Page 1

SU DUNG MAPLE
TRONG HOC TAP, NGHIEN CU VA GIANG DAY TON
Nguyen Chnh Tu
Khoa Ioan, HSP Hue
Chuong 1. Gioi thieu ve phan mem Maple
Maple l mot he thong tnh ton tren cc bieu thc dai so v minh hoa ton hoc manh m cua
cong ty Warterloo Maple Inc. ( http://www.maplesoft.com), ra di khoang nam 1991, den nay
d pht trien den phien ban 10. Maple c cch ci dat don gian, chay tren tat ca cc he dieu
hnh, c cau trc linh hoat de su dung toi uu cau hnh my v dac biet c trnh tro gip ( Help)
rat de su dung. T phien ban 7, Maple cung cap ngy cng nhieu cc cong cu truc quan, cc
gi lenh tu hoc gan lien vi ton pho thong v dai hoc. Uu diem d lm cho nhieu nuc tren
the gii lua chon su dung Maple cng cc phan mem ton hoc khc trong day hoc ton truc
di hoi cua thuc tien v su pht trie n cua gio duc.
1.1. Cc tnh nang co ban cua Maple.
C the neu van tat cc chc nang co ban cua Maple nhu sau:
- l mot he thong tnh ton tren cc bieu thc dai so:
- c the thuc hiec duoc hau het cc php ton co ban trong chuong trnh ton dai hoc v pho
thong:
- cung cap cc cong cu minh hoa hnh hoc thuan tien gom: v do thi tinh v dong cua cc
dung v mat duoc cho boi cc hm ty trong nhieu he toa do khc nhau:
- mot ngon ng lap trnh don gian v manh m c kha nang tuong tc vi cc ngon ng lap
trnh khc:
- cho php trch xuat ra cc dinh dang khc nhau nhu LaTex, Word, HTML,...
- Mot cong cu bien soan gio n v bi giang dien tu, thch hop vi cc lp hoc tuong tc
truc tiep:
- mot tro gio hu ch cho hoc sinh v sinh vien trong v iec tu hoc:
1.2. Cau trc v giao dien.
Cau trc ti nguyen cua Maple
- Khi khoi dong Maple, chuong trnh chi tu dong kch hoat nhan cua Maple bao gom cc
php ton v chc nang co ban nhat. Phan nhan chiem khoang 10% dung luong cua ton
chuong trnh.
- Cc d lieu v chuong trnh cn lai cua Maple duoc luu gi trong thu vien Maple v duoc
chia ra 2 nhm: nhm cc lenh co ban v nhm cc gi lenh. Maple 9.0 c khoang 85 gi
lenh. Gi lenh c the nap vo bang:
> with(plots):
Lenh cua Maple
Page 2
- Lenh duoc g vo trang lm viec (worksheet) tai dau nhac lenh ">" v theo ngam dinh duoc hien
thi bang font Courier mu do. Mot lenh duoc ket thc boi dau " :" hoac dau ":" v duoc ra lenh
thuc hien bang viec nhan Enter khi con tro dang o tren dng lenh.
> factor(2*x^102+x^100-2*x^3-x+60*x^2+30):
>
- Ket qua cua lenh duoc hien thi ngay ben dui dng lenh neu dng dau " ;". C the de dng
dng chuot v bn phm de thuc hien cc chc nang boi den, copy, paste, cut, delete...doi
vi d lieu tren dng lenh hay ket qua thuc hien.
Su dung dich vu tro gip ( Help) trong Maple
Maple c dich vu tro gip kh day du v thuan loi bao gom c php, giai thch cch dng v
cc v du di km. e nhan duoc tro gip, c the:
- Neu d biet ten lenh th t dau nhac g vo
> ?factor
- Neu dng mot gi lenh th khi nap gi lenh, Maple s hien thi ton bo lenh trong gi d.
- Mot cch thong dung na l dng trnh HelpjTopic Search roi g vo t kha can tm.
1.3. Luu giu v trch xuat du lieu.
- Trang lm viec cua Maple s duoc luu gi bang file c duoi ".mws". File duoc luu gi
bang trnh FilejSave. Mot file d c duoc mo bang FilejOpen.
- Ngoi viec luu gi bang dinh dang cua Maple nhu tren, d lieu c the duoc trch xuat
thnh cc dinh dang khc nhu Word, LaTex hay HTML. Tr ch xuat bang FilejExport.
1.4. Cc moi trung lm viec trong Maple
Maple c 2 moi trung lm viec l ton v van ban. Sau khi khoi dong, Maple tu dong bat
moi trung ton. Muon chuyen sang moi trung van ban, kch chuot vo bieu tuong T tren
thanh cong cu hay vo trnh Insert->Text. Nguoc lai, t moi trung van ban, kch chuot vo
dau "[>" tren thanh cong cu hay vo Insert de chuyen sang moi trung ton.
> ifactor(58600);
( ) 2
3
( ) 5
2
( ) 293
>
Chuong 2. So luoc ve cc tnh ton so hoc, dai s o v giai tch trong Maple
2.1 Cc dau php ton, hm v hang so co ban
Cc php ton v dau php ton
C php Giai thch V du
! giai tha 100!
^ ly tha a^5
+ cong a+b
- tr hoac so am x -y
* nhan 2*x
/ chia 120/5
< nho hon a<100
> ln hon b>100
>= ln hon hoac bang x>=1/2
<= nho hon hoac bang x<=1/2
Page 3
= bang a=b
:= php gn x:=2/3
Cc hm thong dung
C php Giai thch V du
sin, cos, tan cc hm luong gic sin(x)
arcsin, arccos, arctan cc hm LG nguoc arcsin(x)
abs hm tri tuyet doi abs(x)
exp hm m co so e exp(x) hay E^x
log hay ln hm logarit co so e log(x) hay ln(x)
log[10] hm logarit co so 10 log[10](x)
sqrt khai can bac 2 sqrt(3)
Cc hang so thong dung
C php Hang so
Pi
t
exp(1) e
infinity

>
2.1. Cc tnh ton so hoc
a) Maple c the lm viec nhu mot my tnh bo ti hien dai
> 5*3;
> 120/7+2^100;
Kha nang tnh ton so hoc cua Maple l rat ln, c the lm viec vi nhng so c den
2
28
=
268435456
ch so.
> 300!;
30605751221644063603537046129726862938858880417357699941677674125947 \
65331767168674655152914224775733499391478887017263688642639077590 \
03154226842927906974559841225476930271954604008012215776252176854 \
25596535690350678872526432189626429936520457644883038890975394348 \
96254360532259807765212708224376394491201286786753683057122936819 \
43649956460498166450227716500185176546469340112226034729724066333 \
25858350687015016979416885035375213755491028912640715715483028228 \
49379526365801452352331569364822334367992545940952768206080622328 \
12387383880817049600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 \
000000000000000000000000000
> length(%);
615
Ta thay so 300.000! c 1.512.852 ch so, khoang 20 ngn dng tren mn hnh.
