მედია ეთიკა

1
Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004

La Deontologie
des Medias
Bertrand, Claudie Jean
media eT ik
eTik a
ika
da
angariSvalde
ariSvalde
angariSvaldebbulebis
ulebis
sistemebi
sistemebi
xarisxis kontroli
klod-Jan bertrani
parizis universitetis
franguli presis universitetis
profesor emeritusi
wigni Targmnili da gamocemulia saqarTveloSi

euTos misiis finansuri mxardaWeriT
klod-Jan bertranis `La Deontologie des Medias~ Targmani, parizi, 1997.
wigni gamoqveynda portugaliur enaze (braziliasa da portugaliaSi),

rusulad, somxurad, berZnulad, italiurad, Turqulad, koreulad
da ruminulad. amJamad iTargmneba arabulad, espanurad da Cinurad.
saavtoro ufleba \ Presses Universitaires de France
Targmani: manana gigauri
redaqtori: Tamar kinwuraSvili
dizaini: besik danelia
koreqtura: dali cqitiSvili
\ 2004, Tavisuflebis instituti

pirveli gamocema qarTul enaze, 2004
ISBN 99940-714-8-3
sarCevi
sarCevi
Sesavali 7
pirveli nawili: ZiriTadi monacemebi
Tavi1. ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi 19
presis Tavisuflebis borkilebi 19
presis reJimebi 20
mediis funqciebi 23
mediis tipebi 25
axali ambebi da garToba 27
subieqtebi 28
bazari, kanoni da eTika 31
morali, media eTika da 36
xarisxis kontroli
Tavi 2. principebi da faseulobebi 38
mediis buneba da gavlena 38
adamianuri faseulobebi 43
sityvis Tavisufleba 46
komunikaciis ufleba 48
mediis faseulobebi 50
meore na
meore wili: media eT
nawili: ik
eTik a
ika
Tavi 1. eTikis kodeqsebi: tipebi da Sinaarsi 57
kodeqsis buneba 57
kodeqsis miznebi 58
vin wers kodeqsebs 59
mokle istoria 61
muxlobrivi kategoriebi 62
kodeqsebi gasarTobi mediisaTvis 78
kodeqsebis interpretacia da ganxorcieleba 83
6 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
aldebbule bis sisteme
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Tavi 2. gamotovebani kodeqsSi 85

icode, vin xar da daeufle Sens saqmianobas 85
tradicia, konservatizmi, rutina 87
calmxrivi azrovneba 88
siaxlis SiSi 89
moZieba da SerCeva 90
monacemTa damuSaveba da prezentacia 100
sazogadoebis keTildReoba 102
gasarTobi seqtori 104
reklamasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi 108
Tavi 3. kodeqsebis SerCeva 110
JurnalistTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis 111
saerTaSoriso deklaracia
britaneTis presis saCivrebis komisiis 113
qcevis kodeqsi
rus JurnalistTa profesiuli saqmianobis kodeqsi 121
mesame samyaros kodeqsi indoeTidan 124
specializebuli seqtori: uest-fransis kodeqsi 140
danaSaulisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebis gaSuqebis Sesaxeb
mesame nawili: xarisxis k

nawili: ontr
kontr oli
ontroli
Tavi 1. ZiriTadi angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi 147
monawileebi 148
ZiriTadi saSualebebi 152
weriTi, samauwyeblo da on-lain dokumentebi 154
calkeuli pirebi, jgufebi da institutebi 162
procesebi 170
mediis angariSvaldebulebis ori specifiuri sistema 179
Tavi 2. kritika da dabrkoleba 185
kritika 185
dabrkolebebi 190
daskvna 199
axali garemo 199
xarisxis safasuri 200
profesionalTa avtonomia 202
Tavisufleba da xarisxi 203
eTika arasakmarisia 203
ra rCeba gasakeTebeli 204
bib liog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 210
7
Sesavali
Sesav
daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win safrangeTSi didi

skandali moxda: frangebma miliardobiT dolari ases-
xes caristul saxelmwifos da aRmoCndnen saSiSroebis
winaSe, romelic valis dabrunebis imeds ar iZleoda.
im droisaTvis `presa, romelic bankebTan iyo Sekruli
da sul ufro metad mimarTavda sakmaod sarfiani San-
taJis formebs, axali sesxebisTvis nebismieri SezRud-
vis dawesebas ewinaaRmdegeboda~.1 1990 wels ki, saf-
rangeTis erT-erTi mTavari satelevizio arxis axali
ambebis redaqtorma eTeri im qveynis mTavrobis opo-
nentebs dauTmo, sadac arxis mflobeli gaerTianeba
didi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas apirebda. maSin am
konglomeratis prezidentma Tqva: `redaqtorma unda
gaacnobieros iseTi didi samewarmeo jgufis intere-
sebi, rogoric Cvenia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kari
farTodaa Ria: mas SeuZlia, sxva samoqmedo asparezi
ipovos~. aseTi incidenti SesaZloa, sazogadoebis yu-
radRebis miRma darCes. mayurebeli mxolod imas amC-
nevs, rom 2004 wels, anu cameti wlis Semdeg, rac aR-
moCnda, rom man fidel kastros intervius fabrikacia
moaxdina (preskonferenciis dros gadaRebul filmSi
kiTxvebis CarTvis gziT), is jer kidev muSaobda fran-
1
“L’Essor industriel et l’imperialisme colonial”, de M.Baumont, Paris,
PUF, 1937 – p.196.
8 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
guli saRamos axali ambebis programis yvelaze yurebadi gadacemis

wamyvanad. aTi wlis Semdeg ki misi saxeli figurirebda TaRliTobis
faqtis gamoZiebaSi da mas mTavari eWvmitanilisgan Zvirfasi saCuq-
rebis miRebaSi edeboda brali.
gasakviri ar aris, rom sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis Sedegebi
cxadyofs mediisadmi sazogadoebis undoblobas da mzadyofnas, Se-
izRudos mediis Tavisufleba;2 frangebis mesamedze naklebs sjera,
rom Jurnalistebi damoukidebelni arian. àmerikelebi TiTqmis erT-
sulovnad midian im daskvnamde, rom presa mikerZoebulia, rom gav-
lenian adamianebsa da organizaciebs SeuZliaT, CaaxSon an marTon axa-
li ambebi~.3 sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli jgufebi yvelgan gamoTqva-
men ukmayofilebas imis gamo, rom media maT gasarTobs sTavazobs.
paradoqsia, magram medias yvela amqveyniur codvaSi sdeben brals
swored maSin, rodesac igi arasodes yofila imaze ukeTesi, vidre
axlaa. progresi rom kargad davinaxoT, sakmarisia gadavxedoT me-19
saukunis ramodenime yoveldRiur gamocemas, Tvali gadavavloT 50-
iani wlebis ramodenime satelevizio programas an romelime maTganis
Sesaxeb imdroindeli kritikosebis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebs ga-
vecnoT. ueWvelia, dRevandeli media ukeTesia, magram is mainc sak-
maod usaxuria. miuxedavad amisa, Tu winaT adamianebis umravlesobas
SeeZlo mediis gareSe arseboba, dRes, soflebSic ki igrZnoba moT-
xovnileba ara ubralod mediaze, aramed karg mediaze. mediis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba mxolod sasurveli cvlileba ar aris: kacobriobis be-
di damokidebulia masze. mxolod demokratias SeuZlia kacobriobis
civilizaciis gadarCena, demokratia ki warmoudgenelia kargad in-
formirebuli moqalaqeebis gareSe, xolo moqalaqeebis informireba
mxolod maRalxarisxiani mediis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
es mosazreba SesaZloa, vinmes gazviadebuladac ki moeCvenos, mag-
ram gaixseneT yofili sabWoTa kavSiri, sadac 1917_1980 wlebSi asobiT
aTasi uZvelesi wigni Tu xelovnebis nimuSi ganadgurda; sadac uzar-
2
yovelwliuri sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis mixedviT, romelic
safrangeTSi 1987 wlidan tardeba. kvlevis Sedegebs yoveldRiuri
La Croix-i da yovelkvireuli Telerama aqveyneben.
3
saredaqcio werili ASNE-s (gazeTis redaqtorTa amerikuli sazogadoeba)
Sesaxeb, romelic gazeTis sandoobis Taobaze Catarebul sazogadoebrivi
azris kvlevas Seexeba. gamokiTxvaSi 3 000 mozardi amerikeli monawileobda.
“Editor & Publisher”, 28 dekemberi, 1998w. gv.12.
Sesavali
Sesav 9
mazari regionebi sabolood dabinZurda, sadac aTobiT milioni ada-

miani mokles _ radgan sabWoTa medias ar SeeZlo da verc SeZlebda
protestis gamoxatvas.
rodesac media saTanadod ver asrulebs Tavis funqcias, nebismi-
eri sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia erTaderTi sakiTxi _ ro-
gor SeiZleba mediis gaumjobeseba?
media
mTlianobaSi media SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc warmoeba, sazo-

gadoebrivi samsaxuri da agreTve politikuri instituti. realurad
mediis yvela saxeobas rodi axasiaTebs aseTi sammagi buneba: erTi
mxriv, Tanamedrove teqnologiis wyalobiT SesaZlebelia mama-papis-
droindeli mediis daxvewa. garda amisa, media produqciis nawils ara-
feri aqvs saerTo sazogadoebriv samsaxurTan, magaliTad, supermar-
ketis tabloidebs; dabolos, mediis bevri saxeoba, magaliTad, rogo-
ricaa savaWro da profesiuli mimoxilvebi, politikur cxovrebaSi
araviTar rols ar TamaSoben. da mainc, moqalaqis ganaTlebaze orien-
tirebuli media aris zogadi informaciis Semcveli: dRes medias arc-
erTi zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblis ignorireba ar SeuZlia.
Tavisuf le
visufle bis k
lebis onf
konf liqti
onfliqti
Sedegi aris fundamenturi konfliqti mewarmeobis Tavisuflebasa

da sityvis Tavisuflebas Soris. mediis mesakuTreebis (da reklamis
mimwodeblebis) TvalTaxedviT, axali ambebisa da gasarTobi masalebis
saSualebiT xdeba bunebrivi resursis _ momxmareblis eqspluatacia:
isini cdiloben, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis is mdgomareoba, romelic
maTTvis momgebiania. meores mxriv, moqalaqeebs surT, axali ambebi
da gasarTobi programebi piradi bednierebis miRwevis saSualebad
gamoiyenon, rasac isini ver miaRweven, Tu garkveulwilad arsebuli
mdgomareobis koreqtireba ar moxdeba.
am dilemis daZleva ioli ar aris. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom
wlebis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze mcxovrebi erebis umetesoba ori al-
10 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
ternatividan erT-erT gadawyvetilebas irCevs. orTave gulisxmobs

erT-erTis ugulebelyofas. faSisturi diqtaturebi, rogorc wesi,
sityvis Tavisuflebas ise axSoben, rom media sakuTrebas arc ki
exebian. komunisturi reJimebi krZalaven Tavisufal mewarmeobas da
imavdroulad acxadeben, rom icaven sityvis Tavisuflebas. orTave
SemTxvevaSi Sedegi erTi da igivea: xeibari media kretinizirebisa da
indoqtrinaciis saSualebad iqceva.
erT-erTi gamosavali SesaZloa, media industriisaTvis sruli (po-
litikuri) Tavisuflebis micema iyos. 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
evropul samauwyeblo sivrceSi saxelmwifo monopoliisa da saxelm-
wifo kontrolis dasasrulma beber kontinentze demokratiis done
sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa da mediis ganviTarebasac Seuwyo xeli. mag-
ram me-20 saukuneSi mediis mzardi komercializaciisa da sakuTrebis
koncentraciis Tanaarseboba mediis pluralizmTan saTuo gaxda.
`konglomeratizacia~ arasaxarbielo konteqstia mediisaTvis auci-
lebeli damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. Tavisufleba absolu-
turi rom iyos, media, albaT, meZaviviT gaiyideboda rogorc axali
ambebis, aseve garTobis sferoebSi. evropelebs afrTxobT is, rasac
isini xedaven SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac TiTqmis mTeli media ko-
merciulia, xolo mediis regulacia minimaluri.4
iujin robertsi, Zalzed respeqtabeluri amerikuli gazeTis
redaqtori, sinanuls gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom `mciredi gamonakli-
sis garda, gazeTebi orientirebulni arian mogebis zrdaze, raTa aq-
cionerebs aamon~.5 SeerTebul StatebSi gazeTs SeuZlia, 25%-iani mo-
gebiT moiwonos Tavi _ maSin, rodesac telearxma SesaZloa, 50%-iani
mogeba naxos.6
mediis mizani ver iqneba mxolod fulis keTeba, iseve rogorc mxo-
lod Tavisufleba: Tavisufleba aucilebelia, magram ar aris sakma-
risi. mediis amocanaa, kargad emsaxuros yvela moqalaqes. miuxedavad
imisa, rom yvelgan dasavleTSi kerZo media didi xania politikuri
TavisuflebiT sargeblobs, igi xSirad sakmaod cud serviss sTava-
zobs sazogadoebas. magaliTad, britanuli BBC-i konstituciurad
4
Ben Bagdikian, The New Media Monopoly , Boston, Beacon, 2004: Patricia Aufderheide &
al., Conglomerates and the Media, New York, W.W.Norton, 1997.
5
“Editor & Publisher”, 24/2, 1996.
6
Gene Roberts & al., Leaving Readers Behind, University of Arkansas Press, 2001
Sesavali 11
Sesav
naklebad Tavisufalia, vidre ABC aSS-Si, magram is yovelTvis ABC-

ze gacilebiT ukeT emsaxureboda Tavis msmenelsa da mayurebels.7
magram ra Sedegs miviRebT, Tu mTeli media, sapirispirod, saxel-
mwifo kontrolis qveS moeqceva? me-20 saukuneSi komunizmTan da
faSizmTan urTierTobis gamocdilebam kidev ufro gaaZliera xalxis
tradiciuli undobloba mTavrobisadmi. sazogadoebas sruliad sa-
marTlianad eSinia imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves axali ambebisa da
gasarTobi programebiT absolutur manipulirebas.
amgvarad, cxadia, rom mediis absoluturi Tavisufleba dauSve-
belia (gana, nebadarTulia mowodebebi mkvlelobis an rasobrivi Se-
viwrovebisaken?) _ da media ar unda mivandoT saxelmwifos. msoflios
yvela demokratia Tanxmdeba im azrze, rom media unda iyos Tavisu-
fali, magram ar SeiZleba, igi absoluturad Tavisufali iyos. Tavi-
suflebasa da kontrols Soris balansis problema axali ar aris: jon
adamsi, aSS-s prezidenti 1797-_1801 wlebSi, 1815 wels Tavis megobars
swerda:
`Tu odesme gaumjobesdeba kacobriobis mdgomareoba, filo-
sofosebi, Teologebi, kanonmdeblebi, politikosebi da mora-
listebi aRmoaCenen, rom presis regulireba aris yvelaze rTu-
li, saxifaTo da mniSvnelovani im sakiTxTa Soris, rac ki odesme
maT gadauwyvetiaT~.8
anglo-saqsur qveynebSi, rogorc wesi, metismetad endobian `ba-
zars~, rogorc kargi media servisis garants _ maSin, rodesac laTi-
nur qveynebSi _ kanons. orive faqtori mniSvnelovanicaa da saxifa-
Toc. saWiroa damxmare instrumentis povna maTi ignorirebis gareSe.
aseTi ki SesaZloa, iyos media eTika da angariSvaldebulebis sis-
temebi.
7
William Baker & George Dessart, Down the Tube: An Inside Account of the Failure of
American Television, New York, Basic Books, 1998.
8
jon loidisTvis miwerili werili daTariRebulia 1815 wlis
11 TebervliT, Hutching Report. ix. gv.13.
12 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
media eTik
eTik a
ika
media eTika moicavs profesionalebis mier SemuSavebuli princi-

pebisa da wesebis erTobliobas. sasurvelia, am normebis SemuSaveba
moxdes mediis momxmarebelTan TanamSromlobis gziT, raTa media
ukeT emsaxuros Tu mosaxleobis yvela jgufs ara, umetesobas mainc.
demokratiul institutebs Soris Jurnalistika gansakuTrebulia im
TvalsazrisiT, rom mis statuss ar gansazRvravs socialuri kont-
raqti, arc xalxis mier delegirebuli Zalaufleba, arCevnebi an da-
niSvna _ an Tundac is kanonmdebloba, romelic misi qcevis normebs
gansazRvravs. amdenad, imisaTvis, raTa mediam SeinarCunos prestiJi
da damoukidebloba, man Rrmad unda gaacnobieros Tavisi upirvelesi
movaleoba _ uzrunvelyos kargi sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri.
media eTikas ara aqvs saerTo kanonmdeblobasTan _ arc moralTan am
sityvis viwro gagebiT. aq saqme exeba ara patiosnebas an Tavazianobas,
aramed mTavari socialuri funqciis Sesrulebas. cxadia, xarisxis
gansazRvra ar aris martivi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Sefasebis
kriteriumi negatiuria. aseT gamonakliss warmoadgens, magaliTad,
regionaluri yoveldRiuri gazeTebis Sinaarsobrivi SezRudva adgi-
lobrivi naklebad mniSvnelovani movlenebiT, rogorc es frangul pro-
vinciul presaSi xdeba _ an, igive, did telearxze, romelic arasodes
uTmobs Tavis eTers bavSvTa ganaTlebas, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba.
ueWvelia, media eTika mxolod demokratiis pirobebSi SeiZleba,
arsebobdes. vinc fiqrobs, rom adamianebs damoukideblad azrovneba
da sakuTari cxovrebis warmarTva ar ZaluZT, verc TviTkontrolis
daSvebas SesZlebs. TviTregulireba mxolod iq SeiZleba ganixilebo-
des seriozulad, sadac garantirebulia sityvis Tavisufleba9, arse-
bobs SedarebiT warmatebuli media da arian kompetenturi Jurnalis-
tebi, romlebic TavianTi saqmiT amayoben. Rarib qveynebSi momxmareb-
lis simcire reklamis mcirericxovnebas gansazRvravs; Sesabamisad,
media Rataki, korumpirebuli da saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebadia.
es niSnavs, rom bevr qveyanaSi, imisda miuxedvad, rom isini ofici-
alurad demokratiulad arian aRiarebuli, media eTika ararelevan-
turia.
9
Freedom House-is 2004 wlis monacemebiT, 192 qveynidan mxolod 71-i,
anu 37% sargeblobs presis TavisuflebiT.
Sesavali 13
Sesav
ratom axla?
iyo dro, rodesac media eTikis xsenebazec ki media profesiona-

lebi zizRnarevi siCumiT an brazmoreuli SeniSvnebiT reagirebdnen.
Tumca dRes eTikisadmi interesi mediis sul ufro met warmomadge-
nels uCndeba. am interess isini TavianT wignebSi, saredaqcio weri-
lebSi, sagazeTo statiebSi, dargobrivi Jurnalebis specialur ga-
mocemebSi, simpoziumebze, seminarebze avlenen. ra aris amis mizezi?
rodesac am SekiTxviT evropel Jurnalistebs10 mimarTaven, pasu-
xebi sxvadasxvagvaria. isini miuTiTeben: teqnologiur progresze;
sakuTrebis koncentrirebaze; mediis mzard komercializaciaze; axa-
li ambebisa da reklamis aRrevaze; axali ambebis mzard uzustobaze;
Timisoaras masobrivi mkvlelobis11 sicruesa da 1991 wlis sparseTis
yuris omze; zogierTi Jurnalistis mxridan profesiuli moralis
seriozul darRvevebze (pirad cxovrebaSi SeWra, gansakuTrebiT, po-
pularul presaSi); profesiis sandoobisa da prestiJis dacemaze;
politikur krizisSi mediis gaumarTlebel rolze; mediasa da mTav-
robas Soris miuRebel kavSirebze; presis Tavisuflebis kanoniT Sez-
Rudvis saSiSroebaze; JurnalistTa asociaciebis gamofxizlebaze;
80-iani wlebis Caurevlobis politikaze gamoxmaurebaze; Zaladobasa
da televiziaSi `realiTi Souebis~ da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
evoluciis faqtor
faqtorebi
aqtore
evoluciis ZiriTadi faqtorebi daaxloebiT eqvsamdea. pirveli

is, rom sazogadoebis ganaTlebis donis amaRleba medias ufro mom-
Txovnsa da mebrZols xdis. ufro da ufro meti adamiani acnobierebs,
Tu raoden mniSvnelovania kargi mediis samsaxuri; ramdenad Seusa-
bamoa TanamedroveobisTvis axali ambebis tradiciuli gageba. dRes
10
Cems mier 1993,1994,1988 wlebSi daaxloebiT 15 qveyanaSi Catarebuli
kvlevis mixedviT.
11
1989 wels rumineli diqtatoris reJimis damxobisas dasavleli
Jurnalistebi moatyues saavadmyofosTan gamotanili ramodenime gvamiT,
rac saidumlo policiis mier Cadenili masobrivi mkvlelobebis
sailustraciod gamoiyeneboda.
14 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
mediis gacilebiT meti momxmarebeli acnobierebs, rom maT SeuZliaT

da movalenic arian, imoqmedon.
Jurnalistebic bevrad ufro ganaTlebulni arian. Cans, bevr maT-
gans surs, saTanadod Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia da moixveWos meti
socialuri prestiJi. aseT pirobebSi umravlesobisaTvis miuRebe-
lia eTikuri normebis darRveva, romelsac umciresobis mxridan aqvs
adgili.
mediis uvargisoba maTac ki vnebs, visac sainformacio saSualebaze
pasuxismgebloba akisria. media saSualebebis mflobelebi TiTqmis
yvelgan uCivian gazeTebis realizaciisa da mTavari arxebis sainfor-
macio gadacemebis mayurebelTa raodenobis Semcirebas. reklamis
ganmTavseblebic samarTlianad gamoTqvamen wuxils im media saSuale-
bebis sandoobasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac isini ganaTavseben reklamas.
ufro metic, wlebis ganmavlobaSi biznesiT dakavebuli adamianebi sul
ufro mzard SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen im produqciis gavlenis gamo,
romelsac isini bazars sTavazoben. dRes bevri acnobierebs, rom
xarisxi, ase vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri, TavisTavs anazRaurebs.
media eTikis ganviTarebas xeli teqnologiis orive _ negatiurma
da pozitiurma efeqtma Seuwyo. media ufro demokratiuli gaxda,
radgan mas mieca SesaZlebloba, ufro mravalricxovani da SedarebiT
iafi gamxdariyo. imavdroulad zogjer media damaxinjebis mizezic
xdeba: reportiori ekranidan pirdapir mimarTavs mayurebels, yovel-
gvari pauzis gareSe, rac gaanalizebis, an redaqtoris mxridan Seswo-
rebis Setanis saSualebas iZleva. Sedegad, informaciiT manipulireba
gaadvilebulia, suraTis falsificireba ki _ gansakuTrebiT gamarti-
vebuli.
cxadia, arsebobs veb-sistema. 1998 wels, rodesac met drajerma
klinton-levinskis skandali kibersivrceSi gauSva, pirvelad aRmo-
aCines, rom veb-sistema axali ambebis gadacemis saSualeba iyo. yvelas
miuwvdeba xeli internetze, romelic saocrad demokratiulia.
meores mxriv ki, nebismier adamians, rogori uvici, briyvi, aranor-
maluri an borotic ar unda iyos is, internetis meSveobiT SeuZlia
nebismieri informaciis atvirTva. is, rasac iurgen habermasma `ra-
dikaluri demokratia~ uwoda, sul ufro da ufro meti daJinebiT
moiTxovs patiosan ekranizacias, sando Jurnalistebs, romlebic
kompetenturi da angariSvaldebulni arian.
Sesavali 15
Sesav
mediis mzardi orientacia mogebaze mas sazogadoebrivi azris mi-

marT ufro mgrZnobiares xdis, Tumca amave dros iwvevs axali ambebis
damaxinjebasa da vulgaruli gasarTobis siWarbes _ an, sulac orives
aRrevas. sul ufro sagrZnobia profesional damrwmunebelTa sim-
ravle: sareklamo agentebis/ presis moxeleebis/ media konsultan-
tebis/ saarCevno kampaniebis eqspertebis.
dabolos, sabWoTa kavSiris damxobam xeli Seuwyo cvlilebebs,
radganac bolo mouRo miTs mediis problemebis saxelmwifos mier
gadaWris Sesaxeb. am cvlilebebma axali sicocxle STabera eTikas,
romelic erTaderTi misaRebi strategiaa ekonomikuri Zalebis mier
mediis eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg. media eTika, amasTanave, didad
dazaralda imis gamo, rom igi zogjer asocirdeboda komunistur
propagandasTan, radganac es ukanasknelic gmobda rasizms, koloni-
alizms da savse iyo wiTeli laqebiT (magaliTad, mSvidobaze msof-
lioSi an ekonomikur ganviTarebaze) _ rasac exmianebodnen e.w.
`miuerTebeli~ erebis mTavrobebi, xolo demokratiul qveynebSi ìme-
orebdnen~ swavluli marqsistebi.
dResdReobiT problemas qmnis is, rom eTika da angariSvaldebu-
lebis sistemebi gaucnobierebelia ara mxolod sazogadoebaSi, ara-
med, rac ufro gasakviria, TviT media wreebSic ki.
zogadi str
ogadi uqtur
struqtura
uqtura
winamdebare wignSi, Tavdapirvelad mocemulia ramodenime Ziri-

Tadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rac cxadyofs diskusiis atmosferos.
Semdgom mocemulia im principebis aRweriloba, romlebsac efuZneba
media eTika. momdevno nawili eTmoba eTikis kodeqsebis muxlobriv
ganxilvas. amis Semdeg mocemulia im wesebis CamonaTvali, romelic,
samwuxarod, kodeqsebSi asaxuli ar aris _ da razec xSirad yurad-
Rebas ar amaxvileben. Semdegi Tavi mimoixilavs arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebis funqcias _ aiZulos media, pativi sces eTikur wesebs. bo-
lo Tavi ki eTmoba im mravalricxovan winaaRmdegobebsa da kritikas,
romelTac xsenebuli angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi awydebian.
nawili pir
nawili veli
pirv
ZiriTadi
ZiriTadi
monaceme bi
monacemebi
Tavi I
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxvavebeli niSne
anmasxva bi
niSnebi
media eTika mistikuri sferoa, sadac megzurobas

xSirad gviweven filosofosebi, romlebic gaugebar
enaze saubroben da romelTac ara aqvT praqtikuli
gamocdileba. piriqiTac xdeba, arian praqtikosebi, ro-
melTac mwiri codna aqvT imisa, Tu ra Teoriuli baza
arsebobs am sferoSi. zogierTi axdens cnebaTa aRrevas
maSin, rodesac sxvebi gacveTil kliSeebs JargoniT
niRbaven. Sedegad viRebT gaurkvevlobas, uSedego
disputebsa da umoqmedobas. amdenad, rogorc Cans, sa-
sargeblo iqneboda, Tavidanve dagvedgina ramodenime
mkafio ganmasxvavebeli niSani.
presis T
presis avisuf
Ta le
visufle bis bor
lebis kile
bork bi
ilebi
adamians pasuxi mxolod sakuTar qmedebebze moeT-

xoveba. amdenad, eTika mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganviTar-
deba, rodesac media Tavisufalia. informirebis Tavi-
sufleba xuT sxvadasxva tipis ZiriTad winaaRmdegobas
awydeba. uZvelesi _ teqnologiuri dabrkoleba Tan-
daTan qreba. meore borkili politikuria: presis gan-
viTarebas dasabamidan samefo kari adgamda uRels;
dRes, demokratiul qveynebSic ki, mTavroba kvlav cdi-
lobs, cenzura daawesos axal ambebze, an daamaxinjos
20 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
isini. mesame safrTxe, romelic me-19 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli

sul ufro saSiS tendenciaSi vlindeba, ekonomikuria: mediis gamoye-
neba mxolod fulis keTebis mizniT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom meoTxe
safrTxeze iSviaTad saubroben, is bevrisTvis SesaZloa, moulodne-
lic ki aRmoCndes: es gaxlavT mediis profesionalTa konservatizmi,
maTi dromoWmuli ideebi da meTodebi. ukanaskneli dabrkoleba,
romelsac aseve arasodes axseneben, garemomcvel kulturaSia, tra-
diciebSi, rogoricaa qalis statusi muslimur qveynebSi, tomobrivi
loialoba afrikaSi, moxucTa pativiscema iaponiaSi. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, am SemTxvevaSi damnaSave sazogadoebaa.
presis r
presis eJime
reJime bi
eJimebi
ZiriTadad arsebobs daaxloebiT oTxi reJimi,12 romelTagan ori

demokratiulia, ori ki _ arademokratiuli. TiToeuli maTgani msofl-
mxedvelobriv da sakacobrio Rirebulebebs efuZneba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, pesimisti adamians miiCnevs uguno arsebad, romelsac Tavi-
sufali neba ar gaaCnia: mas (adamians) sWirdeba meTvalyureoba, Sez-
Rudva, indoqtrinacia. meores mxriv, optimisti adamians moazrovne
arsebad Tvlis: Tu adamianebs informaciaze xeli miuwvdebaT da ide-
ebis Tavisuflad gacvla SeuZliaT, maSin maT im sazogadoebis marT-
va xelewifebaT, romelSic cxovroben.
avtoritaruli reJimi
es reJimi yvelaze gavrcelebuli me-19 saukunis Suaxanebamde iyo.

me-20 saukuneSi absoluturi monarqiebis narCenebi faSisturma sa-
xelmwifom Secvala. aseTi reJimis pirobebSi media, rogorc wesi, war-
moadgens kerZo bizness, romelic mogebis miRebazea orientirebuli,
Tumca isini, visac Zalaufleba upyria, mkacrad akontrolebs mediis
Sinaarss. rogorc axali ambebi, aseve gasarTobi masalebi SesaZloa,
ZirgamomTxreli xasiaTis iyos. eTerSi translirebuli ideebi mmar-
12
F. Siebert, Th. Peterson & W. Schramm „Four Theories of The Press”, Urbana, University of
Illinois Press, 1956. J.C. Nerone ed., “Last Rights: Revisiting „Four Theories of The Press”,
Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1995.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
anmasxvaavebeli niSne bi
niSnebi 21
Tveli jgufis saWiroebebs unda exmaurebodes. am dros akrZalulia

yovelgvari opoziciuri presa, aseve dauSvebelia politikuri deba-
tebi. TviT wminda adamianuri istoriebis gaSuqebac ki ikrZaleba,
radgan SesaZloa, maTi interpretireba, rogorc socialuri disfun-
qciis niSnebisa.
komunisturi reJimi
am reJimSi media ar arsebobs im totalitaruli saxelmwifosgan

damoukideblad, romelmac mTlianad STanTqa yvela instituti da
mTeli mrewveloba: media warmoadgens giganturi manqanis patara Wan-
Wiks. iseTi Rirebuleba, rogoricaa presis Tavisufleba am modelis-
Tvis ararelevanturia. 1920-ian wlebSi ruseTSi gabatonebuli es re-
Jimi 1945 wlidan aRmosavleT evropaSi gavrcelda, Semdgom 1949
wlidan _ CineTSi, 60-ian wlebidan ki _ e.w. mesame samyaros udides
nawilSi.
totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi saxelmwifo medias iyenebs mis
mier aRiarebuli oficialuri ideologiis dasanergad,13 Tavisi di-
reqtivebis gasavrceleblad da xalxis dasarwmuneblad, raTa maT
xelisuflebis miTiTebebiT ixelmZRvanelon. mediis upirvelesi fun-
qcia sicrue da yovelive imis miCqmalvaa, rac mmarTveli `nomenkla-
turis~ interesebs ar Seesatyviseba. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi
es reJimi gaqrobis piras iyo: aRmoCnda, rom is xels uSlida ekono-
mikur ganviTarebas, socialur keTildReobas, codnis gavrcelebas,
sayovelTao mSvidobas _ da, rasakvirvelia, politikur demokratias.
Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi mediis mxridan marqsizmis
kritika mTlianad usafuZvlo iyo.
mesame samyaroSi medias TiTqosda gansakuTrebuli misia ekisre-
boda: mas xeli unda Seewyo ganviTarebisaTvis, mosaxleobis ganaTle-
bisaTvis, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis erTian erad Camoyalibebisa
da adgilobrivi kulturis SenarCunebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, samxed-
ro diqtaturebis pirobebSi, romlebic Tavs socialisturs uwodebd-
nen, ganviTarebis dabal doneze myofi media saSualebebi metwilad
13
CineTis presis kodeqsis muxli 1: Jurnalisti èrTguli unda iyos Tavisi
qveynisa da komunizmisa da ixelmZRvanelos partiis mier gansazRvruli
principebiTa da politikiT~.
22 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
despotis Zalauflebis SenarCunebisa da qalaqis mcirericxovani

elitis samsaxurSi idgnen.
liberaluri reJimi
liberaluri, an libertarianuli reJimi, gaerTianebuli erebis

adamianis uflebaTa universaluri deklaraciis (1948) me-19 muxlis
wyalobiT, saerTaSoriso normad iqca. is efuZneba me-18 saukunis ev-
ropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi warmoqmnil doqtrinas, romlis Ta-
naxmad, yvela movlenasa da mosazrebas aqvs ìdeaTa Tavisufal bazar-
ze~ arsebobis ufleba. igi adamianebs WeSmaritebis dadgenisa da Se-
sabamisad, sakuTari qmedebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas aZlevs. er-
TaderTi sirTule SesaZloa, saxelmwifos Carevam warmoqmnas.
am mSvenierma iluziam xeli ver SeuSala me-20 saukuneSi dawyebul
presis mzardi komercializaciis process. im xanad yvelaferi momge-
biani saukeTesod iTvleboda. ufro metic, korporaciebis bunebrivi
midrekileba koncentraciisaken warmoqmnida saSiSroebas, rom infor-
mirebis berketi, iseve rogorc saerTo erovnuli diskusiisaTvis pri-
oritetuli Tematikis SerCevis privilegia SesaZloa, ramodenime upasu-
xismgeblo media saSualebis mflobelis xelSi aRmoCeniliyo, rac da-
maxasiaTebeli iyo kidec gasuli saukunis dasasrulisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis modeli
koncefcia, romelic adamianuri bunebis ufro realisturi aRqmis

Sedegad warmoiSva, liberaluri modelis gacilebiT farTo gagebas
gulisxmobs. sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis cneba pirvelad ga-
moiyena SeerTebul StatebSi arsebulma presis Tavisuflebis komi-
siam,14 romlis SemadgenlobaSic iyvnen gamoCenili pirovnebebi, vinc
mediis sferoSi ar saqmianobda. mediis nawilma komisiis saangariSo
moxsenebis `Tavisufali da pasuxismgebeli presa~ (1947) ignorireba
moaxdina, nawili ki xsenebulma dokumentma sakmaod gaaRiziana. Tumca
momdevno oci wlis ganmavlobaSi mediam ZiriTadad gaiziara da miiRo
komisiis mier warmodgenili ideebi.
14
presis Tavisuflebis komisias Tavmjdomareobda r.m.haTCinsi, Cikagos
universitetis prezidenti.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 23
aRniSnuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, umjobesia, media saSualebebi Ta-

visufalni iyvnen rogorc saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi yofnisagan, aseve
saxelmwifo kontrolisagan. meores mxriv, media saSualeba ar warmo-
adgens Cveulebriv komerciul firmas, romlis warmatebis gazomva
mxolod mogebiTaa SesaZlebeli. cxadia, sruliad bunebrivia mogeba-
ze orientireba, magram amave dros media unda grZnobdes pasuxis-
mgeblobas sazogadoebis yvela socialuri jgufis mimarT da akmayo-
filebdes maT saWiroebebsa da moTxovnebs.
saWiroa, mediam reagireba moaxdinos iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac
moqalaqeebi ukmayofiloni arian gaweuli momsaxurebiT. umjobesia,
Tu media saSualeba nebayoflobiTve moaxdens sakuTari mcdari qme-
debis koreqtirebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo Careva
aucilebelic aris da legitimuric. gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom
Zalian xSirad swored aseTi Carevis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba uR-
vivebs medias eTikis mimarT interess.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is, rom ganxiluli oTxi modeli wminda
saxiT arasodes arsebobs. avtoritaruli reJimebis pirobebSic ki,
moqalaqeebs yovelTvis miuwvdebodaT xeli iatakqveSa an ucxour
mediaze, xolo liberalur demokratiebSi, TviT SeerTebul Stateb-
Sic ki, moqalaqeTa Soris arsebobs konsensusi, rom saerTo interese-
bidan gamomdinare, media regulirebas saWiroebs.
mediis funqciebi
funqciebi
imisaTvis, rom gansajoT, Tu ramdenad kargad emsaxureba media

sazogadoebas, saWiroa vicodeT, Tu savaraudod, ra momsaxurebiT
uzrunvelyofs media sazogadoebas. SesaZloa, gamovyoT mediis daax-
loebiT eqvsi funqcia. yovel kategorias Seesabameba disfunqcia,
romelic media eTikis samiznes warmoadgens.
meTvalyureoba
dRevandel sazogadoebaSi mxolod medias ZaluZs, mogvawodos

drouli da sruli informacia im movlenebze, romlebic Cvens garSe-
mo an Cvens miRma viTardeba. mediis funqciaa informaciis moZieba,
24 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
gafiltrva, gaanalizeba, interpretireba da Semdgom misi gavrceleba

yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze. kerZod, mediam arCevnebs Soris drois in-
tervalSi Tvalyuri unda adevnos sami politikuri saxelisuflebo
Stos (aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo) saqmianobas.
sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis uzrunvelyofa
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi konsensusis misaR-

wevad, romlis gareSec mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba SeuZlebelia, auci-
lebelia sajaro diskusia. masiurad dasaxlebul qalaqebSi debate-
bisTvis sajaro forums swored media warmoadgens.
media calkeul individs garkveul jgufs miakuTvnebs, jgufebs
eris saxes aZlevs, wvlili Seaqvs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaSi.
garda amisa, mcire media uzrunvelyofs lateralur komunikacias
erTi da imave eTnikuri warmoSobis, profesiis an miswrafebis mqone
adamianebs Soris _ romlebic xSirad gafantulni arian masobriv sa-
zogadoebaSi.
msoflios axali ambebiT uzrunvelyofa
mTeli samyaros Sesaxeb pirdapir da uSualo informacias aravin

flobs. piradi gamocdilebis garda, adamiani codnas msoflio mov-
lenebis Sesaxeb iRebs skolidan, saubrebidan, Tumca mTavar wyaros
mainc media warmoadgens. Cveulebrivi pirovnebisaTvis is areali,
adamianebi da sakiTxebi, romlebic mediis fokusSi ar xvdeba, ubra-
lod ar arseboben.
kulturis gavrceleba
nebismieri jgufis kulturuli memkvidreoba Taobidan Taobas un-

da gadaecemodes: es aris warsulis garkveuli xedva, msoflios dRe-
vandeli dRe da misi momavali, faseulobaTa da tradiciaTa is er-
Toba, romelic individis eTnikur identurobas gansazRvravs. saWi-
roa yvelam icodes, Tu ra gakeTda an ar gakeTda, ra aris sazrunavi
da ra ara. socializaciis aseT procesSi dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki evropaSi, eklesia ukve aRar asrulebs im rols,
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 25
romelsac is winaT asrulebda. am funqcias veRarc ojaxi asrulebs,

gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebul StatebSi. rCeba skola da media, rome-
lic gavlenas individebze mTeli cxovrebis manZilze axdens.
bednierebis xelSewyoba: garToba
masobriv sazogadoebaSi garToba axla ufro saWiroa, vidre adre,

radgan aucilebelia iseTi daZabulobis moxsna, romelmac SeiZleba
fizikuri an mentaluri daavadeba gamoiwvios. am funqcias umTavre-
sad media asrulebs. momxmarebeli mediisgan garTobas ufro moelis,
vidre sxva rames _ da es funqcia SesaniSnavad esadageba danarCen xuT
funqcias.
gayidva
media reklamis gavrcelebis mTavari saSualebaa. media saSuale-

bebis mesakuTreTa umTavresi mizani Zalian xSirad aris sazogadoebis
cduneba da Semdeg reklamis ganmTavseblebisaTvis farTis/drois
miyidva. isini cdiloben reklamisTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas.
zogierT mayurebels reklama pozitiur samsaxurs uwevs: uzrunvel-
yofs informaciiT, moxmarebisa da konkurenciis stimulirebis gziT
iwvevs fasebis (mediis fasebis CaTvliT) vardnas. kritikosebi ki pi-
riqiT Tvlian, rom reklamireba iwvevs adamianebiT manipulirebas,
garemos dabinZurebasa da saxsrebis flangvas.
mediis tipebi
tipebi
(masobrivi) mediumi aris specialuri teqnikuri saSualebebiT aR-

Wurvili samrewvelo subieqti, romelic erTi da imave gzavnils erT-
droulad sxvadasxva individTa farTo jgufs gadascems. am defini-
ciaSi ar Sedis telefoni, sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva da sayovel-
Tao saarCevno ufleba. fosta da bilbordebi SeiZleba am kategori-
idan gamoiricxos, radgan maTi gzavnili iSviaTad Tu atarebs arako-
merciul xasiaTs. CanawerebiT upiratesad sargeblobs radio. rac
Seexeba kinos, is iqca ara imdenad mediumad, ramdenadac patara sate-
26 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
levizio ekranis provaiderad, kabelis, satelitebis, kasetebis da

