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CHNG I: MCH DIODE CHNG II: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG BJT CHNG III: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG FET CHNG 4: NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (RS) V TNG TR TI (RL) LN MCH KHUCH I

www.Updatesofts.com - 2005

TI LIU THAM KHO

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1. Fleeman. Electronic Devices, Discrete and intergrated. Printice Hall- International 1988 2. Boylestad and Nashelsky Electronic devices and Circuitstheory. Printice Hall- International 1988 3. J.Millman Micro Electronics, Digital and Analog, Circuits and Systems. Mc.Graw Hill Book Company 1979. 4. Couglin Operational Amplifiers and Linear intergrated circuits. Printice Hall- International 1988 5. Trng Vn Tm Gio trnh linh kin in t.

CHNG I: MCH DIODE

Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch. Ni dung: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 ng thng ly in. Diode trong mch in mt chiu. Diode trong mch in xoay chiu. Mch ct( Clippers). Mch ghim p( Clampers). Mch dng diode zener. Mch chnh lu bi p.

1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE): Xem mch hnh 1.1a

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng in thun chy qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

Trong :

I0 l dng in r nghch

=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln) =1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge =2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c: Tc E - VD - VR = 0 E = VD + RID (1.2)

Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode ID = f(VD) l im iu hnh Q. 1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU

- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn: ID = IR = 0mA ; VR = R.IR = 0V ; VD = E - VR = E

1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU 1.3.1 Tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng. 1.3.2 Mch chnh lu na sng. 1.3.3 Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. 1.3.4 Chnh lu ton sng dng cu Diode. 1.3.5 Chnh lu vi t lc. Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu. 1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng 1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m) chia cho chu k. Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:

Mt vi v d: Dng sng

Tr trung bnh

1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng: Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.

Vi th d:

Dng sng

Tr trung bnh v hiu dng

Hnh 1.6 1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k) Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch mch. Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7

Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch Ta c: - Bin nh ca vo(t) Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V - in th trung bnh ng ra:

(1.6)

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm

(1.8)

Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode. 1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b

- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)

- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)

l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l: VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V - Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11 (1.10) (1.9)

Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca 2 diode li. 1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode Mch c bn

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1 v D2 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c v li nh hnh 1.13

- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)

T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy: - in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l: Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V - in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l: VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13) (1.12)

l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2 dng in trung bnh qua ti. 1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn trn: - in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V - in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm

Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng 2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).

Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)

* H s sng d: (ripple factor) Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic

H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu. * Phng trnh in th sng d Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t in th:

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt chiu. Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC. chnh l dng in qua ti

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c

Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr 1.4. MCH CT (Clippers) 1.4.1 Mch ct ni tip. 1.4.2 Mch ct song song. Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt th d n gin v mch ct. 1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho th p ng ca mch ct cn bn i vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.

By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh 1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)

1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng

Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng (diode l tng)

* Mch c phn cc

Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode. Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l tng

- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V - Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li - Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V - Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi Hnh 1.26 l dng v bin ca ng ra v0

1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers) y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt diode v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu th 2 u t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng dn in). Mch ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27

Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy: - Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V

- Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V

im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng nhau. Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29

1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER: 1.6.1 Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh. 1.6.2 Ngun vi c nh v RL thay i. 1.6.3 Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo vi thay i. Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th mt chiu vz (in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h. 1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30

Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:

- Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h

Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi Pz=Vz.Iz (1.23) Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng) Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i 2 u RL. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch iu khin, bo v... 1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i Khi Vi c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti RL

Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh: VR=Vi - Vz Do dng IR cng c nh:

Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho bit, do dng in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:

Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax 1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i Xem li hnh 1.30 Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:

1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P 1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th. 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn.

1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k

- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn v D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh Vm - bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th VC2=Vm+VC1=2Vm - Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li np in 2Vm. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th nh nghch 2 u diode l 2Vm.

- Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i in th.

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng. - bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng. - in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn

u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn in, C2 np in n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k dng k tip D2 dn, C3 np in n VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th 2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D2, D4 dn, in th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ... in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm 2 u C1+C= l 3Vm 2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm

BI TP CUI CHNG 1
******
Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8 Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36

Bi 2: Xc nh VD2 v ID trong mch in hnh 1.37

Bi 3: Xc nh V0, v ID trong mch in hnh 1.38

Bi 4: Xc nh I, V1, V2 v V0 trong mch hnh 1.39

Bi 5: Xc nh V0, V1, ID1 v ID2 trong mch hnh 1.40

Bi 6: Xc nh V0 trong mch hnh 1.41

Bi 7: Xc nh I1, I2, ID2 trong mch hnh 1.42

Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43

Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V0 trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b

Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 1.45

Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47

Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

a. Xc nh VL, IL, IZ v IR nu RL=180 b. Xc nh gi tr ca RL sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca RL zener c th hot ng c. Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t 0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.

Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.

