bit mi quan h gia hm m ca thc n n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v cn trng. Bng 9.2 Mi quan h gia hm m ca thc n vi s pht trin ca cn trng v vi sinh vt Hm m thc n (%) 0-8 9 -14 14 - 20 20 - 25 >25 m khng kh (RH%) 0 - 30 30 70 70 -90 90 95 >95 Hu qu Khng c hot ng sinh hc Nhim cn trng khi RH>60% Nhim cn trng v mc Mc v vi khun pht trin Vi khun tng v ny mm
* Kch thc: Kch thc ty thuc vo loi v giai on sinh trng ca tm c (bng 9.3) Bng 9.3 Kch thc vin ca TACN cho c Tilapia Kch c vin Kich c/tui Fry 1-24 gi liquify Fry 2-10 ngy 500 microns Fry 10-30 ngy 500 1000 microns 500 1500 microns Juvenille 1 2mm 1 30 g 2 mm 20 120 g 3 mm 125 25 g >250 g 4 mm Channel catfish Kch c (g) 0,02 0,25 0,25 1,50 1,50 5,00 5,0 20,0 Kch c vin (mm) 0,4 0,8 0,8 1,4 1,4 2,8 2,8 4,0
* Tiu chun cm quan: Thc n phi c mu c trng ca nguyn liu trong hn hp c mi thm, khng c mi mc hoc hi thi * Tiu chun dinh dng: Tiu chun ny ty thuc vo loi v giai on sinh trng ca tm c. Cc tiu chun thng c quy nh l nng lng (DE hoc ME tnh theo MJ hay Mcal/kg hn hp), t l P/E, protein v mt s axit amin, cht bo v axit bo n-3, mt s cht khong (Ca, P), mt s vitamin ( cc cht ny c tnh theo % hay g, mg/kg hn hp). 3.3- Cc quy nh php lut i vi thc n hn hp Thc hn hp l mt loi hng ha cho nn phi tun th nhng quy nh php lut ca loi hng ha ny, nhng quy nh ny phi c th hin trn nhn hng. Nhng quy nh ny gm: - Hm m :i vi hn hp kh, hm m c quy nh l <14%. - Hm lng ti thiu cht dinh dng (i vi c cht dinh dng qu nh protein, axit amin, cht bo, Ca, P) v hm lng ti a cc cht dinh dng (i vi cc cht dinh dng gy nh hng xu n sinh trng v hiu sut s dng thc n ca ng vt nh tro, ct sn (khong khng ha tan trong axit HCl), cht x. - Cc ch tiu v sinh an ton: bao gm cc ch tiu vi sinh vt gy bnh v nm mc c hi (nh aflatoxin), cc cht ha cht c hi (nh kim loi nng Pb, Hg, Cd), cc thuc (nh khng sinh). - Cc quy nh v nhn hng: nhn hng phi ghi tn thng phm (i vi nhng hn hp c b sung thuc, mt s nc bt buc phi ghi trn nhn hng ch c s dng thuc- ting Anh: MEDIATED), i tng s dng, cc phn tch m bo (guaranteed analysis), cc nguyn liu trong hn hp (ch ghi tn nguyn liu khng cn khi lng hay t l), hng dn s dng, thi hn s dng, tn v a ch nh sn xut, khi lng tnh. 3.4- Cng ngh thc n hn hp Cng ngh ch bin thc n hn hp xut hin t nhng nm 50, ngy nay cng ngh ny ngy cng hin i. giai on u, thc n hn hp ch c trn bng tay trn sn kho, ri tin ti trn c kh, trn lin tc v by gi my tnh kim sot vic trn v vin.
Cc cng on ca ch bin thc n hn hp gm : nhp kho, cn, nghin, trn, vin, lm ngui, bao gi, bo qun (s 9.4). Khng i su vo cc cng on trn, y ch nhn mnh nhng im sau : (1)- Cn nguyn liu : phi hp ng cng thc, vic cn chnh xc nguyn liu l rt quan trng, c mt s nguyn liu cn phi nghin trc khi cn, cn thc n b sung phi ch v khi lng nh v t tin. (2)- Nghin : y l cng on tn nhiu nng lng nht. Chi ph nng lng cho vic nghin thc n thu sn thng gp 5-6 ln so chi ph nng lng cho vic nghin nguyn liu lm thc n cho ng vt trn cn. (V d: my nghin cng sut 22 KW/gi, nu ng em nghin mn, mi gi nghin c 200kg, cn nghin th th c ti 2000kg). Nguyn liu nghin mn Bt ng bt go tng bt c nh lng trn lm chn s b to hnh (VIN) lm chn sy kh lm ngui b vn phn loi cn, ng bao (S 9.4: Cng ngh thc n hn hp)
PREMIX
phun ph gia
