Mc lc

CHNG I: MCH DIODE

CHNG II: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU
NH DNG BJT

CHNG III: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU
NH DNG FET

CHNG 4: NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU
(R
S
) V TNG TR TI (R
L
) LN MCH KHUCH I



www.Updatesofts.com - 2005










TI LIU THAM KHO
*****


1. Fleeman.
Electronic Devices, Discrete and intergrated.
Printice Hall- International 1988

2. Boylestad and Nashelsky
Electronic devices and Circuitstheory.
Printice Hall- International 1988

3. J.Millman
Micro Electronics, Digital and Analog, Circuits and Systems.
Mc.Graw Hill Book Company 1979.

4. Couglin
Operational Amplifiers and Linear intergrated circuits.
Printice Hall- International 1988

5. Trng Vn Tm
Gio trnh linh kin in t.












CHNG I: MCH DIODE


Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode
bn dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c
bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay
thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.
Ni dung:
1.1 ng thng ly in.
1.2 Diode trong mch in mt chiu.
1.3 Diode trong mch in xoay chiu.
1.4 Mch ct( Clippers).
1.5 Mch ghim p( Clampers).
1.6 Mch dng diode zener.
1.7 Mch chnh lu bi p.


1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):

Xem mch hnh 1.1a

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi I
D
l
dng in thun chy qua diode v V
D
l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

Trong : I
0
l dng in r nghch

=1 khi I
D
ln (vi mA tr ln)
=1 Khi I
D
nh v diode cu to bng Ge
=2 Khi I
D
nh v diode cu to bng Si
Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c:
E - V
D
- V
R
= 0
Tc E = V
D
+ RI
D
(1.2)
Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c
gi l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c
tuyn ca diode I
D
= f(V
D
) l im iu hnh Q.
1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU


- Ngc li khi E < V
K
, mch c xem nh h, nn:
I
D
= I
R
= 0mA ; V
R
= R.I
R
= 0V ; V
D
= E - V
R
= E





1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU
1.3.1 Tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng.
1.3.2 Mch chnh lu na sng.
1.3.3 Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia.
1.3.4 Chnh lu ton sng dng cu Diode.
1.3.5 Chnh lu vi t lc.
Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c
mc ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt
chiu.
1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng
1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu
Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s
trong mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc
0 (m) chia cho chu k.
Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng
tun hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:

Mt vi v d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh




1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng:
Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l
tr s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu I
DC
m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong
mt chu k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.













Vi th d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh v hiu dng





Hnh 1.6

1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k)
Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic
phn tch mch.
Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh
hnh 1.7



Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca v
i
(t) a vo mch
Ta c:
- Bin nh ca v
o
(t)
V
dcm
= V
m
- 0.7V (1.6)
- in th trung bnh ng ra:


- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l:
V
RM
=V
m
(1.8)
Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.
1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia
Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b

- bn k dng, diode D
1
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D
2
phn
cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)



- bn k m, diode D
2
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D
1
phn cc
nghch nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)



l trong 2 trng hp, I
L
u chy qua R
L
theo chiu t trn xung v dng
in u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u R
L
l:
V
dcm
=V
m
-0,7V (1.9)
V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l:
V
RM
=V
dcm
+V
m
=2V
m
-0,7V (1.10)
- Dng sng thng trc 2 u R
L
c din t hnh 1.11




Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u R
L
bng cch
i cc ca 2 diode li.
1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode
Mch c bn



- bn k dng ca ngun in, D
2
v D
4
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc
D
1
v D
2
phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch
in c v li nh hnh 1.13

- bn k m ca ngun in, D
1
v D
3
phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D
2
,
D
4
phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)

T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy:
- in th nh V
dcm
ngang qua hai u R
L
l:
V
dcm
=V
m
-2V
D
=V
m
-1.4V (1.12)
- in th nh phn cc nghch V
RM
mi diode l:
V
RM
=V
dcm
+V
D
=V
m
-V
D

V
RM
=V
m
-0,7V (1.13)

l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng
1/2 dng in trung bnh qua ti.
1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc
Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn
trn:
- in th nh 2 u R
L
l: V
dcm
=V
m
-0,7V
- in th trung bnh 2 u R
L
l: V
DC
=0,637V
dcm

Nu ta thay R
L
bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4,
t C s np nhanh n in th nh V
dcm
. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C
s khng phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l V
dcm
. y l trng
hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637V
dcm
n V
dcm
. Thc ra
ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d R
L
mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t
C np in n tr V
dcm
. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua R
L
cho n
khi gp bn k k tip t C mi np in li n V
dcm
v chu k ny c lp i lp li.
Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng 2 u t C (tc R
L
). Hiu th sng d nh i
nh c k hiu l V
r(p-p)
.





Do in th nh ti a l V
dcm
nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l
V
dcmin
=V
dcm
-V
r(p-p)




* H s sng d: (ripple factor)
Ta xem li dng sng 2 u R
L
. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh
in th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu V
DC
vi thnh phn sng d
xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.

V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca
thnh phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic



H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu.
* Phng trnh in th sng d
Nu gi i
c
l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v V
C
l in th 2 u
t in th:

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in i
c
l dng in mt
chiu.
Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l
I
DC
. chnh l dng in qua ti



Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.
Nu gi f
r
l tn s sng d, ta c

Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi
in dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=f
r


1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)
1.4.1 Mch ct ni tip.
1.4.2 Mch ct song song.

Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l
mt th d n gin v mch ct.
1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip
Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho th p ng ca mch ct cn bn
i vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.





By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh
hnh 1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo v
i
(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s
c dng nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh V
m
-V tc V
0
=V
i
-V (coi diode l tng)


1.4.2. Mch ct song song
* Mch cn bn c dng


Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng
dng (diode l tng)


* Mch c phn cc
Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng
sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode.
Th d: ta xc nh v
0
ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi v
i
c dng tam gic v diode
xem nh l tng


- Khi diode dn in: v
0
=V=4V
- Khi v
i
=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li
- Khi v
i
<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V
- Khi v
i
>V=4V, diode ngng dn V
o
= v
i

Hnh 1.26 l dng v bin ca ng ra v0


1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)
y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt
diode v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s
ca in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu
th 2 u t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng
dn in). Mch ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27



Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy:
- Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v
0
=0V
- Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in
khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10).
Lc ny ta c: v
0
=-2V



im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v v
o
lun
bng nhau.
Sinh vin th xc nh v
0
ca mch in hnh 1.29


1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:
1.6.1 Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh.
1.6.2 Ngun vi c nh v RL thay i.
1.6.3 Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo vi thay i.

Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn
ng trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun
in th mt chiu v
z
(in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h.
1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo v
i
v ti R
L
c nh
Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30



Khi v
i
v R
L
c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:
- Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch
v tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h




Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi
P
z
=V
z
.I
z
(1.23)
Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a P
ZM
=V
Z
I
ZM
ca diode zener (I
ZM
:
dng in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng)
Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th
chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng
i 2 u R
L
. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so
snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong
cc mch iu khin, bo v...
1.6.2. Ngun V
i
c nh v R
L
thay i
Khi V
i
c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr
ti R
L


Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th V
R
ngang qua in tr R s c
nh: V
R
=Vi - Vz
Do dng I
R
cng c nh:

Dng I
Z
s nh nht khi I
L
ln nht. Dng I
Z
c gii hn bi I
ZM
do nh sn
xut cho bit, do dng in nh nht qua R
L
l I
Lmin
phi tha mn:


Cui cng khi V
i
c nh, R
L
phi c chn trong khong R
Lmin
v R
Lmax

1.6.3. Ti R
L
c nh, in th ng vo V
i
thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30
Nu ta gi R
L
c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca
V
i
zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:




1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P
1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th.
1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn.

1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th
Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k


- bn k dng ca ngun in, D
1
dn v D
2
ngng. T C
1
np in n in
th nh V
m

- bn k m D
1
ngng v D
2
dn in. T C
2
np in n in th
V
C2
=V
m
+V
C1
=2V
m

- Bn k dng k tip, D
2
ngng, C
2
phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip
C
2
li np in 2V
m
. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn
k. in th nh nghch 2 u diode l 2V
m
.
- Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu
tng i in th.

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

- bn k dng ca ngun in D
1
dn, C
1
np in V
C1
=V
m
trong lc D
2

ngng.
- bn k m D
2
dn, C
2
np in V
C2
=V
m
trong lc D
1
ngng.
- in th ng ra V
0
=V
C1
+V
C2
=2V
m

1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn

u tin C
1
np in n V
C1
=V
m
khi D
1
dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D
2

dn in, C
2
np in n V
C2
=2V
m
(tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C
1
). Bn
k dng k tip D
2
dn, C
3
np in n V
C3
=2V
m
(D
1
v D
2
dn, D2 ngng nn in
th 2V
m
ca C
2
np vo C
3
). Bn k m k tip D
2
, D
4
dn, in th 2V
m
ca C
3
np
vo C
4
...
in th 2 u C
2
l 2V
m

2 u C
1
+C= l 3V
m

2 u C
2
+C
4
l 4V
m


BI TP CUI CHNG 1
******

Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8

Bi 1: Xc nh V
D
, V
R
v I
D
trong mch in hnh 1.36

Bi 2: Xc nh V
D2
v I
D
trong mch in hnh 1.37


Bi 3: Xc nh V
0
, v I
D
trong mch in hnh 1.38




Bi 4: Xc nh I, V
1
, V
2
v V
0
trong mch hnh 1.39


Bi 5: Xc nh V
0
, V
1
, I
D1
v I
D2
trong mch hnh 1.40


Bi 6: Xc nh V
0
trong mch hnh 1.41



Bi 7: Xc nh I
1
, I
2
, I
D2
trong mch hnh 1.42


Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43


Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V
0
trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b


Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v
0
trong mch hnh 1.45


Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47




Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

a. Xc nh V
L
, I
L
, I
Z
v I
R
nu R
L
=180
b. Xc nh gi tr ca R
L
sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng
sut
c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca R
L
zener c th hot ng c.

Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng V
L
=12V khi I
L
thay
i t 0 n 200mA. Xc nh R
S
v V
Z

b. Xc nh P
ZM
ca zener.


Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca v
i
sao cho V
L
=8V v
diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.















Chng II: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN
HIU NH DNG BJT
*******
Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng:
- Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh)
vi ni B-E phn cc thun
ni B-C phn cc nghch
- Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun
Ni B-C phn cc thun
- Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch
Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no.
Nh vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor
nh th no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi
thc hin mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca
transistor thay i.
Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v
phng php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v
cc tnh ca ngun in th 1 chiu.
2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)
Mch c bn nh hnh 2.1

Phng php chung phn gii mch phn cc gm ba bc:
- Bc 1 : Dng mch in ng vo xc nh dng in ng vo (I
B
hoc I
E
).
- Bc 2: Suy ra dng in ng ra t cc lin h I
C
=I
B
I
C
=I
E

- Bc 3:Dng mch in ng ra tm cc thng s cn li (in th ti cc
chn, gia cc chn ca BJT...)
p dng vo mch in hnh 2.1

* S bo ha ca BJT:
S lin h gia I
C
v I
B
s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay
khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch.
BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:

th BJT s i dn vo hot ng trong vng bo ha. T iu kin ny v lin h I
C
=I
B

ta tm c tr s ti a ca I
B
, t chn R
B
sao cho thch hp.


2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER - STABILIZED BIAS)
Mch c bn ging mch phn cc c nh, nhng cc pht c mc thm mt
in tr R
E
xung mass. Cch tnh phn cc cng c cc bc ging nh mch phn
cc c nh.

* S bo ha ca BJT:
Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu
v cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha I
Csat



Ta thy khi thm R
E
vo, I
Csat
nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc
BJT d bo ha hn.

2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)
Mch c bn c dng hnh 2.3. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i thnh mch hnh
2.3b



Trong :

Mch nn - pht:
V
BB
= R
BB
I
B
+V
BE
+R
E
I
E

Thay: I
E
=(1+)I
B


Suy ra I
C
t lin h: I
C
=I
B



* Cch phn tch gn ng:
Trong cch phn cc ny, trong mt s iu kin, ta c th dng phng php tnh
gn ng. l in tr ng vo ca BJT nhn t cc B khi c R
E
l:


Ta thy, nu xem ni tr ca ngun V
BE
khng ng k so vi (1+)R
E
th
R
i
=(1+)R
E
. Nu R
i
>>R
2
th dng I
B
<<I
2
nn I
1
# I
2
, ngha l R
2
//R
i
# R
2
. Do in
th ti chn B c th c tnh mt cch gn ng:

V R
i
=(1+)R
E
# R
E
nn thng trong thc t ngi ta c th chp nhn cch
tnh gn ng ny khi R
E
10R
2
.
Khi xc nh xong V
B
, V
E
c th tnh bng:

Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im
tnh iu hnh Q c xc nh bi I
C
v V
CE
nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u
im ca mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht R
E
v h s rt nhy i vi nhit
mc d khi c R
E
khuch i ca BJT c suy gim.