> ifactor(1512852);
Page 4
( ) 2
2
( ) 3 ( ) 11 ( ) 73 ( ) 157
> FermatPrime:=2^(2^n)+1;
:= FermatPrime + 2
( ) 2
n
1
> [seq(FermatPrime,n=1..6)];
[ ] , , , , , 5 17 257 65537 4294967297 18446744073709551617
> map(ifactor,%);
[ ] , , , , , ( ) 5 ( ) 17 ( ) 257 ( ) 65537 ( ) 641 ( ) 6700417 ( ) 67280421310721 ( ) 274177
b) Cc hm tren so nguyen
> isprime(1388990297):
> nextprime(123456789):
> prevprime(123456789):
> ilcm(786,120):
> igcd(786,120):
> irem(786,120):
> iquo(786,120):
>
Ngoi ra cn c cc lenh sau:
max, min Tm so ln nhat v nho nhat trong tap cc so cho truc.
iroot Tm nghiem nguyen xap xi can bac n cua 1 so nguyen.
isqrt Tm nghiem nguyen xap xi can bac 2 cua 1 so nguyen.
mod Cc php ton tren he thang du modulo.
rsolve Giai phuong trnh hm nh cc cong thc truy hoi.
convert Chuyen doi so nguyen sang cc he co so khc nhau.
c) Tnh ton chnh xc v gan dng
- Khi lm viec vi so hu ty hoac can thc, Maple c kha nang tnh ton vi ket qua chnh
xc. ieu ny het sc quan trong khi can cc tnh ton nhieu buc.
> A:=7/3+6^10/7;
> 3^(2/5);
> Pi;
- Tuy nhien, khi can Maple cng c the tnh gan dng vi do chnh xc ty .
> evalf(10/3);
> B:=7.0/3+6^10/7;
> evalf(3^(2/5),20);
> evalf(Pi,100);
- Maple lm viec thuan loi tren cc so phc:
> (2+2*I)/(1-3*I);
> sqrt(1+I);
> evalf(%);
d) Tnh tong, tch huu han v vo han
3.1. Tnh tong huu han.
Page 5
V du: Tnh tong
_
= i 1
100
+ 1 i
+ 1 i
4
. Ta c the hoac l dng 2 lenh'
> Sum((1+i)/(1+i^4),i=1..20);
> value(%);
Hoac tnh truc tiep:
> sum((1+i)/(1+i^4),i=1..20);
3.2. Tnh tong vo han.
V du: Tnh tong
_
= k 1

1
k
2
. Tuong tu nhu tren, ta c the dng
> Sum(1/k^2,k=1..infinity);
> value(%);
Hoac
> sum(1/k^2,k=1..infinity);
>
Hon ton tuong tu vi tnh tong, ta c the tnh cc tch hu han v vo han vi Maple. Cch
lm nhu tren vi viec thay lenh Sum hay sum boi Product hay product.
2.3. Cc tnh ton dai so
2.3.1. Cc tnh ton tren bieu thc dai so
Gn ten cho bieu thuc v tri cho bien
Dng php ":=" de gn ten v lenh "subs" de gn tri cho bien.
> A:=a*x^2+b*x+c:
> A1:=subs(a=1,b=2,c=I,A):
Bien doi bieu thuc dai so
Lenh khai trien voi expand
> B:=(x+1)*(x-2)+3*x+2;
> expand(A);
> expand(sin(x+y));
> L:=exp(a+ln(b));
> expand(%);
Lenh don gian bieu thc voi simplify
> C:=cos(x)^5+sin(x)^4+2*cos(x)^2-2*sin(x)^2-cos(2*x);
> simplify(C);
> simplify(sin(x)^2+ln(3*x)+cos(x)^2);
> simplify(sin(x)^2+ln(3*x)+cos(x)^2,'trig');
> simplify(sin(x)^2+ln(3*x)+cos(x)^2,'ln');
Luu : Lenh simplify l mot lenh rat "mo ho" do khong c mot tieu chuan r rng cho su don
gian ha. Nhieu khi uu tien cua Maple trong viec don gian mot bi eu thc khong giong nhu
ky vong cua ngui dng. Hon the n can rat nhieu bo nh de simplify. Trong da so trung hop,
lenh expand l mot lenh don gian tot hon.
> ?seq
Nguoc lai voi expand l lenh factor v combine
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> expand((x-2)*(x+3));
> factor(%);
> expand(e^(2*x+y)+sin(2*x));
> combine(%);
Lenh chuan ha voi normal, dac biet dng de don gian cc phan thc ve dang chuan tac
> PT:=(x^2-y^2)/(x^3+y^3+3*x^2*y+3*x*y^2);
> normal(PT);
> factor(PT);
Lenh convert cho php chuyen cc bieu thc ve cc da ng bieu dien khc nhau
> convert(sin(x),exp);
> M:=Matrix([[a,b],[x,y]]);
> convert(M,'listlist');
> convert(M,set);
> convert(%,list);
Lenh map cho php gn lenh dong thi cho nhieu bien trong bang hay tap.
> bang:=[Pi/3,0,-Pi/2];
> map(sin,bang);
> f:=x->x^2+x-1;
> map(f,{-1,0,1});
> map(f,[-1,0,1]);
ch su khc nhau cua hai ket qua tren.
Tnh ton tren da thuc
Cc lenh thong dung
Lenh sap xep da thc voi sort v collect
> f:=x^2+1+3*x+4*x^4-3*x^5;
> sort(f,x);
> g:=y^3+x^2*y^2+a*x^3;
> sort(g);
> sort(g,[x,y]);
> sort(g,[y,x]);
> sort(g,[y,x],plex);
> h:=x*y+x*y*z-3*y*z^2+x+z*x+y^3+x^4;
> collect(h,x);
> collect(h,y);
> collect(h,z);
Xc dinh he so v bac voi lenh coeff v degree
> h:=t^4-4*x^3*y*z+y^3-3*y*z^2+x*y+x*z+x;
> sort(h);
> degree(h);
Page 7
> degree(h,y);
> ldegree(h);
> ldegree(h,x);
> coeff(h,z);
> coeff(h,z,2);
> coeffs(h);
> lcoeff(h,t);
Cc lenh cho php chia da thc voi rem, quo v divide
> r:=rem(x^4+2*x^2+x-1,x^2+2*x+3,x);
> r:=quo(x^4+2*x^2+x-1,x^2+2*x+3,x);
> divide(x^4+2*x^2+x-1,x^2+2*x+3);
> divide(x^2-y^2,x-y);
> ?gcdex
Phan tch da thc thnh nhan tu voi lenh factor
>
Lenh factor phan tch da thc thnh nhan tu tren trung sinh ra boi trung so huu ty v cc he
so cua da thc.
> factor(x^3+3);
> factor(x^3+3,3^(1/3));
> factor(x^3+3,{(-3)^(1/2),3^(1/3)});
Tham so cua lenh factor c the l real hay complex neu nhu muon phan tch thnh nhan tu tren
trung so thuc hay phc. Ch rang khi d ket qua cho he so l cc so gan dng.
> factor(x^3+3.0);
> factor(x^3+3,real);
> factor(x^3+3,complex);
Giai phuong trnh, bat phuong trnh v he phuong trnh
Voi lenh solve v fsolve
> restart;
> equs:={x+2*y-8,x^2-2*x-3};
> equ:=x^3+x^2-x;
> sol1:=solve(equ);
> sol:=solve(equ,{x});
C the kiem tra lai ket qua bang lenh eval:
> sol[1];sol[2];sol[3];
> expand(subs(x=sol1[2],equ));
> expand(eval(equ,x=sol1[2]));
> seq(expand(eval(equ,sol[i])),i=1..3);
Hy thuc hien viec thu lai vi sol1 tren.
KQ:
Muon thu lai vi sol1, can dng
> eval(equ,x=sol1[1]);
C the trch xuat cc nghiem thnh bo theo th tu dinh truc vi cc nghiem nhieu thnh
phan.
> equs;
Page 8
> sols:=solve(equs,{x,y});
> x1:=eval(x,sols[2]);
> seq(eval(x,sols[i]),i=1..2);
Cng c the trch xuat cc nghiem thnh bo theo th tu dinh truc.