Kch thc nghin ph thuc vo cng thc n cho tng loi c, nghin nh gip d trn v tng t l tiu ho. Tuy nhin nghin qu nh th khng tt v b mt tip xc tng, kh bo qun, t l tiu ho c th gim. Nghin lm cho nhit nguyn liu tng ln ( 10 200C) do vy my nghin phi c thit b lm mt ( qut, ). Thng trc khi nghin ngi ta phi loi b kim loi v nhng tp cht khc. (3). Trn : Trn l mt ngh thut, ch khng phi k thut. Mc ch ca trn l lm cho hn hp ng nht. i vi thc n c, vic trn u cng cn thit v hng ngy c n t, trn khng u lm cho lng thc n n vo bin ng. i vi quy m nh, trn u ngi ta a thm cht mu vo lm cht ch th. Thc n b sung khi a vo hn hp phi trn trc ( dng premix) v m bo khi lng khng di 1 kg tnh cho 100 kg hn hp. My trn c hai loi my : + My trn ng ( vertical mixers) : Trn bng vt xon tc 100 200 vng/pht, thi gian trn ko di 10 15 pht. My trn ng khi phi trn thc n cng vi cht lng th t hiu qu v cht lng c khuynh hng to thnh nhng cc nh ch khng bm u vo nguyn liu kh. + My trn nm ngang ( horizontal mixers) : Thi gian trn ngn hn ( 3 6 pht), my ny cng thch hp vi vic trn 8% cht lng trong hn hp, my ny t hn my trn ng. (4). Vin : + Vin ngui thc n trn, a vo my dp vin nhit trong phng. a m ca khi thc n ln 15 16%. Vin thc hin bng cch p n cho nn trong qu trnh vin nhit tng ln 60 700C, sau vin c lm kh v lm ngui n nhit trong phng.
+ Vin nng ( conditioner pelleting) : Hn hp thc n c lm nng bng hi nc kh nh mt b phn to hi nc nng. Hn hp thc n c p bng my dp khun to vin, sau vin c lm kh v lm ngui. Trong cng nghip thc n hn hp cn ch n cht lng vin thc n. Cht lng vin (ch xt v kha cnh vt l) th hin cng, bng, gelatin ho, chn v bn vi nc khi s dng. Cht lng vin ph thuc vo nguyn liu a vo p vin, thit b v cng ngh vin. + V nguyn liu: - Khi lng ring, kt cu v thnh phn ho hc nguyn liu. Hn hp nguyn liu c khi lng ring (klr) 0,4 g/cc khi c p thnh vin c klr 0,5-0,6 g/cc (vi khun vng, p xut vin l 75-600 kg/cm2). -Thc n nhiu x vin cng hn thc n t x. -Thc n nhiu m (>8-10%), nhiu nc (>15%) lm gim cht lng vin (gim cng). + V cng ngh: Quan h gia ng knh x di khun vin; tc quay ca khun, tc thc n a vo bung nguyn liu; lng hi nc vo khun; m khng kh u c nh hng n cht lng vin thc n. (5). ng bao : Thc n hn hp ri hay vin c bao gi bng ti polyetylen, bn ngoi bng bao da. D tr ni kh ro, thong mt, trnh chut b xm hi. 3.5- Nhng thit b cn thit cho mt nh my thc n hn hp cho tm v c Sau dy xin gii thiu nhng thit b cn thit sn xut cc loi thc n hn hp khc nhau cho tm v c (bng 9.4).
Bng 9.4 Cc thit b cn thit sn xut thc n hn hp kh cho tm v c Bt My nghin (grinder) My trn kh (dry mixer) My nng (elevator) Bng ti (conveyor) My ep vin (pelleter and dies) Ni nu hay my p n (coooker/extruder) Surge bins My lm ngui/lm kh (coooler/dryer) My phun m (fat sprayer) Ni hi (steam boiler) My p mnh (crumbler) My nng (sifter) My khu bao (bag sewer) Cn (scales) + + ? ? ? + + Vin ni + + + + + + + ? + + + + Vin chm + + ? ? + + + ? + + + + Ht + + ? ? + + + ? + + + + +
My trn ngang
Fig. 1 Hammer Mill
(Continuous ribbon mixer)
My trn ng
S my nghin ba
KHUN VIN
S 9. : My p vin Cu hi : 1- Nhng bin i vt l, ho hc ca tinh bt khi ch bin. 2- K thut ch bin thc n ht. 3- Cho bit c im cc loi thc n hn hp v cc dng thc n hn hp cho tm v c. 4- Cc khu chnh trong cng ngh sn xut thc n hn hp cho tm v c.
Chng 11 PHI HP KHU PHN