2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback)
y cng l cch phn cc ci thin n nh cho hot ng ca BJT

2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC
Mch phn cc bng cu chia in th v hi tip in th rt thng dng. Ngoi ra
ty trng hp ngi ta cn c th phn cc BJT theo cc dng sau y thng qua cc
bi tp p dng.
2.5.1. Xc nh V
C
, V
B
ca mch hnh 2.6
2.5.2. Xc nh V
CE
, I
E
ca mch hnh 2.7
2.5.3. Xc nh V
C
, V
B
, V
E
ca mch hnh 2.8




2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC
Khi thit k mch phn cc, ngi ta thng dng cc nh lut cn bn v mch
in nh nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchoff, nh l Thevenin..., t cc thng s
bit tm ra cc thng s cha bit ca mch in. Phn sau l mt vi th d m t cng
vic thit k.
2.6.1. Th d 1: Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9.
Xc nh V
CC
, R
C
, R
B
.


T ng thng ly in: V
CE
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
ta suy ra V
CC
=20V

c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: R
B
=470K; R
C
=2.4K.



Chn R
B
=1,2M

2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11


in tr R
1
, R
2
khng th tnh trc tip t in th chn B v in th
ngun. mch hot ng tt, ta phi chn R
1
, R
2
sao cho c V
B
mong mun v sao
cho dng qua R
1
, R
2
gn nh bng nhau v rt ln i vi I
B
. Lc

2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH
BJT khng nhng ch c s dng trong cc mch in t thng thng nh
khuch i tn hiu, dao ng... m cn c th c dng nh mt ngt in (Switch).
Hnh 2.12 l m hnh cn bn ca mt mch o (inverter).


Ta thy in th ng ra ca V
C
l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng
vo). Lu l y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th
1 chiu ni vo cc thu.
Mch o phi c thit k sao cho im iu hnh Q di chuyn t trng thi
ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi.
iu ny c ngha l I
C
=I
CEO
0mA khi I
B
=0mA v V
CE
=V
CEsat
=0V khi I
C
=I
Csat
(tht ra
V
CEsat
thay i t 0,1V n 0,3V)
- hnh 2.12, Khi V
i
=5V, BJT dn v phi thit k sao cho BJT dn bo ha.

mch trn, khi v
i
=5V th tr s ca I
B
l:


Th iu kin trn ta thy:

nn tha mn BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha.
- Khi v
i
=0V, I
B
=0A, BJT ngng v I
C
=I
CEO
=0mA; in th gim qua R
C
lc ny
l 0V, do :
V
C
=V
CC
-R
C
I
C
=5V
- Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:


Nu coi V
CEsat
c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:

Nh vy ta c th coi R
sat
#0 khi n c mc ni tip vi in tr hng K.
- Khi v
i
=0V, BJT ngng, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht c k hiu
l R
cut-off





Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h
Th d: Xc nh R
C
v R
B
ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu I
Csat
=10mA

Khi bo ha:


Ta chn I
B
=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha

Vy ta thit k: R
C
=1K
R
B
=150K
Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi
dn hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung
2 mi ni ca BJT.
Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)
- Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi
gian l:
t
on
=t
d
+t
r
(2.14)
t
d
: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i
t
r
: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i.
- Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi
gian l:
t
off
=t
s
+t
f
(2.15)
t
s
: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i
t
f
: Thi gian t khi I
C
90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i.
Thng thng t
off
> t
on


Th d 1 BJT bnh thng:
t
s
=120ns ; t
r
=13ns
t
f
=132ns ; t
d
=25ns
Vy: t
on
=38ns ; t
off
=132ns
So snh vi 1 BJT c bit c chuyn mch nhanh nh BSV 52L ta thy:
t
on
=12ns; t
off
=18ns. Cc BJT ny c gi l transistor chuyn mch (switching
transistor)

2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT
Xem mch in hnh 2.17



Gi s ta a mt tn hiu xoay chiu c dng sin, bin nh vo chn B
ca BJT nh hnh v. in th chn B ngoi thnh phn phn cc V
B
cn c thnh
phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu v
i
(t) chng ln.
v
B
(t)=V
B
+v
i
(t)
Cc t C
1
v C
2
ng vo v ng ra c chn nh th no c th xem nh ni
tt - dung khng rt nh - tn s ca tn hiu. Nh vy tc dng ca cc t lin lc C
1
,
C
2
l cho thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu i qua v ngn thnh phn phn cc mt
chiu.




V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu r
e
hay mch tng
ng theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n
gin v y
* Dng n gin


* Dng y

Hnh 2.20


Do ngun ph thuc i
b
c th thay th bng ngun g
m
.v
be


2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG
2.9.1 Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n
nh cc pht.
2.9.2 Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia
in th v n nh cc pht.
2.9.3 Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th
v n nh cc pht.