> eval([x,y],sol1[2]);
> eval([y,x],sol1[2]);
Cch khc de kiem tra nghiem l dng lenh map:
> map(subs,[sol[1],sol[2]],equ);
Ch rang lenh map khong the tc dong tren d lieu c dinh dang tap hop:
> map(subs,sol,equ);
> map(subs,[sol],equ);
Hy thu dng lenh map vi nghiem cua equ cho tren.
Lenh solve c the cho biet tat ca cc nghiem chnh xc cua da thuc 1 bien c bac khong
qu 4, tuc l nghiem bieu dien bang can thuc.
> solve(x^3+2*x+8);
Tuy nhien, vi phuong trnh bac 4, do nghiem bang can thc qu phc ta p v khong c tnh ng
dung cao, Maple ngam dinh dua ra nghiem dui dang RootOf. Tuy nhien ta c the nhan duoc nghiem
chnh xc bang cch chon _EnvExplicit:=true.
> solve(x^4+x^3-9);
> evalf(%);
> _EnvExplicit:=true:
> solve(x^4+x^3-9):
Vi cc da thuc 1 bien c bac cao hon 5, lenh solve cho nghiem RootOf v c the nhan
duoc nghiem xap x bang evalf.
> solve(x^7+x^5+x^2+x+1);
> evalf(%,20);
Lenh solve de giai cc phuong trnh sieu viet hoac cha can thc.
> solve(2*cos(x)^10-x+1,{x});
> evalf(%);
> solve(ln(x)+x+1,x);
> evalf(%);
Khi giai cc phuong trnh phc tap, Maple thung chi cho ta 1 nghiem. Can dng cc dnh
gi khc de c the tm ra cc nghiem khc, hoac c the dng lenh fsolve. ay l lenh tm
nghiem xap xi, v c the tm nghiem vi cc di eu kien han che.
> f:=3*2^x+2*3^x-5^x-1;
> sol:=solve(f,x);
> fsolve(f);
> evalf(sol);
> fsolve({f=0},{x}, -4..0);
Lenh solve c the dng de giai he phuong trnh v bat phuong trnh.
Page 9
> pts:={x+y+2*t-1,3*x+2*y+3-t,x+y-t};
> solve(pts,{x,y,t});
> solve(x^2+3*x+1>0,x);
> pts1:={x+y+2*t-1,3*x+2*y+3-t,x+y-t>0};
> solve(pts1,{x,y,t});
Han che cua lenh solve
- Khong the tm nghiem 1 cch triet de, nhat l vi cc hm sieu viet hoac phc tap. Can su
dung ket hop vi do thi v cc phuong php dnh gi khc de tm het tat ca cc nghiem.
- Can luon luon kiem tra lai nghiem bang cch dng lenh eval.
> equ:=(x-2)^2/(x^2-4);
> sol:=solve(equ,{x});
> eval(equ,sol);
Cc lenh tm nghiem khc
Lenh isolve de tm nghiem nguyen
> isolve(2*x+3*y);
> isolve(2*x-3);
Leng msolve de tm nghiem nguyen modulo p
> msolve({2*x-7*y+1,3*x-7*y-5},9);
So snh vi:
> solve({2*x-7*y+1,3*x-7*y-5});
> msolve(2^n=3,11);
> solve(2^n=3);
Lenh rsolve de giai cc bi ton truy hi
> restart;
> rsolve({f(n)=f(n-1)+f(n-2),f(0)=1,f(1)=1},{f(n)});
oc gia quan tam c the tm hieu them cc lenh nang cao ve van de ny trong gi lenh
LREtools.
Lenh dsolve de giai cc phuong trnh vi phan (xem phan tnh ton cua Maple vi giai tch)
> ?polytools
2.3.2. ai so tuyen tnh voi cc gi lenh linalg v LinearAlgebra
T version 7 tro di, Maple cung cap them 1 gi lenh LinearAlgebra ben canh gi lenh linalg
d c truc day. Hau nhu tat ca cc chc nang trong linalg deu duoc tch hop lai trong
LinearAlgebra vi c php tuong tu, cong them mot so chc nang mi.
Ma tran v cc php ton co ban
Tao vc to, ma tran voi cc lenh vector/Vector, matrix/Matrix v array/Array
> restart;
> u:=vector([a,b]);
> U1:=Vector([a,b]);
> U2:=Vector[row]([a,b]);
> A0:=matrix([[a[11],a[12],a[13]], [a[21],a[22],a [23]]]) ;
> B0:=Matrix([[b[11],b[12],b[13]],[b[21],b[22],b[23]]]) ;
> A0[1,2];B0[1,2];
> a[11]:=0;b[11]:=0;
> A0;B0;
> evalm(A0);
> A0[1,1]:=0;
Page 10
> A:=matrix(3,2,[2,1,2, -2,a,b]);
> A1:=matrix([[2,1],[2, -2],[a,b]]);
> B:=Matrix([[2,1],[2, -2],[a,b]]);
> B1:=<<2,2,a>j<1,-2,b>>;
> whattype(A);whattype(B);
> LinearAlgebra[Equal](B,B1);
> linalg[equal](A,B1);
Ma tran cng c the tao nen boi lenh array/Array. Thuc ra lenh matrix m mot dang d lieu
dac biet cua array. Tuy nhien dieu d khong dng vi Matrix.
> T:=array([[2,1],[2, -2],[a,b]]);
> type(T,matrix);
> T1:=Array([[2,1],[2, -2],[a,b]]);
> type(T1,Matrix);
> B+T1;
C the dng lenh convert de chuyen cc dang v ma tran
> A;B;
> B2:=convert(A,Matrix);
> whattype(B2);
> LL:=[[2,1],[2,-2],[a,b]];
> whattype(LL);
> convert(LL,matrix);whattype(%);
> convert(LL,Matrix);whattype(%);
Cc ma tran duoc xay dung dac biet
> matrix(1,2,4);Matrix(1,2,3);
> matrix(1,2);Matrix(1,2);Matrix(3);
> M:=Matrix(3,3,shape=identity);
Rat nhieu ty chon mi cho lenh Matrix. Dng lenh ?Matrix neu muon tm hieu them.
> f:=(i,j)->x^(i+j+1);
> matrix(3,2,f);
Truy xuat cc phan tu cua ma tran
> B:=Matrix([[2,1],[2, -2],[a,b]]);
> B[3,1];
> convert(B,Vector[row]);
> convert(B,set);
> C:=Matrix(5,(i,j)->2*i+j);
e trch xuat mot phan hay ton bo mot dng hay cot, ta dng:
> C[5,1..3], C[3..5,2];C[2,1.. -1];C[1..-1,4];
e trch xuat mot ma tran con, thay the cc toa do bang cc khoang:
> C[3..5,1..3];
Page 11
Cc php ton tren ma tran
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):
> A:=Matrix([[a,1,c],[2,-b,1]]);
> B:=Matrix([[x,y,1],[c,2,z]]);
- Php cong ma tran
> A+B;
> Add(A,B);
> A-B;
- Php cong ma tran voi 1 so duoc xem nhu cong vi mot ma tran hang:
> 2+A;
- Php nhan vo huong
> 3*A;
> 3 . A;
Neu muon dng php nhan bang " ." th phai c khoang trong sau php ton.
- Php nhan hai ma tran
> C:=RandomMatrix(3,2);
> C.A;
Ch khong can khoang trong sau php ton " ." .