1. KHI NIM CHUNG: Khu phn l mt t hp thc n tho mn nhu cu dinh dng ca ng vt. Nhu cu dinh dng gm: - Nhu cu xc inh trong phng th nghim (Feeding standard or Nutrient requirement). - Nhu cu trong nui dng thc t (Nutrient allowance): nhu cu xc nh trong phng th nghim + s d an ton (margins of safety). V d: Khu phn cho catfish Tn thng phm ca thc n: Bio-Optimal Bt c thng phm Kh tng Kh lc Bt m M ln Dicanxiphotphat Mui n Cht kt dnh (Cacboxymethyl xeluloz) Premix vitamin Nc T.C: Protein (%) Cht bo (%) Tro (%) Ca (%) P (%) kg 15,17 8,50 8,50 18,70 5,11 1,04 2,00 2,00 0,92 38,56 100,00 34,5 10,8 11,9 1,0 1,2
Thnh phn dinh dng
Thnh phn trn p ng nhu cu dinh dng cho c chamel catfish, trong 5 thng c tng 624% v FCR l 1,1.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn----------------------124
Nhc li mt s nhu cu dinh dng ca c v tm (theo Michael B. New trong cun Feed and Feeding of Fish and Shrimp FAO 1987). 1- C da trn (Channel catfish) Nhu cu dinh dng ca c ny c M nghin cu nhiu: Lipit Protein t fry n fingerling - fingerling n sub-adults - adults v broodfish Axit amin: lysine 10% (th nghim) 8% (thng phm) 35-40% 25-35% 28-32% 5,1% ca thc n. 0,5% 0,5-1,0% 2700-3200
methionin e(khng c cystine) 2,3% ca protein. Photpho hu dng (P av.) Mui n DE kcal/kg
Ch : nui thm canh, bt c trong hn hp khng nn < 7,5%, protein ng vt khng <14%. 2- C chp 2.1- Common carp Lipit t Protein Lizin Metionin DE kcal/kg 18% tr ln(nhiu lipit th tit kim c protein) 25-38% 5,7% ca thc n. 3,1% ca protein (khng c xistin). 2700-3100.
Photpho hu dng 0,6-0,7%. Ch : it nht c 1% axit bo 3 v 1% axit bo 6, cn c hm lng lipit cao trong giai on sinh sn.
2.2- Indian v Chinese Carps Nhu cu chung cho cc loi c n tp nc m (warmwater omnivorous species) nh sau: Cht dinh dng Lipit (min%) Protein (min%) Ca (min/max%) P av.(min/max%) Lizin (min%protein) Metionin/xistin (min%caprotein) DE (kcal/kg) 3- Tilapias Nhu cu sau y rt ra t nghin cu ca Jaucey v Ross 1982: Lipit 10% (t fry n 0,5g); 8% (t 0,5 n 35g) 6% (t 35g n market size) Protein 50% (t fry n 0,5g size); 35% (t 0,5 n 35) 30% (t 35 n market size) Lizin 4,1% protein thc n 3100 2800 2800 Fry&Fingerling Juvenilles & Grower 8 30 0.8 1.5 0,6 1,0 6,7 4,0 5 25 0,5 1,8 0,5 1,0 6,4 3,6 Broodfish 5 30 0,8 1,5 0,6 1,0 6,0 3,3
Metionin + 50% xistin 1,7% protein thc n Cacbohydrat tiu ho X th DE kcal/kg 25% 8 10%. 2500 3400
Ch : Hn hp khng cha di 1% axit bo 3 v 1% 6 .