Tn hiu a vo cc nn B, ly ra cc thu C. Cc pht E dng chung cho
ng vo v ng ra
2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n
nh cc pht
Mch c bn nh hnh 2.21 v mch tng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.22



Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit
Tr s r
e
c tnh t mch phn cc:

T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch.
* li in th:


Du - cho thy v
o
v v
i
ngc pha


tnh tng tr ra ca mch, u tin ta ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0); p mt ngun gi
tng c tr s v
o
vo pha ng ra nh hnh 2.23, xong lp t s



Khi v
i
=0 i
b
= 0 i
b
=0 (tng ng mch h) nn

Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
(nh hnh 2.24)
hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay
chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr R
E
(hnh 2.26)



Phn gii mch ta s tm c:


Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho R
E
=0
2.9.2. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia in
th v n nh cc pht

y l dng mch rt thng dng do c n nh tt. Mch c bn nh hnh
2.27 v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.28

So snh hnh 2.28 vi hnh 2.22 ta thy hon ton ging nhau nu thay
R
B
=R
1
//R
2
nn ta c th suy ra cc kt qu:

Ch : Trong mch in hnh 2.27, nu ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
cc pht (hnh
2.29) hoc ni thng cc pht E xung mass (hnh 2.30) th trong mch tng ng
cng khng cn s hin din ca R
E


Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho R
E
=0

2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n
nh cc pht
Mch tng qut nh hnh 2.31 v mch tng ng xoay chiu c v
hnh 2.32


* li in th:






* Tng tr ra: : ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0) i
b
=0 v i
b
=0
Z
o
=R
C
//R
B
(2.47)
Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng
C
E
vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch
c suy ra khi cho R
E
=0

2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG
Cn gi l mch khuch i theo cc pht (Emitter fllower). Dng mch cn bn
nh hnh 2.33 v mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 2.34


Nh kt qu c thy phn sau, im c bit ca mch ny l li in th nh
hn v gn bng 1, tn hiu vo v ra cng pha, tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra li rt
nh nn tc dng gn nh bin th. V cc l do trn, mch cc thu chung thng c
dng lm mch m (Buffer) gip cho vic truyn tn hiu t hiu sut cao nht.


* Tng tr ra Z
o
Ni tt ng vo (v
i
=0), p 1 in th v
o
ng ra



Ch :
- Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in
th nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay
R
B
=R
1
//R
2

- Mch cng c th c mc thm 1 in tr RC nh hnh 2.37. Cc cng thc
trn vn ng khi thay R
B
=R
1
//R
2
. Tng tr vo Z
i
v tng tr ra Z
0
khng thay i
v R
C
khng lm nh hng n cc nn v cc pht. R
C
a vo ch lm nh hng
n vic xc nh im tnh iu hnh.

2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG
Dng mch thng dng v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.38


Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN
2.12.1 Mch khuch i cc pht chung.
2.12.2 Mch khuch i cc thu chung.
2.12.3 Mch khuch i cc nn chung.

Vic phn gii cc mch dng BJT theo thng s h cng tng ng nh kiu
mu re. y ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit m ch dng li nhng kt qu quan
trng nht ca mch. Cc thng s h thng c nh sn xut cho bit. Ngoi ra ta cn
nh n cc lin h gia 2 mch tng ng

2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung
Th d ta xem mch hnh 2.39a v mch tng ng hnh 2.39b

Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c
- Tng tr vo Z
i
=R
1
//R
2
//Z
b
(2.56)
vi: Z
b
=h
ie
+(1+h
fe
)R
E
#h
ie
+h
fe
R
E


- Tng tr ra: Z
o
=R
C
(2.57)


Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng C
E
hoc mch in khng c R
E

(chn E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s
hin din ca R
E

Cc kt qu s l:


2.12.2. Mch khuch i cc thu chung
Xem mch hnh 2.40a vi mch tng ng 2.40b



- Tng tr vo: Z
i
=R
1
//R
2
//Z
b



- Tng tr ra: Mch tnh tng tr ra nh hnh 2.40c


Thng thng h
ie
<< h
fe
R
E
A
v
# 1
- li dng in:

2.12.3. Mch khuch i cc nn chung
Dng mch v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.41


Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:

2.13. PHN GII THEO THNG S h Y
im quan trng trong cch phn gii theo thng s h y l cng thc tnh cc
thng s ca mch khuch i c th p dng cho tt c cc cch rp. Ch cn ch l
mch cc pht chung l h
ie
, h
fe
, h
re
, h
oe
; mch cc nn chung l h
ib
, h
fb
, h
rb
, h
ob
v
mch cc thu chung l h
ic
, h
fc
, h
rc
, h
oc
.
M hnh sau y l mch tng ng tng qut ca BJT theo thng s h mt cch
y , ngi ta xem BJT nh mt t cc.


Khc vi phn trc, y li dng in A
i
c xc nh trc.


Nu h
o
R
L
<< 1 A
i
# h
f



Ta tm li c dng quen thuc Z
i
=h
i
nu s hng th hai rt nh so vi s hng
th nht
- Tng tr ra Z
o

L t s ca in th ng ra v dng in ng ra khi ng vo ni tt (v
s
=0)

Ta s tm li c dng quen thuc Z
o
=1/h
o
khi s hng th hai (ca mu s)
khng ng k so vi s hng th nht.




BI TP CUI CHNG II
*******

Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in
V
CC
=24V, BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti I
CQ
=4mA, V
CEQ
=8v. Chn
V
E
=1/8V
CC
. Dng in tr c gi tr tiu chun.

Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v
I
Csat
=8mA. Hy thit k vi I
B
=120%I
Bmax
v dng in tr tiu chun.

Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 2.45
a. Xc nh cc tr phn cc I
B
, I
C
, V
E
, V
CE
.
b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c C
E
)
c. Tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th

ca mch (khng c C
E
)
d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc C
E
vo mch



Bi 4: Trong mch in hnh 2.46
a. Xc nh tr phn cc I
C
, V
C
, V
E
, V
CE .
b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c C
E
)
c. Tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th A
v
=v
o
/v
i
ca mch (khng c C
E
)
d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc C
E
vo mch.


Bi 5: Trong mch in hnh 2.47
a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh
b. Thit lp cng thc tnh Z
i
, A
v

c . p dng bng s tnh Z
i
v A
v



Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 2.48

c. Nhn xt g gia v
o1
v v
o2

Bi 7: Trong mch in hnh 2.49
a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh
b. Thit lp cng thc tnh tng tr vo Z
i
v li in th A
v

c. p dng bng s tnh Z
i
v A
v.



Bi 8: Trong mch in hnh 2.50, Hy xc nh:

























CHNG III: MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN
HIU NH DNG FET
**********

FET, s lin h gia ng vo v ng ra khng tuyn tnh nh BJT.
Mt s khc bit na l BJT ngi ta dng s bin thin ca dng in ng vo (I
B
)
lm cng vic iu khin, cn FET, vic iu khin l s bin thin ca in th ng
vo V
GS
.
Vi FET cc phng trnh lin h dng phn gii mch l:
I
G
= 0A (dng in cc cng)
I
D
= I
S
(dng in cc pht = dng in cc ngun).