DVD-is meSveobiT. Cveulebrivi gagebiT, media moicavs gazeTebs, Jur-
nalebs (beWduri Tu eleqtronuli), radios da televizias.
es kategorizacia mediis imdenad gansxvavebul saxeobebs moicavs,
rom eTikuri normebi yoveli maTganisaTvis erTi da igive ver iqneba.
gansxvaveba naTelia beWdviT da audio-vizualur medias, an sazoga-
doebriv mediasa (saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad)15 da komerciul
an arakomerciul kerZo media saSualebebs Soris.
erTmaneTisagan fundamenturad unda gavmijnoT presa, romelic
informirebazea orientirebuli da presa, romelic sazogadoebrivi
azris formirebaze akeTebs fokusirebas. eTikuri normebi, pirvel
rigSi, miesadageba informaciul presas, rac dResdReobiT mniSvne-
lovnad uwyobs xels mediis miukerZoeblobas. arsebobs mosazreba,
rom Tvalsazriss, religiuri iqneba is, eTnikuri Tu politikuri _
ideologiuri safuZvlis gamo SeuZlia, damaxinjebulad warmoaCinos
realoba16, bundovnad gadmosces ideebi, iyos usamarTlo an Seuracx-
myofelic ki. miuxedavad amisa, bevri eTikuri norma mosazrebebsac
miesadageba: is ar unda efuZnebodes mcdar faqtebs da aRvivebdes
rasobriv siZulvils an Zaladobas. aseT presas metad moeTxoveba Ta-
visuflebis dacva, radgan is, rogorc wesi, aRizianebs rogorc mosax-
leobis garkveul nawils, aseve xSirad arsebul xelisuflebasac.
specializirebuli presis maregulirebeli standartebi gansxva-
vebulia. mis Sinaarss ZiriTadad gansazRvraven StatgareSe, Tavisu-
fali Jurnalistebi, romelTa gakontrolebac rTulia. amave dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Semosavlebis umTavres wyaros speci-
alizebuli reklamis ganmTavseblebi warmoadgenen, romelTac aqvT
molodini, rom maT mimarT loialur da frTxil damokidebulebas
gamoiCenen. dabolos, presa, romlis tiraJi kontrolirebadia, re-
alurad warmoadgens sufTa reklamas da saSinao mimoxilvebs, romel-
Tac aqveyneben komerciuli an sajaro institutebis sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobis samsaxurebi.
15
evropelebi naTlad ganasxvaveben mudmivad upartio `saxelmwifosa~ da
arCeul `mTavrobas~, romelic garkveuli vadiT marTavs qveyanas.
16
kanzasis kodeqsis (1910w) mixedviT, partiuli gamocema gazeTi ar aris.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 27
axali ambebi da g
ambebi arT
garToba
arToba
gasarTobi media gansakuTrebul sferos ganekuTvneba. mxolod

garTobaze specializebuli zogierTi gamocema (magaliTad, kros-
vordebis Jurnalebi) uaryofs eTikas. maSin, rodesac eTikosebi
mizanmimarTulad arian fokusirebuli Jurnalistikaze17, sazogado-
eba uamrav sayvedurs gamoTqvams gasarTobi mediis mimarT. imis gamo,
rom gasarTobi media warmoadgens uzarmazar industrias, romelsac
TiTqosda politikuri funqcia ar akisria, xangrZlivi drois gan-
mavlobaSi damkvidrebuli iyo tendencia, rom am sferoSi media eTi-
kaze zrunva ar Rirda. qveynebis umravlesobaSi sakmarisad miiCneva
ramodenime sakanonmdeblo regulirebisa (magaliTad, pornografiis
Sesaxeb) da Tavdebis institutis arseboba. Tumca 90-iani wlebidan
sazogadoebaSi (Tanamoazre politikosebis CaTvliT) gaCnda seri-
ozuli ukmayofileba im isteriuli Zaladobis da kidev ufro Tamami
seqsualuri scenebis gamo, romlebic mcire da did ekranebze gax-
Sirda da radioSi vulgaruli sensualizmis gamo.
Jurnalistika da garToba arasdros yofila mkafiod gamijnuli
erTmaneTisagan da rogorc Cans, aseTi zRvari sul ufro bundovani
gaxdeba: popularuli presa yovelTvis ixreboda gasarTobisaken da
axla komerciuli mediis umetesoba `Sou-biznesad~ aqcevs Tavisi pro-
duqciis umetesobas. zogierTi damTxveva gardauvalia, savaraudod:
axali ambebi SeiZleba saintereso iyos, magram araaqtualuri; da pi-
riqiT, bevri SeiZleba viswavloT mxatvruli literaturidan da fil-
mebidan. mediis orive saxeoba codnas da ganaTlebas uzrunvelyofs
_ da udavoa, rom orive SesaniSnav samsaxurs uwevs sazogadoebas. mag-
ram ar unda movaxdinoT maTi erTmaneTSi aRreva, miT ufro, rom maTi
miznebic gansxvavebulia: erTis mxriv, zusti da saWiro axali ambebiT
uzrunvelyofa da meores mxriv, garToba, romelic arc calkeul
individebs vnebs da arc sazogadoebas. cxadia, Sesabamisad, qcevis
wesebic gansxvavebuli iqneba.
17
1952 wlamde SeerTebul StatebSi kino ar iyo daculi pirveli
SesworebiT, ris safuZvladac miuTiTebdnen kinos, rogorc komerciuli
gasarTobis bunebas.
28 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
subieqtebi
subieqtebi
damqiraveblebi da daqiravebulebi
media saSualeba da masSi dasaqmebuli xalxi ar unda ganvixiloT

erT mTlianobad, rogorc es xSirad SeerTebul StatebSi xdeba. am
subieqtebs gansxvavebuli pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Jurnalistebs mravali profesiuli codvis Cadena SeuZ-
liaT, mediumis saredaqcio politikas da mis damokidebulebas eTi-
kasTan Tavad media saSualebis mesakuTre18 da misi agentebi gansaz-
Rvraven.
maRali rangis xelmZRvanelobas (mesakuTre, gamomcemeli, redaq-
tori) moeTxoveba biznes unar-Cvevebi da ara moraluri sindisi. maT
moeTxovebaT sakanonmdeblo regulirebebis dacva da pativiscema,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT kanonis winaSe pasuxisgeba mouwevT.19 faq-
tobrivad, dResdReobiT menejerebis umetesoba warmoadgens mxolod
daqiravebul muSaks, romelic angariSvaldebulia aqcionerTa winaSe,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mxolod mogebiT arian dainteresebuli. Tum-
ca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es adamianebi Zalauflebas floben, ne-
bismier adamians, visac media eTikasTan kavSiri aqvs, urCevnia ar ga-
aRvivos maTi mtroba.
rac Seexeba Jurnalistebs, Tu ar CavTvliT ramodenime did
kalmosans, iyo dro, rodesac isini arafers warmoadgendnen, garda
morCili, `daqiravebuli mjRabnelebisa~20. dResdReobiT es xeloba
TandaTan iZens profesiis niSnebs. specialuri sauniversiteto swav-
leba JurnalistikaSi yvela mowinave demokratiul qveyanaSia ganvi-
Tarebuli. am qveynebSi Camoyalibebulia profesiuli asociaciebi da
moqmedeben eTikis kodeqsebi. `profesionaluri~ Jurnalistika momx-
marebelzea orientirebuli da nomer pirvel amocanad misTvis kargi
momsaxurebis gawevas isaxavs.
18
Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca mcire media saSualebaSi mflobeli da
Jurnalisti erTi da igive piria.
19
Tumca, zogierTi mflobeli, romelic prestiJisa da gavlenis moxveWas
isaxavs miznad, xarisxian medias afinansebs. analogiurad moiqca roi
tomsoni 1960 wels londonis “Times”-sTan mimarTebaSi da lordis
titulic miiRo.
20
rogorc maT robert uolpouli uwodebda me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 29
Jurnalistebis erTi kategoria calke klass qmnis da erTob mniSv-

nelovansac: eseni arian menejerTa mier daniSnuli redaqtorebi, ro-
melTac delegirebuli aqvT rogorc saredaqcio politikis gansaz-
Rvris, aseve TanamSromelTa daqiravebisa da samsaxuridan daTxovnis
uflebamosileba. es profesionalebi asruleben gadamwyvet rols
eTikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, radganac eTikuri normebis daner-
gvis mizniT, maT SeuZliaT dasjis meTodis gamoyeneba. dasanania, rom
am meTods isini Zalzed TavSekavebulad iyeneben: WuWyian TeTreuls
sajarod ar fenen.
rigiTi adamianebi da varskvlavebi
mediis momxmareblebs xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT es ori jgufi. Cve-

ulebrivi Jurnalistebi Zalzed mravalricxovanni arian, isini mra-
valmxriv zewolas ganicdian, dabalanazRaurebadni arian, informaciis
wyaroebi xSirad maT mimarT zizRsac ki amJRavneben _ da mediis yvela
naklovanebaSi adanaSauleben. SedarebiT CrdilSi myofni, isini umZimes
Sromas ewevian, raTa SeZlebisdagvarad kargad moaxdinon momxmareblis
informireba. gadaRlilebi, arasaTanadod aRWurvilebi, meorexa-
risxovnebi isini xSirad waiborZikeben xolme an gzas ascdebian _ aseTi
mcire Secdomebi ki saerTo jamSi STambeWdav suraTs qmnis.
Jurnalistikis varskvlavebi, ZiriTadad teleJurnalistebi, mci-
rericxovanni, gansakuTrebiT maRalanazRaurebadni da saxelganTq-
mulebi21 arian. ueWvelia, rom rogorc sxva Jurnalistebi, gansakuT-
rebiT axalgazrdebi, aseve sazogadoeba maT etalonebad, modelebad
aRiqvams. maTi mxridan eTikuri normebis darRvevis riski bevrad uf-
ro maRalia: cduneba didia da SesaZlebelia, bevrs popularoba Tav-
Si auvardes. Secdomebi, romelTac isini Cadian, zogjer Zalzed se-
riozuli da dramatulicaa da Sedegad mTel profesias seriozul
zians ayenebs.
21
mediis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi TavianTi popularobis gamoyenebis gziT,
magaliTad, telekomentatori, romelsac mihyavs yoveldRiuri radio Sou
da saavtoro sveti gazeTsa da yovelkvireul tele JurnalSi. SeerTebul
StatebSi agreTve saleqcio kursebis wyalobiT (romelTa prezentaciebis
anazRaureba 60 000 aSS. dolars zemoTaa); safrangeTSi savaWro
konferenciebis wamyvanobis Tu TviT savaWro centrebis gaxsnis
ceremoniebiTac ki.
30 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
reklamis damkveTebi
isini mediis yvelaze mniSvnelovani momxmareblebi arian da swored

isini uzrunvelyofen mis keTildReobas. Sinaarsis xarisxiT isini im-
denad arian dainteresebulni, ramdenadac sareklamo `gzavnilisaT-
vis~ is sandoobis xelsayrel auras qmnis _ riTac SesaZlebels xdis,
zogierTma gzavnilma erTob sasurveli auditoriis yuradReba mi-
izidos. meores mxriv, media maTTvis warmoadgens saSualebas, raTa
waiSalos zRvari reklamasa da axal ambebs Soris. amdenad, zogjer
isini ukidures oponentebsac ki mouwodeben `socialuri pasuxism-
geblobisken~.
media momxmareblebi
socialuri komunikacia metad mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom igi

mxolod profesionalebs mivandoT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi sityvisa
da presis Tavisufleba mxolod mediis prerogativa ar aris: es uf-
leba zogadad sazogadoebas ekuTvnis. dedamiwis TiTqmis yvela kuT-
xeSi Catarebuli kvlevebi naTelyofs: sazogadoeba grZnobs, rom
media mas abriyvebs da misiT manipulirebs. aseTi mtruli ganwyoba
zogjer safuZvliania, Tumca ara yovelTvis. Zalzed bevrma adamianma
araferi icis presis teqnikur saWiroebebze da usamarTlo sayvedu-
rebs gamoTqvams. garda amisa, àxali ambebi~ xSirad usiamovno, uCve-
ulo cnobebsac niSnavs _ da sazogadoeba ver ereva uZveles survils,
gaumklavdes cudi ambis macnes.
rogorebic ar unda iyvnen mediis momxmareblebi, apaTiurebi Tu
araorganizebulni, umecarni Tu Seuwynarebelni, zogjer isini dab-
rkolebebs uqmnian presis Tavisuflebas da naklebad amJRavneben
nebas, daicvan es ufleba. ase magaliTad, im dros, rodesac safran-
geTSi informaciis ministri pirdapir akontrolebda televizias,
gana moqalaqeebma gamoxates protesti maT mier gadaxdili samomx-
mareblo wliuri gadasaxadis gamo? moewera Tu ara raime peticias
xeli imis gamo, rom mTavari sazogadoebrivi satelevizio arxi 80-ian
wlebSi samSeneblo warmoebis magnats mihyides? gana avstraliaSi ew-
yoboda quCis msvlelobebi imis sawinaaRmdegod, rom yoveldRiuri
presis 60 procenti multinacionaluri konglomeratis xelSi iyo
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 31
koncentrirebuli? gana sadme msoflioSi gamarTula demonstracia

imis sawinaaRmdegod, rom reklamaSi qalebs ZiriTadad gonebasuste-
bad warmoaCendnen?
imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra motivi amoZravebs _ gulgrilad aris
ganwyobili Tu mtrulad, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba politikur
xifaTs Seicavs. demokratiis gadasarCenad saWiroa raime saSualebis
gamoZebna. Cans, rom me-20 saukuneSi nela, magram mainc ganviTarda
erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba: es aris mediis `socialuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis~ gazrda.
bazari, kanoni da eT
kanoni ik
eTik a
ika
bazari
sabWoTa kavSiris da misi satelitebis xangrZlivma gamocdilebam

cxadyo, rom informaciisa da debatebis TavisuflebisaTvis auci-
lebelia Tavisufali mewarmeobis arseboba. am aucileblobas umetesi
evropuli qveynebis gamocdilebac cxadyofs, roca am qveynebSi te-
levizia mTlianad saxelmwifoze iyo damokidebuli. mediis uxarisxo-
bis mizezi konkurenciis ararsebobaa. sakabelo da satelituri tele-
viziebis bumamde, rodesac samma identurma komerciulma arxma eTe-
ris monopolizeba moaxdina, es aSkara iyo SeerTebul StatebSi. ro-
gor SeiZleba SeveguoT im faqts, rom ramodenime firmam mTlianad
Caigdo xelSi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone sazogadoebrivi arxi
da mis eqsploatacias mxolod da mxolod fulis keTebis mizniT ax-
dens? rogor SeiZleba miviRoT maTi gancxadeba, rom presis saSu-
alebebi absoluturad Tavisufali unda iyvnen da yvela regulireba
ugulebelyofili?
`bazars~ ar SeuZlia, Seqmnas sakmarisi garantia kargi socialuri
komunikaciisaTvis. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, is umravlesobisTvis sa-
kuTari Tavis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas qmnis. uares SemTxvevaSi, me-
dia, erTis mxriv, mdidar umciresobas emsaxureba, xolo, meores
mxriv, aradiferencirebuli masisaTvis is axdens iseTi gadacemebis
mauwyeblobas, rac naklebad gaaRizianebs am auditorias. veluri
kapitalizmis periodi, me-19 saukunis meore naxevari, roca SeerTe-
32 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
bul StatebSi oqros xana sufevda, naTlad cxadyofs, rom saxelmwi-

fos regulirebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, biznes kasta naklebad zru-
navs sazogadoebriv samsaxurze, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, eTikaze.
kanoni
sakanonmdeblo regulireba saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa vaiZuloT me-

dia, adekvaturi samsaxuri gauwios sazogadoebas. termini `kanonm-
debloba~ moicavs parlamentis aqtebs, maregulirebeli organoebis
mier gamocemul kanonqvemdebare aqtebs, sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
bebs da licenziis misaRebad saWiro sakontraqto valdebulebebs.
kanonebis aRsrulebis valdebuleba ekisrebaT policias, mosamarT-
leebs (magistratebs da maregulirebel komisiebs, rogoricaa maga-
liTad, federaluri komunikaciebis komisia (FCC) SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi da analogiuri organo safrangeTSi _ erovnuli mauwyeblobis
sabWo (CSA).22
demokratiuli kanonmdebloba zRudavs garkveul qmedebebs, rac
imas niSnavs, rom sxva danarCeni qmedebebi dasaSvebia. Tu arsebobs
konsensusi, rom garkveuli RonisZiebis gatareba sazogadoebriv in-
teress Seesatyviseba, ratom ar unda vaqcioT is kanonad, magaliTad,
ciliswamebis, an mkvlelobisaken waqezebis winaaRmdeg? bevr qveyanaSi
akrZalulia televiziiT sigaretis reklamireba. magram kanonmdeb-
loba mxolod SemzRudav normebs ar Seicavs: evropuli qveynebis um-
ravlesobaSi moqalaqeebs kanonmdeblobiT aqvT garantirebuli pre-
saSi `pasuxis ufleba~. miuxedavad koncentraciis mzardi tendenci-
isa, bevri saxelmwifo mimarTavs subsidirebas mcire gazeTebis ga-
dasarCenad. evropelebs biznesis Careva metad afrTxobT, vidre mTav-
robisa.
kanonmdebloba Tavisi bunebiT SemzRudavi ar aris. mas SeuZlia,
xeli Seuwyos mediis saqmianobas. Sveduri kanoni presis Sesaxeb Jur-
nalistebs mTel rig gansakuTrebul garantiebs uqmnis: akrZalulia
yovelgvari cenzura; omis pirobebSic ki Jurnalisturi wyaroebis
gamJRavneba daculia kanoniT; ramodenime gamonaklisis garda, yve-
22
“Conseil national de l’audiovisuel”. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba amerikul da frangul
maregulireblebs Soris aris is, rom CSA-is regulirebis sferoSi
telekomunikaciebi ar Sedis.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 33
lasTvis xelmisawvdomia oficialuri arqivebi; media gansakuTrebu-

li privilegiiTa daculi sasamarTloSi mxared gamosvlis SemTxve-
vaSi.23 sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi,
roca is realurad damoukidebelia, SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos medias da
mis sasargeblod moaxdinos SemzRudavi kanonmdeblobis interpre-
tireba, raTa mediam srulfasovnad Seasrulos sakuTari funqcia.
adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom britanel
Jurnalistebs aqvT ufleba _ daicvan TavianTi wyaroebi, rac ugu-
lebelyo britanulma sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilvis dros.
SeerTebuli Statebis damokidebuleba absurdulad gamoiyureba:
amerikeli Jurnalistebi ugulebelyofen presis nebismier kanons (da
TiTqmis yvela sxva saSualebas, rac eTikuri regulirebis damkvid-
rebis SesaZleblobas iZleva), Tumca isini iSviaTad gamoxataven pro-
tests maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis gamo, rac mediis komerciali-
zacias moaqvs _ an im kanonmdeblobis winaaRmdeg, romelic arsebuli
mdgomareobis an mogebisTvisaa xelsayreli.
kanoni da eTika: es ori sfero erTmaneTisgan naTlad gamijnuli
ar aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavlur kodeqsebSi iSviaTad Tu ipoviT
SezRudvebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, kanonmdeblobaSia gaTvalis-
winebuli (magaliTad, rom erovnul usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar unda
daemuqros), an xSirad kanonieria (magaliTad, saredaqcio masalebis
reklamisagan gamijvna24). Tumca am kodeqsebSi gaTvaliswinebulia
JurnalistTa is valdebulebebi, romlebic zogierT sxva qveyanaSi
SesaZloa sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sfero yofiliyo.
pasuxis ufleba sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sferos miekuTvneba
safrangeTSi, Tumca didi britaneTisa Tu holandiis kanonmdebloba
msgavs normas ar icnobs. germanuli kodeqsi gvirCevs, rom ar moxdes
arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebis identificireba maTi saxelebisa da
fotoebis gamoqveynebis gziT _ rac sxva qveynebSi kanoniT akrZalu-
23
nafic msajulTa Jiuris mier ganxiluli sasamarTlo procesis msgavsad
(rac ar aris tipiuri instituti skandinaviaSi): mosamarTles SeuZlia,
moaxdinos msajulTa gadawyvetilebis ignorireba, Tu am ukanasknelis
gadawyvetileba mediis sawinaaRmdegoa, risi gakeTebac mas ar SeuZlia, Tu
msajulebi mediis sasargeblod arian ganwyobilni.
24
am normas iTvaliswinebs norvegiuli kodeqsi, xolo safrangeTSi es
sakiTxi kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba.
34 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
lia. SeerTebul StatebSi telekompania CBS-is moTxovnaa, rom sa-

zogadoebrivi azris kvlevis Sedegebi gaSuqdes meTodologiur mo-
nacemebTan erTad: rac safrangeTSi kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli
valdebulebaa.
cxadia, zogierTi qmedeba akrZalulia, rogorc kanonmdeblobiT,
aseve eTikuri normebiT. bevri kodeqsi JurnalistebisTvis im ufle-
bebs moiTxovs, rac sxva qveynebSi ganaTlebuli kanonmdeblobiTaa ga-
rantirebuli. aseTia: profesiuli saidumlo germaniaSi, arqivebis
xelmisawvdomoba SeerTebul StatebSi; ufleba, uari Tqvan davaleba-
ze, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis mrwamss, safrangeTSi. kanonebi
da regulirebebi qmnian im CarCos, romlis farglebSic yovel praq-
tikoss aqvs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. media eTika adgens sxva,
ufro mkacr CarCoebs, magram mainc tovebs arCevanis SesaZleblobas,
rasac yoveli individi sakuTari faseulobebis Sesabamisad akeTebs.
mediam kanonis darRvevis gareSec ki SesaZloa, seriozuli ziani
miayenos vinmes. kanoniT daSvebuli qmedebebi SeiZleba ewinaaRmde-
gebodes profesiul eTikas. magaliTad, Tu Jurnalisti iRebs ro-
melime mewarmis mipatiJebas, gancxromaSi gaataros dasvenebis dRe-
ebi. da piruku, eTikurma regulaciam SeiZleba, gaamarTlos ukanono
qmedeba, magaliTad, iseTi dokumentis moparva, romelic sazoga-
doebrivi interesebis saziano skandalis safuZveli gaxda.
miuxedavad arsebuli gadafarvebisa, saqme gvaqvs or damouki-
debel sferosTan da maTi erTmaneTisagan gamijvna erTob mniSvne-
lovania. kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze presis problemebis gadawyveta
yovelTvis xifaTs Seicavs. amas mravali mizezi aqvs: kanoni mxolod
imdenadaa efeqturi, ramdenadac amis saSualebas socialur-poli-
tikuri garemo qmnis.25 ama Tu im mTavrobam SeiZleba, konkretuli
sakanonmdeblo normis araerTgvarovani interpretireba moaxdinos,
mediis Sesustebis an CaCumebis mizniT. zogierTi sferos (piradi
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis msgavsad) maregulirebeli kanonmdeblo-
ba ise bundovnadaa formulirebuli, rom kanons, romelic an zedme-
tad gaugebaria an zedmetad zusti, gacilebiT meti zianis motana
25
1881 wlis franguli presis kanonSi arsebuli sanqciebi Semsubuqda da
iSviaTi gaxda. kanonmdebloba moiTxovs ganaxlebas da Tanamedroveobis
moTxovnebTan adaptirebas, Tumca kanonmdeblebi Tavs arideben
JurnalistebTan dapirispirebas.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 35
SeuZlia, vidre sikeTis. sazogadoebis damokidebuleba zogierTi sfe-

ros (magaliTad, seqsis) mimarT iseTi tempiT icvleba, rom zogierTi
sakanonmdeblo regulireba dromoWmuli xdeba da mkvdar normad
rCeba. dabolos, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac esa Tu is Secdoma ar iw-
vevs kanonis darRvevas. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, reagireba moaxdinos
mediis mxridan Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebaze, magram verafers
izams, Tu saqme profesiuli normebis ugulebelyofas exeba. mxedve-
lobaSia misaRebi isic, rom marTlmsajulebis manqana neli, Zvirad-
Rirebuli da damaSinebelic ki aris.
arsebobs SemTxvevebi, romelTac ver aregulirebs verc kanonm-
debloba, verc bazari da verc eTikuri normebi. amazrzeni `radio
mile kolinesis~ CaxSoba, romelic ruandaSi hutusebs tutsis geno-
cidisken ubiZgebda, mxolod samxedro Zalis meSveobiT moxerxda.
Jurnalistika rogorc profesia?
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxelmwifos mier Seqmnilma swavlulTa

sabWom miiRos miukerZoebeli gadawyvetileba? `yovelTvis ganvic-
didi, rom ar arsebobda JurnalistTa ordeni, romlis funqciac
iqneboda profesiis Tavisuflebisa da im valdebulebebis dacva, ro-
melTac es Tavisufleba uciloblad gulisxmobs~, _ Tqva albert
kamium.26 presisaTvis aSkarad umjobesia, moikribos Zala da gonivrul
farglebSi TviTdisciplina ganamtkicos. es ideali mSvenivrad exmi-
aneba zogierTi Jurnalistis survils, rom Jurnalistika iseTive
profesiad aRiaron, rogoricaa iurisprudencia da medicina.
magram sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Jurnalistika profesia ar aris.
pirveli, is ar efuZneba mecnierebas, romelic globaluri Teoriisa
da codnis organizebuli sistemisagan Sedgeba); TiTqmis yvela qve-
yanaSi Jurnalisti ar aris valdebuli, flobdes sauniversiteto xa-
risxs, gaiaros testireba imisaTvis, raTa daadasturos profesiuli
ganswavluloba. Jurnalists aseve ar esaWiroeba licenzia praqti-
kuli saqmianobisaTvis. is iSviaTad aris TviTdasaqmebuli.27 garda
26
“Le Monde”, 17 aprili, 1957.
27
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom samedicino dawesebulebebSic eqimebi
iseTive daqiravebuli muSakebi arian, rogorc did korporaciebSi
dasaqmebuli advokatebi.
36 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
amisa, imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs pirdapiri urTierToba praqtikossa

da klients Soris, saxelmwifo ver grZnobs saWiroebas, Tavs moaxvios
medias kanonebi, riTac daicavs moqalaqeebs Jurnalistebisagan an
Seqmnas specialuri sasamarTloebi. ramodenime laTinuri qveynis
garda, rogoricaa italia, arsad ar arseboben JurnalistTa gaerTi-
anebebi, romlebic saTaves musolinis epoqidan iReben. Tumca gansa-
kuTrebuli efeqturobiT arc eqimTa da iuristTa arsebuli gaerTi-
anebebi gamoirCeva.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mediis garkveulma nawilma politikuri
procesebis meTvalyuris an oponirebis funqcia unda itvirTos,
JurnalistTa umravlesoba da gareSe damkvirveblebic Tvlian, rom
media eTikis regulireba saxelmwifosgan Sors unda iyos.
morali, media eT
morali, ik
eTik a da xarisxis k
ika ontr
kontroli
ontroli
morali
saWiroa, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT es sami cneba (morali, media

eTika da xarisxis kontroli), imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra terminiT
movixseniebT TiToeul maTgans. aseTi gamijvna ki xSirad ar xerxdeba.
termin `moraliT~ aRniSnaven individis `personalur eTikas~, mova-
leobis grZnobas, romelic msoflmxedvelobasa da cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas efuZneba. j. s. merilis28 msgavsi kritikosebi Tvlian,
rom subieqturi damokidebuleba, Tu ra aris swori da ra ara, Jur-
nalistis Tavisuflebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi SezRudvaa.
media eTika
laTinur qveynebSi eTikis aRmniSvnel profesiul terminad `déon-

tologie~-s (frangulad) an `deontologia~-s (italiurad, espanurad)29 iye-
28
John C. Merrill, “The Imperative of Freedom: A Philosophy of Journalistic Autonomy”, New
York, Hastings House, 1974.
29
sityva damkvidrebulia inglisur enaSi. oqsfordis leqsikonis Tanaxmad, is
pirvelad 1926 wels gamoiyenes. jeremi bentami: “eTikam deontologiis ufro
eqspresiuli saxelwodeba miiRo”.
ZiriTadi g
ZiriTadi anmasxv
ganmasxv
niSnebi 37
neben. eTika xSirad gulisxmobs dauwerel tradiciul wesebs, rac

warmoadgens konsensuss imis Taobaze, Tu ra qmedebaa misaRebi da ra
miuRebeli da rogori qmedebis gamo SeiZleba gariyon Jurnalisti
kolegebma profesiuli wridan. umetes qveynebSi redaqtorTa da
JurnalistTa asociaciebma saWirod miiCnies, SeeqmnaT profesiul
movaleobaTa qartiebi, Tumca garkveuli Jurnalistebi mkacrad
akritikebda am ideas.
xarisxis kontroli
zogierTi adamianisaTvis terminebs `morali~ da èTika~ arasasi-

amovno konotacia aqvT. es terminebi maTSi qadagebebis, filosofiis
gakveTilebis, boiskautebs da totalitaruli reJimebis `moraluri
wesebis~ asociaciebs aRZravs. `morali~ da èTika~ ZiriTadad arare-
levanturad gamoiyureba iseT samyaroSi, sadac umkacresi konkuren-
ciis pirobebSi media TandaTan ufro komerciuli xdeba.
`xarisxis kontroli~, romelic aqamde media samyaroSi naklebad
ixmareboda, sakmaod farTo speqtrs moicavs. kerZod: personalur
eTikas, media eTikas da menejmentis mxridan nebismier iniciativas _
ukeT emsaxuros sazogadoebas. `xarisxis kontrolis~ upiratesobas
ZiriTadad gansazRvravs is, rom igi neitraluria da socialuri
komunikaciis yvela protagonistis dakmayofileba SeuZlia. mediis
momxmareblisaTvis es karg momsaxurebas niSnavs. JurnalistebisaTvis
ki _ ukeTes produqcias, sandoobis maRal xarisxsa da prestiJs. me-
sakuTreebSi `xarisxis kontroli~ iaponuri biznes warmatebis da
Sesabamisad mogebis asociacias iwvevs.30 dabolos, is ufro qmedebeb-
zea orientirebuli, vidre ubralod Teoriaze.
30
eTika anazRaurebs Tavis Tavs: firma, romelsac mniSvnelovani gamocdileba
aqvs, oTxjer, xuTjer zrdis Tavis mogebas, vidre doujinsis saSualo
kompania.
38 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Tavi II
principebi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi
mediis bune
bune ba da g
uneba avlena
ga
media Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Zalzed rTuli so-

cialuri sistemis kompleqsisa da misi mravalricxovani
qvesistemebis nawilia. mTlianobaSi is uzarmazari coc-
xali organizmis msgavsad moqmedebs. misi yoveli ele-
menti sxva elementebzea damokidebuli. erTi qvesistemis
naklovanebam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mTeli meqanizmis sa-
Tanado funqcionirebis moSla. amdenad, TviT libera-
luri modelis pirobebSic ki, mediis avtonomia limiti-
rebulia. didwilad media warsulis karnaxiT, qveynis
kulturisa da ekonomikis moTxovnaTa Sesatyvisad da
imisda mixedviT moqmedebs, rac gadawyvetilebebis mim-
RebTa, momxmarebelTa da moqalaqeTa interesebSia.
garda amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi mediis sammagi
buneba, gansakuTrebiT eTikasTan mimarTebaSi. is, rom me-
dia erTdroulad warmoadgens warmoebas, sazogadoebriv
samsaxursa da politikur instituts, mas orazrovan sta-
tuss aniWebs. es faqtori ki mediasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis umetesobis safuZvelia.
sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri
msoflios im qveynebSic ki, sadac presis uflebebi

iseve ar aris garantirebuli konstituciiT, rogorc Se-
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 39
erTebul StatebSi an presis zogadi kanoniT, rogorc safrangeTSi,

tradicia uzrunvelyofs mas im privilegiebiT, romelTa wyalobiTac
is mTavar sazogadoebriv samsaxurTa Soris moiazreba. es legitimuri
Tu tradiciuli uflebebi medias moqalaqeebisgan aqvs delegire-
buli, Tumca uflebamosilebis am delegirebas sakontraqto safuZ-
veli ar gaaCnia: mediam Tavad unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoebrivi
ndobis SenarCuneba, maRalxarisxiani momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis
gziT.
ori msoflio omis SualedSi, roca amerikaSi seriozulad daiwyes
fiqri media eTikaze,31 interesi profesionalizmisa da JurnalistTa
kolejis ganaTlebis mimarT gaizarda. 1947 wels haTCinsis komisiam
gamoaqveyna Tavisi saangariSo moxseneba. 60-ian wlebSi sul ufro meti
yuradReba eTmoboda mediis `socialur pasuxismgeblobas~.32 swored
am termins aniWeben upiratesobas SeerTebul StatebSi da is xalxis
winaSe mediis angariSvaldebulebas gulisxmobs. evropaSi ki amjobi-
neben termins `sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri~. samwuxarod, es termini
saxelmwifosTan asocirdeba, radganac wlebis ganmavlobaSi sazoga-
doebriv samsaxurTa umetesobas swored saxelmwifo marTavda, an
mkacrad akontrolebda. Tumca realurad orive termini erTsa da
imave realobas asaxavs da sxvebi mas media eTikas an xarisxis kont-
rols uwodeben.
politikuri instituti
sami danarCeni xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, meoTxe xelisufle-

bis warmomadgenlebs arc irCeven da arc niSnaven TavianTi funqciis
Sesasruleblad: udavoa, rom es demokratiul principebs ewinaaRm-
degeba. sayovelTaod cnobili gaxda 1920-1930 wlebSi britaneTis
premier-ministris (torebis partiidan) stenli bolduinis33 gamanad-
gurebeli fraza: ìs, rasac popularuli (konservatiuli) presis me-
sakuTreebi miznad isaxavdnen, _ Tqva man _ aris Zalaufleba. Zalauf-
leba yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, rac saukuneebis ganmav-
31
magaliTad, nelson ei. kroufordis “The Ethics of Journalism”(1924) an leon
n. flintis “The Conscience of The Newspaper” (1925).
32
ix. rivers uiliami, u.Srami da sxvebi., “Responsibilities in Mass Communication”,
New York, Harper & Row, 1957w, 3rd ed. 1980.
33
faqtobrivad, misi naTesavis radiard kiplingis mier SeTxzuli (1931w).
40 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
lobaSi meZaveTa prerogativa iyo~. medias ZaluZs, Tavi aaridos amg-

var braldebebs, Tuki is mimarTavs angariSvaldebulebis meqanizmebs.
amdenad, mediis Tavisufleba yovelTvis iqneba safrTxis qveS,
imisda miuxedavad, ramdenad iqneba am Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis San-
si, radganac media TavisTavad warmoadgens safrTxes xelisuflebi-
saTvis. yvela qveyanaSi, memarjveneebic da memarcxeneebic, vinc po-
litikur Zalauflebas flobs, yovelTvis cdiloben, SezRudon me-
diis Tavisufleba. libertarianizmisTvis TviTgamocxadebulma orma
cnobilma mebrZolma, margaret tetCerma da ronald reiganma (romel-
sac saintereso metsaxeli, didi komunikatori uwodes), Tavis wina-
morbedebze metjer miitanes ieriSi presis Tavisuflebaze. eTika sa-
ukeTeso dacvaa. `Tavisufleba metad iqneba daculi, rodesac presis
da mediis sxva saSualebaTa personali mudmivad da nebayoflobiT
ibrZoleben pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis SesanarCuneblad~.34
media industria
masobrivi komunikaciis gaCenis Sedegad, pirvelad istoriis man-

Zilze SesaZlebeli gaxda, yvela moqalaqes mieRo monawileoba saku-
Tari qveynis marTvaSi, nebismier doneze. magram amisaTvis saWiro iyo,
medias ganeviTarebina industriuli struqtura, Sedegad, me-20 sa-
ukunis dasawyisSi dasavleTis qveynebSi kapitalisturi organizaci-
ebi ganviTarda. dRes mediis didi nawili msxvili biznesis xelSia,
romlis pirdapir mizans sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri ar warmoadgens.
cnobili amerikeli ekonomistis milton fridmanis azriT, `biz-
nesis upirvelesi da erTaderTi socialuri movaleoba mogebis gazr-
daa~. ufro zustad, ùol strit jornalis~ saredaqcio statiaSi
aRniSnuli iyo:35 gazeTi aris `kerZo warmoeba, mas araferi marTebs
sazogadoebisa, romelic mas araviTar privilegiebs ar aniWebs. amde-
nad, araviTari sazogadoebrivi interesi masze gavlenas ar axdens. is
calsaxad mflobelis sakuTrebaa, romelic warmoebul produqcias
sakuTari riskis fasad yidis~.
34
citata gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis eTikis saerTaSoriso
kodeqsis proeqtidan.
35
1925 wlis 20 ianvari.
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 41
magram media industriis xarjebi regularulad izrdeboda, rad-

ganac mediis warmomadgenelTa xelfasebis zrda da teqnikuri prog-
resi Sesabamisad gazrdil investiciebs moiTxovda. bunebrivia, rom
media firmebi cdilobdnen, moespoT konkurencia da media saSuale-
baTa koncentrirebis gziT SeemcirebinaT xarjebi.
cxadia, rac ufro meti finansuri resursi aqvs medias, miT ukeTes
samsaxurs SesTavazebs is sazogadoebas. magram sazogadoebriv inte-
resebs SeiZleba, safrTxe daemuqros. roca medias konglomerati
STanTqavs, xdeba uzarmazari politikuri Zalauflebis koncentri-
reba mcirericxovan adamianTa xelSi, romelTa mTavar mizans sazoga-
doebis informireba ar warmoadgens. adamianebi, romlebic aqcioner-
Ta garda (igulisxmeba didi finansuri institutebi) aravis winaSe
arian angariSvaldebulni, floben Zalauflebas, gadawyviton, Tu ra
moxda msoflioSi, radgan SeuZliaT gansazRvron, SesaZloa Tu ara
ama Tu im movlenis mediaSi gaSuqeba. yovelTvis dasanania, rodesac
qveynis ekonomikis romelime seqtori monopoliis an oligopoliis
kontrolis qveS eqceva. ra moxdeba, Tu igive daemarTeba medias, ro-
melic sazogadoebis erT-erTi yvelaze mgrZnobiare sistemaa?
mediis efeqti
vin ayenebs eWvqveS Tanamedrove msoflioSi mediis funqcionalur

mniSvnelobas? da radganac media xSirad sakmaod did Zalauflebas
flobs, is pasuxismgebelic aris dRevandeli sazogadoebis yvela
codvisa da naklis gamo, marjvniv Tu marcxniv, CrdiloeTiT Tu samx-
reTiT, umweoTa Tu ZlevamosilTa, axalgazrdaTa Tu moxucTa mimarT.
erTaderTi principia udavo: medias gavlena aqvs. socialuri mec-
nierebebis kvlevis erT-erT gansakuTrebul sferos bavSvebze mediis
gavlenis Seswavla warmoadgens. eWvgareSea, rom Sinaarsisa da gare-
moebebisda mixedviT, medias aqvs rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negati-
uri efeqti. zogadad Tu vityviT, arsebobs saerTo azri, rom mediis
gavlena Zlieri da xangrZlivi efeqtis mqonea im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gzav-
nili erTgvarovania da is momxmarebels sasurveli mimarTulebiT
ganawyobs.
Tumca evropaSi dResac ki SenarCunebulia mediis yovlisSemZle
gavlena, elitaruli tradicia, romelic gaaZliera marqsistulma
42 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kritikam, media mflobelebma da Jurnalistebma, romlebic mravali

sargeblis miRebas axerxeben am mimarTulebidan. adamianTa umetesoba
darwmunebulia, rom gzavnilis (mesijis) gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi,
mas uciloblad eqneba iseTive efeqti, rogorc samizneSi moxvedril
tyvias. `kritikosebi akvirdebian presas da xedaven supermens maSin,
rodesac sinamdvileSi is mxolod klark kentia~, werda maikl Sudso-
ni.36 es nawilobriv xsnis im gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas, romelic
Sinaarss, analizsa da semiotikas eniWeba.
erTi ram, TviT SeerTebul StatebSic ki xSirad aviwydebaT: gzav-
nili(mesiji) moiTxovs ori subieqtis _ mesijis avtorisa da misi
mimRebis arsebobas. dResdReobiT ukve damtkicebulia, rom media
momxmarebeli ubralod pasiuri mimRebi ar aris.37 is mesijis inter-
pretacias piradi gamocdilebis, garemos, saWiroebebisa da survile-
bis mixedviT axdens. is aris ara mediis msxverpli, aramed momxmare-
beli. Sedegad mediis mTavari gavlena informaciis SezRudvaSi mdgo-
mareobs: gacilebiT mniSvnelovania is informacia, romelsac media
ar avrcelebs, vidre is, rac gaSuqebis Sedegad sajaro xdeba.
ueWvelia, rom mediis gavlenas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs infor-
maciiT uzrunvelyofis funqciac, rac sazogadoebisaTvis Rirebuli
movlenebis SerCevaSi gamoixateba. zogjer axali ambis publikacia
iwvevs mTavrobis myisier moqmedebas manam, vidre moqalaqeebi moax-
dendnen reagirebas gavrcelebul cnobaze. udavoa, rom media gansaz-
Rvravs sazogadoebis dRis wesrigs. rogorc wesi, amboben, rom me-
dias ar ZaluZs gvikarnaxos, Tu ra unda vifiqroT, an ris Sesaxeb
unda vifiqroT: medias SeuZlia, warmoqmnas is, rasac elizabet noel-
noemanma `dumilis spirali~ uwoda: ase uCinardeba sazogadoebis cno-
bierebidan movlenebi, adamianebi, ideebi. naTqvamia, adamianebi ayali-
beben sakuTar azrs maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze _ da piruku,
umravlesobis Tvalsazrisma SeiZleba, gansazRvros mediis damokide-
buleba (gansakuTrebiT komerciuli media saSualebebisa).
moqalaqeTa avtonomiisa da mediis mimarT maTi winaaRmdegobis arc
erTi magaliTi ar aris iseTi STambeWdavi, rogorc is, romelic yo-
36
“Power of News”, Cambridge, Harvard UP, 1995. gv.17.
37
gamaognebeli iyo is, rom 1998 wels, weliwadze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi
sazogadoeba uars ambobda, mieRo mediis Sexeduleba klinton-levinskis
skandalTan dakavSirebiT.
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 43
filma sabWoTa kavSirma da misma satelitebma Seqmnes. gviani marq-

sistuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, media ekonomikuri elitis mier masebis
dasamoneblad gamoyenebuli superstruqtura iyo. faqtobrivad,
`sovitizebuli~ media, romelic udavod damonebuli iyo, ver asru-
lebda Tavis funqcias. 80-iani wlebis bolos moqalaqeebma mSvidobi-
anad daamxes totalitaruli reJimebi.
es garemoeba stimulis mimcemi unda iyos maTTvis, vinc imeds am-
yarebs mediis momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebaze _ miiRos eTikuri, xa-
risxiani media, romelic imavdroulad uzrunvelyofs karg momsaxu-
rebas.
adamianuri f
adamianuri aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi
uflebebi da movaleobebi ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. Tumca

adamianebs sCveviaT, moiTxovon uflebebi ise, rom ar axsenon maTTan
Sewyvilebuli movaleobebi. es problema metad aqtualuria dResdRe-
obiT, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleTSi. media eTikis mTavari interesi
swored movaleobebs ukavSirdeba. is amtkicebs, rom Tavisufleba da
pasuxismgebloba Tanazomadi faseulobebia, romlebic gverdigverd
arseboben. nebismieri religiisa Tu filosofiis msgavsad, man gana-
viTara wesebi, romliTac dadgenilia individualuri Tavisuflebis
SezRudvebi da is movaleobebi, romlebic TiToeul Cvengans ekisreba.
es wesebi moraluri principebidan iReben saTaves. konkretuli piri
iziarebs garkveul principebs, radganac es principebi misive msgavs
adamianebsa da universalur Rirebulebebs esadageba. aRiarebuli
principebi aseve Seesatyviseba aRniSnuli piris Sexedulebebs sazo-
gadoebasa da mis institutebze, rac, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia am
pirovnebis codnasa da gamocdilebaze.
fundamenturi faseulobebi
Tuki arsebobs is erTaderTi faseuloba, romelzec yvela adamiani