4- Tm
Cht dinh dng Lipit Protein Lizin Metionin
Penacus japonicus ? 48 60 9,2 2,7
Penaeus monodon 2,5 10,0 35 - 39 ? ?
Penaeus setiferus 3-8 20 - 32 ? ?
Macrobrachium rosenbergii 2,5 6,0 20 25 ? ?
Ch : Hn hp cn cha 1-2% axit bo 3 v nhng HUFA khc, t l axit bo 3/6 phi cao, protein ng vt bin i vi tm rt quan trng. Xem thm bng nhu cu dinh dng cho c ca NRC-1993 rphn ph lc. 2. PHI HP KHU PHN. 2.1- Nguyn tc chung. Khi phi hp khu phn phi: - Xc nh nhu cu dinh dng ca c: nhu cu ca c gm nhu cu protein, t l P/E, nhu cu axit amin, cht khong ( Ca, P v cc khong khc) vitamin, x, carbohydrat (khng vt qu 30-40% khu phn tu loi). - La chn nguyn liu thc n v bit thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n la chn. C th s dng bng Thnh phn dinh dng thc n cho tm, c ca ADCP (Aquaculture Developpement and Coordination Programe - FAO) phn ph lc. Trong bng c ghi thnh phn protein th, cht bo, x th, tro, cht chit khng N, Ca, P, met.+xist., lizin (tnh trn c s cht kh ca thc n) v nng lng tiu ho (DE kcal/kg). DE ca thc n cho tm, c tnh trn c s gi tr DE ca 1g cc cht dinh dng trong thc n theo khuyn co ca Michael B. New 1987 (bng11.1).
Bng 11.1
Tnh ton gi tr nng lng tiu ho (DE) cho c Nng lng th (GE) (kcal/g) 4,1 4,1 5,5 5,5 9,1 Nng lng tiu ho (DE kcal/g) 3,0 2,0 4,25 3,8 8,0
Cht dinh dng Cacbohydrat (non legumes) Cacbohydrat (legumes) Protein ( animal ) Protein ( plant ) Cht bo
2.2- Phi hp khu phn (ch gii thiu phng php phi hp thng thng): + Phng php hnh vung Pearsson. V d 1: hy phi hp 1 hn hp c 25% protein gm kh du da (cha 20% protein) v bt c (cha 60% protein). Kh du da 20 25 Bt c 60 5 (5/40) x 100 = 12,5/100 40 34 (35/40) x 100 = 87,5/100
+ Phng php gii phng trnh. V d 2: Ly li th d 1, gi x l kg kh du da v y l kg bt c trong 100 kg thc n, ta c phng trnh 2 n s: 0,20x + 0,60y = 25 (1) x + y = 100 (2) Gii phng trnh trn ta c x = 87,5 kg v y = 12,5 kg. V d 3: Phi hp 1 khu phn c 35% protein th (CP) bng cc nguyn liu sau cho c r phi:
Bt c 60%CP, cm go 10%CP, kh du tng 45%CP. Hn hp cui cng cha protein ng vt khng qu 1/3 lng protein khu phn. Hn hp cha 4% premix vitamin - khong, 4% m v 2% cht kt dnh. Gii: Gi x: kg bt c trong 100kg thc n hn hp y: kg cm trong 100kg thc n hn hp z : kg tng trong 100kg thc n hn hp Cc cht b xung c trong hn hp: 4 premix + 4% m + 2% cht kt dnh = 10% Gii hn protein ng vt: Ta lp c phng trnh: 0,6 x + 0,1y + 0,45z = 35 x+ 0,6 x y + z = (100 - 10) = 11,67 (1) (2) (3) 0,60x = 35/3 = 11,67
T (3) ta c x = 11,67/0,6 = 19,45 Thay gi tr ca x vo (1) v (2), ta c phng trnh: 0,1 y + 0,45 z = 23,43 y + Gii phng trnh ta c: x= 19,45 Bt c Cm Kh tng Premix M Cht kt dnh y= 42,03 19,45kg 42,03kg 38,42 kg 4,00kg 4,00kg 2,00 kg 100,00 z= 38,42 Tm li khu phn c: z = 70,56 (4) (5)
Ngoi cc phng php n gin trn, phng php phi hp khu phn bng cc chng trnh phn mm trn my vi tnh cng c p dng nhiu trong ngnh cng nghip thc n thy sn. Cu h n tp: 1- Tiu chun, khu phn l g? Cho v d. 2- Cho bit nhu cu dinh dng ca mt s loi tm v c. 3- Cho bit cc nguyn tc phi hp khu phn, cho v d.
PH LC 1 Hn hp thc n, premix khong vitamin cho tm, c.