FET c th c dng nh mt linh kin tuyn tnh trong mch khuch i hay
nh mt linh kin s trong mch logic. E-MOSFET thng dng trong mch s hn, c
bit l trong cu trc CMOS.
3.1 PHN CC JFET V DE-MOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM:
3.1.1 Phn cc c nh.
3.1.2 Phn cc t ng.
3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th.
V khi iu hnh theo kiu him, 2 loi FET ny u hot ng in th
cc thot dng so vi cc ngun v in th cc cng m so vi cc ngun (th d
knh N), nn c cng cch phn cc. tin vic phn gii, y ta kho st trn JFET
knh N. Vic DE-MOSFET iu hnh theo kiu tng (in th cc cng dng so vi
in th cc ngun) s c phn tch phn sau ca chng ny.
3.1.1 Phn cc c nh:
Dng mch nh hnh 3.1


Ta c: I
G
= 0; V
GS
= -R
G
I
G
- V
GG
R
G
I
G
= 0 V
GS
= -V
GG
(3.1)



ng thng V
GS
=-V
GG
c gi l ng phn cc. Ta cng c th xc
nh c I
D
t c tuyn truyn. im iu hnh Q chnh l giao im ca c tuyn
truyn vi ng phn cc.
T mch ng ra ta c:
V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.2)
y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra:
V
S
= 0
V
D
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D

V
G
= V
GS
= -V
GG

3.1.2 Phn cc t ng:
y l dng phn cc thng dng nht cho JFET. Trong kiu phn cc
ny ta ch dng mt ngun in mt chiu V
DD
v c thm mt in tr RS mc cc
ngun nh hnh 3.3


V I
G
= 0 nn V
G
= 0 v I
D
= I
S

V
GS
= V
G
- V
S
= -R
S
I
D
(3.3)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
Trong trng hp ny V
GS
l mt hm s ca dng in thot I
D
v khng
c nh nh trong mch phn cc c nh.
- Thay V
GS
vo phng trnh schockley ta tm c dng in thot I
D
.



- Dng I
D
cng c th c xc nh bng im iu hnh Q. l giao
im ca ng phn cc vi c tuyn truyn.

Mch ng ra ta c:
V
DS
= V
DD
-R
D
I
D
-R
S
I
S
= V
DD
-(R
D
+ R
S
)I
D
(3.5)
y l phng trnh ng thng ly in.
Ngoi ra: V
S
=R
S
I
D
; V
G
= 0; V
D
= V
DD
-R
D
I
D

3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th:
Dng mch nh hnh 3.5

Ta c: V
GS
= V
G
- V
S


V
S
= R
S
I
S
= R
S
I
D

V
GS
= V
G
- R
S
I
D
(3.7)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
Do JFET iu hnh theo kiu him nn phi chn R
1
, R
2
v R
S
sao cho
V
GS
< 0 tc

I
DQ
v V
GSQ
chnh l ta giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn
truyn.
Ta thy khi R
S
tng, ng phn cc nm ngang hn, tc V
GS
m hn v
dng I
D
nh hn. T im iu hnh Q, ta xc nh c V
GSQ
v I
DQ
. Mt khc:
V
DS
= V
DD
- (R
D
+ R
S
)I
D
(3.8)
V
D
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.9)
V
S
= R
S
I
D
(3.10)
3.2 DE-MOSFET IU HNH KIU TNG:
3.2.1Phn cc bng cu chia in th.
3.2.2 Phn cc bng hi tip in th.
Ta xt DE-MOSFET knh N.
iu hnh theo kiu tng, ta phi phn cc sao cho V
GS
>0 nn I
D

>I
DSS
, do ta phi ch n dng thot ti a I
Dmax
m DE-MOSFET c th chu
ng c.
3.2.1 Phn cc bng cu chia in th:
y l dng mch phn cc thng dng nht. Nn ch l do iu hnh
theo kiu tng nn khng th dng cch phn cc t ng. Cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
S
phi
c chn sao cho V
G
>V
S
tc V
GS
>0. Th d ta xem mch phn cc hnh 3.7.


- c tuyn truyn c xc nh bi:
I
DSS
= 6mA
V
GS
(off) =-3v


- ng phn cc c xc nh bi:
V
GS
= V
G
-R
S
I
D


Vy V
GS
(off) = 1.5volt - I
D
(mA). 0,15 (k)
T th hnh 3.8 ta suy ra:
I
DQ
=7.6mA
V
GSQ
= 0.35v
V
DS
= V
DD
- (R
S
+R
D
)I
D
= 3.18v
3.2.2 Phn cc bng mch hi tip in th:
Mch c bn hnh 3.9



- c tuyn truyn ging nh trn.
- ng phn cc xc nh bi:
V
GS
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.11)
trng vi ng thng ly in.
V hai c tuyn ny ta c th xc nh c I
DQ
v V
GSQ

3.3 MCH PHN CC E-MOSFET:
3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th.
3.3.2 Phn cc bng cu chia in th.

Do E-MOSFET ch phn cc theo kiu tng (V
GS
>0 knh N v V
GS
<0
knh P), nn ngi ta thng dng mch phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi
tip in th.
E-MOSFET knh N khi V
GS
cn nh hn V
GS(th)
th dng thot I
D
=0
mA, khi V
GS
>V
GS(th)
th I
D
c xc nh bi:

H s k c xc nh t cc thng s ca nh sn xut. Thng nh sn
xut cho bit V
GS(th)
v mt dng I
D(on)
tng ng vi mt in th V
GS(on).
Suy ra:


xc nh v v c tuyn truyn ngi ta xc nh thm 2 im: mt
im ng vi V
GS
<V
GS(on)
v mt im ng vi V
GS
>V
GS(on)



3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th:

V I
G
= 0 nn V
D
= V
G
v V
GS
= V
DS

V
GS
= V
DS
= V
DD
- R
D
I
D
(3.13)
Ta thy ng phn cc trng vi ng thng ly in. Giao im ca
ng phn cc v c tuyn truyn l im iu hnh Q.
3.3.2 Phn cc bng cu chia in th:
Mch ny thng dng hn v c dng nh hnh 3.13

T mch cng ngun ta c: V
G
= V
GS
- R
S
I
D

V
GS
= V
G
- R
S
I
D
(3.14)
y l phng trnh ng phn cc.