Cc php bien doi so cap v php chuyen vi
> with(LinearAlgebra):
A := <<1,2,3>j<4,5,6>j<7,8,9>>;
> RowOperation(A, 3, 3);
> ColumnOperation(A, [1,3]);
> RowOperation(A, [1,3], -2);
Dng th 1 duoc thay boi (d1-2*d3).
> A:=RandomMatrix(3,2);
> Transpose(A);
inh thc v ma tran nghich dao
> restart;with(LinearAlgebra):
> A:= Matrix([[b[11],b[12],b[13]],[b[21],b[22],b[23]],[b[31],b[32],b[33]]]) ;
> Determinant(A);
>
> C:=RandomMatrix(3,3);
> MatrixInverse(C);
a thc dac trung. Gi tri rieng v vc to rieng
> with(LinearAlgebra):
M := <<-2,0,0>j<1,0,0>j<0,3,2>>;
Page 12
> CharacteristicPolynomial(M,x);
> solve(%,x);
> Eigenvalues(M,output='list');
> Eigenvectors(M);
Cc cot cua ma tran ben phai l cc vc to rieng ng vi cc gi tri rieng cho trong cot ben
tri.
Cc dang chuan tac
Dang rt gon Gauss v Gauss -Jordan
ay l dang chuan tac ng dung trong khi giai he phuong trnh tuyen
> restart;with(LinearAlgebra):
> A:=RandomMatrix(4,6);
> b:=<1,0,-2,3>;
> GaussianElimination(A);
> GaussianElimination(A,'method'='FractionFree');
> ReducedRowEchelonForm(<Ajb>);
Dang chuan tac Jordan
> with(LinearAlgebra):
A := <<0,-2,-2,-2>j<-3,1,1,-3>j<1,-1,-1,1>j<2,2,2,4>>;
J := JordanForm(A);
> Eigenvalues(A, output='list');
> Q := JordanForm(A, output='Q');
> Q^(-1) . A . Q;
>
Dang chuan tac huu ty
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):
A := <<0,1,1,1,1>j<2, -2,0,-2,-4>j<0,0,1,1,3>j<-6,0,-3,-1,-3>j<2,2,2,2,4>>;
> FrobeniusForm(A);
> factor( CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x) );
> (F,Q):=RationalCanonicalForm(A,output=['F','Q']);
> FrobeniusForm(A,output='Q');
> Q^(-1) . A . Q;
Chieu v co so cua khong gian vc to
Bi tap
Cho he pttt:
= + + + x1 2 x2 6 x3 8 x4 14 x5 3 x6 0 = + + + 2 x1 4 x2 x3 8 x4 5 x5 x6 0 , , [
= + + 3 x1 x2 4 x3 9 x4 10 x5 0 = + + 3 x1 2 x2 x3 12 x4 x5 4 x6 0 , ,
= + + + 5 x1 7 x2 11 x3 11 x4 19 x5 9 x6 0]
:
1) Hy lap ma tran he so cua he.
2) Chng to rang ma tran tren c the nhan cc cot cua x1, x2,x3 lm co so cu khong gian
nghiem
3) Bieu thi tuyen tnh x4,x5,x6 qua x1,x2,x3.
4) Giai he phuong trnh tren.
Page 13
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):A := <<1,2,4>j<0,2,2>j<1,0,2>j<0,0,0>>;
> RowSpace(A);
> GramSchmidt(%);
> ColumnSpace(A);
> B :=
Matrix(5,6,[[-1,2,6,-8,-14,3],[2,4,1,-8,5,-1],[-3,1,4,-9,-10,0],[3,-2,-1,12,-1,4],[5,7,11,-11,-19,9]]);
> GenerateEquations(B,[x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6]);
>
> Rank(B);
> ColumnSpace(B);
> RedB:=ReducedRowEchelonForm(B);
> B1:=DeleteColumn(B,4..6);Rank(B1);
> B2:=ColumnSpace(B):
> v1:=B1[1..-1,1];v2:=B1[1..-1,2]:v3:=B1[1..-1,3]:v4:=B[1..-1,4];v5:=B[1..-1,5]:v6:=B[1..-1,6]:
> <<LinearSolve(B1,v4)>j<LinearSolve(B1,v5)>j<LinearSolve(B1,v6)>>;
> NullSpace(B);
He phuong trnh tuyen tnh
> restart;
> with(LinearAlgebra):
> sys := [ 3*x[1]+2*x[2]+3*x[3] -2*x[4] = 1,
x[1]+ x[2]+ x[3] = 3,
x[1]+2*x[2]+ x[3] - x[4] = 2 ];var:=[x[1],x[2],x[3],x[4]];
>
(A, b) := GenerateMatrix(sys,var);
> A1:=GenerateMatrix(sys,var,augmented=true);
> LinearSolve(A1);
> LinearSolve(A,b);
> GenerateEquations(A,[x1,x2,x3,x4],<1, -1,0>);
> GenerateEquations(A1,[x1,x2,x3,x4]);
2.4. Cc tnh ton giai tch
a) Xc dinh hm v lenh map
Hm 1 bien:
> f:=x->a*x^2+b*x+c;
> f(2);
Vi hm nhieu bien:
> g:=(x,y,z)->x^2+y^2-z^2;
> g(3,4,5);
Hm tng doan c the dinh nghia boi lenh piecewise(), cau trc duoc minh hoa qua v du sau:
> f:=piecewise(x<0,1,x<1,x,x<2,3-x,sin(x)+2);
Page 14
Lenh map thung dng de xc dinh gi tri cua 1 hm tai mot dy cc gi tri c ua bien
> f:=x->x^2-x+1;
> lst:=[-2,-1,-1/2,0,1,2,3/2,4];
> map(f,lst);
b) Cc php tnh ton co ban
b1) Tm gii han
> limit(exp(x),x=-infinity);
> limit(exp(x),x=infinity);
> Limit(exp(x),x=-infinity)=limit(exp(x),x=-infinity);;
> limit(1/x,x=0);
b2) Tnh dao hm
Lenh diff hoac D cho php tnh dao hm cua hm 1 bien hoac dao hm rieng. C php duoc
minh hoa qua cc v du sau:
> diff(7*x^2 + 4*x^3, x); diff(5*x^2 - Pi*x^3, x);
> g:=x->x^2-exp(x)+sin(x);
> D(g);
b3) Tch phan
- Tnh tch phan bat di nh bang lenh int(hm, bien).
> int(x^2-x+2,x);
> Int(x^2-x+2,x);
> value(%);
- Tnh tch phan xc dinh int(hm, mien).
> restart;
> f:=x->x-2*sin(x)+1;
> int(f,-5..8);
Chuong 3. Cong cu ve hnh v minh hoa trong Maple
3.1. Ve hnh trong he toa do Descartes
a) Lenh plot v plot3d de ve do thi hm hien v tham so
- Lenh v hnh don gian v thong dung nhat l plot (trong mat phang) v plot3d (trong
khong gian 3 chieu). Cc lenh ny nam trong phan nhan cua Maple. C php:
plot(f(x),x=a..b,options) v plot3d(f(x,y),x=a..b,y=c..d,options) .
> ?plot
> plot(x*sin(3*x),x=0..2*Pi);
Ch rang lenh tren v do thi hm
= y x ( ) sin 3 x
vi
x
t 0 den
t
. Tuong tu lenh sau v do
thi hm
= z ( ) f , x y
trong mien chi ra:
> plot3d(x*sin(3*y),x=-1..1,y=0..Pi);
Kch chuot tren hnh v, ta c the quay hnh v de xem bang cc gc do ty . Tren thanh
cong cu mi, c cc ty chon de xem. Hy su dung!