(Trch trong cun Feed and Feeding of Fish ang Shrimp ca Michael B. New-FAO, Rome 1987) 1-Hn hp khong s 1 (Trout, Carp, Tilapia, Catfish). Cht khong mg/g premix Fe Cu Co Mn Zn I Se Ngun: Chow, 1982 Premix dng vi mc 0,1% khu phn. 2- Hn hp khong s 2 (Catfish). Cht khong CaCO3 MnSO4.H2O ZnSO4.7H2O CuSO4.5H2O FeSO4.7H2O KI (hoc KIO4) NaH2PO4 MgSO4 NaCl 50 3 0,01 20 30 0,1 0,1
S lng ( g ) 150,0 15,0 35,0 2,0 25,0 0,1 1000,0 50,0 223,0 1500,1
TC
Ngun: Halver, 1982 Premix dng vi mc 1,2% trong khu phn m. 3- Hn hp khong s 3 (Indian Carps). Cht khong ppm trong khu phn cui cng Cu = 10 Fe = 100 Mn = 50 Zn = 50 Co = 0,05 I = 0,1
CuSO4.5H2O FeSO4.7H2O MnSO4.H2O ZnO CoCl.6H2O KI CaHPO4 Ngun: Chow, 1982 / Dng mc 0,1% trong khu phn
4- Hn hp khong s 4 (Tilapia). Trong khu phn c nc Trong khu phn c ngt (g/kg premix)1 bin(g/kg premix)2 727,7775 CaHPO4.H2O 510.00 127,5000 MgSO4.7H2O 200,00 60,0000 NaCl 151,11 50,0000 KCl 100,00 25,0000 FeSO4.7H2O 22,00 5,5000 ZnSO4.7H2O 10,15 2,5375 MnSO4.4H2O 3,14 0,7850 CuSO4.7H2O 1,91 0,4775 CoSO4.7H2O 1,18 0,2950 Ca(IO3).6H2O 0,51 0,1275 CrCl3.6H2O TC: 1000,00 TC: 1000,0000 Ngun: Jauncey v Ross, 1982 1- Dng mc 4% trong khu phn/ 2- Dng mc 1% trong khu phn Cht khong
5- Hn hp vitamin (Trout, Carp, Tilapia, Catfish). Vitamin Vitamin A - D3 - E - K - C - B1 - B2 Axit panthothenic Niacin Vitamin B6 Biotin Axit folic Cholin chloride Vitamin B12 Ethoxyquin mg/kg khu phn kh 1000 IU 200 IU 10 IU 2 40 4 4 10 20 4 0,02 1 90 0,004 16
Ngun: Chow, 1982
6- Hn hp vitamin ( Tm bin, tm nc ngt ) Vitamin Vitamin A D3 B1 B2 Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 Axit Nicotinic Calcium Panthothenate Axit Folic Vitamin K Vitamin C Ngun: Chow, 1982 mg/g premix 500 IU 100 IU 0,1 0,3 0,2 0,001 2,0 0,6 0,05 0,2 5,0
7- Mt s cng thc thc n hn hp: 7.1- Catfish: Channel Catfish Catfish (Clarias&Ophicephalus) (USA- Vin kh) (Thi lan- Vin kh) Bt c (60% CP) 12,0 % Bt mu (80%CP) 5,0 Bt c 56,0% Bt lng v 5,0 Cm go 12,0 Kh tng chit ly 22,5 Kh lc 12,0 Kh du bng b v 12,5 Tinh bt (alpha) 14,0 Distillers solubles kh 8,0 Du c 4,0 Cm go 20,0 Premix K+V 1,6 Tm la m 10,0 Basfin (Cht kt dnh) 0,4 Bt c alfalfa (17%CP) 3,5 Mui iot 1,0 Premix vitamin 0,5 TC: 100,0 TC: 100,0 Ngun: Lee 1981; tacon v Beveridge 1981
7.2- Hn hp cho Common Carp, Channel catfish, Tilapia spp: Nguyn liu tng p du Kh du hng dng Kh mm ng Cao lng Cm la m Mt r Calcium orthophosphat Bt vi Premix vitamin Premix khong TC: Ngun: Chow 1982 Dry growers feed (Mehico) 54,00% 11,07 7,34 15,00 3,00 5,00 2,35 2,54 0,60 0,10 100,0
7.3- Hn hp cho Tilapia (nc ngt): Nguyn liu Bt c Bt lng v Bt tht Kh tng Kh lc Kh du bng Cm go Distillers solubles Premix vitamin Premix khong Lipit b sung TC: Ngun: Jauncey v Ross 1982 Fry - 0,5 g (%) 30 15 5 5 10 5 10 10 2 4 4 100 0,5 - 35 g (%) 10 5 5 12 12 20 20 10 2 4 100 35- market (%) 5 3 5 4 10 20 37 10 2 4 100
7.4- Hn hp cho Tm bin : Vin kh cho P.monodon & Khu phn thc hnh ao P. merrguiensis (Malaysia) ( USA ) (%) (%) Nguyn liu Nguyn liu Bt c 27,0 Bt c (61%CP) 15,000 10,0 Kh tng chit ly Bt tht xng 36,000 15,0 Bt u tm Kh tng 10,000 5,0 Bt m giu gluten Kh vng p 20,000 5,0 Cm go Kh lc p 12,000 Ng 4,0 M 2,000 Kh da 10,0 Cht kt dnh 2,000 Cm go ly du 0,500 10,0 Premix vitamin Bt xanh 0,500 5,0 Premix khong Tapioca 1,000 8,0 Dicalcium Phosphate Premix vitamin 0,038 1,0 Vitamin C (bc) (+0,02%BHT v 0,015% Ethoxiquin) 100,000 100,0 Ngun: Kanazawa 1984; NRC 1983
7.5- Tm nc ngt: Vin kh (Thi lan) Vin kh (Indonesia)
1 2 Bt c 20,0 Du c 3,0 3,0 Kh tng 9,0 Bt tm 25,0 10,0 Cm go 45,0 Bt c 10,0 4,0 Kh da 20,0 Kh lc 5,0 2,0 Tapioca 5,0 Kh tng 5,0 2,0 Premix K+V 1,0 Go nghin 25,5 39,0 TC: 100,0 Cm go 25,5 39,0 Guar Gum 1,0 1,0 TC: 100,0 100,0 Ngun: New-Singholka 1982; Manik 1976
PH LC 2 BNG NHU CU DINH DNG CA MT S LOI C (NRC 1993)