Tanxmdeba (garda ramodenime fanatikosisa), es sicocxlis38 gadar-
38
Hans Jonas, “Das Prinzip Verantwortung” Frankfurt/Main, Insel, 1979.
44 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Cena da planetis momavalia. imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogoria Cveni

ideologia, religiuri mrwamsi, es Rirebuleba yvelas unda gvaRel-
vebdes. adamianTa modgma dRes iseTi safrTxis winaSea, rogorc ara-
sodes. adamianebma mteri Tavad adamianSi ipoves, ris gamoc pasuxis-
mgeblobas yvela unda grZnobdes. sabednierod, umravlesoba izi-
arebs garkveul faseulobebs, romlebic socialur morals efuZneba:
adamianuri cxovrebis pativiscemas; zrunvas imaze, rom aravin avnos
adamians usafuZvlod; samarTlianobisa da adamianTa uflebebis dac-
vas; sxvaTa keTildReobaze zrunvas; demokratias.
is, rom Cven sayovelTao faseulobebze SegviZlia saubari, glo-
balizaciis Sedegia, romelic me-19 saukuneSi, an SedarebiT adre, re-
nesansis epoqaSi iRebs saTaves. Tumca dRevandel realobaSic ki ar-
seboben iseTi faseulobebi, romlebic miuRebelia tradiciuli kul-
turebisaTvis, magaliTad, rogoricaa qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba,
Semwynarebloba gansxvavebuli religiebis mimarT, piradi cxovreba,
sayovelTao xmis ufleba. meores mxriv, maTda sasaxelod unda iTqvas,
rom igive kulturebisTvis miuRebelia dasavleTis socialuri jung-
lebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaSmagebuli egoizmi. ufro metic, yove-
li kultura sakuTari TviTmyofadi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva, rac
am qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze ar aris damokidebuli: ase ma-
galiTad, qalTa nudizmi miuReblad iTvleba saudis arabeTsa da ame-
rikis SeerTebul StatebSi maSin, rodesac evropaSi es reklamisa da
zRvispireTis landSaftis Cveulebrivi nawilia.
ebraul-berZnuli memkvidreoba
industriul demokratiaTa umetesobaSi ideologiis sawyisebi

qristianobis saTaveebTan unda veZeboT: misi fesvebi ebrauli da ber-
Znulia. mokled Tu vityviT, adamiani Seiqmna uflis xatis msgavsad,
magram is daeca, roca pirvelad scoda. imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra re-
putaciiT sargeblobs adamiani _ keTilsindisieria is, Tu korumpi-
rebuli, mas aqvs uflebebi, magram imavdroulad igi valdebulebebi-
Tac aris SezRuduli. dasavlur civilizaciaSi arsebuli ori tra-
dicia aqcents akeTebs adamianis ormagi bunebidan erT-erTze _ RvTis
qmnilebis an dacemuli angelozis. esenia: kaTolikuri da protes-
tantuli, laTinuri da anglo-amerikuli, Crdilo evropuli da sam-
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 45
xreT evropuli. pirveli, ufro avtoritaruli, jgufur solidaro-

bas da socialur stabilurobas moiTxovs, xolo ukanaskneli, gaci-
lebiT liberaluri, individualizmsa da mewarmeobaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas. swored am ukanasknelma Sva Tanamedrove demokratia da
industriuli civilizacia. igi aRiarebs iseT sayovelTao faseulo-
bebs, romlebic dResdReobiT mTels dedamiwaze vrceldeba. esenia:
adamianTa Tanasworoba, kacobriobis progresis rwmena, kanonis pa-
tiviscema, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva.
saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda udidesi moraluri normebi,
romlebic adamianTa qcevis wesebs gansazRvravdnen. ase magaliTad,
aristotele gvirCevda, or ukiduresobas Soris yovelTvis Suamavali
agverCia. kants swamda, rom yvela adamianSi Rrmad iyo dafaruli mo-
ralis grZnoba, swrafva, akeTo is, rac sworia: am `kategoriuli impe-
rativis~ Tanaxmad, moraluri qmedeba aris is, risi ganzogadebac Se-
saZlebelia. rac Seexeba utilitarist jon stiuart mils, misi azriT,
adamianma yovelTvis unda eZebos saukeTeso, rac SeiZleba meti ada-
mianisaTvis.
demokratia
dResdReobiT, Cans, kacobriobis udidesi nawili darwmunebulia

imaSi, rom xalxi unda hkarnaxobdes sakuTar nebas mTavrobas da ara
piruku. demokratia, romelsac zogierTi arsobrivad qristianul
movlenad miiCnevs, zogi protestantuladac ki, SesaZloa, SeuTavse-
blad gamoiyurebodes tradiciul islamTan, romlis mixedviTac, po-
litika uflis xelSia, romlis nebas misi mimdevrebi unda ganavrcob-
dnen. demokratia aseve SeuTavsebelia budizmTan, konfucianizmTan,
induizmTan an tribalizmTan. iseTi faseulobebi, rogoricaa saku-
Tari eTnikuri jgufis mimarT absoluturi erTguleba, socialuri
stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad kastebis pativiscema, winaprebis,
ufrosebis, klanis beladebis erTguleba _ TiTqosda ewinaaRmdegeba
demokratias. Tumca indoeTi msoflios udidesi demokratiuli qve-
yanaa, xolo iaponia _ ori Zlevamosili qveynidan erT-erTi.39 Tu sa-
kiTxs ufro Rrmad CavwvdebiT, davinaxavT, rom, magaliTad, konfu-
39
cnobilia, rom demokratiis aziuri gageba dasavluris identuri ar aris.
46 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
ciusi or faseulobas miiCnevda fundamentalurad: sxvebze zrunvas

da samarTlianobas; Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom konfucianizmi efuZneba
rogorc wesrigisa da ierarqiis pativiscemas, aseve sazogadoebisad-
mi, TanamSromlobisa da raindobisadmi erTgulebas.
sityvis Tavisuf
Ta le
visufle ba
leba
msoflios yvela eri idealad acxadebs iseT viTarebas, romelSic

TiToeul moqalaqes àdamianis uflebebiT~ sargeblobis SesaZleb-
loba aqvs. praqtikaSi ki, SeuZlebelia romelime uflebis realizacia,
Tu individs garantirebuli ara aqvs erT-erTi maTgani da es infor-
mirebulobis uflebaa. uflebebis mopovebisa da dacvisaTvis brZola
ganuwyveteli procesia. warmatebis miRweva ki SeuZlebelia informa-
ciis miRebis gareSe.
presis Tavisufleba
imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogoria profesiuli mediis funqcia, misi

upirvelesi misia aris komunikaciis Tavisuflebis gamoyeneba, raTa
xalxma miiRos informacia gare samyaroze sakuTari dakvirvebebis
Sesaxeb. swored es Tavisuflebaa erT-erTi im ramodenime e.w. àbso-
lutur~ uflebaTagani, romlis saWiroebas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
aqvs. komunikaciis gareSe warmoudgenelia adamianTa sazogadoebis
arseboba, Sesabamisad, adamianTa modgmis gadarCena.
rogoric ar unda iyos diqtatura, saero Tu Teokratiuli, monar-
qiuli Tu imperiuli, samxedro Tu kolonialuri, burJuaziuli Tu
proletaruli _ is yovelTvis zRudavs sityvisa da presis Tavisuf-
lebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba iqca demokratiis simbolur faqtorad.
uTuod Rirs gavimeoroT, rom rogorc ar arsebobs WeSmariti Tavi-
sufleba SezRudvebis gareSe, aseve SeuZlebelia pasuxismgeblobis
arseboba Tavisuflebis gareSe. profesiul medias esaWiroeba Caurev-
loba rogorc saxelmwifos mxridan, aseve media mflobelis mxridan.
mas agreTve esaWiroeba èkonomikuri~ damoukidebloba: saTanado
anazRaurebis gareSe Jurnalists gauWirdeba, gauZlos korufciis
cdunebas.
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 47
pozotiuri Tavisufleba
`yvelas aqvs azris da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba; es ufleba moicavs

Tavisuflebas, daubrkoleblad misdevdes Tavis mrwamss da moiZios
da gaavrcelos informacia da ideebi nebismieri saSualebiT, saxelm-
wifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad~, _ aseTia gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis mier 1948 wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
deklaraciis me-19 muxli.
gviani me-19 saukunis teqnologiam da mogvianebiT eleqtroobam
mediis uzarmazari eqspansia gamoiwvia, ramac, Tavis mxriv, konceptu-
aluri revoluciis saWiroeba Seqmna. wlebis manZilze `presis Tavi-
sufleba~ aRiqmeboda sayovelTao uflebad. mas Semdeg, rac politi-
kur cenzuras bolo moeRo da im dromde, vidre perioduli gamoce-
misaTvis mcire Tanxa iyo sakmarisi, `presis Tavisufleba~ marTlac
arsebobda. mogvianebiT fasebis eskalaciam Tavisufleba negatiuri
gaxada: gasayidad gamotanil sxvadasxva gazeTebs Soris moqalaqes
SeeZlo, ugulveleyo is gamocema, romelic mis moTxovnilebebs ar
pasuxobda an samyaros misTvis miuRebeli kuTxiT warmoaCenda. ase
magaliTad, 1945 wlidan moyolebuli bevr qalaqSi gazeTebis raode-
noba erTamde Semcirda. axali yoveldRiuri gazeTis gamocema mili-
onobiT dolari jdeba. Sedegad, `presis Tavisufleba~ moqalaqeTa
ufleba ki aRar aris, aramed plutokratTa da mTavrobis privilegiaa.
amitomac aRmocenda axali koncefcia.
is pirvelad anglo-saqsur da skandinaviur demokratiebSi aRmo-
cenda. am qveynebSi arsebobs faseulobebTan dakavSirebuli konsen-
susi, politikuri partiebis xelisuflebaSi monacvleobis tradicia;
rac Seexeba axali ambebis medias, arsebobs Tavisuflebisa da zomieri
agresiulobis tradicia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am qveynebSi opozi-
ciac, mxardamWerebic da Jurnalistebic kargad arian integrirebuli
politikur cxovrebaSi.
presis Tavisuflebas ukve gansazRvraven ara rogorc ubralod
politikuri Tu sxvagvari cenzuris ararsebobas, aramed misaRwevi
miznis gacxadebas: dakmayofildes TiToeuli moqalaqis ufleba _
iyos kargad informirebuli. informirebis ufleba ki mediis xelmi-
sawvdomobas gulisxmobs.
48 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kom unik
omunik aciis uf
unikaciis le
ufle ba
leba
sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba ar gulisxmobs ubralod akrZal-

vebis ararsebobas, rac mxolod erT muWa umciresobas aZlevs xels.40
saWiroa, rom is iqces sayovelTao komunikaciis uflebad. amerikeli
samarTlis profesoris jerom baronis azriT, nebismieri samTavrobo
cenzuris akrZalva (rac gaTvaliswinebulia amerikis konstituciis
pirveli SesworebiT) gulisxmobs xelmisawvdomobis uflebas yvela
moqalaqisaTvis:41 ra azri aqvs TavisTavad gamoxatvis uflebas, Tu
am gamoxatvas veravin gaigebs? mediis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva
TiTqmis42 warmoudgenelia. media eTika misi mopovebis misaReb gzas
warmoadgens.
radganac komunikacia adamianis ganuyofeli saWiroebaa, `komuni-
kaciis ufleba~43 moiTxovs: individebis, jgufebisa da erebis ufle-
bas, nebismieri saSualebiT gacvalon `mesiji~. Sesabamisad, sazoga-
doeba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos aseTi komunikaciis arxebi. iseve
rogorc skolis gareSe, azrsmoklebuli iqneboda ganaTlebis ufle-
ba, aseve ar eqneboda mniSvneloba xmis uflebas, arCevnebis gareSe.
risTvis?
brZnulia Tu ara survili, `pozitiurad~ aqcio `negatiuri~ Tavi-

sufleba, romlis mopovebasac saukunovani brZola dasWirda _ da
romelic jer mTels planetas ar moicavs? arsebobs oTxi mTavari
mizezi. pirveli, ukanasknel wlebSi teqnologiis, gansakuTrebiT ki
internetis wyalobiT, globaluri komunikacia, romelic ioli da
iafi saSualebaa, realoba gaxda. kacobrioba emSvidobeba masmediis
40
`presis Tavisufleba garantirebulia maTTvis, vinc mas flobs~, _ Tvlis
amerikeli media kritikosi a.j.liblingi (`The New Yorker~, 1960 wlis 14 maisi).
41
"Freedom of the Press For Whom? The Right of Access to Mass Media”,Bloomington,
Indiana UP, 1973.
42
SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebis xelmisawvdomoba sakabelo arxebze
gauqmda. safrangeTSi _ radio arxebze xeli ar miuwvdebaT aramomgebian
asociaciebs.
43
cneba pirvelad frangma Jan d’arkim 1969 wels gamoiyena, 70-ian wlebSi is
kanadasa da SeerTebul StatebSi aitaces, Semdeg ki is iuneskom da
komunikaciebis saerTaSoriso institutma daamkvidres.
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 49
xanmokle eras, romelSic sakomunikacio arxebis simwire da siZvire,

investiciebis Rirebuleba Tavs gvaxvevda calmxriv komunikacias,
mesijis gagzavnis SesaZleblobis gadaWarbebul koncentracias, xo-
lo eleqtronul sferoSi saxelmwifos mxridan mkacr kontrols.
axla Cven kiber eraSi SevabijeT.
meore mizezia masobrivi sazogadoeba. saSualo individi dResd-
ReobiT gacilebiT met ganaTlebas, met fulsa da met dros flobs,
vidre odesme. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcxovrebTa umetesobisaTvis
mecnierebisa da socialuri keTildReobis programebi auferuleben
siRaribisa da adreuli sikvdilis speqtrs. Tumca adamianebi bedis
anabara mitovebulebad grZnoben Tavs `martosulTa brboSi~. isini
uZlurni arian kerZo da sajaro biurokratiis winaSe. rogorc aras-
dros, isini grZnobdnen sazogadoebaSi integrirebis, sakuTari cxov-
rebis warmarTvis aucileblobas. aseT gamovlinebebTan maSin gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, momxmareblebi Tu
garemos damcvelebi ibrZvian TavianTi uflebebisTvis. amave dros,
adamianebs winandelze metad aqvT gamZafrebuli gare samyaroze da-
mokidebulebis grZnoba. swored am mraval mizezTa gamo adamianebi
grZnoben informaciis gacemisa da miRebis aucileblobas.
mesame mizezi: imis gacnobierebaa, rom informacia Zalzed faseuli,
ganuyofeli bunebrivi resursia, romelzec damokidebulia mSvidoba
da warmateba. aseve arsebiTia imis gacnobiereba, rom informaciis
SeuzRudavi da Warbi cirkulacia gansazRvravs individTa emansipacias,
ekonomikur ganviTarebas, socialur problemaTa gadawyvetasa da
garemos daCqarebuli cvlilebebis mimarT zomier adaptacias.
meoTxe mizezi SesaZloa, solidarobis im grZnobaSi imalebodes,
romelic udidesi kulturuli sxvadasxvaobisa da ekonomikuri uTa-
nasworobis miuxedavad, neli tempiT mainc vrceldeba planetaze.
produqciis, kulturisa da, rac mTavaria, informaciis mzardi gac-
vla ekonomikuri, ekologiuri, biologiuri Tu birTvuli katast-
rofis Tavidan acilebis erTaderT saSualebad gvevlineba.
arasruli komunikacia
socialuri komunikacia sxvadasxva doneze da gansxvavebuli mi-

marTulebiT operirebs. saerTaSoriso doneze, Zlieri eri an biznes
50 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
korporacia (rogorebicaa, radio frans internacionale an holivud

studio) mimarTavs sust ers. susti eri mimarTavs Zlier ers, an sxva
sust ers. interjgufuri komunikaciis moZraobis vertikali zemodan
qvemoTaa: mTavrobidan xalxisken (magaliTad, saxelmwifo radios
meSveobiT) an firmidan farTo sazogadoebisaken (magaliTad, yovel-
dRiuri nacionaluri gamocemis saSualebiT). an gvaqvs sapirispiro
viTareba, roca komunikacia xorcieldeba qveda rgolidan zeviT, ma-
galiTad, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis an referendumis gziT.
Tumca SesaZloa, horizontaluri komunikaciac iyos saxeze, erTi
jgufidan meorisaken (magaliTad, adgilobriv sakabelo sistemaSi sa-
zogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi arxi).
samive mimarTuleba naklebad iyenebs komunikaciis uflebas, risi
aucileblobac aSkaraa sustidan Zlevamosili eris, moqalaqidan Za-
lauflebis mflobelTa da calkeuli jgufidan masaSi arsebuli jgu-
fis mimarTulebiT. media eTikis mizania, aRmofxvras am komunikaciis
gzaze arsebuli uamravi dabrkoleba, garda erTisa:
arsebobs komunikaciisaTvis absoluturad misaRebi barieri _ ro-
desac masze saerTod uars amboben. sakamaTo ar aris, rodesac pirov-
nul doneze vinme ar yidulobs gazeTs an ar rTavs radios. Tumca
ucnauria, roca zogierTi adamiani moiTxovs reklamis Semotevebi-
sagan dacvas. saerTaSoriso doneze, zogierT ers (msgavsad SeerTe-
buli Statebisa) ar moswons sxva erebis proteqcionistuli politika,
rac ucxouri audiovizualuri produqciis importis SezRudvis
gziT sakuTari kulturis dacvas gulisxmobs. dResdReobiT yvelgan
SeiZleba gaigonoT moTxovna dabalansebul, ormxriv komunikaciaze
_ garda SeerTebuli Statebisa, rac, cxadia, mediis bazarze am qveynis
hegemoniiTaa ganpirobebuli.
mediis faseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi
media eTika JurnalistTa valdebulebebze msjelobas niSnavs. es

movaleobebi moicavs, rogorc mediis warmomadgenelTa adamianur,
aseve profesiul uflebebs. es uflebebi nawilobriv garantirebulia
kanonmdeblobiT, nawilobriv asaxulia ama Tu im kodeqsSi. es aris
Rirseuli anazRaurebis ufleba; saredaqcio politikis gacnobisa
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 51
da menejmentSi nebismieri mniSvnelovani cvlilebis Setanamde azris

gaziarebis ufleba; ufleba, uari Tqva davalebis Sesrulebaze, Tu
is SeuTavsebelia Jurnalistur eTikasa an pirad mrwamsTan; infor-
maciis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba da a.S. media moqmedebs rogorc
sazogadoebis agenti, romelic aRwevs iq, sadac moqalaqeTa didi
raodenoba masobrivad ver miva; akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac sazoga-
doebas ar ZaluZs. Jurnalistebi sargebloben privilegiebiT, Tumca
amavdroulad isini angariSvaldebulni arian sazogadoebis winaSe.
adamianis movaleobebi
Jurnalistis movaleobebi, pirvel rigSi, im valdebulebebs mo-

icavs, romlebic vrceldeba rogorc nebismier individze, aseve me-
diaze. man unda upasuxos im instinqtur saWiroebebs, romelTac, sava-
raudod, yvela adamiani ganicdis: bavSvobaSic ki yvelas surs, Tavi-
suflad gamoxatos sakuTari azri; Cven gvsurs, rom mozardebs ganu-
viTardeT samarTlianobisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba.
aviRoT Tundac uZvelesi sakraluri teqstebi. moses aTi mcnebi-
dan sul mcire eqvsi socialur komunikacias miesadageba: 2. ara Tay-
vani sce / 6. ar iZalado/ 7. ara pornografias/ 8. ara korufcias/ 9.
ara sicrues/ 10. Jurnalisturi solidaroba. igive fundamentur Ri-
rebulebebs Seicavs saxareba, rac frangulma kaTolikurma yoveld-
Riurma gamocemam erTxel xuT sityvaSi Seajama: Tavisufleba, Rir-
seba, samarTlianoba, mSvidoba, siyvaruli _ es is safuZvlebia, rasac
unda efuZnebodes Jurnalisturi eTikis kodeqsis yvela muxli.
dasavluri memkvidreoba
dasavleT evropaSi Jurnalistika renesanssa da frangul revolu-

cias Soris SualedSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda. igi gaJRenTili iyo
reformaciis RirebulebebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki individualizmiT,
piradi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT, mowodebis Sesatyvisad muSaobiT,
moraluri simtkiciT. Tumca imavdroulad JurnalistikisTvis Cve-
uli iyo ganmanaTleblobis racionaluri da liberaluri Rirebu-
lebebi, xolo mogvianebiT e.w. `laissez-faire~-sTan (Caurevloba) erTad,
utilitarianizmi da `socialuri darvinizmi~.
52 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom masmedia mxolod me-20 saukunis dam-

degs gamoCnda, wina saukuneebis did moazrovneebs masTan Sexeba ar
hqoniaT, xolo maT, vinc presas me-18 saukuneSi icnobda, masze didi
warmodgena ar hqoniaT. eTikis kodeqsTa Tanamedrove avtorebs, rom-
lebic metad iyvnen dainteresebulni praqtikuli mxariT da ugule-
belyofdnen filosofias, Tavi didad ar SeuwuxebiaT, Caswvdomodnen
Rrmad moazrovneTa naSromebis arss.
profesionalizmis idealis ganviTareba ukavSirdeba me-18 sauku-
nes, saxeldobr, mecnierul da teqnologiur progress. gaCnda molo-
dini, rom prestiJsa da sazogadoebriv gavlenas ukve gansazRvravda
ara warmomavloba an miwis sakuTreba, aramed pirovnebis kompeten-
turoba da socialuri sargeblianoba. me-19 saukunis bolodan ki me-
dia profesionalebma Seqmnes asociaciebi da daadgines masSi gawev-
rianebisa da qcevis wesebi, raTa saxelmwifos ecno maTi damoukideb-
loba, xolo sazogadoebas _ maTi Rirebuleba. gaixsna specializire-
buli skolebi. daiwera kodeqsebi.
sayovelTao faseulobani
demokratiuli reJimebisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia media

faseulobebis erTgvarovneba. media eTika iseT sayovelTao Rirebu-
lebebs efuZneba, rogoricaa siZulvilis, Zaladobis, adamianTa dam-
cirebis (faSizmis), an maTi romelime gamovlenis (rasizmis) uaryofa.
media eTika harmoniaSia umetes ideologiebTan, rogoricaa iudaizmi,
budizmi, konfucianizmi, qristianoba (kaTolicizmi da protestan-
tizmi); zomier islamTan, humanizmTan, social-demokratiasTan. Tum-
ca is ver egueba eqstremizms, totalitarizms an fundamentalizms.
cxadia, faseulobaTa ierarqia sxvadasxva kulturebSi gansxvave-
bulia. ase magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebisa da CineTis Jurnalis-
tebis sauniversiteto kvlevam aCvena, rom orive jgufs sjera, rom
gamoqveynebuli informacia zusti da srulfasovani unda iyos, mag-
ram amerikeli Jurnalistebi faseulobaTa Soris upiratesobas agre-
siulobas da cnobismoyvareobas aniWeben maSin, roca CinelebisTvis
morCileba, Tavmdabloba da loialoba pirvel adgilzea.
deni eliotis Tanaxmad, profesias is faseulobebi ayalibeben,
romelTac misi yvela warmomadgeneli iziarebs, imisda miuxedavad,
principe bi da f
principebi aseulobe
faseulobe bi
aseulobebi 53
rom dauwerel kanonebTan gvaqvs saqme. JurnalistTa SemTxvevaSi es

sayovelTao faseulobebia: axali ambebis srulad, zustad, relevan-
turad da dabalansebulad gadmocema; moqalaqeebisaTvis saWiro
informaciis miwodeba, sxva adamianebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe;
sakuTari Tavis warmodgena im adamianebis adgilze, visac gamoqvey-
nebuli statia exeba; uSualo Tu droSi gawelili savaraudo Sedegis
gaTvla, rac SesaZloa, masalis gamoqveynebas mohyves. Tu yovelives
ganvazogadebT, cxadia, rom Jurnalisturi faseulobebi aSkara kav-
SirSia mediis funqciebTan. amdenad, aucilebelia, rom Jurnalists
naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli es funqciebi.
samedicino faseulobebi
1994 wlis konferenciaze, romelsac mravali profesiuli asoci-

acia eswreboda, didi britaneTis medikosTa profesiulma kavSirma
kidev erTxel daadastura is uZvelesi faseulobebi, romlebic 21-e
saukuneSic ki sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. aRsaniSnavia is, rom es
faseulobebi _ movaleobis grZnoba, TanagrZnoba, miukerZoebloba,
kompetenturoba, axlis Ziebis survili, konfidencialuroba, pasu-
xismgebloba da advokatireba _ mSvenivrad esadageba mediis profe-
siasac. eqimebsac awuxebT is garemoeba, rom momxmarebeli kargavs
ndobas maT mimarT, pacientebi mimarTaven sasamarTlos eqimTa mxri-
dan gamoCenili profesiuli daudevrobis gamo. eqimebi Tvlian, rom
saWiroa arsebobdes profesiuli pasuxismgebloba misi TiToeuli
wevris qmedebis gamo da TviTdisciplina. maTi rekomendaciis Tanax-
mad, pacientebi Tanabrad unda monawileobdnen Sefasebis procesSi.
maTi azriT, profesia aqtiurad unda iyos CarTuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis procesSi.
nawili meor
nawili e
meore
media
eTik
eTik a
ika
56 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
57
Tavi I
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi:
odeqsebi:
tipe bi da Sinaar
tipebi si
Sinaarsi
norvegiidan samxreT afrikamde, iaponiidan Turqe-

Tamde, kanadidan Cilemde _ umetes qveynebSi, sadac po-
litikuri reJimi diqtatoruli ar aris, dRes presis
eTikis sul mcire erTi kodeqsi mainc arsebobs. sxva-
dasxva qveynebSi eTikis kodeqsebs gansxvavebuli saxel-
wodeba aqvT. esenia: Rirsebis kodeqsi, qcevis kodeqsi,
praqtikis kodeqsi an laTinur qveynebSi `deontolo-
gia~, zogierT qveynebSi mas Jurnalistikis kanons, Jur-
nalistTa qartias, principTa CamonaTvals, Jurnalis-
tTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis deklaracias da sxva
saxelwodebiT moixsenieben.
kodeqsis buneba
kodeqsis miRebis momentisaTvis, rogorc wesi, qve-

yanaSi arsebobs mediis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblo-
ba. magram kodeqsis proeqtis avtorebi acnobiereben,
Tu raoden arasrulyofili da saxifaToa arsebuli
kanonmdebloba. maT mier momzadebuli kodeqsi ar aris
sakraluri teqsti da maT ara aqvT molodini, rom yve-
la Jurnalisti ficiT daadasturebs absolutur erT-
gulebas misdami. es aris gzamkvlevi, romelic mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi iqneba qmediTi, Tu Jurnalists mora-
luri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba aqvs.
58 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
nebismier sferoSi arsebobs `miuRebeli~ da `dasaSvebi~ qmedebebi.

tradiciulad, imis garCeva, Tu ra aris dasaSvebi da ra miuRebeli,
muSaobis procesSia SesaZlebeli. vinc arRvevs arsebul wesebs,
samuSao adgilze gariyvis saSiSroeba emuqreba. magram imisaTvis, rom
SeinarCunos sicocxlisunarianoba, tradicias esaWiroeba Seswavla,
struqturireba, dawmenda, ganaxleba44 da lokalurad iqneba es, Tu
nacionalurad, qaRaldze gadatana. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is bun-
dovani, zogjer orazrovani an sulac uRirsia.45 garda amisa, erov-
nuli tradiciis paralelurad, umetes media organizaciebSi arse-
bobs saredaqcio principebi, romlebic gadaicema zepirad an beWduri
saxiT, zogjer ki isini reklamis damkveTebisa da sazogadoebisTvisac
aris xelmisawvdomi.
kodeqsis miznebi
miznebi
nebismier organizebul saqmianobaSi (magaliTad, uZravi qonebis

marTva an farmakologia), eTikis kodeqsis mizania crupentelebisa
da Sarlatanebis Camocileba. kodeqsi axdens sazogadoebis informi-
rebas konkretuli profesiis Sesaxeb: is Cven qcevis wesebs gvamcnobs.
am gziT xdeba profesiis sandoobis gazrda, rac uzrunvelyofs mesa-
kuTris loialur damokidebulebas, mediis SemTxvevaSi ki, reklamis
damkveTTa loialobas, rac misi warmatebis wyaroa.
kodeqsi icavs momxmarebels, magram amavdroulad is aviTarebs
solidarobis grZnobas profesiis SigniT da icavs mis prestiJs da,
aqedan gamomdinare, zrdis mis gavlenas. kodeqsis avtorebs yovel-
Tvis rodi amoZravebT maT mier dadgenili wesebisadmi pativiscemis
survili an yovelTvis rodi SeswevT maTi dacvis unari, magram am
gziT isini eTikuri normebis sajarod deklarirebas axdenen. isini
Tavad saxaven ideals da cdiloben, ganamtkicon yoveli profesiona-
lis moraluri sindisi, profesiis mier erTsulovnad aRiarebuli
44
kodeqsebi zogjer mianiSnebs impozanturi eTikuri normebis darRvevebze,
romelTac uSualod kodeqsis SemuSavebis win hqonda adgili.
45
didi xnis manZilze arsebobda tolerantuli damokidebuleba imis mimarT,
rom korporaciebis liderebis preskonferenciebis Semdeg Jurnalistebi
`konverts~ iRebdnen. franguli presa dRemde gacilebiT Semwynarebelia
saCuqrebisa da banketebis mimarT, vidre amerikuli.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
odeqsebi: bi da Sinaar
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 59
faseulobebisa da principebis gacxadebis gziT. kodeqss SeuZlia uz-

runvelyos usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi simtkicis gancda.
amasTanave, kodeqsi miznad isaxavs, Tavidan aicilos saxelmwifos
Careva, rac gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa, roca saqme medias exeba. rode-
sac media sazogadoebis ndobiT ar sargeblobs, kanonmdeblebi weren
da zogjer iReben kidec represiul kanonebs. Tavad aseTi safrTxis
zrda ki profesionalTa Soris TviTreformirebis aucileblobas ba-
debs, rac, pirvel rigSi, kodeqsis Seqmnas gulisxmobs.
qartia, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is JurnalistTa ufle-
bebsac moicavs, SeiZleba menejmentisaTvis efeqturi SemzRudavi ber-
keti aRmoCndes; amitomacaa, rom mediis mesakuTreebi sakmaod xSirad
uars amboben mis mxardaWeraze, rogorc es safrangeTSi xdeba. swored
qartia icavs profesionalebs damqiraveblisgan, Tuki es ukanaskneli
Jurnalistisagan moiTxovs, imoqmedos sazogadoebrivi interesebis
sawinaaRmdegod: maTi argumenti SesaZloa iyos is, rom msgavsi qmedeba
momxmarebels ubiZgebs, uari Tqvas maT sainformacio saSualebaze.
vin wer
wersk
ers odeqse
kodeqsebs?
odeqsebs?
Cven ar ganvixilavT saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul `kodeqsebs~,

radganac isini sxva araferia, Tu ara saxelisuflebo direqtiva. WeS-
marit kodeqsebs Soris zogierTi saerTaSorisoa, JurnalistTa sa-
erTaSoriso federaciis (FIJ–IFJ) mier SemuSavebuli kodeqsis msgav-
sad; zogic, erTi an ramodenime profesiuli asociaciis mier miRe-
buli (magaliTad, mesakuTreebi da Jurnalistebi ganaSi) _ naciona-
luri. arsebobs aseve mediis mesakuTreTa asociaciebis mier SemuSave-
buli kodeqsebi (msgavsad `swori qcevis qartii~-sa, romelic miRebu-
lia provinciuli yoveldRiuri gazeTebis mflobelTa franguli sa-
zogadoebis (SPQR) an kavSirebis (Sveicariisa da britaneTis msgavsad)
an isev da isev JurnalistTa asociaciebis (rogoricaa SeerTebuli
Statebis profesional JurnalistTa sazogadoebisa _ SDX) mier).
zogierTi kodeqsi mxolod erT mediums exeba, rogorc aSS-Si ASNE-
is kodeqsi beWdviT medias an NAB-is Zveli kodeqsi mauwyeblebs46.
zogierTi kodeqsi specifiuria gamocemisda mixedviT, magaliTad, yo-
46
ASNE _ gazeTis redaqtorTa amerikuli sazogadoeba. NAB _ mauwyebelTa
erovnuli asociacia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
60 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
veldRiuri gazeT La Suisse-s (JenevaSi) an `Cikago tribunis~, an isev

da isev samauwyeblo arxis msgavsad, rogoricaa NHK iaponiaSi.47
mniSvnelovania, profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi saTanadod gaiazron
Tavad profesionalebma. swored amitomacaa, rom zogierTi Jurna-
listi uars ambobs, gaiTvaliswinos damqiraveblebis mier maTTvis
dawesebuli regulaciebi48, rogoricaa, magaliTad, franguli yovel-
dRiuri gazeTis `Nord Eclair~-is `saredaqcio qartia~ _ an stilis
saxelmZRvanelo (style-books), rogoric aqvs asoSeiTid press da rome-
lic Seicavs instruqciebs (punqtuaciidan punqtualobamde) da eTi-
kur wesebs JurnalistebisaTvis.
usafuZvloa zogierTi Jurnalistis protesti aseTi `korpora-
ciuli qartiebis~ Tu `qcevis kodeqsebis~ mimarT: isini moicaven da-
konkretebul, dazustebul wesebs, romlebSic araferia uCveulo.
aseTi kodeqsebis SemuSaveba metwilad xdeba mTavari redaqtorebis,
WeSmariti Jurnalistebis mier redaqciis SemadgenlobasTan TanamS-
romlobis procesSi. wesebis am erTobliobas ormxrivi upiratesoba
aqvs, radganac SesaZlebelia, Jurnalisturi valdebulebebis Cadeba
dasaqmebis kontraqtebSi, rac Sesabamisi sanqciebis gaTvaliswineba-
sac gulisxmobs. garda amisa, zogierTi farTod aRiarebuli naci-
onaluri kodeqsi Jurnalistebma da media saSualebaTa mesakuTreebma
erToblivad SeimuSaves im institutebis farglebSi, romelTac orive
mxare miekuTvneba, germaniis presis sabWos Pressekodex-is msgavsad.
sxvaTa Soris, kodeqsebs SeiZleba, daerTos media sabWoebis mier mi-
Rebuli gadawyvetilebebi da deklaraciebi.
rodesac profesionalebi kodeqsis SemuSavebas iwyeben, umjobesia,
maT moiwvion gareSe eqspertebi, romlebic Seiswavlian da gaanali-
zeben mediis qcevasa da Sinaarss. am procesSi aseve unda CaerTon
mediis momxmareblebi, romelTac, yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT,
ekuTvniT presis Tavisufleba. sasurvelia, kodeqsi profesiis yvela
47
naSromSi miTiTebuli kodeqsebis umetesoba SeiZleba, ixiloT IPC-is
(presis saerTaSoriso sabWo) veb-gverdze (www.presscouncils.org), romelic
350-ze met kodeqss moicavs.
48
1976 wels SeerTebuli StatebSi gazeTebma moipoves ufleba, TavianTi
TanamSromlebisaTvis SeemuSavebinaT kodeqsebi. dReisaTvis bevr gazeTs
SemuSavebuli aqvs sakuTari kodeqsi.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 61
warmomadgenelma aRiaros, umjobesia, rom is garemomcveli sazoga-

doebisTvisac gaxdes misaRebi.
mokle istoria
mokle
kodeqsebis simravle SeiniSneba me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan, rac

nawilobriv im progresuli moZraobis Sedegi iyo, romelmac dagmo
veluri kapitalizmis mankierebani, gansakuTrebiT presaSi. amis Semd-
gom ukve Jurnalistebmac gaacnobieres calke kastis formirebis
aucilebloba.
1896 wels, galiciaSi polonelma Jurnalistebma SeimuSaves
movaleobaTa nusxa da Seqmnes Rirsebis sasamarTlo. 1910 wels presis
asociaciam kanzasSi miiRo kodeqsi, romelic miesadageboda gamom-
cemlebsac da redaqtorebsac. 1924 wlisaTvis aTobiT yoveldRiur
gamocemas sakuTari kodeqsi hqonda. pirveli erovnuli kodeqsi Jur-
nalistTa kavSiris mier 1918 wels miRebuli franguli `Charte des
devoirs~ (movaleobaTa qartia) iyo. pirveli saerTaSoriso kodeqsi
1926 wels interamerikuli presis asociaciidan iRebs saTaves. Jurna-
listTa saerTaSoriso asociaciam (FIJ) ki Tavisi Rirsebis kodeqsi
SemdegSi, 1939 wels gamoaqveyna.
kodeqsebis gamoCena yvelgan meore msoflio omis Semdgom peri-
ods ukavSirdeba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia am problemaze
muSaobas daarsebis dRidan Seudga, Tumca kodeqsis proeqti, rome-
lic am organizaciam 1950 wels ganxilvisaTvis 500-mde presasTan da-
kavSirebul asociacias gaugzavna, arasodes miuRiaT, radganac pro-
fesiulma organizaciebma savsebiT samarTlianad uaryves igi. samTav-
robo organizaciebis (gaeros wevrebis msgavsad) iniciativa maT
mediis saqmeebSi cxviris Cayofad aRiqves.
media eTikis mimarT interesis axali talRa UNESCO-s, evrosab-
Wos, JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis, presis saerTaSoriso
institutis egidiT 1970-ian wlebSi agorda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo
samociani wlebis sayovelTao saprotesto demonstraciebiT. meoT-
xe talRa ki sparseTis yuris omis gaSuqebas (1991) da sxva mimdinare
skandalebs ukavSirdeboda.
62 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
muxlobrivi kate
kateggoriebi
oriebi
bunebrivia, rom `mediis araswori qceva~ imisda mixedviT ganisaz-