Do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn ta phi chn R
1
, R
2
, R
S
sao cho:
V
GS
>V
S
= R
S
I
D
tc V
GS
>0
Giao im ca c tuyn truyn v ng phn cc l im iu hnh Q.
T th ta suy ra I
DQ
v V
GSQ
v t ta c th tm c V
DS
, V
D
, V
S
...

3.4 MCH KT HP BJT V FET:
n nh im tnh iu hnh cho FET, ngi ta c th dng mch phn
cc kt hp vi BJT. BJT y ng vai tr nh mt ngun dng in. Mch phn
cc cho BJT thng dng l mch cu chia in th hay n nh cc pht. Th d ta xc
nh V
D
v V
C
ca mch hnh 3.15.


l: R
E
= 288k >10R2 = 240k nn ta c th p dng phng php
tnh gn ng:

Ta c th gii phng trnh trn tm V
GS
. n gin hn ta dng
phng php th. Cch v c tuyn truyn nh phn trc. T th ta suy ra:
V
GS
=-3.7volt. T :
V
C
= V
B
- V
GS
= 7.32v

Ngi ta cng c th dng FET nh mt ngun dng in n nh
phn cc cho BJT nh hnh 3.17. Sinh vin th phn gii xc nh V
C
, V
D
ca
mch.

3.5 THIT K MCH PHN CC DNG FET:
Cng vic thit k mch phn cc dng FET tht ra khng ch gii hn
cc iu kin phn cc. Ty theo nhu cu, mt s cc iu kin khc cng phi c
ti, nht l vic n nh im tnh iu hnh.
T cc thng s ca linh kin v dng mch phn cc c la chn,
dng cc nh lut Kirchoff, nh lut Ohm... v phng trnh Schockley hoc c
tuyn truyn, ng phn cc... xc nh cc thng s cha bit.
Tng qut trong thc hnh, thit k mt mch phn cc dng FET,
ngi ta thng chn im iu hnh nm trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh. Tr s tt
nht thng c chn l hoc . Ngoi ra, V
DS
cng khng
c vt qu tr s ti a m FET c th chu ng c.

Th d: Trong mch in hnh 3.18a, chn I
D
= 2.5 mA, V
D
= 12v. Dng
FET c I
DSS
= 6mA, V
GS(off)
=-3v. Xc nh R
D
v R
S
.

T c tuyn truyn Khi I
D
= 2.5mA th V
GS
=-1v.
Vy: V
GS
=-R
S
I
D
(R
S
=-V
GS
/I
D
=0.4k (chn R
S
= 390)

3.6 TNH KHUCH I CA FET V MCH TNG NG XOAY
CHIU TN HIU NH:
Ngi ta cng c th dng FET khuch i tn hiu nh nh BJT.
JFET v DE-MOSFET khi iu hnh theo kiu him c dng mch ging nhau. im
khc nhau ch yu JFET v DE-MOSFET l tng tr vo ca DE-MOSFET ln hn
nhiu (sinh vin xem li gio trnh linh kin in t). Trong lc BJT, s thay i
dng in ng ra (dng cc thu) c iu khin bng dng in ng vo (dng cc
nn), th FET, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thot) c iu khin bng
mt in th nh ng vo (hiu th cng ngun V
GS
). BJT ta c li dng in
th FET c truyn dn gm.
Vi tn hiu nh, mch tng ng xoay chiu ca FET nh hnh 3.19a,
trong r

l tng tr vo ca FET.


JFET, r

khong hng chc n hng trm M, trong lc MOSFET

thng hng trm n hng ngn M. Do , thc t ngi ta c th b r

trong mch
tng ng (hnh 3.19b).
r
d
l tng tr ra ca FET, c nh ngha:
tc ty thuc vo im iu hnh, rd c th thay i t vi
chc k n vi chc M.
r
d
v g
m
thng c nh sn xut cho bit di dng r
d
=1/y
os
; g
m
=y
fs

mt im iu hnh no .
Nu trong mch thit k, R
D
(in tr ni t cc thot ln ngun) khng
ln lm (vi k), ta c th b r
d
trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19c).

3.7 MCH KHUCH I DNG JFET HOC DE-MOSFET IU HNH
THEO KIU HIM:
3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung.
3.7.2 Mch cc ngun chung vi in tr cc ngun RS.
3.7.3 Mch khuch i cc thot chung.
3.7.4 Mch khuch i cc cng chung.

3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung:
C th dng mch phn cc c nh (hnh 3.20), mch phn cc t ng
(hnh 3.21) hoc mch phn cc bng cu chia in th (hnh 3.22). Mch tng ng
xoay chiu v hnh 3.23.


Trong R
i
=R
G
hnh 3.20 v 3.21; R
i
=R
1
//R
2
hnh 3.22. Phn gii
mch ta tm c:


- Tng tr ra: Z
0
= r
d
//R
D
(3.17)
3.7.2 li in th ca mch khuch i cc ngun chung vi in tr R
S
:
Gi s ta xem mch hnh 3.24 vi mch tng ng hnh 3.25.



3.7.3 Mch khuch i cc thot chung hay theo ngun(Common Drain or
source follower)
Ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc t ng hoc phn cc bng cu
chia in th nh hnh 3.26 v hnh 3.27


Mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 3.28. Trong :
R
i
=R
G
trong hnh 3.26 v R
i
= R
1
//R
2
trong hnh 3.27.
- li in th:
Ta c: v
0
= (g
m
v
gs
)( R
S
//r
d
)
V
gs
= v
i
- v
0


- Tng tr vo Z
i
= R
i
(3.20)
- Tng tr ra: Ta thy R
S
song song vi r
d
v song song vi ngun dng
in g
m
v
gs
. Nu ta thay th ngun dng in ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi
in tr 1/g
m
v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z
0
, ta tm c tng tr
ra ca mch:
Z
0
= R
S
//r
d
// 1/g
m
(3.21)

3.7.4 Mch khuch i cc cng chung: ( Common-gate circuit)
Mch cn bn v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 3.29a v 3.29b.




3.8 MCH KHUCH I DNG E-MOSFET:
Do E-MOSFET ch iu hnh theo kiu tng, nn thng c phn cc
bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th.
Th d: Ta xem mch hnh 3.30a c mch tng ng xoay chiu hnh
3.30b.