Nhng gi tr v nhu cu dinh dng trnh by trong bng di y l nhu cu ti thiu ca c trong iu kin th nghim. Trong thc t sn xut nhng nhu cu ny phi c thm mt s d an ton (margin of safety) b p cho nhng mt mt khi ch bin v d tr, s chnh lch v kh nng li dng sinh hc ca cc cht dinh dng v chnh lch v nhu cu do tc ng ca mi trng. Nu nng nng lng hay protein khu phn cao hn hay thp hn cc gi tr ghi trong bng th nhu cu cc cht dinh dng khc cng phi thay i theo . Nhu cu axit amin, axit bo, vitamin v khong c xc nh vi khu phn tinh ch c li dng sinh hc gn 100%, iu ny cn c xem xt khi khu phn c phi hp t thc n t nhin c li dng sinh hc km hn. Channel Catfish 3000 32 28 1,2 0,42 0,73 0,98 1,43 0,64 1,40 0,56 0,14 0,84 0,5 - 1,0 R R 0.04 0,45 R R Rainbow Trout 3600 38 34 1,5 0,7 0,9 1,4 1,8 1,0 1,8 0,8 0,2 1,2 1 1 1E 0,9 E 0,05 0,6 0,7 0,6 E Pacific Salmon 3600 38 34 2,04 0,61 0,75 1,33 1,70 1,36 1,73 0,75 0,17 1,09 1-2 NT NT NT 0,6 0,8 NT Common Carp 3200 35 28 1,31 0,64 0,76 1,00 1,74 0,94 1,98 1,19 0,24 1,1 1 1 NT NT 0,05 0,6 NT NT Tilapia 3000 32 28 1,18 0,48 0,87 0,95 1,43 0,90 1,55 1,05 0,28 0,78 0,5 - 1 R NT 0,06 0,5 NT NT
DE kcal/kg Protein th % Protein tiuho % Axit amin %: - Arginine - Histidine - Isoleucine - Leucine - Lysine - Met + cystine - Phe + tyrosine - Threonine - Tryptophan - Valin n-3 fatty acids % n-6 fatty acids % Cht khong: Ca % Cl % Mg % P% K% Na %
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------137
Cu mg/kg I mg/kg Fe mg/kg Mn mg/kg Zn mg/kg Se mg/kg Vitamin: A, UI/kg D, UI/kg E, UI/kg K, mg/kg Riboflavin mg/kg Pantothenic acid mg/kg Niacin mg/kg Vitamin B12 mg/kg Choline mg/kg Biotin mg/kg Folate mg/kg Thiamin mg/kg VitaminB6 mg/kg Myoinositol mg/kg Vitamin C mg/kg
5 1,1 E 30 2,4 20 0,25 1000-2000 500 50 R 9 15 14 R 400 R 1,5 1 3 NR 25-50
3 1,1 60 13 30 0,3 2500 2400 50 R 4 20 10 0,01 E 1000 0,15 1,0 1 3 300 50
NT 0,6 - 1,1 NT R R R 2500 NT 50 R 7 20 R R 800 R 2 R 6 300 50
3 NT 150 13 30 NT 4000 NT 100 NT 7 30 28 NR 500 1 NR 0,5 6 NT 440 R
R NT NT R 20 NT NT NT 50 NT 6 10 NT NR NT NT NT NT NT NT 50
Ghi ch: R: c nhu cu nhng khng xc nh c s lng NR: khng thy c nhu cu khi xc nh trong iu kin th nghim. NT: khng test E: c tnh
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------138
PH LC 3: Bng thnh phn thc n cho tm c DM CP 89.0 24.5 20.3 14.7 87.2 86.6 91.3 88.0 91.8 55.7 2.9 1.7 10.9 5.0 2.9 3.4 1.1 8.5 13.7 0.6 5.4 0.2 20.0 0.6 18.1 90.2 48.8 76.8 38.6 0.49 0.61 15.2 7.7 11.8 6.5 6.2 7.2 28.5 31.6 0.26 0.83 1.37 1.69 2.0 0.6 2.7 2.2 92.5 0.32 0.34 0.25 0.52 0.02 0.26 0.22 0.32 0.56 0.26 12.1 1.7 22.5 13.3 50.4 1.62 0.60 3.1 36.1 25.7 2.24 14.8 0.35 2.6 41.0 16.2 1.96 15.7 0.42 0.49 0.40 1.05 0.87 1959 1741 1807 2899 3077 2416 3118 3502 3237 3030 EE CF P As % of Dry Matter ASH NFE Ca Met+Cys Lys DE Kcal/kg
Feed Common name code B.88 Alfafa, lucern -fresh, 1 month, India -fresh,2month, India C.38 Water hyacinth -fresh, Malaysia E.44 Cassava, tapioca -driedchips, Malaysia F.7 Rice -polished, broken grain,Thailand -bran, India F.11 Maize -yellow grain, Thailand -gluten meal, Pakistan G.3 Groundnut -oil cake, India -oilcake, Burma 90.5 91.7 38.2 46.9
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139
G.12 -oilcake, Philippines 91.7 -oil cake, Malaysia 92.3 0.21 0.13 0.17 12.48 0.28 0.22 6.4 3.6 16.8 27.0 19.5 4.30 6.00 0.70 6.48 0.28 0.96 2.83 3.70 1.55 2.75 1.36 0.69 1.42 1.29 1.0 1.95 0.58 84.8 89.9 93.3 89.5 26.3 91.8 91.3 65.0 70.5 60.2 5.2 6.6 1.1 2.6 52.9 42.4 4.7 88.5 1.2 0.4 0.6 3.9 47.8 13.6 3.6 35.0 46.1 0.7 15.1 7.1 31.0 47.5 6.4 5.1 6.4 34.6
22.7 18.1
7.7 8.9
10.5 16.4
5.5 4.6
55.3 52.0
0.43 0.34
0.56 0.45 2.90 1.89 2.39 7.08
3077 2960 3009 2738 3000 3576 5508 5.29 3604 3194 2762
G.16 Soyabean -oilcake, China G.17 Cotton seed -oilmeal, USA H.1 Animal protein supplements -meat and bone meal,Australia H.2 Animal blood -blood meal H.10 Poultry by-products -viscera,raw H.17 Fiish meal -Peruvian -Thai
H.22 Fish silage -acidsilage,Thailand 25.7
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------140
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