Rvreba, Tu rogori aris ama Tu im eris kultura, qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis done da arsebuli politikuri reJimi. is ver iqneba
identuri komunistur da liberalur, arqaul da zeTanamedrove, mus-
limanur da hindur qveynebSi. Tumca kodeqsTa umravlesobaSi SeiZ-
leba, aRmovaCinoT erTi da igive fundamenturi normebi. amis axsna
SesaZlebelia im gavleniani erebis kulturaTa erTianobiT, sadac
pirveli kodeqsebi gaCnda _ agreTve im saerTaSoriso dialogiT,
romelic aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs.
media profesionalebs, mecnier-mkvlevarebsa da momxmarebelTa
damcvelebs Soris ar arsebobs mkveTri azrTa sxvaoba imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor unda iqceodes da ar unda iqceodes media. Tumca, cxadia,
sxvadasxva kodeqsebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, Tundac maTi mo-
culobis gamo. SNJ-is qartia naxevargverdiania luisvilis (kentukis
Stati) `kurier-jornalis~ 65 gverdian kodeqsTan SedarebiT. yvela
kodeqsSi gamotovebulia esa Tu is norma _ Tumca rCeba STabeWdileba,
rom romelime mniSvnelovani punqtis gamotovebis savaraudo mizezi
ubralod gulmaviwyoba unda iyos.
sinTezuri kodeqsi
fundamenturi faseulobebi
_ sicocxlis pativiscema
_ adamianTa Soris solidarobis xelSewyoba.
ZiriTadi SezRudvebi
_ ar icruo
_ usafuZvlod aravis avno
_ ar miiTviso sxvisi qoneba
Juranalisturi principebi
_ kompetenturoba (Sesabamisad, Tavdajerebuloba,Secdomebis
aRiarebis unari)
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 63
_ politikuri, ekonomikuri, inteleqtualuri Zalebisagan

damoukidebloba.
_ srulad, zustad, samarTlianad da gasagebad gadmosces axali
ambebi.
_ farTod da Rrmad gansazRvros axali ambebi (ara marto rogorc
aSkara, saintereso, zedapiruli).
_ moemsaxuros yvela jgufs (mdidarsa da Raribs, axalgazrdasa
da moxucs, konservatiulsa da liberalurs da sxv.).
_ xeli Seuwyos adamianis uflebebisa da demokratiis dacvas.
_ iRvawos sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
_ araferi moimoqmedos iseTi, rac Seamcirebs sazogadoebis
ndobas mediisadmi.
sakmaod xSirad rekomendaciebi kodeqsebSi qaosuradaa mimobne-

uli, rac xSirad im eqspertebsac ki abnevs, vinc kodeqsebis Sedare-
biTi kvleviTaa dakavebuli. media eTikis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis
Sesaxeb naTeli warmodgena rom Segveqmnas, saWiroa garkveuli siste-
matizacia. Semdgomi analizisaTvis saWiroa sxvadasxva normebis Tav-
moyra saerTaSoriso, erovnuli, saSinao moxmarebis kodeqsebidan _
da maTi Svid kategoriad daxarisxeba. ganmeorebebis Tavidan asaci-
leblad, mciredi gamonaklisis garda, yoveli muxli mxolod erTxe-
laa citirebuli. amdenad, konkretul kategoriaSi miTiTebuli wese-
bi SeiZleba, ubralo nimuSad CaiTvalos.
wesebis bunebis mixedviT
idealuri wesebi. kargi iqneba iseTi miznis dasaxva, romliskenac

yvela profesionali unda iswrafvodes, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ram-
denad miRwevadia maTTvis es amocana: arasodes daTanxmdes iseT da-
valebas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba eTikas; yovelTvis kargad gaerkves
im TematikaSi, romelzec muSaobs; ar gamoxaton piradi azri nebismier
reportaJSi; yovelTvis gadmosces ramodenime Tvalsazrisi; ganuwy-
vetliv ibrZolos adamianis uflebebisaTvis.
zogadi wesebi. zogierTi wesi, gamonaklisis (an mciredi gamonak-
lisis) garda, yvela moqalaqisaTvis mudmivad ZalaSia. zogierTi faq-
64 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
tobrivad formalizebulia kanonmdeblobaSi an religiur mcnebebSi:

ara icruo, ara iparo, aravis avno umizezod. arsebobs wesebi, romle-
bic specialurad JurnalistebisTvisaa gankuTvnili: ar moaxdino
informaciis falsificireba; arasodes miiRo finansuri an raime sxva
saCuqari im xalxisgan, visac unda uzrunvelyos an, piriqiT, SeaCeros
garkveuli informaciis gamoqveyneba; garegnuladac ki ar SeimCnios
araeTikuri qmedeba.
gamonaklisebi wesebidan. zogjer mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.
sazogadoebrivi interesidan gamomdinare, zogierTi wesis ignori-
reba SesaZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informacia se-
riozul, antisocialur safrTxes amxels an saSiSroebas uqmnis sa-
zogadoebis janmrTelobas. Jurnalistma wyaros ar unda daumalos
Tavisi vinaoba, an saidumlo gziT moipovos informacia (magaliTad,
faruli kameriT), an vinmes ubiZgos kanondarRvevisaken, an dausabu-
Teblad Caerios vinmes pirad cxovrebaSi _ cxadia, iseTi SemTxvevis
garda, rodesac qveynis Tavdacvis ministrs mtrulad ganywobili
qveynis sazRvao ataSesTan saziaro meZavi gogona hyavs.49
winaaRmdegobrivi wesebi. bunebrivia, rom eTikur sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT garkveul sakiTxebze, Jurnalistebs gan-
sxvavebuli pozicia aqvT. ramdenad saWiroa, mediam eWvqveS daayenos
yovelive, rac mTavrobisgan momdinareobs, rogorc es SeerTebul
StatebSia; Tu saWiroa `dausabuTebeli~ Setevebisagan TavSekaveba,
roca saqme institutebs, arCeul Tu daniSnul oficialur pirebs
exeba, rogorc es koreasa da TurqeTSia? arian Tu ara mTavari redaq-
torebi angariSvaldebulni maTi Jurnalistebis qmedebebis gamo
(britaneTi, Svecia), unda gadaabralos Tu ara Jurnalistma raime vin-
mes, vinc ierarqiulad masze maRla dgas (safrangeTi)? unda gamoTqvas
(egvipte) Tu ar unda gamoTqvas Jurnalistma Tavisi piradi azri
(iaponia) _ es safrangeTsa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris Zveli uTan-
xmoebis sagania.
SesaZlebelia, moviyvanoT sxva winaaRmdegobrivi magaliTebic.
espaneTSi miRebulia, Jurnalistma ar gaamJRavnos Tavisi wyaro: po-
litikosebs uyvarT gancxadebebis gakeTeba Semdgomi gasajaroebis
gareSe. amavdroulad SeerTebul StatebSi codvad iTvleba (Tu iTv-
49
profumos saqme (didi britaneTi, 1963), romlis Sesaxebac mTavari media
saSualebebi informacias flobdnen, Tumca gamoqveyneba ver gabedes.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 65
leboda?), rodesac Jurnalisti ar axdens sakuTari wyaros identifi-

cirebas. pasuxebi SekiTxvaze _ SeuZlia Tu ara Jurnalists winaswar
uCvenos masala wyaros mis publikaciamde an eTerSi gasvlamde _ gan-
sxvavebulia: zogierTi miiCnevs, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi, zogis az-
riT ki, mxolod faqtebis gadamowmebis mizniT. nawilis azriT ki, ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi, Tu wyaros winaswar miuwvdeba xeli masalaze,
mkiTxveli, msmeneli, mayurebeli informirebuli unda iyos amis
Sesaxeb. SvedeTSi arsebobs SeTanxmeba, ar miuTiTon seqsualuri da-
naSaulebis Sesaxeb, Tu sazogadoebas safrTxe ar emuqreba; SeerTe-
bul StatebSi ki piriqiT, bevri moiTxovs im tabus moxsnas, romelic
msxverplTaTvis zianis momtania.
mediis funqciebis mixedviT
meTvalyureoba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kodeqsebis umravle-

soba Jurnalistikas ukavSirdeba, bunebrivia, umetesi muxlebi am
kategoriaSi xvdeba. Jurnalisti ar unda emorCilebodes araviTar
zewolas, iqneba es gare Tu Sida zewola, romelic miznad isaxavs,
gavlena moaxdinos axali ambebis SerCevis procesze, an maT gadmo-
cemaze. garda amisa, zogierTi kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sajaro infor-
maciis moTxovnas, raTa sazogadoebisTvis realurad xelmisawvdomi
gaxdes oficialuri arqivebi, warmomadgenlobiTi asambleebi, Sek-
rebebi, aRmasrulebelTa mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi.
samyaros xatis Seqmna. piradi gamocdilebis garda, umetes in-
formacias samyaros Sesaxeb Cven mediidan viRebT. Jurnalisti darw-
munebuli unda iyos imaSi, rom momxmarebels zusti suraTi eqmneba
mimdinare movlenis Sesaxeb; rom misi masala ar aRvivebs qsenofobias,
rasizms an seqsizms. Jurnalisti unda cvlides sxva xalxis Sesaxeb
mis qveyanaSi damkvidrebul tradiciul imijs (magaliTad, stereoti-
pebisaTvis Tavis aridebis gziT). man aseve unda gaaRvivos interesi
da gamoiCinos Tanadgoma sxva kulturebis mimarT, rasac, samwuxarod,
naklebad aqceven yuradRebas.
forumis funqcia. swored mediis saSualebiT xorcieldeba so-
cialuri komunikacia, romelic konkretul sazogadoebaSi aucile-
beli kompromisebis misaRwevadaa saWiro. sazogadoebrivad mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxebze saWiroa, mediam gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa farTo
66 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
speqtri gadmosces. litvuri kodeqsis moTxovnaa, rom mediam mosaz-

rebaTa farTo diapazoni warmoaCinos. mraval socialur jgufs un-
da hqondes SesaZlebloba, sajarod gamoxatos Tavisi Sexeduleba, an
sul mcire, mieces pasuxis gacemis ufleba, roca maT raimeSi adana-
Sauleben. 90-ian wlebis Sua periodSi, saarCevno kampaniis Semdeg,
latviaSi presam Tavad gamoaaSkarava, rom yvela ZiriTad media saSu-
alebaSi politikur partiebs maTTvis sasurveli publikaciebi hqon-
daT nayidi.
kulturis/garTobis gavrceleba. am or funqcias ZiriTadad ga-
sarTobi media asrulebs, romelic calke ganixileba.
gayidva. medias didi xnis manZilze sakuTari TaviT vaWrobaSi ada-
naSaulebdnen.50 iseTi saredaqcio seqciebis korumpirebuloba, ro-
goricaa restornebis, turizmis, modis, silamazis da avtomobile-
bis mimoxilvebi _ gansakuTrebul eWvebs badebda. am mxriv gansakuT-
rebiT gamoirCevian Jurnalebi, romlebic TiTqmis mTlianad viwro
profilis ekonomikis seqtoridan Semosuli reklamis xarjze arse-
boben. amdenad, naTelia, rom kodeqsebi unda iTvaliswinebdes Sem-
degs: reklamis damkveTebis gulis mogebis mizniT, ar unda xdebodes
informaciis miCqmalva, damaxinjeba an SeTxzva. imisda miuxedavad,
Tu ra Temas Seexeba cnoba _ axali maRaziis sazeimo gaxsnas, manqanis
axal models, modebis prezentacias Tu axal Sous (Svecia) _ aravis
unda mieniWos upiratesoba. Jurnalisti ar unda iyos CarTuli iseT
aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa reklama an sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi.
wesebi daniSnulebis mixedviT
specifiuri mediisTvis gankuTvnili regulirebebi. kodeqsebis

umetesoba beWdviT mediazea fokusirebuli. sasurvelia, iaponiis
msgavsad, yvela media saSualebas, yoveldRiur gamocemebs, sazoga-
doebriv da komerciul mauwyeblobebs, Jurnalebs, xmis Camwer indus-
trias, wignebis gamomcemlobebs sakuTari kodeqsebi hqondeT. speci-
alurad mauwyeblobisTvis gankuTvnili kodeqsebi SedarebiT mcirea.
amis mizezi ki is aris, rom miuxedavad 80-ian wlebSi deregulaciisa,
50
rodesac sinkler liuisma ocian wlebSi gaamaTraxa presa, man Tavis wigns
„The Brass Check”-i uwoda velur dasavleTSi saroskipoebSi gamoyenebuli
sazRauris msgavsad.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 67
mediis es saxeoba kanonmdeblobiT ufro regulirdeba, vidre beWd-

viTi.
tevadi mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili tele da radio Jurnalistebis
gamoCena imdenad frTxili unda iyos, rom ar damaxinjdes is movlena,
romlis gaSuqebasac isini apireben (msvleloba, sasamarTlo procesi).
zogjer Jurnalistebi uneblieT, yovelgvari ganzraxvis gareSe
ubiZgeben xalxs demonstraciisaken an aRviveben Zaladobas. saWiroa
mayureblis winaswar gafrTxileba, Tu masala, romelic eTerSi ga-
daicema, gamaRizianebeli iqneba. aseve aucilebelia mayureblis in-
formireba, rodesac saarqivo kadrebis an damontaJebuli masalis
gamoyeneba xdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu identificireba zians moutans
pirovnebas, saWiroa misi saxisa da xmis dafarva.
wesebi, romlebic axali ambebis erT aspeqts exeba. finansur Te-
mebze momuSave Jurnalistebi, gamoZiebiT dakavebuli Jurnalistebi,
kaTolike Jurnalistebi, sportuli reportiorebi Tu foto Jurna-
listebi, specializaciis mixedviT, TavianT Tavs specialur reguli-
rebebs uweseben. specializirebuli kodeqsebi, rogorc wesi, afar-
Toeben da azusteben Cveulebriv kodeqsebSi arsebul muxlebs.
Tumca arsebobs sami sfero _ terorizmi, danaSauli da sasamarT-
lo _ romelTa gaSuqeba JurnalistTa specializaciasa da gansakuT-
rebul yuradRebas saWiroebs. zogierTma didma media saSualebam
SeimuSava instruqciebi, Tu rogor unda iqceodes qalaqSi areulo-
bebisas Jurnalisti. is unda iyos: TavSekavebuli, civi, Zalian frTxi-
li WorebTan mimarTebaSi; unda eridos pirdapir reportaJebs,
arasodes SeuSalos xeli policiis qmedebas.
e.w. `kriminalur ambebSi~51 ar unda iyos miniSneba braldebulis
rasaze, religiaze, profesiasa da sxva maxasiaTeblebze, Tu amas pir-
dapiri kavSiri ara aqvs saqmesTan; Jurnalistma ar unda gaamJRavnos
arasrulwlovan braldebulTa gvarebi; ar unda miuTiTos pirovnebis
Zvel danaSaulze, gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, Tu igi aministi-
rebuli iyo _ ar axsenos Sewyalebis ufleba im kriminalebTan mimar-
TebaSi, romelTac sasjeli ukve moxdili aqvT. mediam ar unda miuTi-
51
daniuri kodeqsi SezRudulia danaSaulis gaSuqebis TematikiT. frangul
yoveldRiurs „Ouest-France”-s aqvs kodeqsi, romelic Semofarglulia
kriminaluri TematikiT e.w. „human interest stiries” (ix. gv.101 [amerikul
gamocemaSi. k.J.b.]).
68 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Tos braldebulis naTesavebis, megobrebis an sxva axloblebis saxe-

lebi, Tu amisaTvis seriozuli sababi ar arsebobs. mediis qmedebis
Sedegad safrTxis qveS ar unda aRmoCndes danaSaulis msxverpli an
incidentSi SemTxveviT gareuli adamiani: magaliTad, Tuki media Se-
saZlebels xdis, dakavebuli kriminalis Tanamzraxvelebma moaxdi-
non maTi adgilsamyofelis identificireba. Jurnalistma yovelTvis
unda Seaxsenos mkiTxvels/msmenels/mayurebels, rom aravin SeiZleba
CaiTvalos damnaSaved, vidre mosamarTle da nafici msajulebi ar
scnoben vinmes braleulobas.
yovel moqalaqes aqvs samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, rac gu-
lisxmobs imas, rom sasamarTlo Tavisufali unda iyos presis zewo-
lisagan. mkacri britanuli kanonmdebloba metismetad zRudavs sa-
samarTlo procesebis gaSuqebas, Tumca mraval qveyanaSi es sakiTxi
eTikis regulirebis sferos ganekuTvneba. amasTanave, Jurnalistma
unda ganmartos iuridiuli terminebi da ar gaaSuqos iseTi ram, rac
gavlenas moaxdenda sasamarTlos Tvalsazrisze.
zogierTi qveynisaTvis sfecifikuri regulirebebi. ama Tu im
qveyanaSi arsebuli wesebi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze _ gare-
moze, qveynis kulturul memkvidreobaze, ekonomikur ganviTarebasa
Tu media sistemaze. civi omis periodSi avstriuli kodeqsi windaxe-
dulebis gamoCenas urCevda Jurnalistebs im adamianebis moxsene-
bisas, romlebic totalitarul qveynebSi cxovrobdnen.52 skandinavi-
uri qveynebi Zalian did yuradRebas uTmoben adamianis uflebebs:
calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, rodesac arsebobs sakiTxisadmi sa-
zogadoebrivi interesi, mediam ar unda gaaSuqos TviTmkvlelobebi;
sasamarTlo verdiqtis gamotanamde, ar miuTiTos eWvmitanilTa vi-
naoba. iaponiaSi konfucianuri tradicia aqcents akeTebs socialur
harmoniaze, jgufisadmi loialobaze, ierarqiisa da ufrosebis pati-
viscemaze. Jurnalistika gacilebiT naklebad agresiuli da ikonok-
lastikuria (xatTmebrZoli), vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. anglosaq-
suri qveynebi, rogorc puritanebi, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas seqsis
sakiTxebs uTmoben.
52
avstrias saerTo sazRvari hqonda sabWoTa imperiasTan da zogierT
avstriel moqalaqes rkinis fardis miRma naTesavebi hyavda.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 69
`socialistur~ kodeqsebSi arsebuli normebi, rogoricaa xalxi-

saTvis mediis xelmisawvdomoba, adamianis uflebebis dacva, mraval-
kulturianoba, saganmanaTleblo media, axali msoflios sainforma-
cio wesrigi, mSvidobisa da kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZola _ sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara propaganda. aseTive tendencia axasiaTebda
iuneskos mier dafinansebul ramdenime dokuments, romelTa gamoce-
mac swored im periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac am organizacias e.w.
mesame samyaros qveynebisa da sabWoTa zewolis mimarT damTmob poli-
tikaSi edeboda brali. cxadia, es ar aris sakmarisi safuZveli am nor-
mebis mTlianad uaryofisaTvis, miT ufro, rom zogierTi maTgani Se-
saniSnavia. fineli eqsperti 1991 wlamde Seqmnil sabWoTa da ungrul
kodeqsebs, finurTan erTad, yvelaze srulyofil kodeqsad miiCnevs.53
nakls verc araerTxel galanZRuli presmagnatis u. r. herstis mier
gamocemul wesebs mouZebni.
muslimanur qveynebSi eTika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religias-
Tan. garkveul elitebSi is dasavluri `modernizmis~ gavlenas ganic-
dis _ Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom reJimTa umravlesoba avtori-
taruli, da Sesabamisad, presis Tavisuflebis mimarT mtrulad ganw-
yobilia, media eTika am sivrcisTvis ararelevanturia. Tu aq arsebobs
`kodeqsi~, is oficialuri, xelisuflebis mier gamocemulia.
mesame samyaros wesebi. msoflioSi arseboben regionebi, sadac
iseT problemebTan uwevT Sexeba, romlebic (TiTqmis) gaqra indust-
riul demokratiebSi. am qveynebSi media eTika samTavrobo reguli-
rebas ganekuTvneba. am qveynebSi xSirad gaigonebT wuxils eris gadar-
Cenaze, romelic, rogorc wesi, sakmaod axalgazrdaa. aq Jurnalistma
pativi unda sces saxelmwifosa da mis warmomadgenlebs, ar unda gaak-
ritikon saxelmwifo institutebi, safrTxe ar unda Seuqmnan erovnul
usafrTxoebas54 iseTi sakiTxebis gaSuqebis gziT, rac ukmayofilebas
gaaRvivebda, magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.
mediam unda moaxdinos Zalebis mobilizeba ganviTarebisaTvis; aq-
tiurad emsaxuros erovnul institutebsa da miznebs, masebis ganaT-
lebas, socialur samarTlianobas, ekonomikur progress. saWiroa
53
JUUSELA Pauli, Journalistic Codes of Ethics in the CSCE Countries, Tampere, University
of Tampere, 1991.
54
sainteresoa, rom amerikul medias xSirad swored am sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT akritikeben.
70 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kulturuli cxovrebis dekolonizacia. medias araviTari meTodiT

ar unda akontrolebdes ucxouri kapitali _ arc Jurnalistma unda
miiRos raime subsidia am gziT. aseTia Tezisebia mocemuli mesame
samyaros kodeqsebSi.
am qveynebSi arsebuli kodeqsebi moiTxovs, rom media ganamtki-
cebdes erovnul grZnobebs; ar aRvivebdes konfliqtebs eTnikur an
religiur jgufebs Soris; ebrZodes fanatizmsa da traibalizms.
Tumca, praqtikulad, magaliTad, nigeriaSi, sadac traibalizms cent-
raluri adgili uWiravs, _ karg da samarTlian qcevad iTvleba saku-
Tari eTnikuri jgufis interesebis samsaxuri. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
indoeTSi arsebul kastebze.55 kodeqsebi gvirCeven, frTxilad moveki-
doT iseTi movlenebis (magaliTad, mkvlelobebi, areulobebi) gaSuqe-
bas, romlebmac SesaZloa, analogiuri qmedebebisken ubiZgon adami-
anebs. cxadia, socialur harmoniaze aseTi zrunva, erTsulovani mxar-
daWeriT ar sargeblobs: zogierTis TvalSi is miznad isaxavs usamar-
Tlo socialuri wesrigis, tiranuli politikuri reJimisa da msof-
lios arqauli xedvis konservirebas.
Zalzed mkveTri diferencireba sxvadasxva qveynebis kodeqsebs So-
ris mizanSewonili ar aris. kodeqsebis umetesoba xarisxobrivad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, an imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxebs moicaven isini. es garemoeba ar unda gaxdes mizezi
imisa, rom profesionalebma uari Tqvan saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaze
media eTikasTan mimarTebiT. amgvari Tanxmobis arseboba xels Seuw-
yobda Jurnalistebs, daecvaT TavianTi uflebebi _ da ebrZolaT in-
formaciis xarisxiani gaSuqebisaTvis.
profesionalTa kategoriebis mixedviT
bevri regulacia gankuTvnilia rogorc JurnalistebisTvis, aseve

mediis mesakuTreebisTvisac. redaqtorebi Jurnalistebic arian da
imavdroulad menejerebsac warmoadgenen. mcire media saSualebebSi
mflobeli SeiZleba wamyvani Jurnalistic ki iyos. zogierT qveyanaSi
(SvedeTis msgavsad) kodeqss orive kategoria awers xels. orives mo-
eTxoveba, ar gaayalbos informacia piradi (ambicia, SurisZieba), ide-
ologiuri an finansuri mosazrebebiT.
55
ix. kuperi (1989). gv.124 (nigeria) da 147 (indoeTi).
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 71
wesebi mxolod mflobelebisa (da maTi agentebisaTvis). kodeqsebSi

`mediis~ movaleobebi iSviaTadaa naxsenebi. amisaTvis sul mcire ori
mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, rom mediis movaleobebi xSirad kanonm-
deblobiTaa gansazRvruli; da meorec, bevri kodeqsi SemuSavebulia
JurnalistTa asociaciebis mier sakuTari wevrebisaTvis. eTikis mi-
marT mediis mesakuTreTa yuradReba, qveynebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva-
gvaria: igi Zalzed sustia SeerTebul StatebSi da Zalian Zlieria _
CrdiloeTis qveynebSi. sasargeblo iqneboda, Tu mesakuTreebi Seimu-
Savebdnen models da sakuTari TanamSromlebisTvis mas savaldebu-
lod gaxdidnen. am modelis pirveli komponenti iseTi gasamrjelos
gadaxdaa, romelic Rirseuli da patiosani saqmianobis garantiaa:
indoeTSi, ruseTsa da laTinur amerikaSi bevr Jurnalists sakuTari
xelfasi saarsebod ar hyofnis. amasTanave, mesakuTrem ar unda misces
Jurnalists iseTi davaleba, romelic zians miayenebs profesiis re-
putacias. mflobelma arc maT janmrTelobas unda Seuqmnas safrTxe,
Sesabamisi kompensaciis gareSe.
media saSualebis menejerma mkveTrad unda gamijnos erTmaneTis-
gan Jurnalisturi da biznes interesebi. man ar unda ugulebelyos
garkveuli informacia, an gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba mianiWos sxva
axal ambebs, politikuri, sareklamo, an demagogiuri interesebis sa-
fuZvelze. menejerma ar unda daicvas sakuTari jgufis Tu zogadad
sakuTari biznesis interesebi: ufro zustad, man avtomaturad ar
unda gamoaqveynos yvela presrelizi an nebismieri reklama; saredaq-
cio mxardaWeras ar unda dahpirdes reklamis damkveTebs. yvelaze
naklebad unda daTanxmdes igi raime movlenis an kavSiris farTod
gaSuqebas tiraJis Sesyidvis sanacvlod. dabolos, menejeri unda
grZnobdes pasuxismgeblobas, rom reklama Sinaarsobrivad iqneba ge-
movnebiani, zusti da racionalurad usafrTxo.
wesebi mxolod JurnalistebisaTvis. kodeqsebis umravlesoba
Jurnalistebisagan neitralitetis dacvas moiTxovs. sxva akrZalveb-
Tan erTad, kodeqsebi krZalavs JurnalistTa monawileobas demons-
traciebSi, maTi mxridan peticiebze xelis moweras. rac mTavaria,
profesionali zedmiwevniT patiosani unda iyos: man Tavi unda aari-
dos nebismier interesTa konfliqts, raime saxis moraluri an materi-
aluri Semweobis, saCuqrebis, SeRavaTebis, momsaxurebis, ufaso mog-
zaurobebisa da bileTebis miRebis, SeTavsebiT muSaobis (leqciebi,
72 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
konferenciebi) gziT. Jurnalistma ar unda miiRos fuladi Semwe-

oba, gareSe(ara media) institutebis mier dawesebuli prizis saxiT.
ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, Jurnalistma ar unda gamoiyenos saku-
Tari sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba piradi gamorCenis mizniT, maga-
liTad, faruli reklamis sanacvlod. zogierTi kodeqsi aucileblad
Tvlis, miuTiTos, rom Jurnalistma ar unda gayidos Tavisi kalami,
igi ar unda eweodes SantaJsa da gamoZalvas. 90-iani wlebis ruseTSi
Cveulebriv movlenad iTvleboda is, rom biznesmenebi Tu politiko-
sebi sakuTar interviuSi fuls ixdidnen.
finansur Tematikaze momuSave Jurnalistebi calke msjelobis
sakiTxia. masalis gamoqveynebamde maT ar unda miiRon piradi sarge-
beli maT mierve moZiebuli informaciidan. isini arc unda ecadnon,
gamoiyenon sakuTari statiebi aqciebis fasis asawevad an dasawevad
da am gziT ukanono mogebis misaRebad. mravali media saSualeba mo-
iTxovs, rom Jurnalistebma menejments sakuTari finansuri Semosav-
lebi gaumJRavnos.
profesionalma gancdac ki ar unda Seqmnas, rom is SesaZloa, ko-
rumpirebuli iyos. erTob samwuxaroa, rom me-20 saukunis dasasruls
mewarmeTa erovnuli asociaciis franguli organizaciis yofilma
Tavmjdomarem SeZlo eTqva, rom `Jurnalistebis mosyidva SesaZle-
belia banketebiT an konvertebiT~.
angariSvaldebulebis tipis mixedviT
Sen ubralod àngariSvaldebuli~ ar xar: Sen xar angariSvaldebu-

li viRacis winaSe. media profesionali, pirvel rigSi, sakuTari Tavis
winaSea angariSvaldebuli. man ar unda uRalatos sakuTar mrwamss,
uari Tqvas nebismier davalebaze, romelic SeuTavsebelia eTikasTan.
igi aseve angariSvaldebulia Tavisi damqiraveblis winaSec. Jurna-
listma pativi unda sces kanons, man ar unda gamoitanos saaSkaraoze
sakuTari kompaniis Sida saqmeebi; an raime sxva gziT avnos mis reputa-
cias. arc misi piradi cxovreba, arc politikuri Sexedulebebi an
uzarmazari honorari gareSe samsaxuridan _ ar unda gaxdes eWvis
safuZveli Jurnalistis interesTa konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT. sxva
damsaqmebelTan muSaoba, gansakuTrebiT konkurentTan, specialur
nebarTvas saWiroebs _ rom araferi vTqvaT `SemoqmedebiT naSromze~
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 73
safasuris an reziumes sazRaurad. Tumca Jurnalisti ZiriTadad

Semdegi oTxi jgufis winaSea pasuxismgebeli:
kolegebis mimarT. Jurnalistma ar unda moaxdinos sakuTari
profesiis diskreditacia. man unda ibrZolos JurnalistTa uflebe-
bisaTvis, nebismieri saxis cenzuris winaaRmdeg da informaciis
xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, sajaro iqneba is, Tu kerZo. isini kolegi-
alurad unda iqceodnen sxva JurnalistebTan mimarTebaSi: ar avnon
maT egoisturi miznebidan gamomdinare; ar SesTavazon sxvebs imaze
naklebad anazRaurebadi samuSao, vidre Tavad aqvT; ar miiTvison
sxvaTa ideebi, monacemebi an produqcia. unda daexmaron gasaWirSi
myof kolegebs, gansakuTrebiT ucxoel korespondentebs. 1991 wels
frangulma Zalebma monawileoba miiRes udabnos Sturmis eqspedi-
ciaSi, Tumca saagento frans presi (AFP) ar dauSves amerikuli mediis
mier formirebul biuroSi _ xolo rodesac mogvianebiT frans presma
am faqtis gamo SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlos mimarTa, am
ukanasknelma uaryo saagentos sarCeli.
wyaroebis mimarT. Jurnalisti pativs unda scemdes embargoebs
axali ambebis gamoSvebebze. igi zedmiwevniT frTxili unda iyos
sityvebis sizustis TvalsazrisiT (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
citatebs iyenebs); man ar unda daamaxinjos azri misi konteqstidan
amoglejilad citirebis, an vrceli gancxadebis Semoklebis gziT.
Jurnalistma ar unda gamoaqveynos masala, romelic mxolod im pi-
robiT gaandes, rom mas movlenis Tu sagnis Sesaxeb warmodgena Seqm-
noda; man ar unda gaamJRavnos wyaro, romelsac saidumlos Senaxvas
dahpirda _ Tu es sazogadoebis keTildReobis interesebiT ar aris
ganpirobebuli. da piriqiT, Jurnalisti mudam fxizlad unda iyos
da arasodes unda moadunos kritikis unari: ar dauSvas, rom sxvebma
moaxdinon misiT manipulireba an misi dezinformireba; frTxilad
moekidos im gancxadebebs, romelTac SokSi myofi, an gonebaSezRu-
duli adamianebi akeTeben.
axal ambebSi CarTuli adamianebis mimarT. maSinac ki, roca si-
marTle Jurnalistis mxaresaa, igi ar unda gvevlinebodes bralmdeb-
lad im SemTxvevebis garda, Tu amas sazogadoebis keTildReoba ar
moiTxovs. adamians unda mieces pasuxis SesaZlebloba, Tu mas raime
qmedebaSi brals sdeben an akritikeben. Jurnalistma ar unda miuTi-
Tos pirovnebis iseTi Tvisebebi, romelTac pirdapiri kavSiri ara
74 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
aqvT gasaSuqebel TemasTan, magaliTad, sqesi, saxeli, erovneba, reli-

giuri kuTvnileba, eTnikuri warmomavloba, mSobliuri ena, politi-
kuri orientacia, samsaxuri, misamarTi, seqsualuri orientacia, fi-
zikuri Tu gonebrivi nakli. kidev ufro miuRebelia aseTi Tvisebe-
bis miTiTeba pirovnebis diskreditaciis mizniT. Jurnalistma ar un-
da mimarTos damamcirebel terminebsa Tu insinuaciebs. sazogadod,
Tu sazogadoebriv interesebs raime safrTxe ar emuqreba, ar unda
moxdes informirebis uflebis gamoyeneba iseTi meTodebiT, rac fi-
zikur, moralur, inteleqtualur, kulturul an ekonomikur zians
miayenebs calkeul individebsa Tu jgufebs. magaliTad, ubeduri Sem-
Txvevebis an sazareli danaSaulebis amsaxveli fotoebis publikaciam
SeiZleba, tkivili miayenos msxverplis naTesavebsa da megobrebs.
mediis momxmarebelTa mimarT. profesionali araviTar SemTxve-
vaSi ar unda gaxdes momxmareblisaTvis zianis an zaralis miyenebis
mizezi. iqneba es audiovizualuri mesijis meSveobiT `qvecnobieri~
meTodis gamoyeneba; usafuZvlo SiSisa da imedebis gaCena sensaciuri
masalis gamoqveynebis gziT, romelic samedicino an farmacevtul
aRmoCenebs Seexeba; an msmenelis/mkiTxvelis/mayureblis stimulire-
ba, misdios mavne Cvevebs (magaliTad, dietebi, wamlebi/narkotikebi).
medias aqvs valdebulebebi im sazogadoebis winaSe, romlis nawi-
lic Tavadaa: man ar unda Seuracxyos sazogadoebis morali; mediam
unda gansazRvros sazogadoebis yvela jgufis saWiroebebi da emsa-
xuros maT interesebs. ufro metic, medias aqvs valdebulebebi sazo-
gadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis winaSe. martooden kanonebis
imedad yofna sakmarisi ar aris. cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis
nacvlad, mediam unda izrunos sazogadoebis interesebze; Jurnalis-
tebma ar unda gamoaqveynon iseTi masala, romelmac SesaZloa, seri-
ozulad avnos ojaxis instituts; xotba ar Seasxan junglebis kanons;
ibrZolon usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg da ilaparakon naklebad privi-
legirebulTa saxeliT; gaaumjobeson TanamSromloba adamianTa So-
ris; ar moaxdinon spekulireba vinmes SiSis xarjze; ar danergon amo-
raluroba, uRirsi an vulgaruli saqcieli; ar gaaRvivon iseTi mda-
bali instinqtebi, rogoricaa sixarbe an Zaladoba; ar ganadidon omi,
Zalmomreoba an danaSauli.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 75
muSaobis fazebis mixedviT
informaciis mopoveba. pirveli wesi, naTelia: informacia ar

unda iyos gamogonili. informaciis an fotos mosapoveblad mizanSe-
wonili ar aris uRirsi meTodebis gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, vinaobis
damalva; kerZo sakuTrebis borotad gamoyeneba; ganaTebebiT, kamere-
biT, mikrofonebiT Casafreba; saubris farulad Cawera, dokumentis
moparva. am xerxebiT informaciis mopoveba dauSvebelia im SemTxve-
vebis garda, Tu arsebobs sazogadoebrivi interesi gasaSuqebeli
informaciis mimarT da sxva gziT informaciis mopoveba SeuZlebelia.
Jurnalisti valdebulia, gamoqveynebul masalaSi miuTiTos am gare-
moebis Sesaxeb.
ocdaxuTnawiliani reportaJi, romelic `Cikago san taimsma~ 1977
wels gamoaqveyna, mas Semdeg, rac barSi `miraJi~ sxvadasxva municipa-
luri samsaxurebis korumpirebulobis gamoaSkaravebis mizniT Cam-
weri mowyobiloba daamontaJa _ farTomasStabiani wmendis mizezi gax-
da. Tumca am publikaciam puliceris prizi ver moipova: zogierTis
azriT, sainformacio saSualebam moaxdina danaSaulis provocireba
da danaSaulis Cadenisken ubiZga adamianebs.
Jurnalistma ar unda iyidos informacia danaSaulis TviTmxil-
velis an kriminalisagan. dauSvebelia agreTve iZulebiTi saSualebe-
bis (sicrue, devna-agresia56, muqara, SantaJi) gamoyeneba. zogierTi
kodeqsi dauSveblad miiCnevs bavSvebisagan intervius aRebas maTTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT rigiTebs, aqvT
piradi cxovrebis ufleba da dauSvebelia masSi dausabuTebeli SeWra,
miT ufro ubeduri SemTxvevebis dros. Jurnalistebma ar unda isar-
geblon im adamianTa gulubryvilobiT, romelTac mediasTan urTier-
Tobis gamocdileba ara aqvT da ar unda dascinon am adamianebs. sa-
Wiroa nebismieri respondentis gafrTxileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
gamoiyeneben mis mier gakeTebul gancxadebebs _ cxadia, es ar gu-
56
princesa dianasTan dakavSirebulma sabediswero SemTxvevam 1997 wels
aqcenti gadaitana paparacebze, Jurnalist-fotoreportiorebze, vinc
gamoCenil adamianebze nadirobda. magram isini, rogorc wesi, WorebiT
dakavebul Jurnalistebs emsaxurebian, rac garTobis sferos
ganekuTvneba.
76 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
lisxmobs respondentis winaswar informirebas savaraudo SekiTx-

vebis Sesaxeb.
SerCeva. mediam ar unda gamoaqveynos SemTxveviTi adamianebisagan
aRebuli, naCqarevi interviuebi, an arafris mTqmeli dokumentebi.
sainformacio saSualebam gverdze unda gadados rogorc Worebi,
aseve gadaumowmebeli informacia da presrelizebi _ an unda ganmar-
tos, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba msgavsi informaciis gavrceleba. hipo-
Teza ar unda gamoqveyndes, rogorc dadasturebuli faqti; media
saSualebam ar unda gamoaqveynos iseTi informacia, romelic marTa-
lia, simarTles Seefereba, magram socialurad faseuli ar aris da
SeiZleba, avnos masSi moxseniebul adamianebs.
nebismieri saxis zewolis SemTxvevaSi, saidanac ar unda momdinare-
obdes igi _ sainformacio saSualebis Signidan (magaliTad, biznes
departamenti), Tu garedan (magaliTad, reklamis damkveTi an wyaro),
pirdapiri iqneba is Tu iribi, Jurnalistma ar unda gamotovos
mniSvnelovani faqti an sityva. Zalzed cota kodeqsi Tu miuTiTebs
gamotovebebze, romlebic sizarmaciT (im SemTxvevaSi, roca infor-
maciis moZieba/kvleva Tu damuSavebaa saWiro), an simxdaliT (im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu informaciis mimwodebeli araoficialuri wyaroa, an
rodesac informacia ar aris moxseniebuli `msxvil~ media saSuale-
baSi) aris ganpirobebuli.
axali ambis (informaciis) SerCeva unda moxdes misi mniSvnelobis,
sazogadoebisaTvis sargeblianobis safuZvelze _ da ara gaunaTle-
beli masis cnobismoyvareobis, garTobis, TamaSebisa da vauerizmi-
sadmi misi miswrafebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. sivrce zedmetad ar
unda daixarjos aRmgzneb informaciaze (seqsi, danaSauli) an iseTze,
romelic mosaxleobis demoralizacias iwvevs.
momzadeba/prezentacia. reklama mkafiod unda iyos gamijnuli
saredaqcio masalebisgan. dauSvebelia faqtebisa da mosazrebebis
aRreva _ marTalia, survilis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier mediums SeiZleba
hqondes gamokveTili orientacia, magram es ar gulisxmobs informa-
ciis damaxinjebas. imisaTvis, rom informacia srulad da gasagebad
iyos mowodebuli, saWiroa movlenis gadmocema konteqstis Sesabami-
sad, analizisa da komentarebis TanxlebiT. mosazrebebi unda eyrdno-
bodes zust faqtebs da naTlad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu ra mizniT
xdeba maTze apelireba. winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxis gaSuqebisas, saWi-
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 77
roa ramodenime Tvalsazirisis warmodgena. Zalzed mcirea iseTi ko-

deqsebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs unda
daeTmos mTeli gverdi an samauwyeblo programa.
monacemebi gulmodgined unda gadamowmdes, radganac SemdgomSi
Sesworebis gamoqveynebas yovelTvis rodi SeuZlia im zianis gamoswo-
reba, rac publikaciaSi daSvebulma Secdomam SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
Tu publikacia ar Seicavs miTiTebas wyaroebis Sesaxeb, Jurnalistma
unda aRniSnos, Tu ra aris amis mizezi. saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi
masalis Sinaars unda Seesatyvisebodes _ da ajamebdes mas. redaqti-
rebis Sedegad ar unda damaxinjdes masala, romelic gamogzavnilia
rubrikisTvis `werilebi redaqtors~: Tu masala SemoklebiT qveynde-
ba, amis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos. fotoebis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa
sifrTxilis gamoCena, raTa Tavidan aviciloT maTi araswori interp-
retacia. fotoebi, audio da video Canawerebi momzadebis procesSi
ar unda daziandes. foto montaJi specialuri niSniT unda aRiniSnos.
ar SeiZleba informaciisaTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis mini-
Weba misi e.w. sensacionalizaciis (maRalfardovani gamoTqmebiT, dra-
matuli fotoebiT) gziT, gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca
saqme Zaladobas exeba. mediam Tavi unda aaridos usargeblo, Sokis-
momgvreli suraTis aRweras, gansakuTrebiT sikvdiliT dasjis, ube-
duri SemTxvevebis, sastiki qmedebis SemTxvevebSi, ramac SesaZloa,
bavSvTa travmireba gamoiwvios.
post-publikacia. safrangeTsa da laTinur qveynebSi pasuxis uf-
leba kanonmdeblobiTaa garantirebuli. anglo-saqsur qveynebSi
aseTi valdebuleba kanongareSed iTvleba, Tumca SeerTebuli State-
bis kodeqsebi urCeven redaqtorebs, nebayoflobiT uzrunvelyon ase-
Ti SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, mediam unda aRiaros mis mier daSvebu-
li Secdomebi da swrafad da TvalsaCinod gaakeTos es.57 saCivris ar-
sebobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamoZiebis inicireba da pretenziebis
safuZvlianobis SemTxvevaSi, Sesworebisa da bodiSis gamoqveyneba.
57
miuxedavad TviTdajerebuli gazeTis reputaciisa, 2003 wels „niu iork
taimsma” gamoaqveyna vrceli mosabodiSebeli statia, misi Jurnalistis
_ jeison bleris gamonagonis gamo; am incidents SemdegSi mohyva gazeTis
ombudsmenis daniSvna. 2004 wels „niu iork taimsma” moibodiSa imis gamo,
rom erayis omis wina periodi naklebad kritikulad Suqdeboda.
78 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
sparseTis yuris omis dros SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Za-

lebis mier mowodebuli monacemebis umetesoba arazusti iyo: maga-
liTad, isini miuTiTebdnen 547 000 erayel jariskacze konfliqtamde
_ da mxolod 183 000-ze konfliqtis Semdeg; patriotTa saraketo
aRWurviloba anadgurebda ara yvela `skads~, aramed aTidan _ erTs.
es omis periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi propagandaa,
Tumca Sedegad Zalian cota yoveldRiurma gamocemam Tu televiziis
sainformacio samsaxurma aRiara mcdari faqti da moixada bodiSi.
kodeqse bi g
odeqsebi asarT
gasarTobi mediisaTvis
asarTobi
mediis momxmarebelTa umetes nawils aqvs molodini, rom media, pir-

vel rigSi, maT garTobas uzrunvelyofs. normaluria, rodesac momx-
marebelTa mTavari pretenzia mediasTan mimarTebaSi swored garTobas
ukavSirdeba. medias adanaSauleben imaSi, rom is moqmedebs rogorc
narkotiki, romelic aRagznebs an axdens gautkivarebas _ da am gziT
manipulirebs masebiT, ZalauflebaSi myofi elitis sasargeblod.
Jurnalistika da garToba
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am ori cnebis gamijvna aucilebelia, Tum-

ca ara absoluturad. mediis komercializaciis Sedegad Sou biznesma
moaxdina axali ambebis mediis korumpireba. isic simarTlea, rom xSi-
rad gadafarva gardauvalia: bevri axali ambavi (sulis SemZvreli da-
naSauli Tu ubeduri SemTxveva) nawilobriv garTobis raRac marc-
vals Seicavs maSin, rodesac mravali filmi Tu satelevizio seriali
codnis miRebis saSualebas iZleva.
SeuZlebelia, eTika identuri iyos orive seqtorisTvis. magali-
Tad, uzustobani, gamogonili dialogebi, realur da gamogonil
gmirTa da movlenaTa erToba, raimes advokatireba, _ yovelive misa-
Rebia istoriuli dramisTvis _ da absoluturad miuRebeli Tana-
medrove axali ambebis gaSuqebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, kodeqsebSi
miTiTebuli zogierTi Secdomis mizezi aris informaciisa (sasargeb-
lo, mniSvnelovani) da garTobis (pikanturi, amaRelvebeli, paTeti-
uri) erTmaneTSi aRreva.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 79
ar arsebobs Sou biznesis profesionalTa mier SemuSavebuli ko-

deqsebi, rac sakmaod ucnauria, radgan rogorc reklamis damamza-
deblebs, aseve sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis (PR) samsaxuris war-
momadgenlebs iseve aqvT sakuTari kodeqsebi, rogorc farmacevtebsa
da arqiteqtorebs. ra aris amis mizezi? savaraudod is, rom gasarTobi
biznesi Zalzed mravalferovania. rogor SeiZleba erTi da igive
normebis daweseba (vague exhortation) mravalprofiliani da speci-
alizebuli mediisTvis: wamyvani arxisa da fasiani sakabelo arxi-
saTvis, erovnuli radio sadgurisa da yoveldRiuri erotikuli Jur-
nalisaTvis? amboben, rom Sou biznesis mesakuTreebma SeimuSaves ko-
deqsebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic `xelovanebma~ met-
naklebad miiRes.
eTika am sferoSi, cxadia, sruliad gansxvavebuli ar aris. aqac
igive akrZalvebs vxvdebiT, magaliTad, rasizmTan, an gaumarTlebel
ZaladobasTan mimarTebiT. amasTanave, rogorc Cans, profesiis SigniT
konsensussac miaRwies: identuri wesebis povna SesaZlebelia sxvadas-
xva qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi, amerikuli federaluri komunikaciebis
komisiis (FCC) franguli analogis mier dawesebul sakontraqto
garantiebSi, britanuli bi-bi-si-s tradiciaSi. magaliTad, yalTaban-
duri TamaSebi, paTologiuri sensualizmi, uxamsoba, alkoholis mi-
Rebisaken mowodeba _ yvelgan miuReblad iTvleba.
Tumca eTika ZiriTadad yalibdeba im dominanturi faseulobebiT,
romlebic garemomcvel kulturaSi arseboben. gansxvaveba Tavs maSin
iCens, rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT kodeqsebsa Tu maT praqtikul
gamoyenebas. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia zogierT dasavlur qveya-
nasTan, ZiriTadad Statebis masobriv kulturasTan mimarTebaSi. Zal-
zed cotaa iseTi satelevizio seriali, romelTac pornografiad ar
miiCnevs xelisufleba saudis arabeTSi, sadac adgilobrivi televi-
zia iSviaTad uCvenebs qalis sxeulis romelime nawils, xelebis garda.
SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsebi
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac regulireba yovelTvis ufro libera-

luri iyo, vidre evropaSi, gasarTobi mediis mier SemuSavebuli ko-
deqsebi xSirad iseT sakiTxebs exeba, romlebic sxva qveynebSi kanonm-
deblobiT regulirdeba: magaliTad, reklamisaTvis daTmobili dro-
80 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
is maqsimumi, alkoholisa da wamlebis reklamis akrZalva, an (ramdena-