Chng II: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG BJT *******

Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng:

- Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh) vi ni B-E phn cc thun ni B-C phn cc nghch - Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun Ni B-C phn cc thun - Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no. Nh vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor nh th no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi thc hin mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca transistor thay i. Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v phng php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v cc tnh ca ngun in th 1 chiu. 2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS) Mch c bn nh hnh 2.1

Phng php chung phn gii mch phn cc gm ba bc: - Bc 1 : Dng mch in ng vo xc nh dng in ng vo (IB hoc IE). - Bc 2: Suy ra dng in ng ra t cc lin h IC=IB IC=IE - Bc 3:Dng mch in ng ra tm cc thng s cn li (in th ti cc chn, gia cc chn ca BJT...) p dng vo mch in hnh 2.1

* S bo ha ca BJT: S lin h gia IC v IB s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch. BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:

th BJT s i dn vo hot ng trong vng bo ha. T iu kin ny v lin h IC=IB ta tm c tr s ti a ca IB, t chn RB sao cho thch hp.

2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER - STABILIZED BIAS) Mch c bn ging mch phn cc c nh, nhng cc pht c mc thm mt in tr RE xung mass. Cch tnh phn cc cng c cc bc ging nh mch phn cc c nh.

* S bo ha ca BJT: Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu v cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha ICsat

Ta thy khi thm RE vo, ICsat nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc BJT d bo ha hn. 2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS) Mch c bn c dng hnh 2.3. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i thnh mch hnh 2.3b

Trong :

Mch nn - pht: VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE

Thay: IE=(1+)IB

Suy ra IC t lin h: IC=IB

* Cch phn tch gn ng: Trong cch phn cc ny, trong mt s iu kin, ta c th dng phng php tnh gn ng. l in tr ng vo ca BJT nhn t cc B khi c RE l:

Ta thy, nu xem ni tr ca ngun VBE khng ng k so vi (1+)RE th Ri=(1+)RE. Nu Ri>>R2 th dng IB<<I2 nn I1# I2, ngha l R2//Ri # R2. Do in th ti chn B c th c tnh mt cch gn ng:

V Ri=(1+)RE # RE nn thng trong thc t ngi ta c th chp nhn cch tnh gn ng ny khi RE 10R2. Khi xc nh xong VB, VE c th tnh bng:

Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im tnh iu hnh Q c xc nh bi IC v VCE nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u im ca mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht RE v h s rt nhy i vi nhit mc d khi c RE khuch i ca BJT c suy gim. 2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback) y cng l cch phn cc ci thin n nh cho hot ng ca BJT

2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC Mch phn cc bng cu chia in th v hi tip in th rt thng dng. Ngoi ra ty trng hp ngi ta cn c th phn cc BJT theo cc dng sau y thng qua cc bi tp p dng. 2.5.1. Xc nh VC, VB ca mch hnh 2.6 2.5.2. Xc nh VCE, IE ca mch hnh 2.7 2.5.3. Xc nh VC, VB, VE ca mch hnh 2.8

2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC Khi thit k mch phn cc, ngi ta thng dng cc nh lut cn bn v mch in nh nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchoff, nh l Thevenin..., t cc thng s bit tm ra cc thng s cha bit ca mch in. Phn sau l mt vi th d m t cng vic thit k. 2.6.1. Th d 1: Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9. Xc nh VCC, RC, RB.

T ng thng ly in: VCE=VCC-RCIC ta suy ra VCC=20V

c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: RB=470K; RC=2.4K.

Chn

RB=1,2M

2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11

in tr R1, R2 khng th tnh trc tip t in th chn B v in th ngun. mch hot ng tt, ta phi chn R1, R2 sao cho c VB mong mun v sao cho dng qua R1, R2 gn nh bng nhau v rt ln i vi IB. Lc

2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH BJT khng nhng ch c s dng trong cc mch in t thng thng nh khuch i tn hiu, dao ng... m cn c th c dng nh mt ngt in (Switch). Hnh 2.12 l m hnh cn bn ca mt mch o (inverter).

Ta thy in th ng ra ca VC l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng vo). Lu l y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th 1 chiu ni vo cc thu. Mch o phi c thit k sao cho im iu hnh Q di chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi. iu ny c ngha l IC=ICEO 0mA khi IB=0mA v VCE=VCEsat=0V khi IC=ICsat (tht ra VCEsat thay i t 0,1V n 0,3V) - hnh 2.12, Khi Vi=5V, BJT dn v phi thit k sao cho BJT dn bo ha.

 mch trn, khi vi=5V th tr s ca IB l:

Th iu kin trn ta thy:

nn tha mn BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha. - Khi vi=0V, IB=0A, BJT ngng v IC=ICEO=0mA; in th gim qua RC lc ny l 0V, do : VC=VCC-RCIC=5V - Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:

Nu coi VCEsat c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:

Nh vy ta c th coi Rsat#0 khi n c mc ni tip vi in tr hng K.

- Khi vi=0V, BJT ngng, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht c k hiu l Rcut-off

Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h Th d: Xc nh RC v RB ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu ICsat=10mA

Khi bo ha:

Ta chn IB=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha

Vy ta thit k: RC=1K RB=150K Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung 2 mi ni ca BJT. Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)

Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: ton=td+tr (2.14) td: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i tr: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i.

Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: toff=ts+tf (2.15) ts: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i tf: Thi gian t khi IC 90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i. Thng thng toff > ton

Th d 1 BJT bnh thng: ts=120ns ; tr=13ns tf=132ns ; td=25ns Vy: ton=38ns ; toff=132ns So snh vi 1 BJT c bit c chuyn mch nhanh nh BSV 52L ta thy: ton=12ns; toff=18ns. Cc BJT ny c gi l transistor chuyn mch (switching transistor) 2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT Xem mch in hnh 2.17

Gi s ta a mt tn hiu xoay chiu c dng sin, bin nh vo chn B ca BJT nh hnh v. in th chn B ngoi thnh phn phn cc VB cn c thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu vi(t) chng ln. vB(t)=VB+vi(t) Cc t C1 v C2 ng vo v ng ra c chn nh th no c th xem nh ni tt - dung khng rt nh - tn s ca tn hiu. Nh vy tc dng ca cc t lin lc C1, C2 l cho thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu i qua v ngn thnh phn phn cc mt chiu.

V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu re hay mch tng ng theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n gin v y * Dng n gin

* Dng y

Hnh 2.20

Do ngun ph thuc ib c th thay th bng ngun gm.vbe 2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG 2.9.1 Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n nh cc pht. 2.9.2 Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia in th v n nh cc pht. 2.9.3 Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n nh cc pht. Tn hiu a vo cc nn B, ly ra cc thu C. Cc pht E dng chung cho ng vo v ng ra 2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n nh cc pht Mch c bn nh hnh 2.21 v mch tng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.22

Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit Tr s re c tnh t mch phn cc:

T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch. * li in th:

Du - cho thy vo v vi ngc pha

 tnh tng tr ra ca mch, u tin ta ni tt ng vo (vi=0); p mt ngun gi tng c tr s vo vo pha ng ra nh hnh 2.23, xong lp t s

Khi vi=0 ib = 0 ib=0 (tng ng mch h) nn

Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE (nh hnh 2.24) hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr RE (hnh 2.26)

Phn gii mch ta s tm c:

Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho RE=0 2.9.2. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia in th v n nh cc pht

y l dng mch rt thng dng do c n nh tt. Mch c bn nh hnh 2.27 v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.28

So snh hnh 2.28 vi hnh 2.22 ta thy hon ton ging nhau nu thay RB=R1//R2 nn ta c th suy ra cc kt qu:

Ch : Trong mch in hnh 2.27, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE cc pht (hnh 2.29) hoc ni thng cc pht E xung mass (hnh 2.30) th trong mch tng ng cng khng cn s hin din ca RE

Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho RE=0

2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n nh cc pht Mch tng qut nh hnh 2.31 v mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 2.32

* li in th:

* Tng tr ra:

: ni tt ng vo (vi=0) ib=0 v ib=0 (2.47)

Zo=RC//RB

Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch c suy ra khi cho RE=0

2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG Cn gi l mch khuch i theo cc pht (Emitter fllower). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 2.33 v mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 2.34

Nh kt qu c thy phn sau, im c bit ca mch ny l li in th nh hn v gn bng 1, tn hiu vo v ra cng pha, tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra li rt nh nn tc dng gn nh bin th. V cc l do trn, mch cc thu chung thng c dng lm mch m (Buffer) gip cho vic truyn tn hiu t hiu sut cao nht.

* Tng tr ra Zo Ni tt ng vo (vi=0), p 1 in th vo ng ra

Ch : - Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in th nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay RB=R1//R2 - Mch cng c th c mc thm 1 in tr RC nh hnh 2.37. Cc cng thc trn vn ng khi thay RB=R1//R2. Tng tr vo Zi v tng tr ra Z0 khng thay i v RC khng lm nh hng n cc nn v cc pht. RC a vo ch lm nh hng n vic xc nh im tnh iu hnh.

2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG Dng mch thng dng v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.38

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN 2.12.1 Mch khuch i cc pht chung. 2.12.2 Mch khuch i cc thu chung. 2.12.3 Mch khuch i cc nn chung. Vic phn gii cc mch dng BJT theo thng s h cng tng ng nh kiu mu re. y ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit m ch dng li nhng kt qu quan trng nht ca mch. Cc thng s h thng c nh sn xut cho bit. Ngoi ra ta cn nh n cc lin h gia 2 mch tng ng

2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung Th d ta xem mch hnh 2.39a v mch tng ng hnh 2.39b

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c - Tng tr vo Zi=R1//R2//Zb vi: Zb=hie+(1+hfe)RE#hie+hfeRE (2.56)

- Tng tr ra: Zo=RC

(2.57)

Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng CE hoc mch in khng c RE (chn E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s hin din ca RE Cc kt qu s l:

2.12.2. Mch khuch i cc thu chung Xem mch hnh 2.40a vi mch tng ng 2.40b

- Tng tr vo: Zi=R1//R2//Zb

- Tng tr ra: Mch tnh tng tr ra nh hnh 2.40c

Thng thng hie << hfeRE Av # 1 - li dng in:

2.12.3. Mch khuch i cc nn chung Dng mch v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.41

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.13. PHN GII THEO THNG S h Y im quan trng trong cch phn gii theo thng s h y l cng thc tnh cc thng s ca mch khuch i c th p dng cho tt c cc cch rp. Ch cn ch l mch cc pht chung l hie, hfe, hre, hoe; mch cc nn chung l hib, hfb, hrb, hob v mch cc thu chung l hic, hfc, hrc, hoc. M hnh sau y l mch tng ng tng qut ca BJT theo thng s h mt cch y , ngi ta xem BJT nh mt t cc.

Khc vi phn trc, y li dng in Ai c xc nh trc.

Nu hoRL << 1 Ai # hf

Ta tm li c dng quen thuc Zi=hi nu s hng th hai rt nh so vi s hng th nht - Tng tr ra Zo L t s ca in th ng ra v dng in ng ra khi ng vo ni tt (vs=0)

Ta s tm li c dng quen thuc Zo=1/ho khi s hng th hai (ca mu s) khng ng k so vi s hng th nht.

BI TP CUI CHNG II
******* Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in VCC=24V, BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti ICQ=4mA, VCEQ=8v. Chn VE=1/8VCC. Dng in tr c gi tr tiu chun. Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v ICsat=8mA. Hy thit k vi IB=120%IBmax v dng in tr tiu chun.

Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 2.45 a. Xc nh cc tr phn cc IB, IC, VE, VCE . b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th

ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch

Bi 4: Trong mch in hnh 2.46 a. Xc nh tr phn cc IC, VC, VE, VCE

.

b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av=vo/vi ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch.

Bi 5: Trong mch in hnh 2.47 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh Zi, Av c . p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av

Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 2.48

c. Nhn xt g gia vo1 v vo2

Bi 7: Trong mch in hnh 2.49 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av c. p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av.

Bi 8: Trong

mch in hnh 2.50, Hy xc nh:

CHNG III: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG FET

**********

FET, s lin h gia ng vo v ng ra khng tuyn tnh nh BJT. Mt s khc bit na l BJT ngi ta dng s bin thin ca dng in ng vo (IB) lm cng vic iu khin, cn FET, vic iu khin l s bin thin ca in th ng vo VGS. Vi FET cc phng trnh lin h dng phn gii mch l: IG = 0A (dng in cc cng) ID = IS (dng in cc pht = dng in cc ngun).

FET c th c dng nh mt linh kin tuyn tnh trong mch khuch i hay nh mt linh kin s trong mch logic. E-MOSFET thng dng trong mch s hn, c bit l trong cu trc CMOS. 3.1 PHN CC JFET V DE-MOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM: 3.1.1 Phn cc c nh. 3.1.2 Phn cc t ng. 3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th. V khi iu hnh theo kiu him, 2 loi FET ny u hot ng in th cc thot dng so vi cc ngun v in th cc cng m so vi cc ngun (th d knh N), nn c cng cch phn cc. tin vic phn gii, y ta kho st trn JFET knh N. Vic DE-MOSFET iu hnh theo kiu tng (in th cc cng dng so vi in th cc ngun) s c phn tch phn sau ca chng ny. 3.1.1 Phn cc c nh: Dng mch nh hnh 3.1

Ta c: IG = 0; VGS = -RGIG - VGG RGIG = 0 VGS = -VGG

(3.1)

ng thng VGS=-VGG c gi l ng phn cc. Ta cng c th xc nh c ID t c tuyn truyn. im iu hnh Q chnh l giao im ca c tuyn truyn vi ng phn cc. T mch ng ra ta c: (3.2) VDS = VDD - RDID y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra: VS = 0 VD = VDS = VDD - RDID VG = VGS = -VGG 3.1.2 Phn cc t ng: y l dng phn cc thng dng nht cho JFET. Trong kiu phn cc ny ta ch dng mt ngun in mt chiu VDD v c thm mt in tr RS mc cc ngun nh hnh 3.3

V IG = 0 nn VG = 0 v ID = IS VGS = VG - VS = -RSID (3.3) y l phng trnh ng phn cc. Trong trng hp ny VGS l mt hm s ca dng in thot ID v khng c nh nh trong mch phn cc c nh. - Thay VGS vo phng trnh schockley ta tm c dng in thot ID.

- Dng ID cng c th c xc nh bng im iu hnh Q. l giao im ca ng phn cc vi c tuyn truyn.