1- Akiyama, T., Oohara, I. and Yamamoto, T., 1997. Comparision of essential amino acid requirements with A/E ratio among fish species (review paper). Fisheries Science 63, 963-970. 2- Ensminger, M.E., 1991. Animal Science. 9th Edition. Interstate Publishers, INC., Illinois 3- FAO. 1995. Farm-made Aquafeed. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 343. Rome 4- Gerald M. Ludwig, 1999. Zooplankton Succession and Larval Fish Culture in Freshwater Ponds - SRAC Publication No. 700. 5- Granvil D. Treece and D. Allen Davis, 2000. Culture of Small Zooplankton for the Feeding of Larval Fish SRAC Publication No. 701 6- Granvil D. Treece, 2000. Artemia Procduction for Marine Larval Fish Culture - SRAC Publication No. 702. 7- Halver, J. E., R. W. Harway, 2002. Fish Nutrition. 3th Ed. Academic press, Inc. California 92101 8- Jhingran V. G, 1989: Introduction to Aquaculture. United Nations Developpement Programme, Food and Agriculture organuzation of United Nations, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine research Projects RAF/82/009 9- Laurent Verschuere, Geert Rombaut, Patrick Sorgeloos, Willy Verstraete, 2000: Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture 10- Michael B. New 1987. Feed and Feeding of Fish and Shrimp ( A manua on the preparation and presentatition of compound feed for shrimp and fish in aquaculture ) - UNDP, FAO - Rome 11- Nose, T. and Arai, S., 1979. Recent advances in studies on mineral
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------ 131
nutrition of fish in Japan. In: Pillay, T.V.R and Dill, W.A. (eds) Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing News, Farnham, England, pp, 584 - 590. 12- Nose, T., 1979. Summary report the requirements of essential amino acids for carp. In: Tiews, K. and Halver, J.E (eds) Finfish Nutrition and fishfeed technology. Heenemann, Berlin, pp, 145-146 13- NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. 14- Patrick Lavens and Patrick Sorgeloos, 2003. Live food. Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, University of Gent, Belgium 15- Primary Industries and Resources SA (www.pir.sa.gov.au/factsheets). Water quality in freswater aquaculture ponds - FS No. 60/01 16- Robert R. Stickney, 2000: Encyclopedia of Aquaculture 17- Rottmann, R.W., J. Scott Graves, Craig Watson and Roy P.E. Yanong, 2003. Culture Techniques of Moina: The Ideal daphnia for Feeding freshwater Fish Fry University Florida, IFAS Extension. 18- Steffens, W., 1989. Principles of Fish Nutrition. Ellis Horwood Limited, England 19- Swift, D.R., 1985. Aquaculture Training Manual. Fishing New Books Ltd., England 20- Webster, C.D. and Lim, C. (eds), 2002. Nutrient Requirement and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CAB international. HNN-1 - 12/2006
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni - Gio trnh Dinh dng & Thc n thu sn------------------------ 132
MC LC
Li ni u Chng m u Chng 1: Sinh l tiu ho c Chng 2: Dinh dng protein v axit amin Chng 3: Dinh dng lipit Chng 4: Nhu cu carbohydrat Chng 5: Nhu cu nng lng Chng 6 : Nhu cu vitamin Chng 7 : Nhu cu cht khong Chng 8 : Ngun thc n cho c Chng 9 : Thc n sng Chng 10 Ch bin thc n thu sn v thc n hn hp Chng 11 Phi hp khu phn thc n cho c Ti liu tham kho chnh Ph lc 1- Cng thc thc n, premix khong vitamin cho tm, c Ph lc 2: Bng nhu cu dinh dng ca c Ph lc 3 137 139 132 133 124 trang 2 3 6 14 27 42 47 51 62 67 85 110