dac es NAB kodeqss exeba) feierverkebi, astrologia da azartuli
TamaSebi. es kodeqsebi krZalavs yalb dapirebebs, an TviTmarqvia eqi-
mebis mier warmodgenil reklamebs.
SemdgomSi Cven mokled mimovixilavT SeerTebuli Statebis ramo-
denime kodeqss, zogierTs sakmaod Zvels. pirvelia, cnobili heisis
kodeqsi, romelic holivudma sakuTar Tavs 30-ian _60-ian wlebSi da-
uwesa, kaTolikuri da konservatiuli protestantuli jgufebis
mxridan zewolis Sedegad. es iyo erT-erTi im mcirericxovan kodeq-
sTagani, romelic zedmiwevniT zusti iyo da romelsac pativs scem-
dnen masSi gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciis gamo: filmi ver gavrcelde-
boda, Tu mas ar mieniWeboda MPPA-s (amerikis filmebis asociaciis)
grifi, romelic adasturebda, rom kodeqsis moTxovnebi daculi iyo.
meorea erovnul mauwyebelTa asociaciis (NAB) kargi qcevis ko-
deqsi, romelic 1929 welsaa miRebuli da romelSic SemdgomSic xSi-
rad SehqondaT Sesworebebi. xsenebuli kodeqsi 1962 wels SeerTebuli
Statebis sasamarTloebma usafuZvlod gamoacxades antitrastuli
kanonmdeblobis darRvevad. xsenebuli kodeqsi Caanacvla 1990 wlis
principebis deklaraciam, romelmac ZiriTadad xeli Seuwyo did
samauwyeblo kompaniebsa da sadgurebs, SeeqmnaT sakuTari kodeqsebi
da zegavlena moexdinaT audiovizualuri industriis zogad qcevaze.
mesame wyaro, romelic am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenes, si-bi-es-is arxis
Sida moxmarebis kodeqsi iyo.
SesavalSi holivudis kodeqsi acxadebda, rom `films SesaZloa,
hqonoda uSualo pasuxismgebloba sulier an moralur progresze,
socialuri yofis maRal donesa da swor azrovnebaze~. garda amisa,
kodeqsSi axsnili iyo, rom `koreqtuli garToba eris sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli normebis amaRlebas uwyobda xels~. amasTanave, is xazs
usvamda im faqts, rom meSvide xelovneba, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT (gan-
sakuTrebiT wignebisa da Teatrisa), gamiznuli iyo mosaxleobis yvela
jgufisaTvis _ mozrdili iqneboda is, Tu axalgazrda, qalaqeli Tu
sofleli, kulturuli Tu gaunaTlebeli.
amerikis erovnuli mauwyeblobis (NAB) kodeqsis SesavalSi aRniS-
nuli iyo, rom televizia unda gvTavazobdes siaxleebs, axdendes
SemoqmedebiTi procesis stimulirebas, exebodes mniSvnelovan mo-
ralur da socialur sakiTxebs. is mxolod arsebul viTarebas ki ar
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 81
unda asaxavdes, aramed `socialuri cvlilebebis dinamikasac avlen-

des~. aqedan gamomdinare, is eTerSi unda uSvebdes programebis far-
To speqtrs, gansakuTrebiT kulturulsa da saganmanaTleblos. mauw-
yeblobas gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba bavSvebTan mi-
marTebaSi.
garToba mediaSi unda axdendes adamianuri Rirsebisa da Zmobis,
adamianTa sicocxlis Rirebulebis, uflebebis pativiscemisa da gan-
sxvavebuli emociebis xelSewyobas. is mxars unda uWerdes civilize-
buli sazogadoebis adaTebs. saWiroa, iseTi sityvebisaTvis Tavis
arideba, romlebic aRviveben zizRs rasobriv, religiur, erovnul
Tu fizikuri Tu gonebrivi naklovanebis safuZvelze _ garda im
SemTxvevebisa, roca xdeba msgavsi gamonaTqvamebis gakicxva. gasarTo-
bi media Tavs ar unda esxmodes an dascinodes religiasa da eklesiebs,
ar unda aRvivebdes mdabal instinqtebs, an gulubryvilo rwmenas,
magaliTad, astrologiis an mkiTxaobis waxalisebis gziT.58 garda ami-
sa, gamogonili ambebi ar unda iyos warmodgenili rogorc realuri
movlenebi.59
televiziam unda gaarkvios sazogadoebis saWiroebebi da survi-
lebi, raTa ukeT emsaxuros mas. teleprofesionalebs unda axsovdeT,
rom televizia saxlebSi Sedis da rom misi auditoria ojaxia. saWiroa
bavSvebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba (ganaTleba, kultura, morali)
da maTi pirovnuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. man unda gaamyaros pati-
viscema qorwinebisa da ojaxis, agreTve saxelmwifo institutebis
mimarT. gasarTobma mediam ar unda ubiZgos `narkomaniiT daavade-
bisken~ (maT Soris, nikotinis moxmarebis midrekilebisken). ar unda
warmoadginos TviTmkvleloba, rogorc problemis gadaWris saSu-
aleba. seqsualuri aqtis Cvenebas `siuJetisTvis arsebiTi~ mniSvne-
loba unda hqondes.
heisis kodeqsi kidev ufro Sors midis: dauSvebelia daxvewili sti-
lis Seuracxyofa, iqneba es kostiumi, moZraoba, Tu kameris rakursi.
`dauSvebelia nudizmi, faqtobrivi iqneba is, Tu siluetis saxiT gamo-
58
eqimbaSebis reklama safrangeTSi reklamebs warsulSi Zalzed cud imijs
uqmnida. astrologebis reklamas ki radio da televizia kvlavac iRebs.
59
am muxlis Camoyalibebas 1938 wels Seqmnilma panikam daudo safuZveli,
rac o.ueleris mier h.uelsis „samyaroTa omis” radio adaptacias mohyva.
82 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
saxuli~. seqsualur gadaxrebze miniSnebac ki miuRebelia.60 televiziiT

ar unda gadaices nebismieri uweso, uRirsi an mkrexeluri masala. aseve
ikrZaleba gaumarTlebeli saSinelebani, Zaladobis, mkvlelobis, wame-
bis, fizikuri agoniis (maT Soris cxovelebisac), nebismieri zebunebrivi
movlenis, romelic iwvevs SiSs, detaluri aRwera. televiziam àr unda
aRZras interesi~ azartuli TamaSebis mimarT, programiT iqneba es, Tu
reklamebis meSveobiT. ar unda moxdes satelevizio TamaSebis gayalbeba.
kanoni ar unda gaxdes dacinvis sagani. siZunwe, egoizmi da sisastike ar
unda warmoCindes dadebiT konteqstSi. danaSauli ar unda iyos war-
modgenili rogorc efeqturi, gamarTlebuli an momgebiani qmedeba.
danaSaulis teqnika ise detalurad ar unda iyos naCvenebi, rom vinmes-
Tvis saxelmZRvanelod gamodges.
am wesebis kiTxva did gancvifrebas gamoiwvevs maTSi, visac uyu-
rebia televiziisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi, an unaxavs amerikuli
teleprogramebi sadme sxvagan, rac dResdReisobiT planetis nebis-
mier nawilSia SesaZlebeli. gamaognebelia kontrasti dasaxul ide-
alebsa da im Sedegebs Soris, romelsac hiperkomercializacia droTa
ganmavlobaSi warmoSobs. arsebobs safrTxe, rom analogiuri tenden-
cia emuqreba Jurnalistikasac, rac `praqtikuli~ media eTikis Sesa-
xeb debatebis aucileblobas warmoSobs. winamdebare wignis Temac
swored es sakiTxia.
kodeqse bis inter

odeqsebis pr
interpr etacia da g
pretacia anx
ganx or
anxorciele
orciele ba
cieleba
ori problema, romelic kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg rCeba gadasaW-

reli _ misi interpretacia da ganxorcielebaa. kodeqsebSi arsebuli
normebi yovelTvis gamoirCeva SedarebiTi bundovanebiT da iSviaTad
aris absoluturi xasiaTis. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, eTika or doneze
funqcionirebs: fundamentursa da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseulze. me-
diis sazogadoebrivi roli (e.i. sazogadoebis samsaxuri) swavlebas,
gansjas da TandaTanobiT integrirebas saWiroebs _ raTa SemdgomSi,
yoveldRiur praqtikaSi Jurnalistebma da redaqtorebma dauyov-
60
garda amisa, kodeqsi krZalavda Sereuli qorwinebis (gansxvavebuli rasis)
Cvenebas, veneriuli daavadebebis xsenebas da „mSobiarobis scenebis”
warmodgenas.
eT ik
eTik is k
ikis odeqse
kodeqse bi: tipe
tipebi si
Sinaarsi 83
nebliv SeZlon aTasobiT didi Tu mcire gadawyvetilebis miReba. verc

erTi kodeqsi ver gaiTvaliswinebs yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas: profe-
sionali xSirad iZulebulia, miendos `moralis grZnobas~ an saR azrs,
romelic fiqrisa da gansjis Sedegad ibadeba. garda amisa, verc erTi
am grZnobaTagani ver gaeqceva qveynis religiur da politikur tra-
dicias, rac zogjer mraval saukunes iTvlis, afrikuli tribalizmisa
da Cinuri feodalizmis msgavsad.
rodesac SeerTebul StatebSi Jurnalistebi kamaToben imis gamo,
gamoaqveynon Tu ara gaupatiurebuli msxverplis saxeli, yvelaze
martivi gadawyvetilebaa, hkiTxon Tavad Zaladobis msxverpls. gaci-
lebiT rTulia zRvaris gavleba iseT SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, erTis mxriv, mSobliuri qalaqisaTvis diTirambebis simRera
da meores mxriv, misi naklis dafarva; adgilobriv sportul gundTan
erTad daqiravebuli avtobusiT mgzavroba da sportuli inventaris
mwarmoeblis mier bahamis kunZulebze mowyobili piknikis saCuqrad
miReba; aucilebeli axali sakonferencio centris mSeneblobis gul-
wrfelad mxardaWera da mliqvneloba gamomcemelTan, romelic mSe-
neblobis erT-erTi investorTagania; mkiTxvelTa saukunovani tra-
diciis pativiscema Tu rasobrivi segregaciis dacva.
ase rom, raoden sasargebloc ar unda iyos kodeqsi, aucilebelia
gacilebiT meti: Jurnalistebis eTikuri ganaTleba. saWiroa, damw-
yebTa moraluri cnobierebis gamofxizleba an gaZliereba, isini un-
da gaiwafon yoveldRiuri problemebis gadaWraSi. SemdgomSi maT esa-
WiroebaT praqtikuli gamocdileba, raTa moaxdinon kodeqsis inter-
pretacia da situaciuri adaptireba. kodeqsi gvexmareba gadaudebel,
kritikul situaciebSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, im saerTo saR
azrze dayrdnobiT, romelic xangrZlivi diskusiebis Sedegad Camo-
yalibda. Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, rom erTma profesionalma miiRos
Tavisi kolegisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba da masac
`pasuxismgeblobis~ iseTive grZnoba amoZravebdes, rogorc pirvels.
ase magaliTad, rodesac xangrZlivi mkurnalobis Semdeg patara
amerikul qalaqSi dabrunda mcirewlovani gogona, romelic saSinlad
damaxinjda xanZris dros, erT-erTma gazeTma misi foto gamoaqveyna,
meorem ki _ ara. pirvelma CaTvala, rom bavSvis sazogadoebaSi rein-
tegraciisaTvis saWiro iyo, adamianebi mis amJamindel garegnobas Ses-
Cveodnen, meorem ki amjobina, ar daefrTxo sakuTari mkiTxveli.
84 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
amdenad, Jurnalistma, ufro redaqtorma SorsmWvreteloba unda

gamoiCinos, scados, Tavi aaridos ideologiur crurwmenebs im riskis
miuxedavad, rac auditoriis nawilis negatiurma ganwyobam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios.
kodeqsTa teqstebis povna SesaZlebelia,

sakmaod Zvel wignebsa Tu veb-gverdebze:
COOPER Thomas W. (dir.), Communication Ethics and Global Change,

New York, Longman, 1989.
GEYER Francois, Les codes deontologiques de la presse internationale,
Paris, FIJ et UNESCO, 1975 [mimeographed].
International Press institute, Press Councils and Press Codes, Zurich, IPI,
4th ed. 1976.
ZiriTadad, ki damoukidebeli presis sabWoebis (IPC)
veb-gverdze www.presscouncils.org, romelzec ganTavsebulia
mravali qveynis 350-ze meti kodeqsi, inglisur enaze.
85
Tavi II
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi
kodeqsi Seicavs bevr akrZalvebs da nakleb miTi-

Tebebs. SesaZloa imis gamo, rom gacilebiT advilia Se-
Tanxmde SecdomebisaTvis Tavis aridebaze, vidre praq-
tikaSi danergo swori qmedeba. magram martooden nega-
tiurze moralis kiTxva sakmarisi ar aris. winamdebare
TavSi warmodgenilia is sasurveli qmedebebi, romle-
bic xSirad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kodeqsebSi. es
rekomendaciebi saTaves iRebs im kriticizmidan, ro-
melsac wlebis manZilze profesionalebi Tu swavlu-
lebi mediis mimarT sxvadasxva formiT xSirad gamoxa-
tavdnen. am TavSi Tavmoyrili masala 1992 wlidan moyo-
lebuli araerT periodul gamocemaSi Teqvsmetze met
enaze gamoqveynda: msoflios nebismier regionSi es
problema dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas.
icode
icode,, vin xar da daeuf le Sens saqmianobas
daeufle
Jurnalisti unda acnobierebdes imas, Tu vin aris

igi: mamakaci Tu qali, TeTri Tu Savkaniani, axalgazrda
Tu moxuci, da a.S. uamravi codva saTaves swored saku-
Tari bunebis, niWisa da naklovanebis arcodnidan
iRebs. mcirediT gavazviadebT Tu vityviT, rom eTika
swored cnobierebis amaRlebamde daiyvaneba.
86 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kodeqsebSi miviwyebulia im JurnalistTa qmedebis gakicxva, rom-

lebic sakuTar Jurnalistur naSroms PR samsaxurebis mier mowode-
buli masalis safuZvelze amzadeben. kodeqsebi ar Seicaven rCevebs
JurnalistebisTvis, davalebis Sesrulebamde winaswar moemzadon da
moikvlion saTanado masalebi, iqeqon arqivebsa Tu monacemTa bankeb-
Si, gaiaron eqspertTa konsultaciebi.61
Zalzed mcire adgili eTmoba iseTi eqstremaluri situaciebis ga-
SuqebisaTvis samzadiss, rogoricaa teroristuli aqtebi. terorizmi
ver iarsebebs presis gareSe, radganac is miznad isaxavs mediis gamo-
yenebas erTi muWa xrovis farTod propagandirebisaTvis. rogor unda
moiqces media aseT SemTxvevaSi _ dablokos informacia Tu daemorCi-
los teroristTa moTxovnebs? improvizireba aragonivruli iqneba:
am Temisadmi miZRvnili masala iseve unda ikiTxebodes, rogorc amave
Temaze mimdinare mravali debati.
haTCinsis komisiis mTavari rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, Jurnalists
esaWiroeba farTo zogadi ganaTleba da konkretul sferoSi speci-
alizacia. arakompetenturoba mravali formiT vlindeba. es aris: ga-
urkvevel terminTa xmareba, statistikis araswori gadmocema, komp-
leqsuri sakiTxebis gamartiveba, precedentebis ugulebelyofa an
warsulis damaxinjeba, hipoTezis warmodgena dadasturebul faqtad,
erTeuli faqtebis ganzogadeba, usafuZvlo daskvnebis gakeTeba. Zal-
zed cota kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs rekomendacias, romlis Tanaxmadac,
Jurnalists moeTxoveba mecnierebis, an iurisprudenciis, ganaTle-
bis, an mrewvelobis safuZvliani codna _ an Tundac enebis floba
ucxoeTSi momuSave korespondentebisaTvis. xSirad gamoTqvamen ukma-
yofilebas imis gamo, rom Jurnalistebi naklebad kompetenturebi
arian ekonomikis sferoSi _ am arakompetenturobas SeuZlia, gavlena
moaxdinos sxva mraval sferozec: magaliTad, es SeiZleba, iyos poli-
tikuri zemoqmedeba, rodesac arCevnebi tardeba ucxour qveyanaSi,
msgavsad SeerTebuli Statebisa, an samxedro da kulturuli zegav-
lena ucxouri omebis dros.
ramodenime wlis win mediam gaavrcela sagangaSo informacia in-
doeTSi Savi Wiris epidemiis Sesaxeb. mediam ise mouxmo istoriul
faqtebs Sua saukuneebis droindeli Savi sikvdilis Sesaxeb, romel-
61
frangi Jurnalistebi am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareebi
arian.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 87
mac me-14 saukuneSi, 3 Tu 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis mosaxleobis

mesamedze meti Seiwira _ rom daaviwyda mieTiTebina Semdegi garemo-
ebebi: (1) rom Savi Wiri indoeTSi endemur daavadebad iTvleba da (2)
rom is advilad gankurnebad daavadebas warmoadgens amJamad: xsene-
buli daavadebiT sikvdilis 100-ze naklebi SemTxveva dafiqsirda.
da ukanaskneli, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic
gamotovebulia kodeqsebSi, aris moTxovna, Jurnalisti safuZvli-
anad flobdes mSobliur enasa da icnobdes sakuTari qveynis kultu-
ras. yovel SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTSi JurnalistTa umetesoba orives
deficits ganicdis.
tradicia, k
tradicia, onser
konser
onservvatizmi, rutina
rutina
eTikisaTvis mTavar dabrkolebas Jurnalisturi tradiciebi war-

moadgens. sizarmace, biurokratiuli ugrZnobloba, susti warmosaxva
qmnis rutinas, roca ZiriTadad erTi da igive sferoebi Suqdeba; yu-
radReba erTsa da imave movlenebs eqceva; qveyndeba pres relizebi;
erTi da igive TviTmarqvia eqspertebis mcire jgufi iZleva konsul-
taciebs. naklebi yuradReba eTmoba saukeTeso, magram naklebad cno-
bil wyaroebs, magaliTad, specializebul Jurnalebsa da moazrovne
specialistebs.
Warbobs e.w. `jgufuri Jurnalistika~: Tema mxolod maSin iTvleba
gasaSuqeblad Rirebulad, Tu mas qveynis wamyvani axali ambebis sam-
saxuri an yoveldRiuri gamocema Seexeba. media umal aitacebs aseT
Temas imisda miuxedavad, aqvs Tu ara mas Rirebuleba siaxlisa Tu
mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. mTeli dRis, kviris, an garkveul SemTx-
vevebSi meti drois ganmavlobaSi sayovelTaod atacebuli Temebi
mediis yuradRebis monopolizirebas axdens _ da am dros xdeba sxva
mimdinare mniSvnelovani Temebis gadafarva ignorirebis, an zedapi-
rulad gaSuqebis gziT.
ukve ramodenime welia mTeli franguli media gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobs Sidsis problemis gaSuqebas da am Temas speci-
alur gamoSvebebsa da programebs uTmobs. amis sapirispirod, Zalzed
cota statia qveyndeba Tu gadacema eTmoba safrangeTSi sikvdiliano-
bis mTavar, pirdapir da irib mizezebs, rasac alkoholi da Tambaqo
88 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
iwvevs. Sidsis daavadebis Sedegad weliwadSi 100 000 adamiani rom gar-
dacvliliyo, media amis gamo uzarmazar aJiotaJs atexda: arada, zus-
tad aseTia im adamianTa ricxvi, romlebic alkoholisa da Tambaqos
mavne zemoqmedebis gamo iRupeba. ra moxdeboda, 500 milioni adamianis
imunodeficitis virusis sinji dadebiTi rom aRmoCeniliyo? zustad
aseTia im adamianTa raodenoba, romlebic malariiT itanjebian. tri-
panosomozsa da tuberkulozTan erTad am daavadebas bevrad meti
sicocxle ewireba afrikaSi, vidre Sidss.
gacilebiT uaresia Jurnalisturi tradicia, romlis sam aspeqts
gamovyofdiT. pirvels SeiZleba, àisbergis Jurnalistika~ vuwodoT:
is realobas mxolod nawilobriv, xilvadis doneze aSuqebs: ZiriTad
yuradRebas uTmobs ramodenime sferos, magaliTad, rogoricaa po-
litika, sanaxaobrivi an gamogonili movlenebi; ugulebelyofs im
mniSvnelovan Temebsa da movlenebs, rac zedapirze ar devs da im
farul procesebs, romlebic nelnela axdens sazogadoebis trans-
formirebas, an emuqreba mis ganviTarebas.
meore elements, rogorc wesi, ìnfotainments~ (ingl. “informa-
tion” _ informacia da “entertainment” _ garToba) uwodeben. igi warmo-
adgens sainteresosa da mniSvnelovanis narevs: Zalzed bevri gasar-
Tobi, Semzaravi da Sokis momgvreli axali ambebi qveyndeba, Tumca
isini araviTar gavlenas ar axdenen media momxmareblis cxovrebaze
an samyaros miseul xedvaze. mesame elementi aris negativizmi, rome-
lic yvela dadebiT axal ambavs arasainteresod afasebs da Wiqas yo-
velTvis naxevrad carielad aRiqvams. SesaZloa, tradiciis es ele-
menti yvelaze Zlier iwvevdes gaucxoebas.
calmxrivi azrovne
azro ba
vneba
rodesac media martooden mcire da arcTu keTilsindisieri jgu-

fis Sexedulebebs gamoxatavs, am SemTxvevaSi saxezea diqtatura da
ukiduresi safrTxe: nacistebma da sabWoelebma amis samwuxaro maga-
liTebi mogvces. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi komerciuli media so-
cialur konservatizmsa da ekonomikur liberalizms qadagebs maSin,
rodesac sazogadoebrivi media, rogorc wesi, fexqveS egeba mTavro-
bas. rodesac media zedmetad ibrZvis status-kvos SesanarCuneblad
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 89
da erT ideologias kvazi monopolias aniWebs, Zalzed arajansaRi

situacia viTardeba.
iaponur `presklubebSi~, romlebic politikuri an ekonomikuri
VIP-ebis mier akreditebul JurnalistTa jgufebs warmoadgenen,
preskonferenciis win reportiorebi ikribebian da msjeloben, Tu
romeli uxerxuli SekiTxva ar unda dasvan _ Semdgom ki rwmundebian,
rom yvelani erTnairad aSuqeben preskonferencias: es konfucianiz-
mis tradiciis samwuxaro Sedegia. gansxvavebul garemoSi, 50-iani
wlebis SeerTebul StatebSi media im mxardaWeris ignorirebas axden-
da, romelic yvela SesaZlo faSistur reJims 1945 wlis Semdeg ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebisagan (`msoflios udidesi demokratiisagan~)
hqonda. isini konservatoruli TeTri umravlesobis konformistul
Sexedulebebs qadagebdnen. Sedegad, momdevno aTwleulSi gariyuli/
akrZaluli jgufebi _ Savkanianebi, studentebi, espanuri warmoSobis
adamianebi, amerikeli aborigenebi, momxmareblebi, qalebi, garemos
damcvelebi, homoseqsualistebi, unarSezRudulebi da a.S. _ ajanyd-
nen, rac drodadro sastik xasiaTs iRebda.
siaxlis SiSi
mediis erT-erTi funqciaa cvlilebeblisa da Semoqmedebis sti-

mulireba axali ideebis, cxovrebis axali stilis, axali produqciis
popularizaciis gziT. magram sazogadod medias aqvs SiSi axali, ara-
konformistuli an eqstremaluri ideebis mimarT. mzardma komerci-
alizaciam ki gaaZliera tendencia, romelic mediaSi umravlesobis
rbili/Sefaruli da aratolerantuli kulturis qadagebaSi gamo-
ixateba. isini cenzuras ki ar mimarTaven, ubralod Temebis ignori-
rebiT sazogadoebisaTvis alternatiuli monacemebisa Tu Tvalsaz-
risis miwodeba SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon. 60-ian wlebSi SeSfoTeba
gamoiwvia amerikeli gamomcemlebis moTxovnam, romlebic rogorc we-
si, pirveli Sesworebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen, _ CaeCumebinaT
axalgazrda radikalebis mier iatakqveSeTSi gamocemuli presa.
`politikur/socialur koreqtulobis~ upiratesobas gacilebiT
didi xnis tradicia aqvs, vidre zogierTs hgonia.
Jurnalistur mikrosamyaroSi tradicias naklebad ayeneben eWv-
90 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
qveS62. kvlav aRmerTeben sensaciebs da pirdapir reportaJebs, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom siCqare bevr Secdomasa da eTikur problemas iwvevs.
Tu zemoT Tqmuls ganvazogadebT, arsebobs aTamde samwuxaro tra-
dicia, romelTac, rogorc Cans, kodeqsebi saTanado yuradRebas ar
uTmoben. zogierTi axali ambebis SerCevas ukavSirdeba, zogi maT pre-
zentacias. amasTanave, garkveuli sazogadoebrivi funqciebi Tavad
mediam unda itvirTos, rasac is ar akeTebs.
moZie ba da SerCe
moZieba va
SerCev
saredaqcio politikis gansazRvrisas media menejerebma, pirvel

rigSi, unda gaiTvaliswinon ara aqcionerTa, reklamis damkveTTa da
informaciis wyaroTa interesi _ aramed ifiqron sazogadoebaze,
jgufebsa da individebze, yvelaze, vizec SesaZloa raime saxis ze-
moqmedeba moaxdinos mediam. tradiciulad, mediaSi vxvdebiT krimi-
nalur istoriebsa da politikur informacias, romelic didwilad
oficialuri arxebis mieraa mowodebuli. ZiriTadad es exeba infor-
maciebs, romlebic misaRebia arsebuli opoziciisTvis an ekuTvnis
mas (magaliTad, memarcxene centristebi, memarjvene centristebi).
media axdens radikaluri frTis ignorirebas an dascinis mas: es
aSkara iyo 60-70-iani wlebis ganaxlebuli feministuri moZraobis
dros. media unda Seecados, Seqmnas lokaluri, nacionaluri Tu saer-
TaSoriso ambebis sruli suraTi, xolo es moiTxovs e.w. ìniciativian
Jurnalistikas~ anu wasvlas iq, sadac Cveulebriv ar dadian; imis
keTebas, rasac sxva Jurnalistebi ar akeTeben.
gamotovebani
mediis yvelaze mZime codva gamotovebaa. mizezi SesaZloa, iyos

rogorc Jurnalistikis àisbergis~ tradicia, aseve Tavad mediumis
WeSmariti buneba, an resursebis simwire, an mflobelTa uari, dafa-
62
calkeuli qveynis kodeqsebSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes konkretuli
qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xarvezebze, magaliTad, safrangeTSi aqcenti
unda gakeTdes faqtebis gadamowmebis da axali ambebisa da Tvalsazrisis
gamijvnis aucileblobaze.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 91
ron informaciis mosapoveblad saWiro garkveuli xarjebi. Tumca

gamotovebebs SesaZloa, sxva mizezebic hqondes. garkveul Temebs
media nawilobriv an srulad aridebs Tavs uZvelesi crurwmenebis an
tabuirebuli sakiTxebis gamo. amis mizezi zogjer arian media mflo-
belebi an reklamis damkveTebi (vinc Znelad uwevs angariSs momxma-
rebelTa interesebs); axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli adamianebi, vinc re-
daqciis ZiriTad birTvs qmnis;63 sazogadoebis mdidari fena an mosax-
leobis umravlesoba. ganvixiloT Semdegi nimuSebi.
safrangeTSi medias arasodes gamouZiebia 60-80-iani wlebis saar-
Cevno kampaniebis dros daxarjuli uzarmazari dafinansebis warmo-
mavlobis sakiTxi: arada, winaasarCevno kampanias, bunebrivia, Tavisi
dafinansebis wyaro hqonda. frangul medias arc profesiul sportSi,
gansakuTrebiT amerikul fexburTSi, arsebuli korufcia gamouZi-
ebia. media arc `kredit lionez~-is sami udidesi bankis gasaocari
qmedebebiT, maT Soris ramdenime miliardi frankis didi pres jgu-
fisaTvis sesxebiT, dainteresebula. imisaTvis, rom protestis xma
Sesmenil iqnes, aRSfoTebul jgufebs _ saavadmyofos eqTnebs, sat-
virTo manqanebis mZRolebs, skolis maswavleblebs, TviT polici-
elebsac ki saprotesto marSiT quCebis Cavla mouwevT. mediam saSu-
aleba misca ukidures memarjveneebs, gamoeyenebinaT is mzardi ukma-
yofileba, romelsac mosaxleoba afrikidan aralegaluri imigraciis
matebis gamo ganicdida.
iaponiaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic dRemde
moqmedebda, ikrZaleboda mediaSi imperatoris xseneba, aseve koreeli
imigranti muSebis, meore msoflio omis dros iaponeli dampyroble-
bis mier Cineli xalxis masobriv mkvlelobebis, `burakuminebis~
(xelSeuxebeli kastis) an iakuza mafiis xseneba. oTxi wlis ganmavlo-
baSi, rodesac kambojas wiTeli kxmerebi akontrolebdnen da mili-
onze meti adamiani gamoasalmes sicocxles, amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi telekompania èi bi si (ABC)~-m am qveyanas 12 wuTi dauTmo, en
bi si-m (NBC) _ 18 wuTi, xolo si bi es-ma (CBS) _ 29.
gaagzavnes Tu ara romelime qveynis korespondentebi timorSi,
1975-1995 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis gasaSu-
63
magaliTad, gaupatiurebisa da ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxebze naklebi
yuradReba gamaxvildeba, vidre axali ambebis ganyofilebaSi qalTa
raodenoba mniSvnelovnad ar gaizrdeba.
92 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
qeblad? ramdenma media saSualebam gaaSuqa 2003 wlamde sudanSi gan-

xorcielebuli qristianebisa da animistebis genocidi? ra iTqva mi-
lionobiT moklulze kongoSi (yofil zairSi)? odesme Tu uxsenebi-
aT aparteidi, garda imisa, rac dRes akrZalulia samxreT afrikaSi?
romel mediumSi uTmoben gansakuTrebul yuradRebas umetes musli-
manur qveynebSi qalTa mimarT damokidebulebas (gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia klitoris eqscizia (wakveTa) afrikaSi)?
informaciisa da garTobis nazavi
media eTikis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebis dros erT samwuxaro ma-

xasiaTebels gamohyofen _ saxeldobr, garTobis gamotovebas. gar-
Tobis danaklisis seriozulobas amZafrebs axal ambebsa da garTobas
Soris zRvaris moSla. mediisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ierarqiis ganc-
dis danaklisi. is erTmaneTisgan ukeT unda mijnavdes saintereso da
mniSvnelovan axal ambebs, da fokusirebas axdendes informaciaze,
romelmac SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos ama Tu im socialuri jgufisa
Tu mTeli sazogadoebis an kacobriobis cxovrebaze.64
1994 wlis 6 maiss ìnterneiSnl herald tribunma~ pirveli gverdis
TiTqmis meoTxedi dauTmo CarCoSi Casmul statias axalgazrda ameri-
kel vandalze, romelic singapurSi daakaves. amerikul yoveldRiur
gazeTSi am informaciis wakiTxvisas veravin warmoidgenda, rom Seer-
Tebul StatebSi weliwadSi 23 000 mkvleloba xdeboda: aseTi msxver-
pli im amerikelTa raodenobis naxevars utoldeba, vinc rva wlis
ganmavlobaSi vietnamSi daiRupa. mkvlelobis sakmaod banaluri Sem-
Txveva, romelic mxolod imiT iyo gamorCeuli, rom eWvmitanili cno-
bili Savkaniani iyo maSin, rodesac msxverpli _ brwyinvale da SemTx-
veviTi adamiani, mTeli 1994 wlis ganmavlobaSi mediis yuradRebis
centrSi aRmoCnda. SeerTebuli Statebis gazeTebis redaqtorebma,
romelTac yovelwliur gamokiTxvas utarebda asoSieTid presi, o.
j. simpsonis SemTxveva wlis nomer pirvel saqmed daasaxeles. aseTi
ram TiTqmis warmoudgenelia evropelebisaTvis.
64
sapirispiro tendencia gamoikveTa 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan:
komercializmma maRalxarisxian medias „tabloidizaciisaken”, „realiTi
Souebisa” da dokumenturi dramebisaken (realur istoriebze agebuli
telefilmebi da mxatvruli filmebi) ubiZga.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 93
cxadia, mediam angariSi unda gauwios sakuTari auditoriis inte-

resebs: maSin, rodesac elitarul sazogadoebas praqtikuli monace-
mebi sWirdeba, masobriv auditorias `patar-patara~ gasarTobi faqte-
bi metad izidavs. mediaSi, romelic `saSualo donis mkiTxvelzea~
gaTvlili da sadac umTavresad lokalur monopoliasTan gvaqvs saq-
me, saxezea informirebisa da garTobis funqciis aRrevis tendencia.
cxadia, media garToba dasaZraxi sulac ar aris _ magram man srulad
ar unda gandevnos an gaauxamsos informacia da gaxdes dominanturi.
bevri ram, ris gamoc axali ambebis medias edavebian xolme (emoci-
ebze TamaSi, informaciis gadametebulad dramatizireba, zogjer
wminda wylis fantaziis realur ambad gasaReba), garTobis funqcias
ganekuTvneba _ da gansxvavebuli kriteriumebiT midgomas saWiroebs.
aseTi qceva [ara Jurnalistika _ k.J.b.] beWdvis gamogonebidan moyo-
lebuli sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli iyo; is xalxis mowonebas imsaxu-
rebs da misi gavlena adamianebze sustia maSin, roca isini sibriyviT
ar gamoirCevian.
Jurnalistebs umZimT imis aRiareba, rom isini nawilobriv sazo-
gadoebis gamrTobebi arian im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mkiTxveli/
msmeneli/mayurebeli `movlenebis cnobismoyvare moTvalTvalea~ da
axali ambebis umetes nawils garTobad aRiqvams. aq me vgulisxmob
ara romelime politikosis `seqskapadebs~, an sent jeimsis sasamarT-
loSi ganqorwinebas _ aramed sportul Sedegebs, Soreuli vulkanis
impozantur amofrqvevas, aviakatastrofas an bankis Zarcvas _ zogi-
erT omebsac ki, Tu isini Zalzed axlos ar mimdinareobs.
fsevdo informacia
Zalzed bevr axal ambavs swored isini qmnian, vinc dainteresebu-

lia, ixeiros informaciis gavrcelebiT: aseTi masala medias mimzid-
velad eCveneba, radgan igi winaswaraa kargad momzadebuli da dasa-
xul miznebs Seesabameba. beWdviT mediaSi Zalzed iolad Sesacnobia
reklama, romelic axali ambebis formiTaa mowodebuli _ iseve ro-
gorc zogierTi wignisa da Sous intensiuri promo sainformacio ga-
moSvebebsa Tu sxvadasxva programebSi. naklebad TvalSisacemia pres-
relizi da/an video klipi, romelic piar agentis mieraa mowodebuli
da romelsac Jurnalisti mciredi modifikaciiT aqveynebs. analogi-
94 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
uri tipis informaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca Jurnalists masalis

dawera kruizis an sxva Zvirfasi saCuqris miRebis Semdeg uwevs.
identuric aris da imavdroulad gansxvavebulic fsevdo movle-
nis Sesaxeb momzadebuli reportaJi,65 romelic mimarTulia da Seq-
mnilia mediis yuradRebis misapyrobad. aseTi SeiZleba iyos, magali-
Tad, prezidentis preskonferencia an quCis demonstracia; an, isev
da isev Tavad mediis mier falsificirebuli movlenebi: mini-skanda-
lebi, romlebic TviTmarqvia `gamomZiebeli Jurnalistebis~ mier aris
agorebuli, an cnobil adamianTa devna paparacebis mier. cxadia, Se-
saZloa, aseT axal ambebs informaciuli Rirebuleba hqondeT, magram
saWiroa maTi gafiltvra da maTTvis saTanado adgilis miCena. mediis
momxmarebeli informirebuli unda iyos fsevdo informaciisa da misi
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
zedapiruli da gamartivebuli
mediis udidesi nawili ar iTvaliswinebs, Tu ramdenad rTulia

realoba. media simplifikaciis meTods mimarTavs, radganac Tvlis, rom
unda imoqmedos operatiulad da gaarTos auditoria. amitomac media
zedmetad anebivrebs mkiTxvels stereotipebiT, cudi da kargi biWebis
diqotomiiT, movlenis dayvaniT individTa ucnaurobamde, grZeli
sityvebis ki _ xmis efeqtamde. amdenad, media qmnis samyarosa da ada-
mianTa sazogadoebis arasrulyofil saxes, xSirad damaxinjebulsac,
rac saxifaTo grZnobebisa da qmedebebis stimulirebas iwvevs.
srulyofili suraTis Seqmnis nacvlad, xSirad media umniSvnelo
movlenebis absurdul mozaikas gvTavazobs. isini unda `gvixsnidnen,
Tu ra amoZravebs… Tanamedrove msoflios da gviCvenebdnen im kavSi-
rebs, romlebic arsebobs yoveldRiurobasa da im Zalebis qmedebebs
Soris, vinc sazogadoebis beds qmnis, [...] yuradReba unda miapyron im
Zireul cvlilebebze, romlebic calkeul sferoSia mosalodneli~.66
televizia gansakuTrebiT ar interesdeba iseTi axali ambebiT, ro-
melTac gamosaxulebiTi efeqti Tan ar axlavs: cxadia, iSviaTia Sem-
Txvevebi, rodesac procesebisa da ganviTarebis ilustrireba prob-
lemas ar warmoadgens.
65
Daniel Boorstin, „The Image” New York, Harper & Row, 1964.
66
Sveicaruli yoveldRiuri gamocemis „Journal de Geneve”-s kodeqsi, 1971.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 95
wertili unda daesvas JurnalistTa Tavgamodebas pirvelobis-

Tvis. imis nacvlad, rom cdilobdnen iyvnen saukeTesoni, maTi `mon-
domeba~ zogjer iqamdec midis, rom isini zogjer movlenebis fabri-
kaciasac ki axdenen. mas Semdeg, rac daudevrd gaazviadeben movlenas
(romelsac zogierT SemTxvevaSi saerTodac ar hqonia adgili)67, isini
miatoveben sakiTxis gaSuqebas da saswrafod gadaerTvebian sxva mov-
lenaze. Zalian cota kodeqsi Tu moiTxovs sakiTxis Tanmimdevrul
gaSuqebasa da masze sazogadoebis gamoxmaurebis auditoriisaTvis
gacnobas.
Zalzed mniSvnelovania, mediam realoba zedapirze ar eZios da
Rrmad Cawvdes movlenas. kodeqsebSi ar aris xazgasmuli Jurnalistis
mier im citatebis gadamowmebis aucilebloba, romlebic wyaroebis
mieraa gacxadebuli da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, arc koreqtivebis Se-
tanis SesaZleblobazea saubari. kodeqsebi aseve ar Seicavs rekomen-
daciebs, raTa gamovlindes wyaroebis mier JurnalistiT manipuli-
rebisa da reklamis an propagandis mizniT mediaSi informaciebis Se-
parebis mcdelobebi: albaT, sasurvelia, vicodeT, rom politikuri
da ekonomikuri informaciis sami meoTxedi oficialuri wyaroebis
mieraa mowodebuli. garda amisa, Jurnalistebi iSviaTad ayeneben
eWvqveS sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul azrs. magaliTad, 1970-iani da
1990-iani wlebis SualedSi mravali faqtori miuTiTebda imaze, rom
sabWoTa kavSiri iseT auRebel cixe-simagres ar warmoadgenda, rogo-
radac mas warmosaxavdnen _ magram media dumils inarCunebda: xom ar
iyo es garemoeba ganpirobebuli mravali adamianis interesiT civi
omisadmis? an iqneb es martooden sizarmacis an sisulelis gamo
xdeboda?
arsebobs sxva meTodic, romlis meSveobiTac medias SeuZlia, far-
da axados realobas: es meTodi aisbergis sanaxavad siRrmeebSi yvin-
Tvas, mniSvnelovani, magram uxilavi movlenebis aRmoCenas gulisx-
mobs. amisaTvis deteqtiuri meTodebis gamoyenebaa saWiro, rasac Cven
sagamoZiebo Jurnalistikas vuwodebT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeerTebul
StatebSi mediis sagamoZiebo funqcia, rogorc wesi, moqmedebisaken
ubiZgebs policiasa da sasamarTlos. magram Jurnalistebma amasTa-
nave unda gamoiyenon sociologiuri meTodebi, kompiuteruli simZ-
67
msgavsad 1985 wlis informaciisa, romlis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi
yovelwliurad aTasobiT bavSvi uCinardeboda.
96 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
lavreebi arqivebisa Tu kvlevebis gasaanalizeblad, raTa gamoaSka-

ravdes is realoba, romelic zedapirze ar devs da moaxdinos wyal-
qveSa dinebebis identificireba, ramac SesaZloa, momavalSi katast-
rofis saxec ki miiRos68. amas StatebSi ucnaur saxels `kvleviT Jur-
nalistikas~ uwodeben, Tumca `sacdeli Jurnalistika~ gacilebiT
ukeTesi saxelwodeba iqneboda.
naxevrad carieli Wiqa
rogorc wesi, karg axal ambavs informaciuli Rirebuleba ara aqvs

_ kargi axali ambavi `niusi~ ar aris. ra SeiZleba iTqvas 1945 wels
omis dasasrulze, penicilinis aRmoCenaze, pirvel adamianze, romel-
mac mTvareze fexi dadga an berlinis kedlis dangrevaze? rogorc
wesi, media aqcents uTanxmoebebze, konfliqtebze, dramaze, gadax-
raze, warumateblobaze69 akeTebs da xazs usvams imas, rom saqme cudad
midis da kidev uaresad warimarTeba. problemebi metad iqcevs yu-
radRebas, vidre maTi gadaWris gzebze msjeloba; winaswarmetyveleba
da kriminali metad izidavs auditorias, vidre pozitiuri miRwevebi.
rodesac informacia mcire negatiur elements Seicavs, fokusireba
masalaSi swored negatiurze xdeba. mediis Semxedvare adamians, Se-
saZloa, eWvi gauCndes, rom Jurnalistebi eTayvanebian iseT SemTxve-
vebs, rogoricaa saavtomobilo avariebi, mkvlelobebs, gakotrebebs,
tornadoebs, pedofiliasa da politikur skandalebs. Jurnaliste-
bisTvis aucilebeli skepticizmi cinizmma Secvala. yvela, visac ga-
dawyvetilebis miReba evaleba, egocentrikis, arakompetenturis, xar-
bisa da potenciurad arawesieri adamianis STabeWdilebas tovebs;
Jurnalistis misia ki gmirobis tolfasia da gadawyvetilebis mimReb-
Ta `boroti zraxvebis~ gamovlenas gulisxmobs. saWiroa korufciis
mxileba, magram rodesac mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovreba korumpire-
bulad warmoCindeba, demokretias safrTxe emuqreba.
68
es iyo mTavari mizani 70-ian wlebSi filip meieris mier Tavmoyrili
teqnologiisa („The New Precision Journalism”, Bloomington, Indiana UP, 2nd ed. 1991).
69
Zalzed cota kodeqsi mianiSnebs am negativizmze, magaliTad, gazeTi
„La Suisse”-s kodeqsi konstruqciul kritikas uwevda rekomendacias; aseve
SeerTebuli Statebis Zveli radios kodeqsi, romelic moiTxovda iseTi
programebis momzadebas, romlebic cxovrebaSi adaptaciis procesis
gamartivebas axalisebda.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 97
Tu moqalaqes mxolod naxevrad cariel Wiqas sTavazoben, advili

