Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

1.2 The Circulatoy System

1. Components: a) Blood b) Heart c) Blood vessels

Blood and haemolymph

1. Blood is the medium of transport in animals and humans. 2. Haemolymph is a blood-like nutritive fluid found in insects. The functions of blood 1. Tranports oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. 2. Tranports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. . Tranports nutrients, hormones and aste products. !. !egulate the pH of body fluid. ". !egulate body temperature. #. !egulate ater content. $. Blood clotting. %. "rotects the body against diseases. The functions of haemolymph 1. &ransports 'ater( inorganic salts and organic compounds. The composition of human blood 1. )ade up of ""* plasma and !"* cellular components. 2. +lasma is the main transport medium in the body. . Cellular components of blood: a) red blood cells ,erythrocytes) b) platelets c) hite blood cells ,leucocytes).

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

#rythrocytes $!BC%

1. Biconcave disc shaped provides large surface area&volume ratio for gaseous e-change. 2. )atured cells do not have nucleus. . Contains haemoglobin. !. Haemoglobin is an o-ygen carrying protein pigment 'hich gives the .BC the colour red. ". Hb contains haem groups 'hich contains iron. /t is the site of o-ygen binding. #. 0ach haemoglobin molecules can bind up to four o-ygen molecules. #. 1ifespan of erythrocyte is 122 days. $. 3estroyed in the liver and spleen. %. )anufactured in the bone marro'.

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

'eucocytes $(BC% 1. Colourless and have a nucleus. 2. 1arger than .BC. . )ade from stem cells in bone marro'.

4eutrophil

Basophil

0osinophil

)onocyte

1ymphocyte

!. 1eucocytes can fight infectious diseases in the interstitial fluid. ". )eutrophils and monocytes are phagocytes. #. #osinophils and basophils release en*ymes that combat inflammation in allergic reactions and +ill parasitic orms. $. 'ymphocytes produce immune response against foreign substances. "latelets

1. Cell fragments from the bone marro'. 2. 4o nucleus. . /nvolved in blood clotting.

Human blood vessels

,rteries 1. Blood vessels that carry blood a ay from the heart. 2. &ransport blood 5uickly at high pressure ,due to heart6s pumping action). . &o 'ithstand such a high pressure( the 'alls of the aorta must be thick. !. &he muscle tissue enables the artery to constrict and dilate. ". 7orta is the main artery. #. &he blood pressure in the human aorta is about 122 mm Hg. $. 7rteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

Capillaries 1. &hin 'alled vessels $one cell thic+%. 2. 7llo' rapid gaseous e-change bet'een the blood and cells via diffusion. -eins 1. Brings bac+ blood to the heart. 2. 8mooth muscle layer in veins are thinner than that in arteries. . 'arge lumens and valves that maintain the one-'ay flo' of blood.

The human heart

The structure and function of the human heart. 1. Heart is situated bet'een the t'o lungs in the thoracic cavity. 2. "umps blood. . 9our chambers: a) t'o upper chambers ,atria) ; receive blood returning to the heart b) t'o lo'er chambers ,ventricle) ; pump blood out of the heart !. The muscular all of the left ventricle is thic+er than the right because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to all the parts of the body. ". -alves are present to allo blood to flo in only one direction. #. Bicuspid and tricuspid valve prevent blood from flo ing bac+ into the atria. $. Semi lunar valves prevent blood from flo ing bac+ into the ventricles hen the ventricle relax. %. <-ygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. =. 3eo-ygenated blood from the rest of the body enters the right atrium via the vena cava.

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

12. 7s blood fills the atria( the atria contract and push the blood into the t'o ventricles. 11. >hen the ventricles begin to contract( the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed( and blood is pushed out through the semi-lunar valves into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta. 12. 3eo-ygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries 'hile o-ygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body. 1 . &he first sound lub is caused by the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. 1!. &he second sound dub is caused by the closing of the semi-lunar valves.

The circulation of blood in humans

The pumping of the heart 1. &he heart is made up strong cardiac muscle. 2. Cardiac muscle is myogenic ,contract and rela- 'ithout the need to receive impulses from the nervous system). . &he cardiac muscles are interconnected enabling electrical signals to be conducted rapidly through the heart( and at the same time stimulate the cardiac muscle to contract in a coordinated 'ay.

"

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

Bundle of His fibres

Bundle branches +urkin@e fibres

!. &he coordination of the heart is initiated and coordinated by a pacemaker ,cluster of cells that sets the rate at 'hich the heart contracts). ". +acemaker: a) located at the 'all of the right atrium. b) generates electrical impulses. c) made of sinoatrial node ,87) node and atrioventricular ,7?) node d) regulated by parasympathetic ,slo's do'n) and sympathetic ,speeds up) nerves. e) controlled by adrenaline or epinephrine ,increases heartbeat rate during moments of fear or threat).