Mch ng ra ta c: VDS = VDD-RDID-RSIS = VDD-(RD + RS)ID y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra: VS=RSID ; VG = 0; VD = VDD-RDID 3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th: Dng mch nh hnh 3.5

(3.5)

Ta c: VGS = VG - VS

VS = RSIS = RSID VGS = VG - RSID (3.7) y l phng trnh ng phn cc. Do JFET iu hnh theo kiu him nn phi chn R1, R2 v RS sao cho VGS < 0 tc

IDQ v VGSQ chnh l ta giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn truyn. Ta thy khi RS tng, ng phn cc nm ngang hn, tc VGS m hn v dng ID nh hn. T im iu hnh Q, ta xc nh c VGSQ v IDQ. Mt khc: VDS = VDD - (RD + RS)ID (3.8) (3.9) VD = VDD - RDID VS = RSID (3.10) 3.2 DE-MOSFET IU HNH KIU TNG: 3.2.1Phn cc bng cu chia in th. 3.2.2 Phn cc bng hi tip in th. Ta xt DE-MOSFET knh N.

 iu hnh theo kiu tng, ta phi phn cc sao cho VGS >0 nn ID >IDSS, do ta phi ch n dng thot ti a IDmax m DE-MOSFET c th chu ng c. 3.2.1 Phn cc bng cu chia in th: y l dng mch phn cc thng dng nht. Nn ch l do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn khng th dng cch phn cc t ng. Cc in tr R1, R2 , RS phi c chn sao cho VG>VS tc VGS >0. Th d ta xem mch phn cc hnh 3.7.

- c tuyn truyn c xc nh bi: IDSS = 6mA VGS(off) =-3v

- ng phn cc c xc nh bi: VGS = VG-RSID

Vy VGS(off) = 1.5volt - ID(mA). 0,15 (k) T th hnh 3.8 ta suy ra: IDQ =7.6mA VGSQ = 0.35v VDS = VDD - (RS+RD)ID = 3.18v 3.2.2 Phn cc bng mch hi tip in th: Mch c bn hnh 3.9

- c tuyn truyn ging nh trn. - ng phn cc xc nh bi: VGS = VDS = VDD - RDID trng vi ng thng ly in. V hai c tuyn ny ta c th xc nh c IDQ v VGSQ 3.3 MCH PHN CC E-MOSFET: 3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th. 3.3.2 Phn cc bng cu chia in th.

(3.11)

Do E-MOSFET ch phn cc theo kiu tng (VGS >0 knh N v VGS <0 knh P), nn ngi ta thng dng mch phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th. E-MOSFET knh N khi VGS cn nh hn VGS(th) th dng thot ID =0 mA, khi VGS >VGS(th) th ID c xc nh bi: H s k c xc nh t cc thng s ca nh sn xut. Thng nh sn xut cho bit VGS(th) v mt dng ID(on) tng ng vi mt in th VGS(on). Suy ra:

xc nh v v c tuyn truyn ngi ta xc nh thm 2 im: mt im ng vi VGS <VGS(on) v mt im ng vi VGS >VGS(on)

3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th:

V IG = 0 nn VD = VG v VGS = VDS VGS = VDS = VDD - RDID (3.13) Ta thy ng phn cc trng vi ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn truyn l im iu hnh Q. 3.3.2 Phn cc bng cu chia in th: Mch ny thng dng hn v c dng nh hnh 3.13

T mch cng ngun ta c: VG = VGS - RSID VGS = VG - RSID y l phng trnh ng phn cc.

(3.14)

Do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn ta phi chn R1, R2, RS sao cho: VGS >VS = RSID tc VGS >0 Giao im ca c tuyn truyn v ng phn cc l im iu hnh Q. T th ta suy ra IDQ v VGSQ v t ta c th tm c VDS, VD, VS ...

3.4 MCH KT HP BJT V FET: n nh im tnh iu hnh cho FET, ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc kt hp vi BJT. BJT y ng vai tr nh mt ngun dng in. Mch phn cc cho BJT thng dng l mch cu chia in th hay n nh cc pht. Th d ta xc nh VD v VC ca mch hnh 3.15.

l: RE = 288k >10R2 = 240k nn ta c th p dng phng php tnh gn ng:

Ta c th gii phng trnh trn tm VGS. n gin hn ta dng phng php th. Cch v c tuyn truyn nh phn trc. T th ta suy ra: VGS=-3.7volt. T : VC = VB - VGS = 7.32v

Ngi ta cng c th dng FET nh mt ngun dng in n nh phn cc cho BJT nh hnh 3.17. Sinh vin th phn gii xc nh VC, VD ca mch. 3.5 THIT K MCH PHN CC DNG FET: Cng vic thit k mch phn cc dng FET tht ra khng ch gii hn cc iu kin phn cc. Ty theo nhu cu, mt s cc iu kin khc cng phi c ti, nht l vic n nh im tnh iu hnh. T cc thng s ca linh kin v dng mch phn cc c la chn, dng cc nh lut Kirchoff, nh lut Ohm... v phng trnh Schockley hoc c tuyn truyn, ng phn cc... xc nh cc thng s cha bit. Tng qut trong thc hnh, thit k mt mch phn cc dng FET, ngi ta thng chn im iu hnh nm trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh. Tr s tt nht thng c chn l hoc . Ngoi ra, VDS cng khng c vt qu tr s ti a m FET c th chu ng c. Th d: Trong mch in hnh 3.18a, chn ID = 2.5 mA, VD = 12v. Dng FET c IDSS = 6mA, VGS(off) =-3v. Xc nh RD v RS.