SesaZlebelia, mas ganuviTardes depresiuli Sexeduleba sazogado-
ebaze, sadac realurad cxovreba gacilebiT sasiamovnoa, vidre 50
Tu 100 wlis winaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi dasavleTSi mainc. SesaZloa,
man dakargos xalisic, raTa gaisarjos sakuTari bedis an sazogado-
ebis gasaumjobeseblad.
SezRuduli informacia
Jurnalistebi Sepyrobilni arian politikiT. veravin uaryofs

imas, rom qalaqis, qveynis, planetis marTva mniSvnelovania _ es faq-
tori gansakuTrebulia axali ambebis mediisaTvis, romelic amayobs
imiT, rom is moqmedebs rogorc meoTxe xelisufleba. magram media
politikas gadaWarbebul hegemonias aniWebs. mediis sasargeblod
damatebiT isic SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom media saSualebebi, romelTa
umetesi nawili dResdReobiT 24 saaTian reJimSi funqcionirebs,
aRizianebs mTavrobis wevrebs im TvalsazrisiT, rom zRudavs maT
garkveul qmedebebs. àseT pirobebSi grZelvadiani gegmis ganxorci-
elebis mcdeloba igivea, rac samedicino gamokvlevis warmoeba sa-
avadmyofos reanimaciis oTaxSi~, _ wers j. felouzi.70
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom mediam meti yuradReba
unda dauTmos ekonomikis (ramdenma frangma icis, rom safrangeTi
meeqvse adgilzea mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis mxriv – an
is, rom evropas gacilebiT maRali erovnuli Sida produqti aqvs,
vidre SeerTebul Statebs), socialuri sakiTxebisa da mecnierebis
gaSuqebas. samarTlianad aRniSna u. r. herstma, rom mkiTxveli bevrad
maRla dgas inteleqtisa da Rirsebis mxrivac, vidre es bevr Jur-
nalists warmoudgenia. mediis meSveobiT sazogadoeba ufro metad
ganswavluli da civilizebuli unda gaxdes, aimaRlos zneobrivi done
da gaxdes ufro racionaluri, daicvas kulturuli memkvidreoba da
wvlili Seitanos axali kulturuli formebis ganviTarebaSi. araeTi-
kuria qmedeba, romelic martooden umaRles saerTo mniSvnelzea ga-
miznuli, radgan is sazogadoebriv interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
mediam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmos asobiT sxvadas-
xva sferoSi mecnierTa da sxva eqspertTa aRmoCenebisa da naazrevis
70
James Fallows, „Breaking the News” New York, Pantheon, 1996, p.185.
98 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
ganmartebasa da popularizacias. maRalxarisxiani yoveldRiuri ga-

mocemebi, axali ambebis Jurnalebi da satelevizio dokumenturi
filmebi ramdenadme axerxeben am funqciis Sesrulebas, magram arasak-
marisad. mediam martooden macnis roli ar unda ikisros, aramed unda
imoqmedos rogorc mkvlevarma da iniciatorma. madis aRZvra da ge-
movnebis gamdidreba TiTqmis iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakvebiT
uzrunvelyofa.
SezRuduloba
planetis nebismieri kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia bunebrivi,

Tumca samwuxaro tradicia, rac lokalur da regionalur ambebze
fokusirebaSi gamoixateba. raoden gasaocaria SeerTebul StatebSi
stumrad Casuli adamianisaTvis erTmaneTs Seadaros, erTis mxriv,
yoveldRiur gamoSvebebSi reklamis uzarmazari wilisa (mTeli mocu-
lobis 60-dan 80 procentamde) da meores mxriv, saerTaSoriso ambebis
mokrZalebuli maCveneblis (2%-ze naklebi) Tanafardoba. samwuxaroa
isic, rom safrangeTSi regionaluri yoveldRiuri gamocemebis ume-
tesi nawili municipaluri biuletenebisagan Sedgeba da mxolod ra-
modenime gverds uTmobs erovnul da saerTaSoriso ambebs. presis
kodeqsebSi araferia naTqvami am problemasTan dakavSirebiT. da ma-
inc, farTo sazogadoebas sWirdeba informacia imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu ra mdgomareobaa dedamiwaze da ra procesebma migviyvanes ama Tu
im situaciamde, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad aqvs gacnobierebuli
Tavad sazogadoebas es saWiroeba.
samwuxaro tendencia ikveTeba sazRvargareT korespondentTa ak-
reditirebis Semcirebis mxriv. ama Tu im qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani mov-
lenis gasaSuqeblad sagangebod mivlenili korespondentebi, rogorc
wesi, ar icnoben adgilobriv specifikas da uWirT masSi garkveva. Tu
ucxoeTSi biuroebis gaxsna ZviradRirebuli siamovnebaa, maSin ra-
tom ar iyenebs erTi qveyana meores mier momzadebul beWdur masalasa
da samauwyeblo programebs? swored amas akeTebs `kurier interne-
iSeneli~ (1991), franguli yovelkvireuli `mkiTxvelis daijesti~,
romelic moicavs Targmnili statiebis nakrebs msoflios sxvadasxva
gamocemebidan. avstraliaSi si-bi-es-is qseli yovel diliT gadascems
axal ambebs ruseTidan, CineTidan, germaniidan, safrangeTidan da sxva
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi
kodeqsSi 99
qveynebidan; xolo saRamoobiT regularulad uCvenebs ucxour mxatv-

rul da dokumentur filmebs. medias aseve SeuZlia, sxva qveynebidan
gadmoiRos ideebi da Semoitanos ucxouri teqnika. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, adamiani mediisgan moelis yovlismomcveli codnisa
da urTierTgagebis, mSvidobisa da bednierebis xelSewyobas.
arasakmarisi informacia mediis Sesaxeb
kodeqsebSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli kidev erTi moTxovna _ me-

diis mier sakuTari saqmianobis srulyofilad gaSuqeba. SedarebiT
axali `media seqciebi~ Seicaven cnobebs axal publikaciebsa da sama-
uwyeblo programebze, axal aRmasrulebelTa daniSvnebze, gasayid da
gayidul firmebze. mTavar skandalebs Tu ar CavTvliT, isini Zalzed
mcire informacias gvawvdian media samyaroSi arsebul tendenciebsa
da winaaRmdegobebze. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis (rogorc wesi, ide-
ologiuri mtroba an biznes konkurencia) garda, media saSualebebi
erTmaneTs ar akritikeben: isini Tvals xuWaven kolegebis naklova-
nebebze. TviTkritika TiTqmis ucxo xilia. Zalzed iSviaTia gazeTi,
romelic aqveynebs `redaqtoris werils~, Sida saredaqcio saqmiano-
bis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis informirebis mizniT. Tuki media sakuTar Tav-
ze saubrobs, es mxolod isev sakuTari Tavis SefarviT qebaa.
aqvT ki SeerTebuli Statebis mTavar satelevizio arxebs regu-
laruli programebi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva, erTis mxriv, mayu-
reblebma da eqspertebma gamoTqvan TavianTi pretenziebi mediis
mimarT, xolo, meores mxriv, profesionalebma upasuxon maT SeniSv-
nebs?71 mohyva Tu ara raime sagangebo ganmarteba da bodiSi fidel
kastrosTan samarcxvinod SeTiTxnil intervius frangul satelevi-
zio arx TF1-ze? prestiJuli `le mondi~ erTaderTi yoveldRiuri
iyo safrangeTSi, romelmac 2004 wels moqmedi ombudsmeni daiqirava.
arc erTi gazeTi ar uTmobs regularul seqcias an gverds, mkiTxvel-
Ta pretenziebisa da winadadebebis gaSuqebas.
71
1990-ian wlebSi es orma avstraliurma arakomerciulma televiziam gaakeTa.
100 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
monacemTa dam
monacemTa uSa
damuSa veba da pr
uSav ezentacia
pre
maswavlebeli iqneba, mwerali Tu Jurnalisti _ yvelas, visac ki

raime saxis informaciis gadmocema surs, kargad moexseneba, rom
gadmocemis forma iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc misi Sinaarsi. Tumca
Zalzed iSviaTia kodeqsebi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben gamoq-
veynebuli masalis mimzidvelobaze, rac lakonurobas, gamarTul we-
ras, karg dakabadonebasa da ilustrirebas gulisxmobs.
fiqsirebuli moculobis gazeTebi
rogorc yvela SedarebiT Zvel industrias, mediasac swams, rom

rac ar unda xdebodes am qveynad, maT yoveldRiurad erTi da igive
zomisa da Semadgenlobis produqti unda SesTavazon momxmarebels.
amitomac, maT uxdebaT yoveldRiuri mniSvnelovani axali ambebis
ignorireba an iseTi umniSvnelo masalebis Camateba, rac gamoyofili
saeTero droisa Tu sagazeTo sivrcis Sesavsebad gamoiyeneba. Sedegad
dRis movlena damaxinjebulad Suqdeba.
21-e saukunis dasawyisSi moqalaqes xeli miuwvdeba axali ambebis
yvela radio sadgurze da ramodenime sainformacio telearxze,
romelTac safuZveli 80-ian wlebSi si-en-en-ma Cauyara. momxmarebels
aseve iolad miuwvdeba xeli gazeTebze, Jurnalebze, blogebze, aseve
aTasobiT internetul monacemTa wyaroze, mobiluri telefonis
saSualebiTac ki.
bundovani axali ambebi
`niusi~ (axali ambebi) xSirad movlenaTa grovaa. informirebis amo-

cana ar Semoifargleba daumuSavebeli, `nedli masalis~ ubralo ga-
damuSavebiT. Jurnalistma Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis SesaZlebeli
unda gaxados, informaciis aRqmac da Sefasebac: uzrunvelyofili
unda iqnes struqturirebuli konteqsti, romelSic ganTavsdeba
axali ambavi, warmodgenili unda iyos mravalferovani Sexedulebebi
iseve, rogorc eqspertuli analizi. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
statistikis, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisa da im adamianTa ga-
mosvlebis gaSuqebis SemTxvevebSi, vinc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebia.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi 101
kodeqsSi
saWiroa am tipis masalebis Sedareba Zvel, aseve sxva sferoebis mona-

cemebTan. d. borstinis azriT, Jurnalistebi TiTqos àwmyoSi arian
Caketilni~, aqedan momdinareobs maTi SezRuduloba, ganWvriton da
Seafason, magaliTad is, Tu rogor gaumjobesda cxovrebis pirobebi
ukanasknel saukuneSi.
Cveulebrivi adamianebi briyvebi ar arian, magram bevri maTgani
arasaTanadod ganaTlebulia da arc profesiuli motivacia gaaCniaT
imisaTvis, rom iyvnen informirebulni. maT uWirT àxali ambis~ aRqma,
radgan bevri termini da cneba maTTvis ucnobia. amdenad, maT infor-
macia mosawyenad eCvenebaT, gansakuTrebiT beWdviT mediaSi. maSinac
ki, rodesac momxmarebeli iCens interess ama Tu im masalis mimarT,
moqalaqeTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia, Cawvdes movlenis arss misi
warmomavlobis, garemoebebis, mniSvnelobisa da SesaZlo Sedegebis
ganmartebis gareSe.
arsebobs ramodenime savaraudo mizezi, ris gamoc Jurnalistebi
am meTods ar mimarTaven. esenia: Zveli tradicia, mimarTon mxolod
elitas, romelic samyaros Sesaxeb farTo codnas flobs; drois sim-
wire, rac metismeti gamartivebisa da stereotipizaciis wyaroa; ara-
saTanado momzadeba, ucodinroba an gulgriloba; radiosa da tele-
viziis SemTxvevaSi, auditoriis gadaRlis SiSi, rac SesaZloa, reitin-
gebsa da aqciebze aisaxos.
mosawyeni axali ambebi
gamoqveynebuli axali ambebis didi nawili usargebloa (ubeduri

SemTxvevebi, emociur niadagze Cadenili danaSaulobani, mniSvnelovan
personaTa vizitebi). magram, samwuxarod, sasargeblo informacia yo-
velTvis ar aris Zalzed saintereso. vilbor Srami erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebda `dauyovnebeli efeqtis ambebsa~ da `Senelebuli efeq-
tis axal ambebs~. imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam saTanadod ifunqci-
oneros, misi yoveli wevri kargad unda iyos informirebuli rogorc
axlo, aseve Soreul garemomcvel samyaroze. imisda miuxedavad, aqvT
Tu ara maT amis bunebrivi moTxovnileba, sazogadoebis wevrTa valia,
iyvnen informirebulni. Tu isini ar arian ganwyobilni, moipovon in-
formacia, saWiroa maTi yuradRebis mipyroba72, magaliTad, imis xaz-
72
u.r. hersti ase moZRvravda Tavis gamomcemlebs: `daajildoveT is
Jurnalisti, romelic SesZlebs, simarTle saintereso gaxados~.
102 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
gasmiT, Tu rogor SeiZleba aisaxos esa Tu is ganyenebuli movlena

maT pirad cxovrebaze. es arc Tu ise martivi amocanaa: imisaTvis,
rom mniSvnelovanma informaciam yuradReba miipyros, saWiroa Zalis-
xmeva, dro da nou-hau.
da piriqiT, zogierTi masala, romelic, erTi SexedviT, mxolod
sainteresod gamoiyureba SesaZlebelia, sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvne-
lovani gavxadoT. magaliTad, kaci klavs Tormetamde adamians gare-
ubnis matarebelSi: es momnusxveli ambavia, romelsac axlavs sisxli,
Semzaravi yvirili da cremlebi. magram ras gveubneba igi garemoze?
umuSevrobaze, siRatakeze, rasizmze, alkoholizmze, fsiqiatriuli
zedamxedvelobis deficitze, cecxlsasroli iaraRiT mouwesrigebel
vaWrobaze?
saz og
sazog adoe
ogadoe bis k
adoebis eT
keTildR
eTildR eoba
ildReoba
umweoTa dacva
axlaxans erTma ekonomistma73 aRniSna, rom iseT demokratiul qvey-

nebSi, sadac (SedarebiT) Tavisufali presaa, SimSilobis safrTxe ar
emuqrebaT. medias moqalaqeebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis bevris ga-
keTeba SeuZlia. samwuxarod, mas axasiaTebs tendencia, moepyras ada-
mianebs maTi socialuri statusis mixedviT _ gansxvavebuli damoki-
debuleba gamoiCinos Zalauflebis mqoneTa da umweoTa mimarT. Jur-
nalisturi elita sakuTar Tavs istebliSments miakuTvnebs da gark-
veulwilad mis funqciasac iTavsebs, Tumca arc erTi kodeqsi ar
Seicavs gafrTxilebas, Tu ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves `varskvlavu-
robas~. sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba arc kastis da arc umravle-
sobis privilegia unda iyos. saWiroa mousminon yvelas _ maT Soris
radikalebsac, eqscentrikosebsac da marginalur jgufebsac, rad-
ganac isini zogjer marTalni arian. samwuxarod, rodesac mTavroba
saprotesto xmis CaxSobas cdilobs, msxvili media saSualebebi xSi-
rad sifrTxiles iCenen da Zalauflebis mflobelTa mxares iWeren.
iseve rogorc safrangeTSi, iaponiaSic isini arasodes amxelen Zala-
73
amartia seni, kembrijis (didi britaneTi) samebis kolejis magistri,
1998 wlis nobelis premiis lauriati ekonomikaSi.
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi 103
kodeqsSi
uflebis borotad gamoyenebis faqts. amas Cveulebrivad iseTi patara

Jurnalebi akeTeben, rogoricaa `bungei Sunju~ an yovelkvireuli
satiruli gamocema `kanar anSane~.
es ar gaxlavT populistri demagogiis dacva. marTalia, media
xSirad eqvemdebareba xan umravlesobis, xan ki organizebuli lobebis
zewolas (rogoricaa, magaliTad, fermerebisa safrangeTSi, an `poli-
tikuri koreqtulobisaTvis~ mebrZolebisa SeerTebul StatebSi),
magram haTCinsis komisiis rekomendacia _ rom media unda emsaxuros
sazogadoebis yvela jgufs _ gulisxmobda im Cveulebriv adamianebs,
romlebzec didad ar zrunavs media, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini war-
moadgenen `xalxs~. kodeqsebSi iSviaTadaa naxsenebi is tendenciuroba
da mikerZoebuloba, rasac Jurnalistebi iCenen rogorc Zalauflebis
mqoneTa, aseve informaciis wyaroebisa da media mflobelebis mimarT.
amgvar mikerZoebas moqalaqeebi aRiqvamen rogorc ZalauflebaSi
myofebTan Jurnalistebis farul garigebas.
`sazogadoebrivi Jurnalistika~
APME74-is eTikis kodeqsi (miRebulia 1975 wels, ganaxlebuli _

1994 wels) erT-erTi im iSviaT kodeqsTagania, romelic gvTavazobs
Semdegs: `gazeTma sazogadoebis yvela segmentisaTvis konstruqci-
uli kritikosis roli unda Seasrulos[...]. man energiulad unda ga-
moaaSkaravos sajaro Tu kerZo pirebis mier Cadenili danaSauli, ma-
Ti ormagi buneba Tu maT mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi. saredaqcio masalebSi, is unda icavdes sazogadoebrivi
interesisaTvis saWiro reformebsa da inovaciebs [...]. gazeTi unda
[...] iqces forumad, romelic uzrunvelyofs komentarebisa Tu kri-
ticizmis gacvlas, gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac komen-
tari saredaqcio poziciisagan gansxvavebulia~.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebul StatebSi am ideebis gan-
viTarebis Sedegad miviReT axali stili JurnalistikaSi, romelsac
`sazogadoebrivi (an samoqalaqo) Jurnalistikas~ uwodeben da rome-
lic sakmaod sakamaToa. samoqalaqo Jurnalistika mediis tiraJebisa
74
asociacia, romelSic gaerTianebulia gazeTebis menejer-redaqtorebi,
vinc asoSieTid presis kooperatiuli sazogadoebis wevria. es ukanaskneli
msoflioSi udidesi satelegrafo sainformacio saagentoa.
104 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
da sandoobis Semcirebis daZlevis mizniT gamoigones. uares SemTx-

vevaSi, is sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs ganekuTvneba da arc ise Sor-
saa prostituciisagan. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, is xazs usvams imas, rom
media, pirvel rigSi, unda emsaxuros sazogadoebas, da ara aqcione-
rebs, reklamis damkveTebsa da politikur liderebs. mediam axali
ambebi dadgmul Soud ki ar unda aqcios, aramed unda moaxdinos sazo-
gadoebis informireba da amiT xeli Seuwyos mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze
diskusiebis stimulirebas, umciresobis yvela jgufis monawileobiT,
iseTebisac ki, romlebic miuRebelia umravlesobisaTvis. mediam mo-
qalaqeebSi sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis
survili unda gaaRvivos. imis nacvlad, rom sakuTari qalaqis Tu
regionis mxurvale mxardamWerad iqcnen, romelic zedmet TavSeka-
vebulobas iCens, damoukidebelma media saSualebebma unda gaarkvion
da sajaro gaxadon araswori qmedebebi, SesTavazon sazogadoebas
problemis gadaWris gzebi da daexmaron moqalaqeebs miznis miRwevaSi
_ im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es ewinaaRmdegeba damkvidrebul praqtikasa
da kanonier interesebs.
gasarTobi seqtori
asarTobi
tradicia erTmaneTisagan mijnavs Jurnalistikasa da Sou bizness.

Tumca, faqtobrivad, dResdReobiT maT Soris zRvari waSlilia: Jur-
nalistika sul ufro metad ifuTeba macdunebel, zogjer skandalur
samosSi maSin, rodesac satelevizio arxebis specializacia gulisx-
mobs dokumenturi filmebis, istoriis, ganaTlebisa da sportis war-
moCenas. sporti imdenadve ganekuTvneba informaciis sferos, ramde-
nadac garTobisas. kodeqsebi TiTqmis arasodes asaxavs garTobis sfe-
ros regulacias, magram mravali arsebuli muxli miesadageba mas. es
aris: obieqturoba, samarTlianoba (ara ura-patriotizmi da Soviniz-
mi), arakorumpirebuloba, araviTari Zaladobis gaRviveba da a.S.
analogiurad SesaZlebelia, aRmoaCinoT, rom kodeqsebi arapir-
dapir amxelen im naklovanebebs, romelTac xSirad gasarTobi media
uSvebs. esenia: faruli reklama televiziiT an dijeebis korumpire-
buloba; zogierTi mesakuTris telearxebi, romlebic zogierT pro-
fesionals eTerSi ar uSveben; da (magaliTad, safrangeTSi) uzarma-
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi 105
kodeqsSi
zari mogeba, romelsac Sous wamyvanebi TavianTi produqciis mwar-

moebel kompaniebTan erTad iReben. magram mTavari pretenzia, ro-
melic maT mimarT gamoiTqmis, sruliad gansxvavebulia da iSviaTa-
daa naxsenebi kodeqsebSi. gasarTob medias adanaSauleben imaSi, rom
is axalisebs sisuleles, vulgarobas, sisastikes; rom is gulgrilia
yovelive inteleqtualurisa da esTetikuris mimarT; rom damaxin-
jebulad warmoaCens samyaros da rom is Tavisi arsiT amoraluria.
esTetikuri uferuloba
komerciuli media naklebad cdilobs siaxleebis danergvas da

metad daxvewili SemoqmedebiTi formebis _ literaturis, e.w. kla-
sikuri musikisa da saxviTi xelovnebis _ waxalisebas. es uferuloba
Tu uniWoba zogjer teqnikazec ki moqmedebs ise, rogorc es iapo-
nuri animaciuri multfilmebis SemTxvevaSia. momxmarebels rom ukeT
moemsaxuros, mediam Tavisi gemovneba unda gamoimuSaos da daxvewos.
magram maTi produqciis uzarmazari moculoba SeuZlebels xdis, re-
gularulad maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofas. daqiravebuli TanamS-
romlebi konveieruli wesiT qmnian Souebs, romelTa SerCevas Sem-
degSi axdenen biurokratebi, vinc Sepyrobilia tiraJebisa da reitin-
gebis maCveneblebiT _ an isini Tavad iTxoven tiraJisa da reitingis
monacemebs.
inteleqtualuri vakuumi
komerciul medias gansakuTrebiT adanaSauleben imaSi, rom is did

interess ar avlens adamianTa inteleqtis ganviTarebis mimarT. tele-
vizia ubralod asaRebs `saReW rezinas ekranisaTvis~. saxelmwifo te-
leviziac ki Zalzed mcire Zalisxmevas avlens am mimarTulebiT, Tu
ar CavTvliT iseT gamonaklisebs, rogoricaa bi-bi-si da en-eiC-qei
(NHK) iaponiaSi. yvelgan eZeben mxolod iseT programebs, rac nakle-
bad sakamaToa. momxmarebeli ukve isea gawvrTnili, rom mxolod mcire
droiT SeuZlia yuradRebis koncentrireba, gulgrilia warsulis mi-
marT da yovelTvis siaxlis molodinSia. uares SemTxvevaSi media ner-
gavs imbecilizms, rodesac sruliad seriozulad warmoadgens ast-
rologiasa da e.w. `zebunebriv~ movlenebs. dedamiwis TiTqmis yvela
106 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kuTxeSi da gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi media Tavisi sagan-

manaTleblo funqciis ignorirebas axdens: rac, albaT, socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebiT seriozuli darRvevaa.
moraluri uniaToba
mediis mizani ar aris moqalaqeTa an morwmuneTa swavleba (ise, ro-

gorc es skolebSia an rogorc amas eklesia akeTebs). media miznad
isaxavs momxmarebelTa Seqmnas. amdenad, bednierebas isini momxmareb-
lobas, warmatebis garegan niSnebs ukavSireben. SefarviT iseTi Rire-
bulebebis gandideba xdeba, rogoricaa egoizmi, sixarbe, konformiz-
mi. yvela fiqrobs fulis, didebisa Tu raime martivi saSualebis mox-
veWaze. yvela politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri problema da-
iyvaneba ramodenime individis interesebamde, romelTagan zogi kargi
pirovnebaa da zogic cudi; maTi urTierToba Zalauflebas efuZneba,
konfliqti xSirad brZolis gziT gvardeba, rasac wesrigis aRdgena
mohyveba xolme. amgvarad, media garToba da reklama, narkotikis
msgavsad, adamianebSi erTdroulad tkivilsac aCens da komfortis
SegrZnebasac; daukmayofileblobasac da gaqcevis survilsac _ da
sabolood, frustraciasa da apaTiasac.
satelevizio filmebSi stereotipuli gmirebi arian, romlebic
arcTu mcire doziT rasizmisa da seqsizmisken arian midrekilni. qal-
Ta saxeebi da sxeulebi Warbadaa, magram Zalzed mcirea kargi roli
qalebisaTvis. iseve rogorc filmebSi, naklebadaa warmodgenili ada-
mianTa iseTi kategoriebi, rogoricaa: bavSvebi, moxucebi, inteleq-
tualebi, muSebi, Raribi adamianebi. rogorc programebSi, aseve rek-
lamaSic televizia samyaros gamartivebul, arazust saxes qmnis: is
Selamazebulicaa (gamogonili gmirebis cxovroba iseT STabeWdile-
bas qmnis, TiTqos maT imaze meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre amas maTi
samuSao uzrunvelyofs) da xSirad bevrad ufro arajansaRi da Za-
ladobrivi, vidre realobaSia. musikalur video filmebSi kacebi xSi-
rad mkvlelebad, xolo qalebi meZaveebad gamoiyurebian: rogor
aRiqvamen amas umwifari Tineijrebi? es seriozuli safrTxea dabali
fenis qalaquri getoebis axalgazrdebisaTvis, romelTac misabaZi
magaliTebi esaWiroebaT. amasTanave, filmebSi aRwerili momavali
bneli, SezRuduli da barbarosulia (robokopi, terminatori, saS-
leli) maSin, rodesac samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, gacilebiT
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi 107
kodeqsSi
naklebad saSiSi da gaWirvebulia, vidre es sul cota xnis win iyo

(1929 wlis depresia, nacistebisa da stalinis droindeli masobrivi
Jleta, civi omi). gasarTobi media aseve gvawvdis Cveni sazogadoebis
frustrirebul, samwuxaro da yalb suraTs.75
Zaladoba yvelganaa _ filmebSi, multfilmebsa da axal ambebSic
_ miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxur cxovrebaze gadaRebuli filmebi re-
gularulad met Semosavals uzrunvelyofs, vidre saSinelebaTa da
mkvlelobaTa suraTebi.76 am faqtis miuxedavad, uamravma kvlevam
aCvena kavSiri mediaSi Zaladobasa da realur cxovrebiseul Zala-
dobas Soris. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi ganmartaven,
rom satelevizio Zaladoba iseve aRagznebs, rogorc seqsi da igi nak-
leb uxerxulobas qmnis. dawyebiTi skolis damTavrebamde amerikeli
bavSvebi aTasobiT mkvlelobis scenas uyureben, Tumca aqtiuri re-
formatorebi problemas arasrulwlovanTa mier seqsualuri xasi-
aTis suraTebis xilvaSi xedaven.
izolacionizmi
sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom yvela qveya-

naSi sxva qveynebis media produqcia ise gavrceldes, rom SesaZlebeli
gaxdes ucxouri kulturis gacnoba da hibridizaciis Sedegad saku-
Tari kulturis gaZliereba. verc erT kodeqsSi ver SexvdebiT miniS-
nebasac ki aseT aucileblobaze. gana araeTikuri ar aris, rom praim-
taimSi (saukeTeso saeTero dro) SeerTebuli Statebis wamyvani sate-
levizio arxebi ucxouri produqciis (umetesobas britaneTidan) mxo-
lod 2%-s gadascemen?77 faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebis kultu-
rul saganZurs safrTxes uqmnis misi mediis proteqcionizmi, rome-
lic sazogadoebas sxva kulturebTan kontaqtis saSualebas arTmevs.
imavdroulad, SeerTebuli Statebis media danarCen msoflioSi kul-
turul nagavsayrels awyobs _ im TvalsazrisiT, rom Sinaur bazarze
ukve amortizebul satelevizio programebs sazRvargareT im fasad
yidis, rac analogiuri programis adgilze damzadeba dajdeboda. es
75
M. Medved, Hollywood vs. America, New York, HarperCollins, 1993.
76
1994 w. „The Lion King”-ma bevrad meti mogeba moitana, vidre „Pulp Fiction”-ma.
gaixseneT hari poteri an nemos povna. aTi popularuli amerikuli
filmidan Svidi araZaladobrivi iyo.
77
C-J Bertrand & F. Bordat eds., „Les medias francais aux Etats-Unis”, Presses
universititaires de Nancy, 1993.
108 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
SesaZloa, gaxdes adgilobrivi Semoqmedebis eroziis mizezi. ase Ra-

ribdeba da sustdeba rogorc amerikuli, aseve sxva qveynebis kultu-
rac. izolacionizmi yvelaze mZafrad damaxasiaTebelia SeerTebuli
StatebisTvis, Tumca is yvelgan arsebobs. gana safrangeTis televi-
ziaSi bevr indur, koreul, Cilur programebs SexvdebiT, an TviT es-
panurs, italiursa Tu Svedurs? ramdeni evropuli programa gada-
icema iaponuri televiziiT? imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Sedegad sazo-
gadoeba cud momsaxurebas iRebs, izolacionizmis sakiTxi eTikur
problemad unda miviCnioT.
reklamasT
eklamasT an dak
lamasTan avSir
daka ebuli pr
vSire ob
probleme
obleme bi
lemebi
ramdenadac mediis Semosavlebis udidesi nawili _ 100%-mde rek-

lamisgan modis, cxadia, reklama did gavlenas axdens mediis qmede-
baze. bevr qveyanaSi sareklamo samsaxurebis profesionalebma Seimu-
Saves qcevis kodeqsi da daafuZnes aRmasrulebeli institutebi, rom-
lebic zogjer gacilebiT mkacria, vidre mediis mier dafuZnebuli
analogiuri institutebi. cxadia, reklamis Sinaarsobriv mxareze
zrunva mediasac marTebs.
dasavleTis qveynebSi media msgavsi eTikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebis
funqciis delegirebas zogjer damoukidebel institutebze axdens.
aseTebia franguli reklamis kontrolis biuro (Bureau de verification
de la publicite) an britanuli reklamis standartebis dacvis sammarTve-
lo (Advertising Standards Authority). aseT SemTxvevaSic ki, media saSu-
alebam Tavad unda gadaamowmos, xom ar xdeba akrZaluli produqciis
reklamireba, rac zogjer erTi da imave firmis sxva produqciis rek-
lamis saSualebiT xorcildeba. aseT moTxovnas iTvaliswinebs NAB-
is satelevizio kodeqsi.
gacilebiT seriozuli problemebic iCens xolme Tavs. rodasac
1983 wels aSS-s satelevizio arxma ei-bi-si-m dagegma gadacemis _ èr-
Ti dRis Semdeg~ (The Day After) Cveneba, romelic birTvuli Tavdasxmis
Semdeg amerikis bnel da dramatul suraTs warmoaCenda, reklamis
damkveTTa umetesobam ar isurva am programaSi sakuTari reklamis
ganTavseba. situacia gacilebiT uaresia, rodesac Tavdasxmis obieqti
konkretuli produqcia Tu momsaxurebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sarek-
gamotovebani k
amotov odeqsSi 109
kodeqsSi
lamo boikoti ganapirobebs TviTcenzuras. magaliTad, boikoti naxma-

ri manqanebis gamyidvelebis mxridan mas Semdeg, rac adgilobrivi yo-
veldRiuri gazeTi aqveynebs rCevebs potenciuri myidvelebisaTvis.
kidev ufro seriozul SemTxvevas hqonda adgili 1930-ian wlebSi, ro-
desac SeerTebuli Statebis vaWrobis federalurma komisiam gamo-
aqveyna angariSi, romelic Tambaqos moxmarebis Sedegad gamowveul
sasikvdilo daavadebebs ukavSirdeboda. Tumca 1960-ian wlebamde me-
dia dumda sigaretTan dakavSirebuli safrTxis Sesaxeb. 1990-ian wle-
bis bolosaTvis SeerTebuli Statebis wamyvanma Jurnalebma reklamis
ganTavsebaze uari uTxres firmas, romelic warmarTavda Tambaqos
sawinaaRmdego Tavisi produqciis reklamirebis kampanias.
Tu sakiTxs arsobrivad mivudgebiT, evropelebisTvis autanelic
iqneba da, Cans, amoraluric (`sazogadoebis samsaxuris sapirispiro~
mniSvnelobiT), yoveldRiur gamocemaTa farTis or mesamedze meti
reklamam daikavos, xolo teleprogramebs yovel 9-10 wuTSi wyvetdes
xmauriani reklama _ ise, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba.
110 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Tavi III
kodeqsebis SerCe
odeqsebis va*
SerCev
naklebad gamosadegi iqneboda am TavSi iseTi doku-

mentebis gadmobeWdva, romlebic sayovelTaod cnobi-
lia SeerTebul StatebSi, magaliTad, profesional
JurnalistTa asociaciisa (SPJ-SDX) da Associated Press
managing Editors (APME) SesaniSnavi kodeqsebis. am TavSi
warmodgenili yvela kodeqsi araamerikulia. erTi sa-
erTaSorisoa. momdevno sami, erovnuli, romelTagan
pirveli SemuSavebulia britaneTSi gazeTis gamomce-
melTa, meore _ ruseTis JurnalistTa kavSiris, xolo
mesame _ indoeTis presis sabWos mier. amdenad, isini
sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. SerCeul kodeq-
sTagan ukanaskneli Seicavs specifiur regulirebebs
frangul provinciul presaSi mcire masStabis movle-
nebze momuSave korespondentebisaTvis (metwilad, da-
naSauli da ubeduri SemTxvevebi). albaT, bevri sxva
kodeqsic imsaxurebda citirebas, iapouri NSK-s qar-
Tuli profesiuli standartisa an samxreT afrikuli
kodeqsis msgavsad. Tumca saqme isaa, rom kodeqsebis
kiTxva Semawuxeblad monotonuria, radgan maTi umrav-
lesoba TiTqmis erTsa da igives gveubneba.
* is garemoeba, rom damoukidebeli presis sabWoebis (IPC)

veb-gverdze (www.presscouncils.org) inglisur enaze advilad
xelmisawvdomia 350 kodeqsi, eWvqveS ayenebs am Tavis
gamoqveynebis saWiroebas. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia is,
rom yvela qarTvelma mkiTxvelma rodi icis inglisuri ena.
kodeqse bis SerCe
odeqsebis SerCevva 111
JurnalistTa uf
JurnalistTa le
ufle be
lebe bisa da mo
bebisa valeobe
mov bis
aleobebis
saerTaSoriso dek
saerTaSoriso lar
deklar acia
laracia
miRebulia 1971 wels, miunhenSi (germania) evropuli Tanamegob-

robis eqvsi qveynis JurnalistTa kavSirebis warmomadgenelTa mier.
preambula
informaciis ufleba, sityvisa da kritikis Tavisufleba adamianis

erT-erTi fundamenturi uflebaTagania.
Jurnalistis yvela ufleba da movaleoba momdinareobs sazogado-
ebis uflebidan, iyos informirebuli movlenebisa da Tvalsazrisebis
Taobaze.
sazogadoebis winaSe Jurnalistis pasuxismgebloba aRemateba yve-
la sxva pasuxismgeblobas, gansakuTrebiT damqiraveblebisa da saxel-
mwifo organoebis winaSe.
informirebis amocana uciloblad moicavs im SezRudvebs, rom-
lebsac Jurnalistebi nebayoflobiT uweseben sakuTar Tavs, rac qve-
moT mocemuli movaleobaTa deklaraciis sagans warmoadgens.
Tumca profesiuli saqmianobisas, Jurnalisti icavs am valdebu-
lebebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damoukidebloba da profesiuli
Rirseba realurad arsebobs. es qvemoT mocemuli uflebaTa dekla-
raciis sagani gaxlavT.
movaleobaTa deklaracia
informaciis Segrovebisas, redaqtirebisa da komentirebisas Jur-

nalistis ZiriTadi movaleobebia:
1. daicvas simarTle imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra Sedegebi SeiZleba
mohyves amas misTvis, radgan sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, icodes
simarTle;
2. daicvas informaciis, komentirebisa da kritikis Tavisufleba;
3. gaaSuqos mxolod iseTi faqtebi, romelTa warmomavlobac mis-
Tvis cnobilia; ar dafaros mniSvnelovani informacia; ar Sec-
valos teqstebi da dokumentebi;
112 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
4. ar gamoiyenos arakeTilsindisieri meTodebi informaciis, fo-

toebis an dokumentebis mosapoveblad;
5. pativi sces piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas;
6. Seasworos nebismieri informacia, romlis uzustoba gamoqvey-
nebis Semdeg gairkveva;
7. daicvas profesiuli saidumloeba da ar gaamJRavnos konfiden-
cialurad mopovebuli informaciis wyaro;
8. umZimes profesiul danaSaulad CaTvalos Semdegi: plagiati,
ciliswameba, Seuracxyofa da dausabuTebeli braldebebi, ne-
bismieri formiT qrTamis aReba informaciis gamoqveynebisa an
dafarvis sanacvlod;
9. arasodes gaaigivos Jurnalistis profesia reklamis gamyid-
velis an propagandistis saqmianobasTan da uari Tqvas rekla-
mis damkveTTa nebismieri, pirdapiri Tu iribi miTiTebis Sesru-
lebaze.
10. winaaRmdegoba gauwios nebismier zewolas da saredaqcio miTi-
Tebebi miiRos mxolod redaqciis pasuxismgebeli pirebisagan.
yvela, vinc Rirsia ataros Jurnalistis saxeli, Tavis movaleobad

Tvlis, erTguli iyos zemoT CamoTvilili principebisa. TiToeuli
qveynis saerTo kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, profesiuli Tvalsazri-
siT Jurnalisti mxolod Tavisi kolegebis iurisdiqcias cnobs; igi
ar dauSvebs mTavrobis an sxvaTa raime saxis Carevas maT saqmianobaSi.
uflebaTa deklaracia78
1. Jurnalistebs aqvT ufleba, SeuzRudavad miuwvdebodeT xeli

informaciis nebismier wyaroze, aseve Tavisuflad moipovon
informacia yvela im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelic gavlenas ax-
dens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. Sesabamisad, sajaro an pira-
di saidumlo mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi da naTlad for-
mulirebuli motivebiT SeiZleba movides konfliqtSi Jurna-
listebTan.
2. Jurnalists aqvs ufleba, ar daemorCilos nebismier miTiTebas,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im sainformacio saSualebis zogad
78
am uflebaTa umetesoba warmoadgens media saSualebebis movaleobebs mis
mier daqiravebuli Jurnalistebis mimarT.
kodeqse bis SerCe
politikas, romelTanac is TanamSromlobs. ise, rogorc es da-

saqmebis kontraqtSia gaTvaliswinebuli. es norma vrceldeba
nebismieri saxis miTiTebis Sesrulebaze, romelic redaqciis
zogadi politikiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
3. dauSvebelia Jurnalistis iZuleba, Caidinos profesiuli qme-
deba an gamoxatos Tvalsazrisi, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mis
mrwamssa da sindiss;
4. saredaqcio kolegia informirebuli unda iyos yvela im mniS-
vnelovani gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, romelmac SesaZloa, gav-
lena moaxdinos mTeli organizaciis momavalze. sul mcire,
saWiroa saredaqcio kolegiasTan konsultacia, redaqciis da-
kompleqtebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze saboloo gadawy-
vetilebis gamotanamde, magaliTad, rogoricaa TanamSromle-
bis daqiraveba, samsaxuridan daTxovna, sakadro gadaadgile-
bebi Tu dawinaureba.
5. Jurnalistis daniSnulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, is sargeblobs ara mxolod koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis Se-
degad warmoqmnili upiratesobiT, aramed dasaqmebis individu-
aluri kontraqtiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs misi samuSaos mo-
ralur da materialur usafrTxoebas iseve, rogorc saxelfaso
sistemas, rac Seesabameba mis socialur mdgomareobas da misi
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis garantias qmnis.
britaneT is pr
britaneTis esis saCivr
presis ebis k
saCivre omisiis79
komisiis
qcevis k
qcevis odeqsi
kodeqsi
presis saCivrebis komisia (psk) xelmZRvanelobs qcevis kodeq-

siT, romelic SemuSavebulia gazeTebisa da perioduli indus-
triis mier da ratificirebulia komisiis mier 2004 wlis 28
aprils. ganaxlebuli kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 2004 wlis 1 ivniss.
kodeqsi
presis yvela warmomadgeneli valdebulia, daicvas umaRlesi pro-