Thng thng g
m
R
G
>>1 nn A
V
= -g
m
(R
G
//r
d
//R
D
)
Nhng R
G
thng rt ln nn A
V
-g
m
(r
d
//R
D
) (3.25)
- Xc nh gi tr ca g
m
:
g
m
thng c nh sn xut cho bit mt s iu kin phn cc c
bit, hay c th c tnh t im tnh iu hnh. Hoc g
m
c th c tnh mt cch
gn ng t cng thc: g
m
= 2k[V
GS
- V
GS(th)
]
vi k c tr s trung bnh khong 0.3mA/V2.
- Tng tr vo:


- Tng tr ra:
Z
0
= R
D
//r
d
//R
G
(3.27)

3.9 THIT K MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:
Vn thit k mch khuch i dng FET y gii hn ch tm cc
iu kin phn cc, cc tr s ca linh kin th ng c c li in th mong
mun.
Th d: Thit k mch khuch i phn cc t ng dng JFET nh hnh
3.31 sao cho li in th bng 10.






R
G
nn chn kh ln khng lm gim tng tr vo ca mch. Th d ta
c th chn R
G
= 10M.






BI TP CUI CHNG III

*************

Bi 1: Xc nh I
D
, V
DS
, V
D
v V
S
ca mch hnh 3.32

Bi 2: mch hnh 3.33, cho V
DS
= 8v. Xc nh I
D
, V
D
, V
S
, V
GS
.


Bi 3: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc t ng dng JFET c I
DSS
=8mA;
V
GS(off)
=-6v v im iu hnh Q I
DQ
= 4mA vi ngun cung cp V
DD
= +14v. Chn
R
D
= 3R
S
.

Bi 4: Thit k mt mch phn cc bng cu chia in th dng DE-MOSFET
vi I
DSS
= 10mA, V
GS(off)
= -4v c im iu hnh Q I
DQ
= 2.5mA v dng ngun cp
in V
DD
=24v. Chn V
G
=4v v R
D
=2.5R
S
vi R
1
=22M.
Bi 5: Tnh Z
i
, Z
0
v A
V
ca mch in hnh 3.34

Bi 6: Xc nh gi tr ca R
D
v R
S
trong mch in hnh 3.35 khi c phn cc V
GSQ
= 1/2V
GS(off)
v
V
DSQ
= 1/2V
DD
. Tnh li in th trong trng hp ny.


Bi 7: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng nh hnh 3.36, sao cho li in th l 8. gii
hn bc thit k, cho V
GSQ
gn tr s ti a ca gm, th d nh V
GS(off)
/4.


Bi 8: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng hnh 3.37 sao cho li in th bng 5. Chn
V
GSQ
=V
GS(off)
/4.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHNG 4: NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN
HIU (R
S
) V TNG TR TI (R
L
) LN MCH KHUCH
I
*********


Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng
s ca mch khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem
nh l tng (khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr R
S
v mch c
ti R
L
. Ni tr R
S
v ti R
L
nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr
vo, tng tr ra, li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho
st nh hng ca R
S
v R
L
ln cc thng s.

4.1 H THNG 2 CNG (two-port systems)
Ngi ta thng xem BJT v FET nh mt h thng 2 cng (hay t cc) nh hnh 4.1

Trong v
i
, i
i
, Z
i
ln lt l in th (tn hiu), dng in v tng tr ca
ng vo. v
0
, i
0
, Z
0
l in th, dng in v in tr ca ng ra. A
VNL
, A
INL
l li
in th v li dng in ca h thng. Ton b cc thng s ny c nh ngha
khi ng ra khng mc ti v khng c in tr ngun R
S
.
p dng nh l Thevenin hai cc ca ng ra, ta c:
Z
th
=Z
0
=R
0

Ngun in th Thevenin E
th
l in th mch h gia 2 u ng ra, l
v
0
. Vy:

Nn E
th
=A
VNL
.v
i

Ta c th dng R
i
=Z
i
=v
i
/i
i
biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin
E
th
=A
VNL
.V
i
v Z
0
=R
0
biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.




th li mch tng ng ny, ta th tm Z
0
v A
VNL
. tm Z
0
, ta
ni tt ng vo tc v
i
=0v, t A
VNL
.v
i
=0v v tng ng vi mch ni tt, do
Z
0
=R
0
nh nh ngha pha trn. S vng mt ca ti s a n i
0
=0 v in th
gim qua R
0
l V
R0
=0. Do ng ra h chnh bng ngun A
VNL
.v
i
.


Th d: Cho mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 4.3. Hy v mch tng ng 2 cng.
Gii:
Phn gii mch ny ta tm c: Z
i
=1.07k; Z
0
=3k; A
VNL
=-280.11 (xem li
chng 2)
Dng cc d kin ny ta v li mch tng ng 2 cng nh hnh 4.4.



Du tr trong ngun in th ph thuc c ngha l ngun in th tht s
ngc vi ngun iu khin ch nh trn hnh v. N cng cho thy lch pha 180
0

gia in th ng vo v ng ra.
Trong th d trn, in tr R
C
=3k c a vo xc nh li in th
khng ti. S phn tch trong chng ny s xem cc in tr phn cc l thnh phn
ca li khng ti, ti R
L
s c ni vo cc cc ca ng ra.

4.2 HIU NG CA TNG TR TI R
L

Phn ny, ta xem nh hng ca tng tr ti R
L
i vi kiu mu 2 cng.
(xem hnh 4.5)



p dng cng thc cu chia in th mch ng ra ta c:


Tuy R
i
thay i ty theo dng mch, nhng dng in ng vo lun lun c
xc nh bi:


li dng in nh vy c th tm c t li in th, tng tr vo
v in tr ti.
ng thng ly in ng: (xoay chiu)


c xem nh ni tt v ti ca mch in c xem l R
L
v in tr cc thu R
C
mc song
song vi nhau. Tc dng ca in tr ti R
L
lm cho ng thng ly in ng c dc ng
hn dng in ly in tnh. im ch quan trng l c 2 ng thng ny u qua cng
mt im Q.
Khi cha mc ti R
L
, nu ta p mt tn hiu nh hnh sin vo cc nn ca
transistor , dng in cc nn ca transistor s bin ng t I
B1
n I
B3
nn in th ng
ra V
CE
cng bin ng nh hnh v. Nu ta mc ti R
L
vo, v s bin ng ca I
B
vn
khng thay i nhng dc ca ng thng ly in thay i (ng hn) nn tn
hiu ra V
CE
nh hn.