T c tuyn truyn Khi ID = 2.5mA th VGS=-1v. Vy: VGS=-RSID (RS =-VGS/ID =0.4k (chn RS = 390)

3.6 TNH KHUCH I CA FET V MCH TNG NG XOAY CHIU TN HIU NH: Ngi ta cng c th dng FET khuch i tn hiu nh nh BJT. JFET v DE-MOSFET khi iu hnh theo kiu him c dng mch ging nhau. im khc nhau ch yu JFET v DE-MOSFET l tng tr vo ca DE-MOSFET ln hn nhiu (sinh vin xem li gio trnh linh kin in t). Trong lc BJT, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thu) c iu khin bng dng in ng vo (dng cc nn), th FET, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thot) c iu khin bng mt in th nh ng vo (hiu th cng ngun VGS). BJT ta c li dng in th FET c truyn dn gm. Vi tn hiu nh, mch tng ng xoay chiu ca FET nh hnh 3.19a, trong r l tng tr vo ca FET.

JFET, r khong hng chc n hng trm M, trong lc MOSFET thng hng trm n hng ngn M. Do , thc t ngi ta c th b r trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19b). rd l tng tr ra ca FET, c nh ngha: tc ty thuc vo im iu hnh, rd c th thay i t vi chc k n vi chc M. rd v gm thng c nh sn xut cho bit di dng rd=1/yos; gm=yfs mt im iu hnh no . Nu trong mch thit k, RD (in tr ni t cc thot ln ngun) khng ln lm (vi k), ta c th b rd trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19c).

3.7 MCH KHUCH I DNG JFET HOC DE-MOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM: 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 Mch cc ngun chung. Mch cc ngun chung vi in tr cc ngun RS. Mch khuch i cc thot chung. Mch khuch i cc cng chung.

3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung: C th dng mch phn cc c nh (hnh 3.20), mch phn cc t ng (hnh 3.21) hoc mch phn cc bng cu chia in th (hnh 3.22). Mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 3.23.

Trong Ri=RG hnh 3.20 v 3.21; Ri=R1 //R2 hnh 3.22. Phn gii mch ta tm c:

- Tng tr ra: Z0 = rd //RD (3.17) 3.7.2 li in th ca mch khuch i cc ngun chung vi in tr RS : Gi s ta xem mch hnh 3.24 vi mch tng ng hnh 3.25.

3.7.3 Mch khuch i cc thot chung hay theo ngun(Common Drain or source follower) Ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc t ng hoc phn cc bng cu chia in th nh hnh 3.26 v hnh 3.27

Mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 3.28. Trong : Ri=RG trong hnh 3.26 v Ri = R1 //R2 trong hnh 3.27. - li in th: Ta c: v0 = (gmvgs)( RS //rd) Vgs = vi - v0

- Tng tr vo Zi = Ri (3.20) - Tng tr ra: Ta thy RS song song vi rd v song song vi ngun dng in gmvgs. Nu ta thay th ngun dng in ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi in tr 1/gm v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z0, ta tm c tng tr ra ca mch: (3.21) Z0 = RS //rd // 1/gm

3.7.4 Mch khuch i cc cng chung: ( Common-gate circuit) Mch cn bn v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 3.29a v 3.29b.

3.8 MCH KHUCH I DNG E-MOSFET: Do E-MOSFET ch iu hnh theo kiu tng, nn thng c phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th. Th d: Ta xem mch hnh 3.30a c mch tng ng xoay chiu hnh 3.30b.

Thng thng gmRG >>1 nn AV = -gm(RG //rd //RD) Nhng RG thng rt ln nn AV -gm(rd //RD) (3.25) - Xc nh gi tr ca gm: gm thng c nh sn xut cho bit mt s iu kin phn cc c bit, hay c th c tnh t im tnh iu hnh. Hoc gm c th c tnh mt cch gn ng t cng thc: gm = 2k[VGS - VGS(th)] vi k c tr s trung bnh khong 0.3mA/V2. - Tng tr vo:

- Tng tr ra: Z0 = RD //rd //RG 3.9 THIT K MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:

(3.27)

Vn thit k mch khuch i dng FET y gii hn ch tm cc iu kin phn cc, cc tr s ca linh kin th ng c c li in th mong mun. Th d: Thit k mch khuch i phn cc t ng dng JFET nh hnh 3.31 sao cho li in th bng 10.

RG nn chn kh ln khng lm gim tng tr vo ca mch. Th d ta c th chn RG= 10M.

BI TP CUI CHNG III

*************

Bi 1: Xc nh ID, VDS, VD v VS ca mch hnh 3.32

Bi 2: mch hnh 3.33, cho VDS = 8v. Xc nh ID, VD, VS, VGS.