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

#. 87 node generates electrical impulses 'hich spread rapidly over the 'alls of both atria( causing both atria to contract. $. 9rom the 87 node( the impulses reach the 7? node. %. 9rom the 7? node( specialiAed muscle fibres ,bundle of His( bundle branches and +urkin@e) conduct the signals to the ape- of the heart and throughout the 'alls of the ventricles. =. &his causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out to the lungs and body. Contraction of s+eletal muscle around veins

1. >hen skeletal muscle contract( they s5ueeAe the veins and push blood through the veins. 2. &he veins have one-'ay valves that allo' blood to flo' only to'ards the heart.

Ho blood pressure is regulated

1. Blood pressure: a) +ressure e-erted on the 'all of the blood vessel. b) 9orce that drives blood through the arteries and capillaries. c) Highest in aorta and large arteries during systole ,the contraction of ventricles 'hen blood is pumped out of the aorta and pulmonary artery). d) 122 ,systolic) B%2 ,diastolic)mmHg e) .egulated by negative feedback mechanisms. 2. Baroreceptor ,arch of aorta) and carotid arteries in the neck detect blood pressure and send impulses to the medulla oblongata ,cardiovascular centre). Blood pressure .ncrease /ecrease .mpulse 8ent at faster rate 8ent at a slo'er rate Cardiac muscle >eaker 8tronger contraction Smooth muscle of artery .elaContract !esistance of blood flo 3ecrease /ncrease Blood vessels >iden ,?asodilation) 4arro' ,?asoconstriction) $

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

. &his brings the bp to normal value.

The circulatory system in humans, fish and amphibians

1. 9lat'orm does not need a circulatory system because o-ygen and digested materials can diffuse directly to all its body cells. .nsects <pen Human 9our chambers 3ouble 0ish Closed &'o chambers 8ingle &hree chambers 3ouble ,mphibians

Circulatory system Heart Circulatory system .nsects

1. <ne or more hearts pump the heamolymph through vessels and into the haemocoel. 2. Haemocoel contains soft internal organs and is filled 'ith haemolymph. . Here( chemical e-hange occurs bet'een the haemolymph and body cells. !. Haemolymph flo's out from the hearts into the haemocoel 'hen the hearts contract. ". >hen the hearts rela-( haemolymph is dra'n back into the hearts through pores called ostia. 0ish

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

1. 7 heart 'ith t'o main chambers( one atrium and one ventricle. 2. Blood leaving the ventricle 'ill travel to the gill capillaries 'here gaseous e-change occurs. . &he gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries the o-ygenated blood to the body ,systemic) capillaries. !. /n the systemic capillaries( o-ygen diffuses into the tissues 'hile carbon dio-ide diffuses out of the tissues and into the capillaries. ". &he deo-ygenated blood then returns to the atrium of the heart via veins. #. Single circulatory system 1 blood flo's in only one direction. ,mphibians

1. &hree chambered heart( consisting of t'o atria and one ventricle. 2. 3eo-ygenated blood from the body is delivered into the right atrium and o-ygenated blood from the lungs is delivered into the left atrium. . Blood from both atria then enters a single ventricle. !. 7lthough there is some mi-ing of o-ygenated and deo-ygenated blood inside the ventricle( most of the o-ygenated blood remains in the left portion of the ventricle. ". &he ventricle then pumps blood through the a) pulmocutaneous circulation ; leads to the gas e-change tissues( 'hich are the lungs and skin. - gaseous e-change occurs. - o-ygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. b) systemic circulation. - carries o-ygenated blood to body tissues and then returns deo-ygenated blood to the right atrium via the veins. #. 3ouble circulatory system ; blood flo's through the heart t'ice. Humans 1. 9our chambered heart( t'o atria and t'o completely separated ventricles. 2. 3eo-ygenated blood and o-ygenated blood do not mi-. . +ulmonary circulation: a) 3eo-ygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries. =

Biology Form 5: Chapter 1

b) &heses arteries carry the blood to the lungs( 'here it passes through the blood capillaries. c) &his enables the release of carbon dio-ide and the uptake of o-ygen from the air. !. 8ystemic circulation: a) Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body e-cept the lungs. b) &he o-ygenated blood from the lungs return to the left atrium and flo's into the left ventricle. c) Blood is then pumped to the body tissues through the aorta. ". 3ouble circulatory system ; blood flo's through the heart t'ice.

12