4.3 NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN R
S

By gi ta quay li ng vo ca h thng 2 cng v kho st nh hng ca ni
tr ca ngun tn hiu ln li ca mch khuch i.
Hnh 4.8 m t mt ngun tn hiu V
S
c ni tr R
S
c p vo ng vo
ca h thng 2 cng cn bn.



T nh ngha ca Z
i
v A
VNL
ta thy chng khng b nh hng bi ni tr R
S

nhng tng tr ra c th b nh hng bi R
S
.
T hnh 4.8, ta thy tn hiu v
i
a vo h thng 2 cng by gi l:

Nh vy nu ni tr ngun R
S
cng ln th li ca mch cng nh (do
tn hiu vo v
i
nh).
Vi h thng 2 cng bn trn ta c:



4.4 NH HNG CHUNG CA R
S
V R
L
:
Hnh 4.9 l mt ngun tn hiu vi ni tr R
S
v mt ti R
L
c mc vo
h thng 2 cng vi cc thng s ring Z
i
=R
i
, A
VNL
, Z
0
=R
0
nh nh ngha.


ng vo ta c:

li ton mch:


Ngoi ra:


V i
S
=i
i
nn A
is
=A
i
tc phng trnh (4.6) v (4.7) cho cng mt kt qu.
Phng trnh (4.5) cho thy c hai R
S
v R
L
u c tc dng lm gim
khuch i.

4.5 MCH CC PHT CHUNG DNG BJT:
4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh.
4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th.
4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng t phn dng.
4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu.

Trong phn ny ta xt cc dng khc nhau ca mch khch i cc pht
chung dng BJT vi nh hng ca R
S
v R
L
. S phn gii chi tit s khng c
cp n do qu quen thuc. y ta ch a ra cc kt qu chnh.
4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh:
Kiu mch phn cc c nh c xc nh cc chi tit trong cc phn trc.
Mch tng ng vi ni tr ngun R
S
v ti R
L
nh hnh 4.10.

Ta c:


Vi mch tng ng kiu mu r
e
nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c
nh, ta phn gii v s tm c cng kt qu.

tnh A
VS
, t mch tng 2 cng ta c:

4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th:
Vi mch dng cu chia in th (hnh 4.12), ti R
L
c ni cc thu.



4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng c t phn dng:
Mch in nh hnh 4.13



Tng tr vo:

Tng tr ra:
Z
0
=R
C




4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.14





4.6 MCH CC THU CHUNG:
Mch cc thu chung hay mch emitter-follower vi ti R
L
v ni tr ngun R
S

nh hnh 4.15. im quan trng cn ch l mch ny Z
0
s b nh hng bi R
S
v Z
i
b
nh hng bi R
L
. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li Z
i
v
Z
0
v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).



Trong : R
E
=R
E
//R
L
; i
e
=(+1)i
b

T mch ng vo ta c:
v
S
=(R
S
+r
e
)i
b
+ (+1)R
E
i
b


T phng trnh ny ta c th v mch tng ng:


T ta c:




Th d: Cho mch in hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca mch khi khng c ti l:
Z
i
=157.54 k
Z
0
=21.6 ( (khng c R
S
)
A
VNL
=0.993 vi r
e
=21.74, =65
Xc nh: a/ Gi tr mi ca Zi v Z
0
khi c R
L
v R
S
.




Gii
a/ Ta c tng tr vo v tng tr ra khi c R
S
v R
L
l:
Z
i
=R
B
//[r
e
+ R
E
//R
L
] = 75.46k
Z
0
=R
E
//(R
S
/ + r
e
)=30.08
b/ Ta c mch tng ng 2 cng:


4.7 MCH CC NN CHUNG:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.20
Tng tr vo v tng tr ra (Z
i
v Z
0
) cng ging nh trng hp khng
ti. li in th v dng in c xc nh bi:

4.8 MCH DNG FET:

4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng.
4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng.
4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung.
4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung.

FET, do cc cng cch in hn khi cc ngun v cc thot, nn trong
mch khuch i dng FET ti R
L
khng nh hng n tng tr vo Z
i
v ni tr
ngun R
sig
khng nh hng ln tng tr ra Z
0
.
4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng:
Xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 4.21. Ti R
L
c xem nh
mc song song vi in tr R
D
trong mch tng ng vi tn hiu nh. Ta c cc kt
qu sau:




4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng:
Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.21 nhng khng c t C
S
. Ta c kt qu:


4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung:
Mch nh hnh 4.22


Tng tr vo Z
i
c lp vi R
L
v c xc nh bi Z
i
=R
G
li in th khi c ti cng ging nh khi khng c ti vi R
S
c
thay bng R
S
//R
L


4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung:
Dng mch nh hnh 4.23











BI TP CUI CHNG IV
******

Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24
a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0

b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a.
c/ Tnh li in th A
V
=v
0
/v
i
bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng.
d/ Xc nh li dng in A
i
=i
0
/i
i

e/ Xc nh A
V
, Z
i
, Z
0
bng cch dng kiu mu r
e
v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.


Bi 2: Cho mch in hnh 4.25

a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0

b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a.
c/ Xc nh A
v
=v
0
/v
i
v A
VS
= v
0
/v
S
.
d/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
S
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i nh
th no?
e/ Thay R
S
=1k, xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao
khi R
S
tng.
f/ Thay R
L
=5.6k.Xc nh A
V
v A
VS
. Khi R
L
tng A
V
v A
VS
thay i
nh th no? (R
S
vn l 0.6k).

Bi 3: Cho mch in hnh 4.26
a/ Xc nh A
VNL
, Z
i
, Z
0
.
b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh c cu a.
c/ Xc dnh A
V
v A
VS
.
d/ Thay R
L
=4.7k. Tm li A
V
, A
VS
. Nhn xt?
e/ Thay R
Sig
=1k (vi R
L
=4.7k). tm li A
V
v A
VS
. Nhn xt?
f/ Thay R
L
=4.7k, R
Sig
=1k. Tm li Z
i
, Z
0
. Nhn xt?