- C the v nhieu do thi trong cng mot hnh:
> plot({x*sin(3*x),x^2+2*x-4},x=-2*Pi..2*Pi);
Khi kch chuot tren hnh v, c cc ty chon tren thanh cong cu mi. Hy su dung!
> plot3d([x*sin(3*y),x-y],x=-1..1,y=-Pi..Pi,color=[red,blue]);
Vi gi lenh plots, c the dng lenh display.
Page 15
b) Save hnh ve bang cc dinh dang khc nhau
Hy tro lai do thi:
> plot3d({x*sin(3*y),x-y},x=-1..1,y=-Pi..Pi);
Khi kch nt phai cua chuot, pha dui cc cong cu dieu chinh hnh v l nt Export As, cho
php ta luu gi hnh v ra cc dinh dang khc nhau. Xem lenh ?plotsetup de biet them cch
dieu chinh hnh v khi save.
c) o thi cua hm tham so
C 3 dang hm tham so ng vi dung cong trong mat phang, mat trong khong gian v dung
cong trong khong gian.
Trong mat phang, c php l:
plot([ f(t), g(t), t=a..b], options).
V du:
> plot([3*cos(t),sin(t),t=0..2*Pi]):
o thi mat phang trong khong gian, c php l:
plot3d([ f(s,t), g(s,t), h(s,t)], s=a..b, t=c..d, options).
> plot3d([ 2*t-3*s^2*sin(t), s*t, 2*s-3*cos(t)], s=-2..2, t=-2..2);
Vi dung cong tham so trong khong gian, dng lenh spacecurve trong gi lenh plots. C
php:
spacecurve([f(t),g(t),h(t)],t=a..b,options).
> with(plots):
> spacecurve([sin(3*t)*cos(t),sin(3*t)*sin(t),t],t=0..Pi,shading=z);
d) Gi lenh plots
Vi gi lenh plots, Mapl e cung cap rat nhieu cong cu cho viec v cc dang do thi khc nhau
Lenh pointplot v pointplot3d de ve tng diem
Trong mat phang:
> with(plots):
> pointplot({[1,3],[2,4],[3,4]}):
Hoac:
> pointplot([1,3,2,4,3,4]):
> f:=n->n/(n+1);
> pointplot({seq([n,f(n)],n=1..50)},symbol=box):
Hy su dung cc ty chon "circle,diamond,cross" cua symbol. Cng c the dieu chinh c
cua diem bang options symbolsize, c ngam dinh l 10pt.
Tuong tu, trong khong gian, lenh v tng diem duoc dng nhu sau:
> pointplot3d({[3,2,-1],[2,3,4],[5,6,0]}):
Ta phai thay c hoac hnh dang cua diem th mi de nhn thay trong khong gian
> pointplot3d([0,1,1,1, -1,2,3,0,5],symbol=box ,axes=BOXED):
> pointplot3d([0,1,1,1, -1,2,3,0,5],symbol=box,symbolsize=18 ,axes=BOXED):
Ch Viec v tng diem cng c the thuc hien vi lenh plot v plot3d thong thung m
khong can phai kch hoat gi lenh plots. Khi d trong options cua plot v plot3d, chon
style=point.
Lenh display de bieu dien nhiu d thi tren cng mot hnh
> with(plots):
> S:=plot3d(4-x^2-2*y^2,x=-4..4,y=-3..3):
Page 16
> P:=plot3d(6-4*y,x=-4..4,y=-3..3):
> display(S):
> display(S,P):
Ro nt v min ha d thi
a) Lm r nt cua do thi bang ty chon thickness
> f:=x->exp(x/2);
> plot({f(x),f(-x)},x=-3..3,thickness=4):
Gi tri ngam dinh cua thickness l 0. Gi tri cao nhat l 15.
b) Min ha bang cch tang gi tri cua numpoints hay vi grid.
> plot3d((x^2+y^2)/sin(x*y),x=-1..1,y=-1..1,axes=normal):
so snh vi:
> plot3d((x^2+y^2)/sin(x*y),x=-1..1,y=-1..1,axes=normal,numpoints=1000):
Mapledng gi tri ngam dinh l 645(pt)=25x25. Khi dua vo gi tri n cho numpoints th
Maple s tu dong gn [ n

'

|
|
1
2
] diem cho mien xc dinh cua tng bien.
Mot cch khc de min ha do thi l xc dinh gi tri cho options grid.
> plot3d(sin(x)/y^2,x=-Pi..Pi,y=-1..1,grid=[30,40]):
iu chnh mu cho d thi
Maud cho do th duoc dieu chinh bang options color
> with(plots):
> f:=x->x^4-4*x^3+10;
> C:=plot(f(x),x=-1..4,color=red):
> t1:=plot(f(0),x=-1..1,color=blue):
> t2:=plot(f(3),x=2..4,color=blue):
> display(C,t1,t2):
Dng trnh tro gip trong Maple de xem cc mu c san. Ngui dng c the dinh nghia mu
mi nhu cch hung dan trong:
> ?plot[color]
Mot cch khc de dieu chinh do dam cua mu sac l dng options shading nhu v du sau:
> plot3d(x*y,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,shading=z):
> plot3d(x*y,x=-2..2,y=-2..2):
iu chnh ty le giua cc truc toa do
Khi v, Maple tu dong dieu chinh ty le tren cc truc toa do sao cho hnh v va vi kch c
hien thi cua trang lm viec. Nghia l, do di don vi tren moi truc toa do khong nhat thiet bang
nhau. ieu d doi khi lm cho hnh v khong that. Ty chon scaling=constrained bat buoc
Maple v hnh theo ty le 1:1 doi vi cc truc toa do'
> plot3d([cos(x)/(y^2-1)],x=0..2*Pi,y=0..2*Pi,scaling=constrained):
>
Cc options khc: discont, view, label...
a) Su dung discont=true de bo di cc dung noi tai cc diem khong lien tuc.
> plot(tan(x),x=-Pi..Pi);
Page 17
> plot(tan(x),x=-Pi..Pi,y=-4..4);
> plot(tan(x),x=-Pi..Pi,y=-4..4,discont=true);
b) Su dung view de han che hnh v tai mot phan no d.
> plot3d(2*x^2+y^2,x=-2..2,y=-3..3,style=patchcontour,axes=normal);
> plot3d(2*x^2+y^2,x=-2..2,y=-3..3,style=patchcontour,axes=normal,view=0..8);
c) Options label dng de dat ten cho cc truc toa do.