Bi 3: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc t ng dng JFET c IDSS=8mA; VGS(off)=-6v v im iu hnh Q IDQ = 4mA vi ngun cung cp VDD= +14v. Chn RD = 3RS. Bi 4: Thit k mt mch phn cc bng cu chia in th dng DE-MOSFET vi IDSS = 10mA, VGS(off) = -4v c im iu hnh Q IDQ = 2.5mA v dng ngun cp in VDD=24v. Chn VG=4v v RD=2.5RS vi R1=22M. Bi 5: Tnh Zi, Z0 v AV ca mch in hnh 3.34

Bi 6: Xc nh gi tr ca RD v RS trong mch in hnh 3.35 khi c phn cc VGSQ = 1/2VGS(off) v VDSQ = 1/2VDD. Tnh li in th trong trng hp ny.

Bi 7: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng nh hnh 3.36, sao cho li in th l 8. gii hn bc thit k, cho VGSQ gn tr s ti a ca gm, th d nh VGS(off)/4.

Bi 8: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng hnh 3.37 sao cho li in th bng 5. Chn VGSQ=VGS(off)/4.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHNG 4: NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (RS) V TNG TR TI (RL) LN MCH KHUCH I

*********
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng s ca mch khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem nh l tng (khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr RS v mch c ti RL. Ni tr RS v ti RL nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr vo, tng tr ra, li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho st nh hng ca RS v RL ln cc thng s. 4.1 H THNG 2 CNG (two-port systems)
Ngi ta thng xem BJT v FET nh mt h thng 2 cng (hay t cc) nh hnh 4.1

Trong vi, ii, Zi ln lt l in th (tn hiu), dng in v tng tr ca ng vo. v0, i0, Z0 l in th, dng in v in tr ca ng ra. AVNL, AINL l li in th v li dng in ca h thng. Ton b cc thng s ny c nh ngha khi ng ra khng mc ti v khng c in tr ngun RS. p dng nh l Thevenin hai cc ca ng ra, ta c: Zth=Z0=R0 Ngun in th Thevenin Eth l in th mch h gia 2 u ng ra, l v0. Vy:

Nn Eth=AVNL.vi
Ta c th dng Ri=Zi=vi/ii biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin Eth=AVNL.Vi v Z0=R0 biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.

 th li mch tng ng ny, ta th tm Z0 v AVNL. tm Z0, ta ni tt ng vo tc vi=0v, t AVNL.vi=0v v tng ng vi mch ni tt, do Z0=R0 nh nh ngha pha trn. S vng mt ca ti s a n i0=0 v in th gim qua R0 l VR0=0. Do ng ra h chnh bng ngun AVNL.vi.

Th d: Cho mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 4.3. Hy v mch tng ng 2 cng.

Gii: Phn gii mch ny ta tm c: Zi=1.07k; Z0=3k; AVNL=-280.11 (xem li chng 2)

Dng cc d kin ny ta v li mch tng ng 2 cng nh hnh 4.4.

Du tr trong ngun in th ph thuc c ngha l ngun in th tht s ngc vi ngun iu khin ch nh trn hnh v. N cng cho thy lch pha 1800 gia in th ng vo v ng ra. Trong th d trn, in tr RC=3k c a vo xc nh li in th khng ti. S phn tch trong chng ny s xem cc in tr phn cc l thnh phn ca li khng ti, ti RL s c ni vo cc cc ca ng ra.

4.2 HIU NG CA TNG TR TI RL Phn ny, ta xem nh hng ca tng tr ti RL i vi kiu mu 2 cng. (xem hnh 4.5)

p dng cng thc cu chia in th mch ng ra ta c:

Tuy Ri thay i ty theo dng mch, nhng dng in ng vo lun lun c xc nh bi:

li dng in nh vy c th tm c t li in th, tng tr vo v in tr ti. ng thng ly in ng: (xoay chiu)

c xem nh ni tt v ti ca mch in c xem l RL v in tr cc thu RC mc song song vi nhau. Tc dng ca in tr ti RL lm cho ng thng ly in ng c dc ng hn dng in ly in tnh. im ch quan trng l c 2 ng thng ny u qua cng mt im Q.

Khi cha mc ti RL, nu ta p mt tn hiu nh hnh sin vo cc nn ca transistor , dng in cc nn ca transistor s bin ng t IB1n IB3 nn in th ng ra VCE cng bin ng nh hnh v. Nu ta mc ti RL vo, v s bin ng ca IB vn khng thay i nhng dc ca ng thng ly in thay i (ng hn) nn tn hiu ra VCE nh hn.

4.3 NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN RS

By gi ta quay li ng vo ca h thng 2 cng v kho st nh hng ca ni tr ca ngun tn hiu ln li ca mch khuch i.

Hnh 4.8 m t mt ngun tn hiu VS c ni tr RS c p vo ng vo ca h thng 2 cng cn bn.