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TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

VIN NGHIN CU NUI TRNG THU SN 1

GS.TS V DUY GING

DINH DNG V THC N THU SN

thc n nhn to thc n t nhin

nui qung canh

nui bn thm canh

nui thm canh

Chng 1 SINH L TIU HO CA C

S 1.1 CAC C QUAN TIU HO CA C

S 1.2: NG TIU HO CA C HI VN, C DA TRN, C CHP V M HOA

+ Loi: hot tnh proteolytic ca loi n ng vt ln hn loi n thc

Intestial enzymes ? Trypsinogen Trypsin

Chymotrysin (prrotein) Proelastase Elastase (protein) Procarboxy peptidase

Carboxypeptidase (peptide) (Carbohydrate) Amylase (Fat) Lipase

Chng 2 DINH DNG PROTEIN V AXIT AMIN

Protein cn c vai tr to nng lng, 1g protein sn sinh ra 4,5

+Biological value (BV)

Protein tch ly Protein tiu ha Nn

Nn vo( Nphn+Nnc tiu) Nn vo - Nphn

Thr Leu Isoleu Val

3,3 6,8 3,6 4,5

5,5 8,5 7,0 8,2

- 40,00 - 20,00 - 48,57 - 45,12

Cystine Tyrosine Serine Ornitine

Khng cha glycerin

Cerebrosid Sap Steroid Terpen Prostaglandin

CH2.O.CO.C15H31 CH.O.CO.C17H33 CH2.O.PO3.CH2.CH2.N+(CH3)3 Phosphatidylcholine

Series 1 Prostaglandin & Thromboxans Series-3 leucotrienes

Series-2 Prostaglandin & prostacyclins & thromboxans

Series-3 Prostaglandin & prostacyclins & thromboxans Series-3 leucotrienes

C hai loi acid bo, l acid bo no v cha no. V d:

20:3n6 22:4n6 22:5n6

(1977) Takeuchi et al. (1980) Gastell et al. (1972)

Watanabe et al. (1974) Takeuchi&Watanabe(1977) Takeuchi et al. (1983)

Kanazawa et al. (1980)

Bng 5.6: Hm lng cc PUFA trong du v m

Hu ht du thc vt, c nc ngt 18: 3n-3 (Linolenic acid)

Mt vi loi du thc vt, c bin

18: 2n-6 (Linoleic acid)

DESATURASE 18: 4n-3 (Octadecatetraeinoic acid)

18: 3n-6 ( linolenic acid)

ELONgASE 20: 4n-3 (Eicosatetraeinoic acid)

CYcLOOXYGENASE LIPOXYGENASE 2-series prostanoid 4-series leukotrienes & lipoxins

22: 4n-6 (Docosatetraeinoic acid)

Elongase 22: 5n-6

Desaturase 24: 5n-6 -oxidation

S 5.3: Con ng chuyn ho axit bo h n6 v n3 (Dave A.Higgs v Faye M.Dong (2000)

Chng 4 NHU CU CARBOHYDRATE CA C

Cng thc phn t cellulose (dy ni 1-4 glucozit):

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together by -1,4 linkages

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined together by -1,4 linkages

C nc ngt Chp C trn M C hi C r phi C chnh

% tinh bt 40-45 30-35 25-30 35-40 25-30

C bin C mng bin C chm C bn Atlantic

% tinh bt 35-40 20-25 15-20

Chng 5 NNG LNG V NHU CU NNG LNG

Maintenance Cng thc:

DE = GE -Nl phn ME = DE - Nl nit thi tit NE = ME - HI

(1J = 1Nm = 1w/s) + Ga tr nng lng ca cht dinh dng:

(Ngun : Guillaume et al. 1999, dn theo L Thanh Hng 2000)

Chng 6 NHU CU VITAMIN

S 8.1 : T bo goblet (t bo tit nim dch)