> plot(-4*t^2+2*t+40.1,t=0..3,labels=["Thoi gian","Nhiet
do"],labeldirections=[horizontal,vertical],labelfont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],axesfont=[HELVETI
CA,14]);
>
>
e) o thi hm an
thi hm an trong mat phang
implicitplot(f(x,y),a..b,c..d,options)
> with(plots):
> implicitplot(x^2+y^2=1, x=-1..1, y=-1..1):
> p:= proc(x,y) if x<y then x^2+y^2-2 else 2*x-y-1 end if end proc:
implicitplot(p, -2..2, -1..3);
C the v nhieu do thi vi lenh implicitplot. V du
> implicitplot([x^2-y^2=1, y=exp(x)], x=-Pi..Pi, y=-Pi..Pi,
color=[blue, green], legend=[plot1,plot2]);
thi hm an trong khong gian
C php:
implicitplot3d(f(x,y),x=a..b,y=c..d,z=e..f,options)
hay
implicitplot3d(f(x,y),a..b,c..d,e..f,options)
> EP:=1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2-z = 0;
> HP:= 1/4*x^2-1/9*y^2-z = 0;
> EC:=1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2-z^2 = 0;
> ES:=1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2+z^2 = 1;
> H1:= 1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2-z^2 = 1;
> H2:= 1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2-z^2 = -1;
> with(plots):
> implicitplot3d(EP,x=-5..5,y=-7..7,z=-2..2, axes=boxed);
> implicitplot3d(HP,x=-5..5,y=-7..7,z=-2..2, axes=boxed);
> implicitplot3d(EC,x=-5..5,y=-7..7,z=-2..2, axes=boxed);
Maple v cc mat ny vi grid ngam dinh l [10,10,10]. Do d dinh cua Eliptic Cone (0,0,0)
khong duoc Maple gn diem v. Muon lm cho hnh v chnh xc hon, ta can dieu chinh grid
hoac tang numpoints, v du:
> implicitplot3d(EC,x=-5..5,y=-7..7,z=-2..2,grid=[9,9,9], axes=boxed);
> implicitplot3d(EC,x=-5..5,y=-7..7,z=-2..2,numpoints=2000, axes=boxed);
e c duoc cc hnh v chat luong cao hon, can v Elliptic cone trong he toa do tru.
Page 18
3.2. Ve hnh trong cc he toa do khc
Maple cho php v do thi trong cc he toa do khc. So vi do thi hm an, do thi trong he toa
do cuc, tru hay cau thung cho chat luong cao hon.
a) Trong he toa do cuc
Vi options coords=polar trong lenh plot, Maple s v do thi trong he toa do cuc. To a do cua
moi diem trong he toa do cuc l (
rtheta
), trong d
r
l khoang cch t diem den goc toa
do v
0
l gc dinh hung gia nua dung thang chon truc v vc to t ao boi diem d.
Maple di hoi
r
l mot hm cua
0
. C php l:
plot(r(
0
),
0
=a..b, coords=polar,options).
> plot(sin(4*t),t=0..2*Pi,coords=polar,scaling=constrained);
Dang tham so trong he toa do cuc c c php lenh nhu sau :
plot([r(
0
),
0
(t),t=a..b], coords=polar,options) .
> plot([cos(t), 3*t,t=0..Pi], coords=polar);
Vi gi lenh plots, lenh v trong toa do cuc l polarplot vi c php hon ton tuong tu nhu
tren v khong can phai c ty chon coords=polar.
b) Trong he toa do tru
Trong he toa do tru, toa do cua moi diem duoc cho boi (
, , r 0 z
), trong d (r,
0
) l toa do cuc
cua hnh chieu cua diem tren mat phang ( O
x
y) v z l khoang cch t diem d den mot truc
O:. Maple di hoi r l mot hm cua
0
v :.
- Dng lenh plot3d vi ty chon coords=cylindrical.
C php l:
plot3d(r(
0
,:),
0
=a..b,:=c..d, coords=cylindrical,options) .
> plot3d(theta*sqrt(1-z),theta=0..2*Pi,z=0..1,coords=cylindrical,axes=normal):
Vi hm tham so, c php l
plot3d([r(s,t),
0
(s,t),z(s,t)],s=a..b,t=c..d, coords=cylindrical,options) .
> plot3d([s,t,s^2+t^2],s=-1..1,t=0..2*Pi,coords=cylindrical,axes=normal);
b) Dng lenh cylinderplot trong gi lenh plots.
C php hon ton tuong tu nhu lenh plot3d vi ty chon coords=cylindrical duoc bo di.
Hy thuc tap v lai cc hnh tren.
Thuc hnh v mat Elliptic cone trong toa do tru. So snh vi ket qua trong hm an.
- p dung v mat Eliptic Cone trong toa do tru
Ta viet toa do cua Elliptic cone trong he toa do tru l
= +
1 r ( ) cos t
4
1 r ( ) sin t
9
z
2
0
. V
Maple muon r l mot hm cua t v :, chng ta ta c ngay: r=
6 z
( ) 9 5 ( ) sin t
2

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1
2
.
> with(plots):
> cylinderplot(6/((9-5*sin(t)^2)^(1/2))*z,t=0..2*Pi,z=-2..2,axes=boxed):
Page 19
Cc mat bac 2 trong he toa do tru
Ta viet toa do cua Elliptic cone trong he toa do tru l
= +
r ( ) cos t
4
r ( ) sin t
9
z
2
0
. V Maple
muon r l mot hm cua t v :, chng ta ta c ngay: r=
6 z
9 5 ( ) sin t
2
.
> with(plots):
> cylinderplot(6/((9-5*sin(t)^2)^(1/2))*z,t=0..2*Pi,z=-2..2,axes=boxed);
Vi mat Ellipsoids:
>
cylinderplot([6*sqrt(1-z^2)/sqrt(9*cos(theta)^2+4*sin(theta)^2)],theta=-Pi..Pi,z=-1..1,axes=no
rmal);
Vi mat Hyperboloid 1 v 2 tang
>
cylinderplot([6*sqrt(1+z^2)/sqrt(9*cos(theta)^2+4*sin(theta)^2)],theta= -Pi..Pi,z=-4..4,axes=n
ormal);
>
cylinderplot([6*sqrt(-1+z^2)/sqrt(9*cos(theta)^2+4*sin(theta)^2)], theta=-Pi..Pi,z=-3..3,axes=n
ormal);
Mat Paraboloids Elliptic and Hyperbolic
> cylinderplot([6*sqrt(z)/sqrt(9*cos(theta)^2+4*sin(theta)^2)],theta= -Pi..Pi,z=0..2);
>
cylinderplot([6*sqrt(z)/sqrt(9*cos(theta)^2 -4*sin(theta)^2)],theta=-3..3,z=-1..1,axes=normal);
>
c) Trong he toa do cau
Toa do cua mot diem M trong he toa do cau l (
, , r 0 |
), trong d r l khoang cch den goc
toa do, gc
0
l gc cuc cua hnh chieu cua M tren (Oxy) v
|
l gc gia (Oxy) vi
vec(OM). Maple yeu cau r l mot hm cua
0
v
|
.
a) Dng ty chon coords=spherical vi lenh plot3d.
C php l:
plot3d(r(
0
,
|
),
0
=a..b,
|
=c..d, coords=spherical,options)
> plot3d(1+sin(phi)-cos(theta),theta=0..2*Pi,phi=0..Pi,coords=spherical,numpoints=2000);
Vi hm tham so, c php l:
plot3d([r(s,t),
0
(s,t),
|
(s,t)],s=a..b,t=c..d, coords=spherical,options) .
> plot3d([s^3+t^3,s+t,t],s=0..2*Pi,t=0..Pi, coords=spherical);
b) Vi gi lenh plots, v hnh trong toa do cau bang le nh sphereplot, vi c php tuong tu nhu
vi plot3d nhung ty chon coords=spherical duoc bo di. Hy thuc hnh v lai cc mat tren.