T nh ngha ca Zi v AVNL ta thy chng khng b nh hng bi ni tr RS nhng tng tr ra c th b nh hng bi RS. T hnh 4.8, ta thy tn hiu vi a vo h thng 2 cng by gi l:

Nh vy nu ni tr ngun RS cng ln th li ca mch cng nh (do tn hiu vo vi nh).

Vi h thng 2 cng bn trn ta c:

4.4 NH HNG CHUNG CA RS V RL: Hnh 4.9 l mt ngun tn hiu vi ni tr RS v mt ti RL c mc vo h thng 2 cng vi cc thng s ring Zi=Ri, AVNL, Z0=R0 nh nh ngha.

 ng vo ta c:

li ton mch:

Ngoi ra:

V iS =ii nn Ais=Ai tc phng trnh (4.6) v (4.7) cho cng mt kt qu. Phng trnh (4.5) cho thy c hai RS v RL u c tc dng lm gim khuch i. 4.5 MCH CC PHT CHUNG DNG BJT:

4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4

Mch phn cc c nh. Mch dng cu chia in th. Mch cc pht chung khng t phn dng. Mch hi tip cc thu.

Trong phn ny ta xt cc dng khc nhau ca mch khch i cc pht chung dng BJT vi nh hng ca RS v RL. S phn gii chi tit s khng c cp n do qu quen thuc. y ta ch a ra cc kt qu chnh. 4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh:
Kiu mch phn cc c nh c xc nh cc chi tit trong cc phn trc. Mch tng ng vi ni tr ngun RS v ti RL nh hnh 4.10.

Ta c:

Vi mch tng ng kiu mu re nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c nh, ta phn gii v s tm c cng kt qu.

tnh AVS, t mch tng 2 cng ta c:

4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th:

Vi mch dng cu chia in th (hnh 4.12), ti RL c ni cc thu.

4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng c t phn dng: Mch in nh hnh 4.13

Tng tr vo: Tng tr ra: Z0=RC

4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu: Dng mch nh hnh 4.14

4.6 MCH CC THU CHUNG:

Mch cc thu chung hay mch emitter-follower vi ti RL v ni tr ngun RS nh hnh 4.15. im quan trng cn ch l mch ny Z0 s b nh hng bi RS v Zi b nh hng bi RL. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li Zi v Z0 v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).

Trong : RE=RE //RL; ie=(+1)ib

T mch ng vo ta c:

vS=(RS+re)ib + (+1)REib

T phng trnh ny ta c th v mch tng ng:

T ta c:

Th d: Cho mch in hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca mch khi khng c ti l: Zi=157.54 k Z0=21.6 ( (khng c RS) AVNL=0.993 vi re=21.74, =65 Xc nh: a/ Gi tr mi ca Zi v Z0 khi c RL v RS.

Gii
a/ Ta c tng tr vo v tng tr ra khi c RS v RL l: Zi=RB //[re + RE //RL] = 75.46k Z0=RE //(RS/ + re)=30.08 b/ Ta c mch tng ng 2 cng:

4.7 MCH CC NN CHUNG:

Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.20 Tng tr vo v tng tr ra (Zi v Z0) cng ging nh trng hp khng ti. li in th v dng in c xc nh bi:

4.8 MCH DNG FET: 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng. in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng. Mch cc thot chung. Mch cc cng chung.

FET, do cc cng cch in hn khi cc ngun v cc thot, nn trong mch khuch i dng FET ti RL khng nh hng n tng tr vo Zi v ni tr ngun Rsig khng nh hng ln tng tr ra Z0.
4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng:

Xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 4.21. Ti RL c xem nh mc song song vi in tr RD trong mch tng ng vi tn hiu nh. Ta c cc kt qu sau:

4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng:

Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.21 nhng khng c t CS. Ta c kt qu:

4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung: Mch nh hnh 4.22

Tng tr vo Zi c lp vi RL v c xc nh bi Zi=RG li in th khi c ti cng ging nh khi khng c ti vi RS c thay bng RS //RL

4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung: Dng mch nh hnh 4.23

BI TP CUI CHNG IV
******

Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24 a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0

b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a.

c/ Tnh li in th AV=v0/vi bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng. d/ Xc nh li dng in Ai=i0/ii

e/ Xc nh AV, Zi, Z0 bng cch dng kiu mu re v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.

Bi 2: Cho mch in hnh 4.25

a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0
b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a.

c/ Xc nh Av=v0 /vi v AVS= v0 /vS. d/ Thay RS =1k, xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RS tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no? e/ Thay RS=1k, xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao khi RS tng. f/ Thay RL=5.6k.Xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RL tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no? (RS vn l 0.6k). Bi 3: Cho mch in hnh 4.26
a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0. b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh c cu a.

c/ Xc dnh AV v AVS.

d/ Thay RL=4.7k. Tm li AV, AVS. Nhn xt? e/ Thay RSig =1k (vi RL=4.7k). tm li AV v AVS. Nhn xt?
f/ Thay RL=4.7k, RSig=1k. Tm li Zi, Z0. Nhn xt?