79
psk (1991) da misi winamorbedi presis sabWo (1953), Seiqmna, raTa SeezRuda
popularuli erovnuli presis (Sun, Mirror, Mail da sxv.) TavSeukavebloba, rac
kodeqsis mraval muxls xsnis.
114 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
fesiuli standartebi. es kodeqsi awesebs eTikur standartebs, raTa

daculi iyos rogorc individualuri uflebebi, aseve sazogadoebis
ufleba _ iyos informirebuli. es aris TviTregulirebis sistemis
safuZveli, romlis ganuxreli dacvisaken miiswrafvis industria.
mniSvnelovania, SeTanxmebuli kodeqsis dacva ara mxolod sityva-
sityviT, aramed arsobrivad. ar unda moxdes kodeqsis ise viwrod
interpretireba, rom Sedegad miviRoT individualuri uflebebis
xelyofa da arc ise farTod, rom adgili hqondes gamoxatvis Tavi-
suflebaSi dausabuTebel Carevas an iseTi publikaciis akrZalvas,
romelic sazogadoebrivi interesis sagans warmoadgens.
redaqtorebi da gamomcemlebi pasuxismgebelni arian kodeqsis gan-
xorcielebaze. maT unda izrunon, raTa beWdviTi da onlain versiis
redaqciebisa da StatgareSe TanamSromlebma, maT Soris araJurna-
listebma, uzrunvelyon kodeqsis zedmiwevniT dacva.
saCivrebis gadawyvetis procesSi redaqtorebma droulad unda
iTanamSromlon psk-sTan. komisiis gadawyvetileba, romliTac nebis-
mieri publikacia kodeqsis darRvevad iqneba miCneuli, unda gamoq-
veyndes srulad da Tanazomadi formiT, maT Soris saTauriT, romel-
Sic psk aris moxseniebuli.
1. sizuste
1) presam ar unda gamoaqveynos arazusti, damaxinjebuli an iseTi

saxis informacia, maT Soris fotoebi, romelsac SecdomaSi
Sehyavs mkiTxveli.
2) arsebiTi uzustoba, damaxinjebuli an iseTi saxis informacia,
romelsac SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli, unda gaswordes ma-
Sinve, rogorc ki cnobili gaxdeba misi arseboba. Sesworeba un-
da gakeTdes Tanazomadi formiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda
gamoqveyndes bodiSi.
3) presam mkafiod unda gamijnos erTmaneTisagan komentari, va-
raudi da faqti.
4) gamocemam samarTlianad da zustad unda gaaSuqos ciliswa-
mebasTan dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo saqmis Sedegebi, romelSic
Tavad gamodioda mxared, Tu mxareebs Soris miRweuli SeTanx-
meba sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs an SeTanxmebis teqsti gamoq-
veynebulia.
kodeqse bis SerCe
2. pasuxis ufleba
daSvebul uzustobaze pasuxis gacemis samarTliani saSualeba

unda mieces mxares, Tu aseTi moTxovna gonivrulia.
3. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba*
1) nebismieri adamianis piradi da ojaxuri cxovreba, sacxovre-

beli saxli, janmrTeloba da piradi korespondencia, maT Soris
cifruli xelSeuvalia. redaqtorebma unda daasabuTon nebis-
mieri pirovnebis pirad cxovrebaSi daukiTxavad SeWris auci-
lebloba.
2) dauSvebelia calkeuli pirebisTvis kerZo adgilebSi fotosu-
raTis gadaReba, Tavad am pirTa Tanxmobis gareSe.
SeniSvna: kerZo adgili warmoadgens sajaro an kerZo sakuTrebas,

sadac piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis safuZvliani molodini
arsebobs.
4. Seviwroeba*
1) Jurnalistebma ar unda mimarTon daSinebas, Seviwroebas an mi-

zanmimarTul devnas.
2) erTxel uaris miRebis SemTxvevaSi, maT ar unda Seawuxon pirebi
SekiTxvebiT, devniTa Tu fotogadaRebebiT; unda datovon am
pirTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli adgili mas Semdeg, rac maT
amis Sesaxeb miuTiTeben;
3) redaqtorebma unda uzrunvelyon am principebis dacva maTi
TanamSromlebis mxridan da ar gamoaqveynon sxva wyaroebidan
miRebuli masalebi, Tu isini ar akmayofileben am moTxovnebs.
5. sxvis mwuxarebasa da sulier gancdaSi SeWra
saWiroa sifrTxilisa da TanagrZnobis gamoCena im SemTxvevebis

gaSuqebisas, romlebic pirovnul mwuxarebasa da sulier gancdebs
ukavSirdeba. Tumca am normam ar unda SezRudos samarTlebrivi
procesebis, rogoricaa gamoZieba, gaSuqeba.
116 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
6. bavSvebi*
1) skolaSi yofnis periodSi axalgazrdebi daculi unda iyvnen

maT cxovrebaSi arasasurveli Carevisagan.
2) Jurnalistebma ar unda aiRon interviu da ar unda gadauRon
fotosuraTi 16 wlamde asakis bavSvs, meurve mSoblis an bavSvze
pasuxismgebeli piris Tanxmobis gareSe, rodesac sakiTxi Tavad
bavSvis an sxva bavSvTa keTildReobas Seexeba.
3) skolis xelmZRvanelobis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebelia sko-
laSi myof moswavlesTan miaxloveba an misTvis suraTis gada-
Reba.
4) dauSvebelia arasrulwlovanebisaTvis, maTi mSoblebis an me-
urveebisaTvis materialuri sazRauris gadaxda, maTi Svilebis
an aRsazrdelebis Sesaxeb masalis mopovebis mizniT, im SemTxve-
vebis garda, roca aSkaraa, rom es Tavad bavSvis interesSia.
5) redaqtorebma ar unda gamoiyenon mSoblebis an meurveebis
avtoriteti, cnobadoba an sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, ro-
gorc bavSvis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb detalebis gamoqveyne-
bis erTaderTi safuZveli.
7. bavSvebi seqsualuri danaSaulis SemTxvevebSi*
1. miuxedavad sakanonmdeblo SezRudvis ararsebobisa, presam ar

unda moaxdinos 16 wlamde asakis seqsualuri Zaladobis
msxverplTa an mowmeTa identificireba.
2. nebismier masalaSi, romelic bavSvebis winaaRmdeg seqsualur
Zaladobas exeba, presam
1) ar unda moaxdinos bavSvebis identificireba.
2) SesaZlebelia srulwlovanis identificireba.
3) ar SeiZleba sityva ìncestis~ gamoyeneba iq, sadac SesaZloa
msxverpli bavSvis identificireba.
4) saWiroa sifrTxilis gamoCena, raTa masalaSi araferi
mianiSnebdes braldebulsa da bavSvs Soris urTierTobaze.
kodeqse bis SerCe
8. saavadmyofoebi*
1) Jurnalistebma unda moaxdinon sakuTari vinaobis identifi-

cireba da moiTxovon nebarTva pasuxismgebeli pirisagan ara-
sajaro teritoriaze an saavadmyofoebisa da sxva analogiuri
tipis dawesebulebebSi Sesvlis win, sakiTxis garkvevis mizniT.
2) pirad cxovrebaSi SeWris SezRudva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vania saavadmyofoebsa da sxva analogiuri tipis samkurnalo
dawesebulebebSi myof individebTan mimarTebaSi.
9. danaSaulis gaSuqeba*
(1) rogorc wesi, ar unda moxdes braldebulTa an msjavrdebulTa

naTesavebisa da megobrebis identificireba maTi Tanxmobis
gareSe, Tu maT pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT saqmesTan.
(2) gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im bavSvebis poten-
ciurad mgrZnobiare mdgomareobas, romlebic aRmoCndnen
danaSaulis TviTmxilvelebi an msxverplni. am garemoebam ar
unda SezRudos sasamarTlo sakiTxebis gaSuqebis ufleba.
10. faruli saSualebebi da SecdomaSi Seyvana*
1) presa ar unda ecados, moipovos an gamoaqveynos masala, ro-

melic mopovebulia faruli kamerebiTa Tu mosasmeni saSuale-
bebiT; an kerZo Tu mobiluri satelefono saubrebis, mesije-
bisa Tu eleqtronuli fostis miRebis gziT; an dokumentebisa
Tu fotoebis unebarTvod mopovebis gziT.
2) SecdomaSi Seyvanisa da motyuebis meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZ-
loa dasabuTdes mxolod sazogadoebrivi interesiT da mxo-
lod maSin, rodesac sxva saSualebebiT masalis mopoveba SeuZ-
lebelia.
11. seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli
presam ar unda moaxdinos seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplis

identificireba an gamoaqveynos masala, romelmac SesaZloa, xeli Se-
118 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
uwyos aseT identificirebas, Tu ar arsebobs saTando aucilebloba

da isini kanonierad arian uflebamosilni, amgvarad imoqmedon.
12. diskriminacia
I) presa unda moeridos Seuracxmyofel da damakninebel gamo-

naTqvamebs pirovnebis rasis, kanis feris, religiis, sqesis, seq-
sualuri orientaciisa Tu nebismieri fizikuri an gonebrivi
daavadebis an naklis Sesaxeb.
I I ) presa unda moeridos pirovnebis rasis, kanis feris, religiis,
seqsualuri orientaciis, fizikuri Tu gonebrivi daavadebis,
an sxva raime naklis Sesaxeb detalebis miTiTebas, Tu amas pir-
dapiri kavSiri ara aqvs gadmosacem ambavTan.
13. finansuri Jurnalistika
1) im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac kanoni ar krZalavs, Jurnalis-

tebma piradi sargeblis miRebis mizniT ar unda gamoiyenon fi-
nansuri informacia, romelic maT masalis gamoqveynebamde mi-
iRes. aseve ar unda gadascen am tipis informacia sxvebs.
2) maT ar unda daweron aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb,
romlis mimarTac maT an maTi ojaxis wevrebs mniSvnelovani
finansuri interesi aqvT, am interesis Sesaxeb redaqtorisa da
finansuri redaqtoris informirebis gareSe.
3) maT ar unda iyidon an gayidon, pirdapir an sxva pirisa Tu agen-
tis meSveobiT aqcia an fasiani qaRaldi, romlis Sesaxebac maT
axlaxans gamoaqveynes an uaxloes momavalSi apireben masalis
gamoqveynebas.
14. konfidencialuri wyaroebi
Jurnalistis moraluri valdebulebaa, daicvas informaciis wya-

ros konfidencialuroba.
kodeqse bis SerCe
15. mowmeebisaTvis Tanxis gadaxda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis

ganxilvisas
*1) dauSvebelia Tanxis gadaxda an SeTavazeba mowmisaTvis an nebis-

mieri pirisaTvis, romlis mowmed gamoZaxebis safuZvliani mo-
lodini arsebobs mas Semdeg, rac saqmis samarTalwarmoeba
amoqmeddeba, ramdenadac es 1981 wlis sasamarTlo aqtis upa-
tivcemulobad miiCneva.
es SezRudva moqmedebs manam, vidre policia upirobod gaaTa-

visuflebs eWvmitanils braldebisa da giraos gareSe an samar-
Talwarmoeba sxvagvarad Sewydeba; an moxdeba danaSaulis aRi-
areba sasamarTlos winaSe, an udanaSaulobis SemTxvevaSi,
sasamarTlo gamoacxadebs Tavis verdiqts.
*2) im SemTxvevebSi, roca samarTalwarmoeba jer ar Semdgara, mag-

ram mosalodnelia, redaqtorebma ar unda gadauxadon an Ses-
Tavazon Tanxa pirovnebas, romlis mowmed gamoZaxebis safuZ-
vliani molodini arsebobs, Tu informaciis gamoqveyneba auci-
lebel sazogadoebriv interess ar warmoadgens da risTvisac
gardauvalia Tanxis gadaxda an SeTavazeba; saWiroa yvela go-
nivruli nabijis gadadgma imisaTvis, rom finansurma garige-
bam zemoqmedeba ar moaxdinos mowmis mier micemul Cvenebaze.
arc erT SemTxvevaSi Tanxis gadaxdam ar unda gansazRvros sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi.
*3) braldebisa da dacvis mxareebs unda ecnoboT im pirovnebisaT-

vis Tanxis gadaxdis an SeTavazebis Sesaxeb, romelic mogviane-
biT Cvenebis misacemad sasamarTloSi gamoiZaxes. mowme winaswar
unda iyos informirebuli aseTi moTxovnis Sesaxeb.
15. kriminalebisTvis Tanxis gadaxda*
1) dauSvebelia Tanxis gadaxda an SeTavazeba pirdapir an agentis

meSveobiT msjavrdebulebisa Tu braldebulebisaTvis an maTi
mokavSireebisaTvis _ maT Soris ojaxis wevrebisTvis, megob-
120 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
rebisa da kolegebisaTvis, statiis, suraTebis an informaciis

mopovebis sanacvlod, romelic konkretuli danaSaulis gan-
xorcielebas isaxavs miznad an zogadad ganadidebs danaSauls.
2) redaqtorebma, romlebic Tanxis gadaxdas an SeTavazebas sazo-
gadoebrivi interesiT amarTleben, unda daasabuTon, rom sa-
zogadoebrivi interesis dasakmayofileblad gonivruli sa-
fuZveli arsebobda. Tu, Tanxis gadaxdis miuxedavad, sakiTxi-
sadmi araviTari sazogadoebrivi interesi ar warmoiSva, masala
ar unda gamoqveyndes.
sazogadoebrivi interesi
im muxlebis mimarT, romlebic varskvlaviTaa* aRniSnuli, SesaZ-

loa, arsebobdes sazogadoebrivi interesis molodini.
1. sazogadoebrivi interesi moicavs, magram ar ifargleba Semdegi

sakiTxebiT:
1) danaSaulisa da seriozuli darRvevebis gamovlena da
mxileba.
2) sazogadoebrivi sijansaRisa da usafrTxoebis dacva.
3) sazogadoebis dacva individebisa Tu organizaciebis
SecdomaSi Semyvani qmedebebisa Tu gancxadebebisagan.
2. sazogadoebriv interess warmoadgens Tavad gamoxatvis Tavi-
sufleba.
3. im SemTxvevebSi, roca sazogadoebriv interesze xdeba apeli-
reba, psk redaqtorebisgan moiTxovs, daasabuTon, Tu rogor
dakmayofilda sazogadoebrivi interesi.
4. psk ganixilavs, warmoadgens Tu ara masala sazogadoebrivi
interesis sagans an gaCndeba Tu ara mis mimarT momavalSi aseTi
interesi.
5. im SemTxvevebSi, roca saqme 16 wlamde asakis bavSvebs exeba,
redaqtorebma unda daasabuTon gansakuTrebuli sazogadoeb-
rivi interesis arseboba, romelic gadaswonis bavSvis interess,
romelic, rogorc wesi, umTavresia.
kodeqse bis SerCe
rus JurnalistTa pr
JurnalistTa of
profesiuli saqmianobis k
ofesiuli odeqsi
kodeqsi
miRebulia rus JurnalistTa kongresis mier moskovSi,

1994 wlis 23 ivniss.
1. Jurnalisti valdebulia, yovelTvis imoqmedos am kodeqsSi

mocemuli profesiuli eTikis principebis safuZvelze, romelTa aRi-
areba, miReba da dacva ganmsazRvreli pirobaa ruseTis JurnalistTa
federaciis wevrobisaTvis.
2. Jurnalisti icavs Tavisi qveynis kanonmdeblobas, magram ro-
desac misi profesiuli movaleobis Sesruleba saTuo xdeba, is mxo-
lod Tavisi kolegebis iurisdiqcias cnobs da uaryofs nebismieri
zewolis an Carevis mcdelobas mTavrobis an sxva vinmes mxridan.
3. Jurnalisti mxolod avrcelebs da komentars ukeTebs infor-
macias, romlis sandoobaSic is darwmunebulia da, romlis wyaroc
misTvis kargadaa cnobili. man yvela Rone unda ixmaros imisaTvis,
rom Tavi aaridos yovelgvar zians, visac ar unda miadges igi, masalis
arasrulyofilebisa Tu uzustobis Sedegad; is unda moeridos soci-
alurad mniSvnelovani informaciis miCqmalvas da im informaciis
gavrcelebas, romlis siyalbe misTvis cnobilia.
Jurnalistma erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda gamijnos faqtebi,
romelTa Sesaxebac igi wers da nebismieri Tvalsazrisi Tu varaudi,
Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom igi valdebulia, iyos neitraluri Tavis
profesiul saqmianobaSi.
profesiuli movaleobebis Sesrulebisas, Jurnalistma ar unda
mimarTos informaciis mopovebis uRirss an ukanono meTodebs. Jurna-
listi aRiarebs da pativs scems kerZo pirebisa da institutebis uf-
lebas, ar gascen informacia da ar upasuxon maTTvis dasmul kiTxvebs,
im SemTxvevebis garda, rodesac informaciis gacemas kanonmdebloba
moiTxovs.
Jurnalisti nebsimier viTarebaSi seriozul profesiul darRve-
vad miiCnevs faqtebis ganzrax damaxinjebas, ciliswamebas, safasuris
miRebas yalbi informaciis gavrcelebisa an WeSmariti informaciis
miCqmalvisaTvis; zogadad, Jurnalistma arc pirdapir da arc iribad
ar unda miiRos raime saxis anazRaureba Tu kompensacia mesame pire-
bisagan, nebismieri saxis masalis an Tvalsazrisis publikaciisaTvis.
122 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Jurnalisti darwmundeba, rom mis mier

gamoqveynebuli masala araswori an damaxinjebulia, man unda Seas-
woros daSvebuli Secdoma imave beWdviTi da/an audiovizualuri me-
dia saSualebis gamoyenebiT, romelSic Tavdapirveli masala gamoq-
veynda. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalistma unda moixados bodiSi.
Jurnalistis saxeli da reputacia garantiaa yvela im informaciis
sandoobisa da yvela im Tvalsazrisis samarTlianobisa, romelic misi
xelmoweriT vrceldeba, imisda miuxedavad, masala fsevdonimiT qvey-
ndeba Tu anonimurad, publikacia Jurnalistis informirebiTa da
TanxmobiT unda xdebodes. aravis aqvs ufleba, Jurnalists aukrZa-
los, uari Tqvas iseTi informaciis an komentaris xelmoweraze, ro-
melic Tavad avtoris survilis sawinaaRmdegod, Tundac nawilobriv
damaxinjda.
4. Jurnalisti pativs scems profesiul saidumloebas im wyaros-
Tan mimarTebaSi, romelmac konfidencialurad miawoda informacia.
aravis SeuZlia, aiZulos igi, gaamJRavnos Tavisi wyaros vinaoba.
anonimurobis ufleba mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba
dairRves, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom wyarom Segnebulad daamaxinja
simarTle. agreTve iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac wyaros miTiTeba erTa-
derTi gzaa adamianebisaTvis seriozuli da gardauvali zianis asa-
cileblad.
Jurnalisti movalea, pativi sces respondentis Txovnas _ gamo-
iyenos misi ganacxadi rogorc damxmare informacia predistoriis-
Tvis avtoris miTiTebis gareSe.
5. Jurnalisti srulad acnobierebs, rom mis saqmianobas SesaZloa,
mohyves SezRudvebi, devna da Zaladoba.
profesiuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas, igi unda daupirispirdes
eqstremizmsa da samoqalaqo uflebebis nebismier SezRudvas seqsu-
aluri, rasobrivi, enobrivi, religiuri Tu politikuri Sexedule-
bebis safuZvelze iseve, rogorc socialuri an erovnuli warmomav-
lobis niSniT.
Jurnalisti pativs scems im adamianTa pativsa da Rirsebas, rom-
lebic misi profesiuli yuradRebis obieqtebi xdebian. is Tavs ikavebs
nebismieri damamcirebeli komentaris an miniSnebisagan piris rasis,
erovnebis, kanis feris, religiis, socialuri warmoSobisa Tu seqsis,
iseve rogorc fizikuri naklovanebis an daavadebis Taobaze. Jurna-
kodeqse bis SerCe
listi aseve Tavs aridebs am tipis informaciis gamoqveynebas, garda

im SemTxvevebisa, roca es pirdapir ukavSirdeba gamoqveynebuli sta-
tiis Sinaarss. Jurnalisti unda moeridos iseTi Seuracxmyofel ga-
monaTqvamebs, ramac SesaZloa, ziani miayenos adamianTa moralur da
fizikur mdgomareobas.
Jurnalisti icavs princips, romlis Tanaxmad, nebismieri adamiani
udanaSaulod iTvleba manam, vidre sasamarTlo sapirispiros ar da-
adasturebs. mis mier momzadebul masalebSi Jurnalisti Tavs aridebs
im adamianTa naTesavebisa da megobrebis miTiTebas, romlebic damna-
Saved scnes da visac danaSaulis Cadenis braldeba wauyenes _ im Sem-
Txvevebis garda, rodesac es aucilebelia saqmis obieqturad warmo-
CenisaTvis. igi aseve Tavs aridebs danaSaulis msxverplis saxelis
miTiTebas da iseTi masalis publikacias, romelic msxverplis iden-
tificirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. am normaTa gansakuTrebuli
simkacriT dacvaa saWiro iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mediis mier mom-
zadebul masalas SeuZlia, ziani miayenos arasrulwlovnebis inte-
resebs.
Jurnalisturi gamoZiebisas adamianTa pirad cxovrebaSi SeWra
SeiZleba, gamarTldes mxolod sazogadoebis interesebis dacviT. sa-
Wiroa piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaSi aseTi Carevis SezRudvebis
gansakuTrebulad mkacrad dacva im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme sa-
medicino an msgavsi tipis dawesebulebebSi moTavsebul adamianebs
exebaT.
6. Jurnalisti Tvlis, rom misi profesiuli statusi SeuTavsebe-
lia aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo an sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi
raime Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis dakavebasTan. igive norma vrcel-
deba politikuri partiebisa Tu politikuri tipis sxva organiza-
ciebis mmarTveli organoebis mimarT. Jurnalisti aRiarebs, rom misi
profesiuli saqmianoba iq mTavrdeba, rodesac igi iaraRs iRebs xel-
Si.
7. Jurnalisti uRirs saqcielad miiCnevs sakuTari reputaciis,
gavlenis, profesiuli uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas
komerciuli an sareklamo xasiaTis informaciis gasavrceleblad,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, Tu aseTi masala mkafiod ar aris ga-
mijnuli saredaqcio masalebisgan. Jurnalisturi da sareklamo saq-
mianobis SeTavseba eTikurad warmoudgenelia.
124 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Jurnalistma piradi an axlobelTa interesebisaTvis ar unda ga-

moiyenos mis xelT arsebuli konfidencialuri informacia, romel-
sac is profesiuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare flobs.
8. Jurnalisti pativs scems da icavs misi kolegebis profesiul
uflebebs, igi misdevs samarTliani konkurenciis wesebs. Jurnalisti
Tavs aridebs iseT situaciebs, romlebic SesaZloa, misi kolegebis
piradi an profesiuli interesebisaTvis zianis momtani aRmoCndes,
sakuTari movaleobebis iseT pirobebSi Sesrulebaze daTanxmebis
gziT, rac socialurad, materialurad da moralurad naklebad mom-
gebianad miiCneva.
Jurnalisti pativs scems saavtoro uflebebs da nebismier Semoq-
medebiT namuSevarTan mimarTebaSi sxvebisganac igives moiTxovs. pla-
giati dauSvebelia. kolegebis namuSevris nebismieri formiT gamo-
yenebisas Jurnalistma avtoris saxeli unda miuTiTos.
9. Jurnalisti uars ambobs iseTi davalebis Sesrulebaze, romlis
ganxorcielebac zemoT CamoTvlili principebis darRvevas iwvevs.
10. Jurnalisti iyenebs da icavs mis uflebas, isargeblos samoqa-
laqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli yvela garan-
tiiT, Zaladobis, Zaladobis muqaris, Seuracxyofis, moraluri zara-
lis an ciliswamebisagan sasamarTlosa an sxva saSualebebiT Tavis
dasacavad.
mesame samyar
samyar os k
aros odeqsi indoeT
kodeqsi idan80
indoeTidan
Jurnalisturi saqmianobis normebi
principebi da eTika
Jurnalistikis mTavari mizania, miawodos xalxs axali ambebi,

Tvalsazrisi, komentari da informacia sazogadoebrivi interesis
sakiTxebze samarTlianad, zedmiwevniT miukerZoeblad, zomierad da
wesierebis farglebSi. am miznis misaRwevad presas moeTxoveba, misi
qceva Seesabamebodes sayovelTaod aRiarebuli profesionalizmis
80
unda gvaxsovdes, rom induri inglisuri SesaZloa, gansxvavdebodes
amerikuli inglisurisgan.
kodeqse bis SerCe
garkveul normebs. qvemoT formulirebuli normebi da Semdgom da-

matebuli sxva specifiuri instruqciebi daexmareba Jurnalists misi
qcevis TviTregulirebaSi, Tu es normebi saTanadod miesadageba cal-
keul saqmesTan dakavSirebul gansxvavebul garemoebebs.
sizuste da samarTlianoba
1) presam Tavi unda aaridos arazusti, usafuZvlo, uRirsi, Sec-

domaSi Semyvani da damaxinjebuli masalis gamoqveynebas. mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxis gaSuqebisas saWiroa yvela mxaris warmoCena.
daudasturebeli Worebi da varaudebi ar unda warmoCindes
rogorc dadasturebuli faqtebi.
masalis gadamowmeba publikaciamde
2) sazogadoebrivi interesis sakiTxze iseTi reportaJis an sta-

tiis miRebisas, romelic moqalaqis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ko-
mentars an braldebas Seicavs, redaqtori valdebulia, saTa-
nado sifrTxiliTa da yuradRebiT Seamowmos masalis faqtob-
rivi sizuste; rom araferi iTqvas sxva sarwmuno wyaroebze im
pirovnebebTan da organizaciebTan erTad, vinc dainteresebu-
lia, gamoqveyndes maTi poziciac saTanado SesworebebiT, ro-
gorc amas reportaJis saWiroeba moiTxovs. gamoxmaurebis
ararsebobis an naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, SeniSvna aseTi Sedegis
Sesaxeb unda daerTos masalas.
sifrTxile difamaciur masalebTan mimarTebaSi
3) gazeTma ar unda gamoaqveynos masala, romelic aSkarad cils

swamebs an Seuracxyofs kerZo pirs an organizacias, Tu saTa-
nado gadamowmebis Semdeg redaqcias ar eqneba sakmarisi safuZ-
veli, darwmundes mis utyuarobaSi da imaSi, rom masalis gamoq-
veyneba sazogadoebis interesebSia.
4) simarTle ar iZleva safuZvels imisaTvis, rom gamoqveyndes da-
mamcirebeli, uRirsi da cilismwamebluri masala kerZo piris
winaaRmdeg im SemTxvevebSi, Tu sakiTxisadmi sazogadoebrivi
interesi ar arsebobs.
126 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
5) dauSvebelia raime personaluri gamonaTqvamis gamoqveyneba,

romelic mimarTulia gardacvlili piris winaaRmdeg da SeiZ-
leba, damamcireblad CaiTvalos, garda im iSviaTi SemTxveve-
bisa, rodesac sakiTxisadmi sazogadoebrivi interesi arsebobs,
radgan micvalebuls ar ZaluZs uaryos an daupirispirdes mis
mimarT gamoTqmul SeniSvnebs.
6) presa ar unda daeyrdnos romelime moqalaqis sakmaod saeWvo
monaTxrobs da gamoaqveynos misi RvarZliani komentari am ada-
mianis Tavxedur qmedebebze dayrdnobiT. Tu sazogadoebrivi
sikeTe aseTi informaciis gamoqveynebas moiTxovs, presam ma-
salis publikaciamde unda gaarkvios, Tu ra qmedebebia mosa-
lodneli saqmeSi CarTul uflebamosil pirTagan, Tu aseTi ram
saerTod SesaZloa mohyves msgavs arasasurvel qmedebebs.
7) presa movalea, mas aqvs diskrecia da ufleba, emsaxuros sazo-
gadoebriv interesebs saeWvo warsulisa da reputaciis adami-
anebisadmi mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobis gziT. magram, ro-
gorc pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT aRsavse Jurnalistebma, maT
unda gamoiCinon saTanado sifrTxile da TavSekaveba, raTa sa-
kuTari Sexedulebebisa da daskvnebis safuZvelze am pirebs
`mkvlelis~ an `TaRliTis~ iarliyebi ar miakeron. adamianis da-
danaSaulebis mTavari safuZveli unda gaxdes dadasturebuli
faqtebi da ara braldebulis cudi xasiaTis Tvisebebi. mxilebis
survilis gamo presam ar unda daarRvios eTikuri windaxedu-
lobisa da samarTliani komentaris farglebi.
8) rodesac sakamaTo publikacia aSkarad zians ayenebs momCivanis
reputacias, simarTlis mtkicebis tvirTi da imis dadastureba,
rom publikacia safrTxes uqmnis keTilsindisier komentarsa
da sazogadoebriv interess _ mopasuxis mxaresaa.
presis uflebebi sajaro moxeleTa

saqmianobisa da qcevis komentirebisas
9) ramdenadac adgilobrivi xelisufleba da sxva institutebi

axorcieleben saxelisuflebo mmarTvelobas, maT ar SeuZliaT,
waradginon saCivari im saqmianobasa da qcevasTan dakavSire-
buli zaralis gamo, rac maT mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobebis
kodeqse bis SerCe
aRsrulebas ukavSirdeba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac

moxele adasturebs, rom publikacia faqtebis uxeSi da-
maxinjebiTaa momzadebuli. Tumca am wesidan gamonakliss war-
moadgenen: sasamarTlo, romelsac ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlos
SeuracxyofisaTvis dasajos piri; parlamenti da kanonmdeb-
lebi, romelTac privilegiebi indoeTis konstituciis 105-e
da 194-e muxlebiT aqvT miniWebuli.
10) sajaro moxeleebze, romlebic gamoZiebas awarmoeben, axali am-
bebis, komentaris/informaciis publikaciam ar unda miiRos
iseTi tendenciis saxe, rom xeli Seuwyos danaSaulis komisias
an xeli SeuSalos danaSaulis prevencias an gamoZiebas an dam-
naSavisaTvis bralis wayenebas. sagamoZiebo organoebs aseve
aqvT Sesabamisi valdebuleba, ar gaamJRavnon da ar dauSvan ase-
Ti saxis informaciis gaJonva an xeli Seuwyon dezinformaciis
gavrcelebas.
11) 1923 wlis saxelmwifo saidumlos Sesaxeb kanonSi, an msgavs saka-
nonmdeblo aqtebsa Tu debulebebSi arsebuli SezRudvebi,
romelTac kanonis Zala aqvT, Tanabrad vrceldeba presaze Tu
mediaze. Tumca saxelmwifos an mis moxeleebs arc erTi kanoniT
aqvT miniWebuli uflebamosileba, akrZalon an raime winaswari
SezRudvebi moaxvion Tavs medias.
12) kargi iumoriT Sesrulebuli komiqsebi da karikaturebi unda
ganTavsdes axali ambebis specialur kategoriaSi, sadac maT
mimarT SedarebiT liberaluri damokidebulebaa.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba
13) presa ar unda SeiWras piris pirad cxovrebaSi da ar unda da-

arRvios es ufleba, Tu WeSmaritad sazogadoebrivi interesi,
da ara ubralo gadametebuli cnobismoyvareoba ar gadaswonis
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. Tumca, mas Semdeg,
rac sakiTxi sazogadoebrivi gansjis sagani gaxdeba, piradi
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba aRar moqmedebs da sxva sa-
SualebebTan erTad, presasa da medias komentaris gakeTebis
legitimuri ufleba aqvT.
ganmarteba: piradi cxovrebis cneba moicavs yvelafers, rac ukav-
128 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Sirdeba pirovnebis saxels, ojaxs, religias, janmrTelobas, seq-

sualur orientacias, pirad cxovrebasa da sakiTxebs, garda im Sem-
Txvevebisa, rodesac CamoTvlilTagan romelime sazogadoebasTan
an sazogadoebriv interesTan modis konfliqtSi.
14) identificirebis Tavidan arideba: ar unda moxdes pirovnebis
identificireba, rodesac danaSaulis gaSuqeba exeba gaupati-
urebas, bavSvebis an qalebis gatacebas, bavSvebze seqsualur
Zaladobas, eWvebisa Tu kiTxvebis gamoTqmas qalwulobasTan,
qalebis pirovnul TvisebebTan da pirad cxovrebasTan dakav-
SirebiT... ar unda moxdes msxverplTa saxelebis, fotoebisa an
sxva maxasiaTeblebis miTiTeba, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZle-
beli gaxdeba maTi identificireba.
15) dauSvebelia seqsualuri Zaladobis an `ZaldatanebiTi qorwi-
nebis~ an ukanono seqsualuri kavSiris Sedegad dabadebuli
bavSvebisa da axalSobilebis identificireba an maTi fotog-
rafireba.
satelefono saubrebis da interviuebis Cawera
16) presam ar unda moaxdinos meore piris saubris audio firze

Cawera, am pirovnebis informirebisa da Tanxmobis gareSe, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac faruli Canaweri aucilebelia sasa-
marTlo procesze Jurnalistis dasacavad an sxva raime sazo-
gadoebrivi sikeTisaTvis.
17) yvela Seuracxmyofeli epiTeti, romelic respondentma Jurna-
listTan saubarSi gamoiyena, publikaciamde presam masalidan
unda amoiRos.
18) Jurnalistma Tavi unda aaridos fotogadaRebas piradi mwuxa-
rebis momentebSi, Tumca ubeduri SemTxvevebis an stiqiuri ube-
durebebis msxverplTa fotoebi sazogadoebis did interess
aRZravs.
varaudi, komentari da faqti
19) gazeTebma ar unda gamoaqveynon da wamoWran varaudi, msjeloba

an komentari rogorc dadasturebuli faqti. yvela es katego-
ria mkafiod unda iyos gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.
kodeqse bis SerCe
danaSaulis miniSnebaze Tavis arideba
20) gazeTebi unda moeridon miniSnebiT, asociaciiT piris dada-

naSaulebas. maT ar unda moaxdinon msjavrdebuli an danaSa-
ulSi eWvmitanili piris ojaxis, naTesavebis an axloblebis
identificireba an dasaxeleba, rodesac isini sruliad udana-
Sauloni arian da maTze miniSneba ar ukavSirdeba publikaciaSi
gadmosacem Temas.
21) Jurnalistur normebs ewinaaRmdegeba isic, Tu gazeTi saku-
Tari Tavis romelime dainteresebul mxaresTan identifici-
rebas axdens da nebismieri winaaRmdegobrivi, sakamaTo sakiTxis
ganxilvisas warmoadgens am mxaris interesebs.
Sesworebebi
22) faqtobrivi Secdomis aRmoCenisa da dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi,

gazeTma dauyovnebliv da Tanazomadi formiT unda gamoaqvey-
nos Sesworeba, moixados bodiSi an gamoxatos sinanuli, Tu saq-
me seriozul lafsusTan gvaqvs.
pasuxis ufleba
23) gazeTi valdebulia, dauyovnebliv da Tanazomadi formiT,

srulad an saTanado redaqtirebiT, safasuris gareSe gamoaq-
veynos pirovnebis pasuxi, romelic Seuracxyofilia saeWvo
publikaciiT. gazeTma unda gamoaqveynos uaryofa/pasuxi/gan-
marteba an gamoxmaureba, redaqtoris saxelze werilis an SeniS-
vnis formiT. Tu redaqtors eWvi epareba am uaryofis/pasuxis/
ganmartebis an gamoxmaurebis simarTleSi an faqtobriv sizus-
teSi, mas aqvs ufleba, publikacias boloSi daurTos saredaq-
cio SeniSvna, romelic eWvqveS ayenebs mopasuxis poziciis nam-
dvilobas, Tumca eWvi unda iyos gonivruli da efuZnebodes
utyuar mtkicebulebebs da redaqciis xelTarsebul sxva Tval-
saCino masalas. aseTi aRiarebis gamoyeneba saWiroa saTanado
diskreciiTa da Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi.
24) im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac uaryofa/pasuxi/ganmarteba an gamox-
130 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
maureba qveyndeba presis sabWos gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad,

mokle saredaqcio SeniSvnis darTva dasaSvebia.
25) pasuxis uflebis moTxovna ar SeiZleba preskonferenciis sa-
SualebiT, radgan msgavsi movlenis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoq-
veyneba redaqtoris diskreciul uflebamosilebas warmoad-
gens.
26) presis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs mkiTxvelis uflebas, flob-
des mravalmxriv informacias sazogadoebrivi interesis sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. amdenad, redaqtorma ar unda Tqvas
uari pasuxis an gamoxmaurebis gamoqveynebaze mxolod im safuZ-
vliT, rom misi SexedulebiT, gazeTSi dabeWdili masala simar-
Tles Seesabameboda. am sakiTxis gansja redaqciam mkiTxvels
unda miandos. es agreTve ar aZlevs nebas redaqtors, gamoamJ-
Ravnos upativcemuloba mkiTxvelis mimarT.
werilebi redaqtors
27) redaqtori, romelic gadawyvets, specialuri sveti dauTmos

sadiskusio sakiTxebze redaqciaSi Sesuli werilebis gamoqvey-
nebas, ar aris valdebuli, gamoaqveynos yvela werili, romel-
sac ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miiRebs. is uflebamosi-
lia, SearCios da gamoaqveynos mxolod zogierTi maTgani an
yvela maTgani an gadmosces am werilebis arsi. Tumca am ufle-
biT sargeblobisas is unda cdilobdes samarTlianobis uzrun-
velyofas, raTa gamoqveynebuli masala ar iyos calmxrivi da
gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebs Soris samarTlian balanss warmo-
aCendes.
28) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakamaTo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT redaqciaSi
Sesul pasuxs ori mxaris morigi Sepasuxeba mohyva, redaqtors
aqvs diskrecia, Tavad gansazRvros romel etapze SeaCeros sa-
diskusio sakiTxis Taobaze svetSi masalebis gamoqveyneba.
uxamsobisa da vulgarulobis Tavidan arideba:
29) gazeTebma/Jurnalistebma ar unda gamoaqveynon uxamsi, vulga-

ruli an sazogadoebis gemovnebis Seuracxmyofeli masala.
kodeqse bis SerCe
30) gazeTebma ar unda gamoaqveynon reklama, romelic vulgaru-

lia, an SiSvel, avxorc pozaSi warmoaCens qals, riTac mamakacTa
yuradRebas izidavs da garyvnilebis provocirebas axdens ise,
TiTqos Tavad qali gasayidad gamotanili uZravi qoneba iyos.
31) suraTis uxamsobis gansasazRvrad arsebobs sami testi. saxel-
dobr:
1. aris Tu ara igi uxamsi da vulgaruli?
2. Seicavs Tu ara igi ubralod pornografiis elements?
3. miznad isaxavs Tu ara publikacia mxolod finansuri
sargeblis miRebas mozardebsa da im adamianebSi seqsualuri
grZnobebis gaRvivebis gziT, vinc sainformacio saSualebis
samizne auditorias warmoadgens? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
xom ar aris es arajansaRi eqsploatacia komerciuli
mogebis miRebis mizniT?
sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad, unda gairkves, aris Tu ara suraTi
Jurnalis Tematikis Sesatyvisi. anu, emsaxureba Tu ara misi
gamoqveyneba raime mometebul socialur Tu sazogadoebriv
miznebs xelovnebasTan, mxatvrobasTan, samedicino kvlevebTan
an seqsis reformasTan mimarTebaSi.
nu ganadidebT Zaladobas
32) gazeTebi/Jurnalistebi unda moeridon Zaladobis scenebis, Se-

iaraRebuli Zarcvisa da teroristuli aqtebis iseTi saxiT
warmoCenas, rac sazogadoebis TvalSi danaSaulebriv qmede-
bebs, gancxadebebsa Tu sikvdils ganadidebs.
socialuri borotebis gandidebis Tavidan arideba
33) gazeTebma ar unda dauSvan mkiTxvelis svetis gamoyeneba iseTi

masalebis gamosaqveyneblad, romlebic socialuri borotebis
waxalisebas isaxaven miznad, rogoricaa magaliTad, `sati
praTa~81 an saCvenebeli ceremonialebi.
81
qmris dakrZalvisas colis msxverplad Sewirva.
132 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
TemTa Soris konfliqtebis gaSuqeba
34) axali ambavi, Tvalsazrisi Tu komentari, romelic Seexeba Tem-

Ta Soris an religiur konfliqts, unda gamoqveyndes mxolod
faqtebis saTanado gadamowmebis Semdeg da warmodgenili iyos
sifrTxiliTa da TavSekavebiT, rac Seesatyviseba TemSi harmo-
niuli, megobruli da mSvidobiani atmosferos Seqmnas. gazeTma
Tavi unda aaridos sensaciur, provokaciul da sagangaSo sa-
Taurebs. Temobrivi Zaladobisa Tu vandalizmis aqtebi ise un-
da gaSuqdes, rom ar Seiryes adamianTa rwmena kanonierebisa da
saxelmwifo aparatis mimarT. gazeTebi unda moeridon areulo-
bis msxverplTa figurebis aRweras an incindentis gadmocemas
iseTi maneriT, romelmac SeiZleba gaaRvivos an gazardos da-
Zabuloba, an xazi gausvas eTnikur an religiur jgufebs Soris
daZabul urTierTobebs an potenciurad gaaRvivos SuRli.
saTaurebi ar unda iyos sensaciuri/provokaciuli

da unda Seesabamebodes dabeWdili masalis Sinaarss
35) zogadad da gansakuTrebiT TemTa Soris uTanxmoebisa Tu

konfliqtis konteqstSi:
a) saWiroa provokaciuli da sensaciuri saTaurebisaTvis
Tavis arideba;
b) saTauri unda Seesabamebodes gamoqveynebuli masalis
Sinaarss;
g) saTaurSi, romelic mtkicebulebis saxis ganacxads Seicavs,
unda iyos miTiTebuli wyaro, an sul mcire citirebis
aRmniSvneli brWyalebi.
miniSnebebi socialur, religiur an eTnikur warmomavlobaze

kastaze, religiaze, an Temze
36) zogadad gazeTma Tavi unda aaridos miniSnebas piris klasobriv

an kastobriv kuTvnilebaze, gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac konteqsti am kastisaTvis damamcirebel mniSvnelobas
atarebs an samarcxvino qmedebas miawers mas.
kodeqse bis SerCe
37) mizanSewonilia, gazeTebi moeridon sityva “Schedules Caste”-

is an “Harijan”82-is gamoyenebas, rac zogierTi adamianis gaRizi-
anebas iwvevs.
38) gazeTma ar unda miuTiTos braldebulis an msxverplis kasturi
an eTnikuri kuTvnileba, rodesac amas araferi aqvs saerTo da-
naSaulTan da ar uwyobs xels rogorc damnaSavis identifici-
rebas, aseve mis mimarT procesiualur qmedebebs, Tu aseTi ram
xdeba.
39) gazeTma ar unda gamoaqveynos iseTi mxatvruli literatura,
romelic damaxinjebulad warmoaCens religiur gmirebs, riTac
arRvevs literaturuli gemovnebis normebs da Seuracxyofs
im sazogadoebis udidesi nawilis religiur grZnobebs, rome-
lic ganadidebs misTvis saTayvanebel da amaRlebul gmirebs.
40) winaswarmetyvelebis, mociqulebis an RmerTebis saxelebis ko-
merciuli eqsploatacia SeuTavsebelia Jurnalistur eTikasa
da gemovnebasTan.
stiqiuri ubedurebebis gaSuqeba
42) aucilebelia iseTi faqtebisa da monacemebis sarwmuno wyaro-

ebTan zedmiwevniT gadamowmeba, romlebic epidemiis gavrce-
lebas an stiqiur ubedurebebs ukavSirdeba da maTi gamoqvey-
neba saTanado sifrTxilisa da sensaciurobis, gadaWarbebis,
varaudebisa da gadaumowmebeli faqtebis gareSe.
uzenaesi nacionaluri interesi
TviTregulirebis farglebSi gazeTebma unda gamoiCinon saTa-

nado TavSekaveba da sifrTxile nebismieri axali ambis, komen-
taris Tu informaciis miwodebisas, romelmac SesaZloa, saf-
rTxe Seuqmnas an ziani miayenos saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis
umniSvnelovanes interesebs, an calkeul individTa uflebebs,
romelTa xelyofa SesaZloa daeqvemdebaros gonivrul Sez-
82
„RvTis xalxi”, am terminiT gandim e.w. „xelSeuxebelni”, umdablesi
socialuri kastis warmomadgenlebi moixsenia.
134 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Rudvebs sityvis da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonisa

da indoeTis konstituciis me-19 muxlis meore punqtis Tanax-
mad.
43) mcdari/arazusti rukis gamoqveyneba, imisda miuxedavad, Tu
ra aris amis mizezi, Zalzed seriozuli danaSaulia, radganac
is zians ayenebs qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas. aseTi Sec-
doma dauyovnebel da Tanazomad Sesworebas da bodiSis moxdas
iTvaliswinebs.
gazeTebs SeuZliaT, amxilon diplomatiuri imunitetis borotad