3.3. Ve hnh dong voi Maple
Lenh animate tao ra mot chuoi cc hnh, theo ngam dinh l 25 hoac 16, v cho hien thi lien
tiep de tao ra hnh dong. o dao dong cua vi tr ban dau v vi tr ket thc duoc xc dinh boi
mot bien tham so t, goi l bien hinh (jrame variable) .
a) Hnh dong tren mat phang voi lenh animate
Page 20
a1) Vi hm hien
C php cua lenh vi hm hien nhu sau:
animate(plot,[f(x,t),x=a..b],t=c..d,options)
animate(f(x,t),x=a..b,t=c..d,options)
trong d ton bo cc options giong nhu options cua plot. Sau khi hnh v duoc thuc hien,
bang cch kch chuot tren hnh v, mot menu mi s xuat hien tren thanh cong cu chnh cua
Maple cho php dieu khien su cu dong cua hnh. Hy thuc hnh vi v du sau:
> restart;
> with(plots):setoptions(thickness=2);
> animate(sin(t*x),x=0..2*Pi,t=1..4,color=blue,scaling=constrained);
Lenh tren c so khung hnh l 16. Tham bien hnh t khong hien thi. So snh vi lenh sau:
> animate(plot,[sin(t*x),x=0..2*Pi,color=blue],t=1..4,scaling=constrained);
Trong animate cn c mot options mi so vi plot, d l option frames, cho php dieu so
luong khung hnh. So luong cng ln, su cu dong cng "nhip nh ng" do su khc gia 2 khung
hnh lien tiep t hon. e tang do min cua hnh v, can tang gi tri cua numpoints. Gi tri ngam
dinh l 50. Tuy nhien cng tang so luong, Maple cng can nhieu thi gian v bo nh.
Bi tap:
Hy thuc hien lenh v tren vi numpoi nts=200. Hy thay doi hm tren boi cc hm t*sin(x),
sin(x+t), sin(x)+t roi quan st hnh dong cua n. Neu len nghia cua bien hnh t.
a2) Vi hm tham so
oi vi hm tham so, lenh animate duoc su dung nhu trong cc v du sau:
> with(plots):
> animate(plot,[[r^2*cos(t),r*sin(t),t=0..2*Pi]],r=1..4,scaling=constrained);
> animate([r^2*cos(t),r*sin(t),t=0..2*Pi],r=1..4,scaling=constrained);
> animate( plot, [[cos(t),sin(t),t=0..A]],
A=0..2*Pi, scaling=constrained, frames=50 );
> animate( plot, [[(1-t^2)/(1+t^2),2*t/(1+t^2),t=-10..A]],
A=-10..10, scaling=constrained, frames=50 );
a3) Trong he toa do cuc
C php nhu trong v du sau:
> restart;with(plots):
> animate(polarplot,[1+a*cos(t),t=0..2*Pi],a= -2..2,scaling=constrained);
> animate(1+a*cos(t),t=0..2*Pi,a=-2..2,coords=polar,scaling=constrained);
Bi tap: Hay ve hnh dong trong toa do cuc cc hm sau v quan st bien hnh:
1)
2 a ( ) cos 0
vi
0
t 0..2
t
, at -2..2.
2)
+ a ( ) cos 0
vi
0
t 0..2
t
, at -2..2.
3)
1 2

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1
2
e

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|
|

1 x
2
2 o
2
o t

'

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|
1
2
vi
o
=1..2, x=-5..5.
a4) Ve lien tuc vi lenh animatecurve
Maple cung cap them mot cong cu v lien tuc mot dung cong vi lenh animatecurve trong
Page 21
gi lenh plots.
> restart;with(plots):
> animatecurve(1/3*x^5-1/2*x-1/10,x=-2..3,view=-5..5,numpoints=200,frames=50);
> animate(plot,[1/3*x^5-1/2*x-1/10,x=-2..t],t=-2..3,color=red,view=-5..5);
Lenh animatecurve c tat ca cc ty chon (options) giong nhu animate.
N cng lm viec duoc vi hm tham so.
> animatecurve([3*cos(theta),sin(theta),theta=0..2*Pi],scaling=constrained);
b) Hnh dong trong khong gian voi lenh animate v animate3d
Giong nhu trong mat phang, c php cua lenh v hnh dong trong khong gian l:
animate(plot3d,[f(x,y,t),x=a..b,y=c..d],t=c ..d,options)
hay
animate3d(f(x,y,t),x=a..b,t=c..d,options)
> restart;with(plots):
> animate(plot3d,[ 1-t^2*x^2-t*y^2, x=-1..1, y=-1..1],t=-2..2 );
> animate3d( 1-t^2*x^2-t*y^2, x=-1..1, y=-1..1,t=-2..2 );
Ngoi ra, v hnh vi hm tham so hay hm an, c php l nhu sau:
animate(plot3d,[[x(s,t,a),y(s,t,a),z(s,t,a)],s=m..n,t=c..d],a=a1..a2,options)
> animate(plot3d,[[ 2*t-3*a*s^2*sin(t), a*s*t, 2*s-3*cos(t)], s=-2..2, t=-2..a],a=-2..10);
- oi vi hm an, c php l:
animate(implicitplot,[f(x,y,z,t),x=a.. b,y=c..d,z=e..f],t=t1..t2,options)
> HP:= 1/4*x^2-1/9*y^2-z ;
> EC:=1/4*x^2+1/9*y^2-z^2 ;
> animate(implicitplot3d,[1/4*t*x^2-1/9*y^2-t^2*z,x=-2..2,y=-2..2,z=-2..2],t=-2..2);
> B := plot3d( 1-x^2-y^2, x=-1..1, y=-1..1, style=patchcontour ):
opts := thickness=3, color=red:
animate( spacecurve, [[t,t,1-2*t^2], t=-1..A, opts],
A=-1..1, frames=11, background=B );
Chuong 4. Maple trong nghien cu v giang day ton
2.4.1. Gi lenh Student ho tro cho viec day v hoc ton.
- T Maple 8, gi lenh Student duoc pht trien t gi lenh student truc d nham ho tro cho
viec day v hoc ton o dai hoc v pho thong. Khai thc kha nang cua gi lenh ny s dem
den cho gio vien rat nhieu cong cu ho tro mi trong phuong php day hoc. C th e ni
rang gi lenh ny d de cap den tat ca cc noi dung ton hoc cua dai hoc v pho thong,
cung cap nhieu lenh v thu tuc cho cc php ton v algorithm xuat hien trong chuong
trnh giang day, cung cap nhieu cong cu tuong tc dui dang Maplet v ho tro v iec lm
tng buc cc php ton co ban cua vi tch phan.
- Gi lenh Student c 3 gi lenh con l Calculus1, LinearAlgebra v Precalculus. e nap
tng gi lenh, lm nhu sau:
> with(Student[Precalculus]):
Gi lenh ny gom nhieu Tutor. V du sau ve Tutor cu a cc hm so cap:
> StandardFunctionsTutor():
Sau khi nhan Enter, mot cua so doc lap. Ta dua vo hm
( ) f x
v chuong trnh s v do thi
cua hm
( ) f x
v hm
+ a ( ) f + x b d
tren cng he toa do.
Page 22
- Gi lenh con Calculus1 l gi lenh quan trong nhat cua Student. N cha cc cong cu ho
tro t hung dan thuc hien cc php tnh vi tch phan cho den khao st v v do thi hm: t
viec minh hoa v tiep tuyen dung cong cho den viec tnh dien t ch, the tch mat trn
xoay,v.v...
V du: Khao st hnh hoc v the tch cua vat the trn xoay.
> with(Student[Calculus1]):
> VolumeOfRevolution(cos(x) + 3, sin(x) + 2, x=0..4*Pi);
> VolumeOfRevolution(cos(x) + 3, sin(x) + 2, x=0..4*Pi,output=integral);
> VolumeOfRevolution(cos(x) + 3, sin(x) + 2, x=0..4*Pi, output=plot);
2.4.2. Su dung Maple nhu mot moi trung day hoc tuong tc.
Viec day hoc tuong tc l mot xu hung tat yeu cua nen gio duc hien dai, nh c cc uu
diem noi bat cua n. Viec day hoc tuong tc c nhieu hnh thc v mc do phu thuoc vo noi
dung v phuong tien day hoc. C the neu ra 3 hnh thc v mc do sau day:
1) Day tren lp hoc High Class ca mot mon hoc, mot chuong hoac mot noi dung cu the. Hnh
thc day hoc ny di hoi phai c he thong high class hien dai.
2) Chi dng lp hoc High Class trong gi thuc hnh hoac ng vi noi dung thch hop.
3) Gio vien dng LCD ket noi vi my tnh de thuc hien mot so khau trong bi giang.
Kha nang chuyen doi giua hai moi trung ton v van ban trong Maple
- Maple c 2 moi trung lm viec l ton v van ban. Ngui dng c the chuyen doi 1 cch
de dng gia 2 moi trung ny. Khi kch hoat Maple, trang lm viec mo ra vi moi trung
ton. Con tro nam o dau nhac > mu do. Muon chuyen sang moi trung van ban, chi can
kch chuot vo bieu tuong T tren thanh cong cu hoac vo Insert | Text, hay dng to hop
phm Ctrl+T.
- Trong moi trung van ban, Maple cho php bien soan ti lieu theo cau trc, cho php hien
thi theo nhieu tang lp, rat ph hop vi viec gii thieu tong quan hoac tong ket on tap.
Giong nhu mot he soan thao van ban l tuong, Maple cho php thay doi cc font ch, mu
sac v dac biet c the tao ra cc bookmark de truy xuat nhanh chng den cc vi tr ty
trong trang lm viec hien hnh hay cc trang lm viec khc: tao ra cc sieu lien ket de
kch hoat trang lm viec khc, de noi vi trang web hay phan tro gip cua Maple.
Kha nang tao ra gio n dien tu hoac cc dinh d ang van ban khc.
Maple ho tro tieng Viet (font ABC) v c the trch xuat hoac cho php nhng cc van ban cua
Microsoft Office. Ngoi dinh dang Word, Maple cho php trch xuat ra file LaTex cua van
ban ton hay file HTML de dng nhu mot gio n dien tu tre n trang web.
2.4.3. Su dung Maple nhu mot phuong tien minh hoa cc khi niem ton hoc v
doi tuong hnh hoc.
V du: Minh hoa hnh anh tu nhien cua cc dung conic nhu giao tuyen cua mot mat nn
v mat phang cat n.
> with(plots):
>
animate(plot3d,[y/3-10,x=-20..t,y=-20..t,color=red,style=PATCHNOGRID],t= -18..17,axes=fra
med,background=plot3d([z*cos(t),z*sin(t),z],z= -20..0,t=-Pi..Pi));
Warning, the name changecoords has been redefined
Page 23
Bang cch thay doi phuong trnh thch hop cua mat phang ta c thiet dien l dung hyperbol
hay parabol.
2.4.4. Su dung Maple de hnh thnh cc khi niem ton hoc.
V du: Khi niem tch phan xc dinh v nghia hnh hoc cua n.
> restart;
> with(plots):with(student):
> f:=x->x-2*sin(x);
Warning, the name changecoords has been redefined
:= f x x 2 ( ) sin x
> display(seq(middlebox(f(x),x=-2..2,SoHinh),SoHinh=6..80),insequence=true);
Page 24
Khi ta kch chut tren hnh v, tren thanh cong c s xuat hien thanh dieu khien hnh v. Kch
chuot tren thanh dieu khien, so hnh ch nhat cua tong Riemann s tang t 6 len 80 v dan
dan phu kn phan mat gii han boi dung cong.
Ghi ch: Vi Maple, tat ca cc tch phan xc dinh deu tnh duoc neu hm so kha tch. Vi nhng
phuong php meo muc nhu o pho thong, cc lp hm c the tnh duoc tch phan xc dinh vo cng nho
so vi so cc lp hm kha tch.
V du:
> g:=3*sin(x)/(exp(x)-x);
> int(g,x=-5..5);
> evalf(%);
> plot(g,x=-5..5);
> display(seq(middlebox(g,x=-5..5,SoHinh),SoHinh=6..80),insequence=true);
2.4.5. Su dung Maple de du don cc ket qua ton hoc.
V du: day hoi tu v khong hoi tu
> pointplot([seq([n,sin(n)/(n+1)],n=1..150)],color=blue);
> pointplot([seq([n,abs(sin(n)+1/n)^(sqrt(n))],n=1..1000)],color=blue);
2.4.6. Maple ho tro hoc sinh trong hoat dong tu hoc v thc day tm ti sng tao.
Su dung cc Tutor trong cc gi cua Student v cc ho tro tnh ton tng buc. V du sau cho
php ta lm vi Tutor ve tnh tch phan.
V du 1.
> with(Student[Calculus1]):
IntTutor();
> int(3*sin(x)/(x^2-cos(x)),x=1..2);
Page 25
> evalf(%);
>
>
V du 2. Giai phuong trnh
+ x
3
1 e
x
=0:
> f:=x^3+1-exp(x);
> solve(f,x);fsolve(f);
Muon tm cc nghiem cn lai ta thu v do thi hm
f
.
> plot(f,x=-3..5,y=-5..15);
Ta thay phuong cn c 2 nghiem na trong cc khoang ( -1,0) v (1,2).
> fsolve(f,x=-1..-1/2);fsolve(f,x=1..2);
Bang cch suy luan logic ket hop vi do thi ta c the chi ra rang phuong trnh c dng 3
nghiem. Tuong tu, xt phuong trnh
= g 0
vi:
> g:=3*sin(x)-ln(x)-x;
>
2.4.7. Maple ho tro gio vien trong cc hoat dong giang day khc.
C the neu vi tuong ve viec su dung Maple cho cc hoat dong giang day khc cua gio
vien ton nhu sau:
1) Dng Maple de tm v soan he thong bi tap, de thi theo muon.
2) Kiem tra cc ket qua cua cc bi ton tnh ton de du don cc chng minh (v du ve cc
bi ton giai phuong trnh, phan tch h oac rt gon da thc, phan thc...)
3) Soan gio n, v cc do thi chnh xc phuc vu giang day hoac sinh hoat chuyen mon: viet
cc bo co khoa hoc.
4) Cong cu ho tro trong boi dung hoc sinh gioi hoac hoat dong tap duot nghien cu khoa
hoc.
5) L nguon d lieu phong ph de lua chon cc kich ban len lp.
6) Maple l mot nguon mo, cho php ngui dng de dng tao ra cc lenh v chuong trnh cho
rieng mnh bang cc modun lenh c san v rp noi bang cc lenh don gian.
Hue ngy 1 thng 11 nam 2006
Ti lieu tham khao
1. Corless R. M., Essential Maple 7, An /ntroduction jor Scientijic Programmers , Springer,
2002.
2. Pham Huy ien, Iinh toan, lap trinh v giang day toan hoc tren Maple, NXB KH v KT,
2002.
3. Putz J., Maple Animation, Charman & Hall/CRC, 2003.
4. Nguyen Chnh T, ung dung Maple trong doi moi phuong phap hoc tap v ging day toan
hoc, Ky yeu Hoi thao KH, HSP Hue, 4/2004.
5. Waterloo Maple , Maple 9, Learning Cuide, 2004.
6. Waterloo Maple , Maple 7, Programming Cuide, 2004.
http://nctu2006.googlepages.com/student