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi
44) mediam yvela SesaZlo Rones unda mimarTos indoeTsa da uc-

xour saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis, megobruli urTi-
erTobis da urTierTgagebis gansamtkiceblad. imavdroulad,
gazeTis movaleobaa, gamoaaSkaraos diplomatiuri imunitetis
borotad gamoyenebis an Tanamdebobis gamoyenebiT privilegiis
miRebis nebismieri SemTxveva.
sagamoZiebo Jurnalistika, normebi da parametrebi
45) sagamoZiebo Jurnalistika sam ZiriTad elements moicavs:

a) es unda iyos Jurnalistis namuSevari da ara sxvebis, vis
Sesaxebac igi wers;
b) sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxebac mkiTxvelma unda Seityos,
sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani unda iyos;
g) saxeze unda iyos mcdeloba, sazogadoebisaTvis simarTlis
damalvisa.
(I) pirveli norma gamomdinareobs rogorc aucilebeli Sedegi
imisa, rom a) Jurnalistis masala, rogorc wesi, unda
efuZnebodes mis mierve gamoZiebul, mokvleul da
dadasturebul faqtebs _ da ara moarul xmebs an mesame
mxaris mier mowodebul mtkicebulebebs, rac ar aris
gadamowmebuli pirdapir, sarwmuno wyaroebTan uSualod
Jurnalistis mier.
kodeqse bis SerCe
(II ) imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arsebobs konfliqti im

faqtorebs Soris, romlebic gaxsnilobas moiTxovs da im
faqtorebs Soris, romlebic aucilebel gasaidumloebas
saWiroebs, Tavis masalaSi Jurnalistma unda SeinarCunos
saTanado balansi, erTis mxriv, gaxsnilobasa da meores
mxriv, gasaidumloebas Soris, amave dros sazogadoebis
keTildReoba yvelaferze maRla daayenos.
(I I I ) Jurnalistma Tavi unda aaridos zedapirulobisa an
naCqarevi Sedegis miRebis cdunebas, rac samuSaos
sanaxevrod Sesrulebas, arasrul, saeWvo, sarwmuno
wyaroebTan gadaumowmebel faqtebs mohyveba.
(IV) Jurnalisti gansakuTrebulad unda moeridos warmosaxviT
faqtebs, hopoTetur daskvnebsa da raimes `gamoCiCqnas~.
faqtebi, faqtebi da mxolod faqtebia mniSvnelovani,
saWiroa presaSi gamoqveynebamde maTi Semowmeba da roca ki
es SesaZlebelia, gadamowmeba.
(V) gazeTma unda SeimuSaos faqtebis samarTlianobisa da
sizustis mkacri standartebi. saWiroa Jurnalisturi
mignebebis obieqturad warmoCena, yovelgvari gadaWarbebisa
da damaxinjebis gareSe ise, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maT
sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebis Zala hqondeT.
(VI) Jurnalisti ar unda miudges sakiTxs an gamoZiebis Temas
rogorc bralmdebeli an braldebis advokati. man sakiTxi
samarTlianad, zustad da dabalansebulad unda gaaSuqos.
yvela faqti saTanadod unda Semowmdes, garkveviT da
erTmaneTisagan gamijnulad unda gadmoices orive mxaris
pozicia, romelic Tavisufali unda iyos calmxrivi
daskvnebis an usamarTlo komentarisagan. publikaciis toni
da xasiaTi, iseve, rogorc ena unda iyos zomieri da ar
scildebodes wesierebis farglebs; is ar unda iyos
Seuracxmyofeli, RvarZliani, damcinavi an sadamsjelo,
gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac komentari
ukeTdeba iseTi piris mier warmodgenil versias, visi
danaSauli an mcdari qmedebebi gamoZiebis procesSia.
Jurnalistma aseve ar unda awarmoos Zieba da braldebulad
an udanaSaulod cnos piri, visi kriminaluri an sxva saxis
136 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
danaSaulebrivi qmedeba gamoZiebis procesSia, iseTi saxiT

TiTqos is braldebulisaTvis alternatiul sasamarTlo
process awarmoebdes.
(VII ) nebismieri qmedebisas, iqneba es gamoZieba, prezentacia da
publikacia, Jurnalisti/gazeTi unda xelmZRvanelobdes
sisxlis samarTlis im uzenaesi principiT, rom pirovneba
udanaSauloa manam, vidre misi brali ar dadasturdeba
utyuari, damoukidebeli da sando mtkicebulebebiT.
(VIII) sajaro pirsac aqvs piradi cxovrebis ufleba. misi piradi
cxovrebis saaSkaraoze gamotana an masSi SeWra dauSvebelia,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca aSkaraa, rom sajaro piris
araswori qmedeba dakavSirebulia misi Tanamdebobrivi
uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebasTan da mavne
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebiv interesze.
(IX) marTalia, sisxlis samarTlis proceduruli debulebebi
Jurnalistur gamoZiebaze ar vrceldeba, magram
SesaZlebelia fundamenturi samarTlebrivi normebis
adaptireba JurnalistTa saxelmZRvanelo normebad, rac
Tanasworobas, eTikasa da keTilsindisierebas efuZneba.
konfidencialurobis pativiscema
46) saWiroa konfidencialurobis dacva, rodesac informacia kon-

fidencialuri wyarodanaa miRebuli. presis sabWo ver aiZu-
lebs Jurnalists, gaTqvas aseTi wyaro, magram Jurnalisturi
eTikis darRvevad ar CaiTvleba, Tu Jurnalisti nebayoflobiT
gaamJRavnebs Tavis wyaros sabWos winaSe, raTa Tavisi udanaSa-
uloba daadasturos. wyaros konfidencialurobis dacvis wesi
ar gamoiyeneba, rodesac:
a) wyaros Tanxmoba miRebulia mogvianebiT; an
b) saTanado SeniSvnis saSualebiT redaqtorma ganmarta, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom informacia oficialurad
daudasturebeli iyo, igi gamoqveynda sakiTxisadmi
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi interesis gamo.
kodeqse bis SerCe
sifrTxile samarTlebrivi aqtebis kritikisas
47) garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac sasamarTlo sxdoma daxuru-

lia an raime gansxvavebuli formiT mimdinareobs, is Riaa gaze-
TisaTvis da SesaZlebelia mimdinare sasamarTlo procesis ga-
Suqeba samarTlianad, zustad da gonivruli maneriT. Tumca
arsebobs gamonaklisebi da gazeTma ar unda gamoaqveynos ne-
bismieri ram, rac:
_ Tavisi pirdapiri da myisieri efeqtiT qmnis
marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis safuZvlian risks,
abrkolebs da seriozul safrTxes uqmnis mas, an
_ atarebs qveteqsturi komentaris an diskusiis an
dokumentur xasiaTs, rac warmoadgens gazeTis sakuTar
mignebebs, varaudebs, Sefasebebs an komentars iseT
sakiTxebze, rac samarTalwarmoebis procesSia da rac
gazeTis mxridan sasamarTlos funqciebSi SeWrad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos; an
_ Seexeba im braldebulis pirovnul xasiaTs, romelsac
sasamarTloSi konkretuli danaSaulis CadenaSi edeba
brali.
mas Semdeg, rac braldebuls daakaveben da brals wauyeneben,
gazeTma sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos iseTi mtkicebulebebis
gamoqveynebis an komentirebisgan, romlebic Jurnalisturi
gamoZiebis Sedegad aris moZiebuli da rac xels uSlis
sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi: gazeTma
aseve ar unda gamoaqveynos, komentari gaukeTos an Seafasos
braldebulis mier gakeTebuli dausabuTebeli aRiareba.
48) marTalia, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare gaze-
Tebs SeuZliaT, gonivrulobis farglebSi gaakritikon samar-
Tlebrivi aqtebi an gansajon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi,
magram dauSvebelia mosamarTlis ciliswameba an misTvis piradi
motivebiT mikerZoebulobis dabraleba. dauSvebelia sasamar-
Tlos da mTlianad marTlmsajulebis sistemis Seuracxyofa
an mosamarTlis arakompetenturobis Taobaze piradi usafuZ-
vlo gancxadebebis gakeTeba.
49) sifrTxilis mizniT gazeTi unda moeridos usamarTlo da usa-
138 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
fuZvlo kritikas, rac warmoadgens insinuacias mosamarTlis

mier misi samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebasTan
dakavSirebiT maSinac ki, rodesac es kritika didwilad ar war-
moadgens sasamarTlos upativcemulobas.
gazeTebi unda moeridon aSkara komercializacias
50) maSin, rodesac gazeTebi mowodebulni arian yovelgvari ka-

nonieri saSualebebiT uzrunvelyon, gaaumjobeson an gaaZli-
eron TavianTi finansuri sicocxlisunarianoba, presa ar unda
CaerTos aSkara komercializmSi an konkurentebTan iseT uRirs
da mZafr paeqrobaSi, rac SeuTavsebelia da ewinaaRmdegeba ma-
Ral profesiul standartebsa da daxvewil gemovnebas.
51) gazeTebs Soris mtacebluri fasebis politika, dapirispireba,
rac konkurentebis produqciis Sesaxeb damamcirebel gamonaT-
qvamebs Seicavs da presaSi aisaxeba, uweso vaWrobis elfers
iZens da miuRebelia Jurnalisturi eTikisaTvis. am urTier-
Tobebis araeTikur xasiaTs gansazRvravs calkeul SemTxvevas-
Tan dakavSirebuli garemoebebi.
plagiati
52) wyaros miTiTebis gareSe sxvisi naSromis an ideis gamoyeneba

an miTviseba, Jurnalisturi eTikis uxeS darRvevas warmoad-
gens.
axali ambebis unebarTvod miTviseba
53) sxva gazeTebidan axali ambebis amokreba da maTi, rogorc sa-

kuTari informaciis gamoqveyneba, SeuTavsebelia maRali stan-
dartebis JurnalistikasTan. aseTi araeTikurobis Tavidan
asacileblad, masaliT `mosargeble~ gazeTma unda miuTiTos
informaciis wyaro. axali ambebisgan gansxvavebuli viTarebaa
narkvevebTan mimarTebaSi: dauSvebelia narkvevis gamoyeneba
saTanado nebarTvisa da miTiTebis gareSe.
54) presam ar unda gadmobeWdos Seuracxmyofeli fragmentebi an
epizodebi akrZaluli wignidan.
kodeqse bis SerCe
gamouqveynebeli masala avtors ar ubrundeba
55) gazeTi valdebuli ar aris, daabrunos masala, romelic gamoq-

veynebis mizniT redaqciaSi gansaxilvelad gaigzavna. Tumca,
rodesac masala beWdiani konvertiTaa gagzavnili, gazeTma
yvela Rones unda mimarTos werilis dasabruneblad.
reklama
56) komerciuli reklama iseTive informaciaa, rogorc socialu-

ri, ekonomikuri an politikuri informacia. ufro metic, rek-
lama cxovrebis wessa da masTan damokidebulebas iseve ayali-
bebs, rogorc sxva saxis informacia an komentari. Jurnalis-
turi standarti moiTxovs, rom reklama mkafiod unda iyos ga-
mijnuli sxva saredaqcio masalebisgan.
57) gazeTma ar unda dabeWdos raime, rac zians miayenebs sabiTumo
vaWrobas, an Seuracxyofs sazogadoebis romelime Temis Tu
seqtoris religiur grZnobebs.
58) saWiroa im reklamebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic arRveven nar-
kotikebis an saswaulmoqmedi wamlebis Sesaxeb (sakamaTo rek-
lama) 1954 wlis aqtis debulebebs.
59) gazeTebma ar unda gamoaqveynon reklama, romelic Seicavs ra-
ime ukanonos, aralegalurs, an ewinaaRmdegeba karg gemovnebas,
Jurnalistur eTikasa da normebs.
60) gazeTebma unda gansazRvron sareklamo tarifebi. reklamis
damkveTs unda gadaaxdevinon gazeTis mier dawesebuli tari-
febis mixedviT, radgan vinmesTvis arsebul tarifze meti
Tanxis gadaxdevineba gazeTis subsidirebad Sefasdeba.
61) e.w. `faruli~ reklamis gamoqveyneba, romlisTvisac arc safa-
suria gadaxdili da romelic arc reklamis damkveTis mier ar
aris delegirebuli, Jurnalisturi eTikis darRvevad miiCneva.
62) gazeTis yvela egzempliarSi reklamis ganzrax ardabeWdva ar-
Rvevs Jurnalisturi eTikis standartebs da uxeSi profesi-
uli Secdomaa.
63) reklamis gamoqveynebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxis ganxilvi-
sas, gazeTma ar unda moadunos sifxizle an ar dauSvas komuni-
140 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kaciis nakleboba sareklamo ganyofilebasa da saredaqcio de-

partaments Soris.
64) redaqtorebma daJinebiT unda moiTxovon, rom reklamis dasaS-
vebobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, gadamwyveti sityva maT unda
ekuTvnodeT. gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gamo-
saqveynebeli reklama uxamsobisa da wesierebis zRvarzea.
65) redaqtori pasuxismgebeli unda iyos gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
yvela masalaze, maT Soris reklamaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu re-
daqtori uars ambobs pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze, man amis Taoba-
ze winaswar naTlad unda ganacxados.
specializ
specializeebuli seqtori: uest-fransis83 k
uest-fransis odeqsi
kodeqsi
danaSaulisa da ubeduri SemTxv
SemTxveevebis
gaSuqebis Sesax
aSuqebis Sesaxeeb
[fragmentebi]84
1.e.w. kriminaluri ambebi ori TvalsazrisiT aris axali ambebis

qvakuTxedi.
_ mkiTxvelTa TvalsazrisiT, is yuradRebis mipyrobis priorite-
tuli saSualebaa.
_JurnalistTa TvalsazrisiT, aseTi masala fundamenturi profe-
siuli wesebis (faqtebis Semowmeba, damoukidebeli wyaroebi, sagamo-
Ziebo cieb-cxeleba, kritikuli midgoma, operatiuli reagireba, ada-
mianis pativiscema... da es yvelaferi unda miesadagos arastabilur,
rTul, gauTvaliswinebel, aratipiur da riskian teritorias) umaR-
lesi xarisxiT amoqmedebas moiTxovs.
moculobisda miuxedavad, yvela kriminaluri ambavi iuridiul
da eTikur pasuxismgeblobas gulisxmobs. is moiTxovs kanonisa da
83
qveyanaSi yvelaze saukeTeso realizaciis mqone yoveldRiuri gazeTi, sxva
provinciuli gazeTebis msgavsad, didwilad orientirebulia lokalur
Tematikaze.
84
frangul „Code du fait-diversier”-Si, „fait-divers”-Si kriminalur ambebs, rogorc
wesi, xarisxiani gazeTebi mokle informaciebis saxiT aqveyneben.
kodeqse bis SerCe
samarTlebrivi procedurebis minimalur codnas, swori tonalobis

povnis unars.
kriminaluri ambebi adamianebze emociurad moqmedebs. is aRviZebs
grZnobebs, cdis sindiss da sazogadoebaSi arsebul wonasworobas
drodadro arRvevs.
Jurnalisti, romelic samarTlebriv sakiTxebze muSaobs[...], Tavis
publikaciaSi gadmogvcems ambavs, mogviTxrobs gamoZiebisa da Tanm-
devi Sedegebis Sesaxeb _ mudmivad unda cdilobdes marTlmsajule-
bis, Tavisuflebis, individisa da misi uflebebis pativiscemasa da
sxva im Rirebulebebisken swrafvas, rac gazeT ùest-fransisaTvis~
fundamenturia.
II. ZiriTadi principebi
_ kriminaluri ambebi unda iyos gadamowmebuli, zusti, gasagebi

da iTvaliswinebdes publikaciis SesaZlo Sedegebs (im adamianTa beds,
vinc uSualodaa CarTuli kriminalur ambavSi, aris msxverplis an
damnaSavis ojaxis wevri...)
_ faqtebi konteqstidan amovardnilad ar unda gadmoices, vua-
ierizmisTvis yovelgvari daTmobis gareSe.
_ Jurnalisti sistematiurad unda iCendes Tanmimdevrulobas
mcire Tu masStaburi faqtebis gadmocemisas. man Tavi ar unda Seika-
vos, ar unda miubrundes iseT faqtebs, romlebic kvlav burusiT
moculad an gauxsnelad rCeba. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saqmis dasas-
ruli ewinaaRmdegeba Jurnalistis mier adre gamoqveynebul masalebs,
man unda gaaSuqos igi.
_ faqtebi unda iyos gamyarebuli mowmeTa CvenebebiT, intervi-
uebiT, romlebic gvexmareba gaverkveT saqmis arsSi _ agreTve mniSv-
nelovania mkiTxvelis informireba, raTa es ukanaskneli ar gaxdes
msgavsi danaSaulebrivi SemTxvevis msxverpli.
_ Jurnalistebma maqsimaluri sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon mizeze-
bis miTiTebisas, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis warmoCenisas, TiTo-
euli adamianis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas. is, rac erTi Sexed-
viT aSkaraa, SesaZloa, realurad araswori aRmoCndes, wyaroebi ki
presiT manipulirebas cdilobdnen[...]
142 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
V. kriminaluri ambebi da axali ambebis redaqciis moqmedeba
axali ambebis redaqciebSi, sadac specializacia calkeuli mimar-

Tulebebis mixedviTaa, saWiroa kriminaluri ambebis specialisti.
SeuZlebelia kriminaluri ambebis yoveldRiurad momzadeba. ukidu-
res SemTxvevaSi aseTi masalis mosamzadeblad erTi kvira mainc aris
saWiro, raTa Jurnalists faqtebis safuZvlianad garkvevis SesaZleb-
loba hqondes. kriminaluri ambebis momzadeba moiTxovs codnas,
specifikur sagamoZiebo meTodebs, informatorTa qselebs. [...]
gafrTxileba: is, rac TiTqosda aSkaraa, SesaZloa marTali ar aR-
moCndes. policiis wyaroebi xSirad zedmetad Tavdajerebulni arian.
sifrTxiliT miudeqiT gamoZiebis dros gakeTebul aRiarebebs.
araneitraluri sityvebi. modiT, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT

movekidoT leqsikas, romelsac viyenebT [...]. modiT, avkrZaloT saw-
yeni sityvebi, romelTa Secvlac ase advilia, modiT, avkrZaloT iseTi
frazebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv azrsa da nafic msajulebs
ubiZgeben imisaken, rom braldebuli damnaSaved scnon (magaliTad,
`policiisaTvis kargad cnobili pirovneba~, [...] `mkvleli uars ambobs
aRiarebaze~).[...]
qveda instanciis sasamarTloebi. qveda instanciis sasamarTlo-

ebis gaSuqeba zRva informacias iZleva samarTaldarRvevebisa da
sazogadoebis evoluciis Sesaxeb. am Tematikis gaSuqebam ar unda mi-
iRos gakicxvis saxe! SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba ganxiluli unda iyos
rogorc socialuri movlena, saxelebisa da gvarebis identificire-
bis gareSe. [...]
mniSvnelovania ara konkretuli adamianis mxileba, aramed Tadav
faqti da misgan gamomdinare sasjeli (“ra memuqreba me, Tu msgavsi
ubedureba gadamxdeba Tavs?”) [...]
VI. mcire gzamkvlevi kriminalur ambebze

momuSave JurnalistisaTvis
ubeduri SemTxvevebi. is saqmeebic ki, romelTa Sesaxebac poli-

ciis angariSebSia aRniSnuli, sifrTxiliT unda gaSuqdes. aseTma pub-
kodeqse bis SerCe
likaciam SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-

baze.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme gzebs an sagzao moZraobis regulirebas
exeba, ubeduri SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb informacias saTanado mtkice-
bulebebi esaWiroeba [...]
TviTmkvlelobebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, ar

unda moxdes identificireba. [...]
msubuqi danaSauli. cxadia, Jurnalisti Tavisufalia, Seafasos

faqtebisa da konteqstis mniSvneloba. praqtika cxadyofs, rom gun-
duri dialogi da ierarqia Tanmimdevrulobisa da samarTlianobis
saukeTeso garantiaa.
[...] nu moaxdenT im adamianebis identificirebas, visac saqmesTan
pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs. saTaurebSi nu miuTiTebT profesiul,
eTnikur an religiur kuTvnilebas, magaliTad, `mkvleloba fsiqi-
atris mier~, `qurdi mexanZre iyo~, àlJireli mZarcveli~...
moerideT garkveuli frazebis rasistul konotacias: nu dawerT
`mahmadiani grangi~, gana, ityodiT `kaTolike grangs~? nu gamoiyenebT
damamcirebel terminebs... Tu eWvmitanili ucxoelia (gadaamowmeT
faqti), daazusteT, ra erovnebisaa igi da cxovrobda Tu ara safran-
geTSi.
gaupatiureba. nu miuTiTebT msxverplis saxels an raime iseT de-

tals, romelic msxverplis identificirebas gaaadvilebs (Tu msxver-
pli Tavad ar moiTxovs misi saxelis gamoqveynebas, rac gaTvaliswi-
nebulia 1980 wlis 23 dekembris kanonis 39-e muxlis mixedviT).
incesti. kanonmdebloba aseT SemTxvevebSi anonimurobis srul

dacvas moiTxovs. identificireba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi,
Tu sasamarTlo qmedeba msxverplis mieraa inicirebuli da is Tavad
aris dainteresebuli saqmis gaxmaurebiT.
arasakadrisi sajarooba. yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bralde-

bulis vinaobis dasaxelebas SesaZloa Sedegad arasrulwlovani
msxverplis identificireba mohyves, saWiroa anonimurobis dacva.
144 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilis gamoCenaa saWiro gamoZiebis mimdina-

reobis procesSi.[...]
infanticidi (axalSobilTa mkvleloba). maqsimaluri taqtiTa da

gonierebiT aRwereT garemoebebi, konteqsti, socialuri garemo, ra-
Ta Tavi aaridoT vinmes Sercxvenas an damcirebas. es yovelive Tanagr-
Znobasa da saTanado gansjas moiTxovs. sasamarTlo procesamde sa-
Wiroa anonimurobis absoluturi dacva, mcire gamonaklisebis gar-
da. [...]
145
nawili mesame
nawili
xarisxis
kontr oli
ontroli
146 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
147
Tavi I
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSvalde
ariSvalde bule
aldeb bis
ulebis
sistemebi
sistemebi
media eTika erTi umwvavesi problemis winaSe dgas:

moZebnos mis mierve aRiarebuli normebis ganxorci-
elebis saSualebebi, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arasamTav-
robo, TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi. rogor SeiZleba,
aiZulo adamiani, kargad moiqces? aq SesaZlebelia sami
saxis zewolaze visaubroT. adamianuri sijiute auci-
lebels xdis, sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis keTildRe-
obidan gamomdinare, adamianze garegani fizikuri ze-
moqmedeba ganxorcieldes. adamianuri keTilSobileba
mas principebisa da faseulobebis mimarT mgrZnobiares
xdis _ Sedegad viRebT Sinagan moralur zemoqmedebas.
adamianuri ambivalentoba (Sinagani winaaRmdegobri-
oba) SesaZlebels xdis, garegani moraluri zemoqmedeba
sakmarisi aRmoCndes; am zemoqmedebis Sedegad, profe-
siuli eTikis normebis darRveva iwvevs sazogadoebis
mier sxvaTa qmedebebis gakicxvas Tu maT upativcemu-
lobas.
saukuneebis manZilze am sami sasjelidan presaSi
mxolod pirveli ori gamoiyeneboda. Rirseuli Jurna-
listi Tavis sindiss emorCileboda; uprincipo, daqi-
ravebul Jurnalists ki saqme policiasTan da sasamar-
TlosTan hqonda. 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi aseve auci-
lebeli xdeba mesame tipis sasjelis gamoyeneba, rac
Tavisufali da demokratiuli presis aucileblobas
ukavSirdeba. axla, rodesac media did biznesad iqca,
148 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
individualuri sindisi araadekvaturia. samarTlebrivi Tvalsazri-

siT, mosamarTleebi da policia maincdamainc sandoni ar arian, rad-
ganac maT metismetad xSirad iyeneben presis CasaCumeblad.
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemis cneba gulisxmobs nebismier
arasaxelmwifo saSualebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogado-
ebis winaSe mediis pasuxismgeblobas. imis gamo, rom xsenebuli cneba
globaluria, is sakmaod bundovania. is moicavs calkeul pirebs da
jgufebs, regularul Sexvedrebs, werilobiT dokumentebs, `mcire~
medias, an isev da isev xangrZliv process an gansakuTrebul midgomas.
rogorc wesi, mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi mxolod mora-
luri zewolis gziT moqmedeben. Tumca am sistemebis zemoqmedeba Se-
iZleba gaZlierdes media aRmasrulebelTa mier an winaswar arsebuli
kanonieri valdebulebebis amoqmedebis gziT.
safrangeTSi, SeerTebul Statebsa da msoflios danarCen qveynebSi
eTikaze `saubari~ 1960-ian wlebSi gaxda moduri, Tumca Zalzed iSvi-
aTad fiqrobs vinme realurad raimes `gakeTebaze~. erTob samwuxaroa,
rom Jurnalistebi, romlebic eTikaze weren wignebs, erTgvari ironi-
iT arideben Tavs rCevebs, romlebic eTikuri normebis praqtikuli
ganxorcielebis raime meTods Seexeba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi Jurna-
listTa umravlesoba ignorirebas uwevda mediis angariSvaldebule-
bis yvela sistemas an uaryofda im motiviT, TiTqosda es sistemebi
presis Tavisuflebas, adamianis uflebebsa da demokratias safrTxes
uqmnida. cnobili frangi mimomxilveli sakmaod TavSeukaveblad acxa-
debda, rom `nebismieri eTikuri zedamxedveloba totalitaruli iq-
neboda!~ zogierTebs qcevis kodeqsis xsenebac ki akargvinebs wonas-
worobas. ase rom, mocemuli Tavi anaTema iqneba mravali media pro-
fesionalisaTvis, evropeli iqneba is, Tu amerikeli.
1. monawilee
monawilee bi
wileebi
vinc ki mediis mier sazogadoebisaTvis SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis

xarisxis Semowmebas moiwadinebs, pirvel rigSi, unda darwmundes, rom
mediam Tavis upirveles miznad sazogadoebis samsaxuri daisaxa.
Semdgom unda dadgindes sazogadoebis survilebi da moTxovnilebebi
da akmayofilebs Tu ara media sazogadoebis moTxovnebs.
am saqmeSi CarTul samive mxares (mflobeli, profesionali, momx-
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 149
sistemebi
marebeli) SeuZlia, sxvadasxva meTodiT Caataros Semowmeba, erTob-

livad iqneba es Tu cal-calke. kanonmdebelTa am procesSi monawi-
leoba rekomendirebuli ar aris, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi, magali-
Tad, indoeTSi aseTi praqtika arsebobs da mciredi Carevis SemTxve-
vaSic ki, problemebs qmnis. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes
aseT procesebSi, garda Tavdapirveli gafrTxilebisa, rom medias xSi-
rad esaWiroeba TviTregulireba.
media mflobelebi
arsebobs molodini, rom media mflobelebma Tavad unda Seqmnan

xarisxis kontrolis sakuTari sistemebi, magram garedan zewolis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, Zalzed cotas Tu ganuxorcielebia es. maT
sakuTari eTikis kodeqsic ki ar SeuqmniaT, rom araferi vTqvaT mis
ganxorcielebaze. monopoliis pirobebSi, warmateba da keTildReoba
sindisis grZnobas miaZinebs xolme, konkurentul garemoSi ramode-
nime arakeTilsindisier adamians, romelic uaryofs nebismier eTikas,
SeuZlia, aiZulos sxvebi, mis magaliTs misdios.
redaqtorebi da axali ambebis komentatorebi
aSkaraa, rom kodeqsis realurad ganxorcielebis umartivesi, uia-

fesi da yvelaze qmediTi saSualeba am funqciis axali ambebis redaq-
ciebis aRmasrulebelTaTvis delegirebaa. am funqciis ganxorciele-
ba advilia, rodesac kodeqsi dasaqmebis kontraqtSia gaTvaliswine-
buli: kodeqsis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi reagireba (sayveduri, daqve-
iTeba, kontraqtis SeCereba, samsaxuridan daTxovna) SeiZleba iyos
swrafi, dauyovnebelic ki.
magram Tu xelmZRvaneloba damoukideblad moqmedebs, mosalod-
nelia savalalo Sedegebi. axali ambebis ganyofilebis xelmZRvane-
loba sakmaod gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSia: isini erTdroulad warmo-
adgenen rogorc Jurnalistebs, aseve didwilad mesakuTris agentebs.
imdenad, ramdenadac menejmentis upirvelesi amocana swrafi da maq-
simaluri mogebaa, is maincdamainc ver izrunebs eTikaze (=karg sa-
zogadoebriv momsaxurebaze).85 is, albaT, aRmoCndeba cdunebis winaSe,
85
“El Pais”-is (espaneTi), “The Guardian”-is (didi britaneTi), “New York Times”-is
(SeerTebuli Statebi) gonieri gamomcemlebi acnobiereben im
perspeqtivas, romelic xarisxian Jurnalistikas moaqvs.
150 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
moaxdinos zogierTi mcire Secdomis ignorireba, Tu es mis intere-

sebSia. sazogadoebis aRSfoTebis SemTxvevaSi, man SesaZloa, Jurna-
listi gantevebis vacad gamoiyenos _ rom araferi vTqvaT kodeqsis
gamoyenebaze im TanamSromelTa mimarT, vinc saerTo wesebSi ar ewe-
rebian.
axali ambebis Jurnalistebi
cxadia, axali ambebis Jurnalistebi yvelaze rTul mdgomareobaSi

arian, radgan, rogorc wesi, maT usamarTlod Tvlian produqciis
uxarisxobaze pasuxismgeblad. RTNDA86-is kodeqsis adreuli versia
ase mTavrdeboda: `mauwyeblobis Jurnalistebma aqtiurad unda dag-
mon Jurnalisturi standartebis darRvevis faqtebi da ecadon ar
dauSvan aseTi SemTxvevebi da aqtiurad mouwodon yvela Jurnalists,
daicvan dadgenili normebi~. realurad, marTalia, kavSirebi da aso-
ciaciebi qmnian disciplinarul komitetebs, magram isini yovelTvis
enTuziazmiT rodi mimarTaven sadamsjelo zomebs.
arab JurnalistTa federaciis kodeqsi (1972) moiTxovs, rom pro-
fesionalebma amxilon kolegebi, Tu isini Secdomebs uSveben. ès mi-
uRebelia~ dasavlur demokratiebSi _ magram gana kolegaTa solida-
roba sakmarisia eTikuri normebis iseTi seriozuli darRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi, rogoricaa sistematiuri TaRliToba, SantaJi an sadazvervo
samsaxurebTan faruli muSaoba?
Teoriulad, gamomcemlebisa da Jurnalistebis nebayoflobiTi
TanamSromloba im mizniT, rom aiZulon presa, socialuri pasuxism-
geblobiT imoqmedos, efeqturi da martivi gamosavali iqneboda, mag-
ram SesaZloa, sazogadoeba aseT TanamSromlobas naklebad endos.
gamocdileba87 aCvenebs, rom gildiis msgavsi nebismieri profesiuli
kavSiri upiratesobas sakuTar interesebs aniWebs da TviTkritikas
ugulebelyofs.
86
SeerTebuli Statebis radiosa da televiziis axali ambebis redaqtorTa
asociacia.
87
magaliTad, britanuli warmomavlobis “General the Council of Press” (1953-1963),
romlis SemadgenlobaSi sazogadoebriobis warmomadgenlebi ar
Sediodnen.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 151
sistemebi
mediis momxmareblebi
eTikis Sesaxeb debatebis dros maT xSirad iviwyeben. Tavad mediis

momxmareblebi, samwuxarod, fiqroben, rom Tu sasamarTlos ar mimar-
Tes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini mediis winaSe uZlurni arian. magram
momxmarebeli didi enTuziazmiT rodi midis sasamarTloSi _ mas
SesaZloa, arc arasodes miemarTa sasamarTlosTvis, rom arsebobdes
raime sxva gza, romliTac is Tavis xmas miawvdens sazogadoebas. SeuZ-
liaT Tu ara momxmareblebs marto moqmedeba? iqneb momxmarebelTa
uflebebis dacvis asociaciebi erT mSvenier dRes bolos da bolos
ise Sewuxdnen mediis problemebiT, rogorc didi xania wuxan iogur-
tis, mikrotalRovani Rumelebis da sabanko momsaxurebis gamo. aqti-
ur moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, Seikribon da socialuri komunikaciis eqs-
pertebTan erTad kritikulad gaaanalizon is Sinaarsi, rasac media
momxmarebels sTavazobs, miiRon saCivrebi sazogadoebisagan da
msvleloba miscen maT. momxmarebelTa mxridan aseTi reagirebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mosalodnelia, rom profesionalebi maTi mxridan yvela
darRvevas uaryofen. Tanac maTTvis Zalzed advili iqneboda kriti-
kosebisaTvis erTaderTi iaraRi _ qmedebebis sajarooba _ waerTmiaT.
Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac interneti xelmisawvdomia, es sakiTxi amowu-
rulia.
amgvarad, profesionalebisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba,
rogorc Cans, xSirad gardauvalia. profesionalebma ukeT ician, Tu
rogor gaxadon media ukeTesi da saTanado motivaciac aqvT amis sa-
keTeblad, magram Zalzed cotani da mgrZnobiareni arian saimisod,
rom politikur Tu ekonomikur Zalebs marto daupirispirdnen. maT
mediis momxmarebelTa masebis mxardaWera sWirdebaT, saarCevno xme-
bisa da msyidvelTunarianobis uzarmazari potencialis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT.
mokle istoria
`mediis angariSvaldebulebis yvela is sistema~ (MAS), romelic

am naSromSia warmodgenili, realurad arsebobs. isini ukve gamocdi-
lad da damakmayofilebladaa miCneuli. 1960-ian wlebamde `mediis
angariSvaldebulebis sistemebisadmi~ interesi susti iyo, winaaRm-
152 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
degobis daZleva SemdgomSi SeerTebul StatebSi moxerxda. ramode-

nime simboluri movlena evoluciis niSani gaxda. 1967 wels SeerTe-
bul StatebSi adgilobrivi presis sabWoebi Seiqmna da yoveldRiur
gazeTSi pirveli ombudsmeni dainiSna; 1968 wlidan metismetad
warmatebulia kritikuli `Jurnalisturi mimoxilvebi~. mogvianebiT,
1971 wels, minesotaSi regionaluri presis sabWo Camoyalibda, xolo
1973 wels _ axali ambebis erovnuli sabWo. es siaxleebi or cvlile-
baze migvaniSnebs: zogierTma mflobelma aRiara, rom mis TanamSrom-
lebs hqondaT `xmis ufleba~, zogierTma Jurnalistma ki aRiara, rom
sazogadoebasac aqvs azris gamoTqmis ufleba.
70-iani wlebis dasasruls, SeerTebuli Statebis miRma, did
yuradRebas uTmobdnen `presis sabWoebs~, rodesac iunesko, presis
saerTaSoriso instituti, evropis sabWo da StatebSi, me-20 saukunisa
da meietis fondebi simpoziumebsa da eqsperimentebs afinansebdnen.
iyo am Temaze moxsenebebis, statiebisa da wignebis mozRvaveba. presis
sabWo potenciurad yvelaze efeqturi angariSvaldebulebis
sistemaa, radgan is mediis samive protagonists aerTianebs, Tumca
is erTaderTi sistema ar aris: sul mcire oTxmoci aseTi sistema
arsebobs. zogierTi, romelic yuradRebis miRma darCa, ueWvelad ar-
sebobs, amave dros mudmivad xdeba axlis SemuSaveba.
ZiriTadi saSuale
ZiriTadi be
saSualebebi
bebi
treiningi
xarisxis TvalsazrisiT umetesi problemebis grZelvadian pers-

peqtivaSi gadawyveta swored treiningebis gziT xdeba. es aris: erTis
mxriv, moqalaqeTa ganaTleba, Tu rogor gamoiyenon media da meores
mxriv, umaRlesi ganaTleba profesionalTaTvis. Zveleburi stiliT
samuSao adgilebze treiningebis Catareba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT
gamarTlebuli, Tumca amave dros sakmaod ganuWvretadi nabijic iyo
_ xolo dRevandelobis moTxovnebs is saerTod ver pasuxobs. uni-
versitets SeuZlia, Jurnalistebs misces (a) zogadi kultura, (b)
specializirebuli codna konkretul sferoSi, da (g) eTikuri norme-
bis gacnobierebis unari88. swored am gziTaa SesaZlebeli, momavali
88
magram SeerTebul StatebSi Jurnalistikis profesorTa ori mesamedi
iSviaTad, an saerTod ar kiTxulobs sakuTriv eTikis kurss. “Editor a
Publisher”, 1998w. 12 seqtemberi, gv.14.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 153
sistemebi
Jurnalisti gaxdes kompetenturi da hqondes pasuxismgeblobis

grZnoba, Sedegad iyos dafasebuli da metad avtonomiuri.
Sefaseba
mediis gaumjobesebis uZvelesi meTodi, romelic uadvilesicaa

da yvelaze miRebulic, aris rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri
kritika. rogorc wesi, is momdinareobs politikosebisagan, cxadia,
biznes liderebisgan, umciresobaTa spikerebisgan, momxmareblebis-
gan, garemos damcvelebisgan da inteleqtualebisgan. magram kritika
sxva ori jgufisganac unda momdinareobdes: pirvel jgufs Tavad
media profesionalebi miekuTvnebian, romelTa sandoobac yvelaze
Zlieria. meore jgufs komunikaciis Semswavleli mecnierebi warmo-
adgenen, romelTac Sefasebis procesSi mecnieruli meTodebis gamo-
yeneba xelewifebaT.
monitoringi
monitoringis aucilebloba gansakuTrebulia dRes, rodesac me-

dia produqcia gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania da sul ufro izr-
deba iseTi media saSualebebis ricxvi, romelTa sicocxlisunariano-
ba sakmaod xanmoklea. monitoringis aucilebloba mediis iseTi Zne-
ladSesamCnevi codviTacaa ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa gamotovebebi.
mxolod damoukidebel, swavlul eqspertebs SeuZliaT SemogvTava-
zon mediis farTomasStabiani kvleva, misi Sinaarsobrivi analizi xan-
grZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi da maTi grZelvadiani efeqtebis
kvleva.
ukukavSiri
rogor SeiZleba mediam iocnebos sazogadoebis kargad momsaxure-

baze, Tu is ar ismens mediis sxvadasxva kategoriis momxmarebelTa da
yvela socialuri institutis wevrTa moTxovnebsa da saCivrebs?
kvlevebi aCvenebs, Tu ra xSiria gansxvaveba momxmareblis gemovnebasa
da im warmodgenebs Soris, romelic mediis aRmasruleblebs momxmare-
belTa gemovnebaze aqvT. gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni ukeT unda iyvnen
154 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
informirebulni, vidre es gayidvebisa da reitingebis skurpulozuri

Seswavlis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli. erTi meTodia gansxvavebul Jur-
nalistTa (qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobani) daqiraveba. am gziT SesaZ-
lebelia meore problemis gadaWra _ umciresobebisaTvis mediis
xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa, sadac isini Tavisi axali ambebisa
da Tvalsazrisis gamoqveynebas SeZleben.
praqtikaSi mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebs SeuZlia, ramo-
denime aseTi midgoma gaaerTianos: iseTi yovelkvireuli gamocema,
rogoricaa àmeriqen jornalizm reviu~89 axorcielebs monitorings,
saSualebas iZleva momxmareblis xmam mediamde miaRwios da informa-
cias awvdis Jurnalistebs. qvemoT mocemulia mediis angariSvaldebu-
lebis sistemebis (arasruli) CamonaTvali, romlebic TavianTi Ziri-
Tadi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviTaa gadmocemuli.
weriTi, samauwy
eriTi, samauwyeeblo da onlain dokumente
dokumente bi
umentebi
eTikis kodeqsi
media profesionalebis mier mowonebuli da ganxiluli kodeqsi

mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis farglebSi ganixileba. TviT
misi arsebobac ki ganapirobebs moralur zemoqmedebas. amerikis Se-
erTebul StatebSi, sadac gazeTebis umravlesobas SemuSavebuli aqvs
qcevis kodeqsi, am tipis dokuments gazeTebi TavianT veb-gverdze
ganaTavseben an drogamoSvebiT aqveyneben kidec _ da am gziT TviTre-
gulirebis procesSi sazogadoebis CarTvas uzrunvelyofen.
1994 wels rus JurnalistTa federaciam miiRo kodeqsi: kodeqsze
xelismoweris sanacvlod, mediis warmomadgenlebi kavSirisgan pro-
fesionalur piradobis mowmobebs (romelTac xels awerda Jurna-
listTa saerTaSoriso federaciis prezidenti) iRebdnen. aRniSnuli
mowmobebi mflobels mravalgvar privilegias aniWebda, magaliTad,
rogoricaa informaciis xelmisawvdomoba da dazRveva.
89
amJamad gamoqveynebulia merilendis universitetis Jurnalistikis skolis
mier, romelsac 1987 wels erT-erTma biznesmenma milioni dolari gadasca,
raTa kargi Jurnalisturi mimoxilva moemzadebina.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 155
sistemebi
Sida memorandumi
axali ambebis ganyofilebaSi redaqtorebi pedagogebis msgavsad

unda iqceodnen: maT drodadro yvelas unda Seaxsenon Jurnalistikis
principebi da Sida regulaciebi im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac arsebobs
xangrZlivi, magram dauwereli tradicia, romelsac mravali wlis
winaT romelime miTiurma Jurnalistma daudo saTave, rogorc es ma-
galiTad, hiubert bok-merma frangul yoveldRiur gazeT `le mon-
dSi~ gaakeTa. `voSington posti~ Tavis `standartebisa da eTikis~ ko-
deqss misi adrindeli mflobelis iujin meieris `principebs~ ukav-
Sirebs (1933).
yoveldRiuri angariSi
TviTkritikuli Sefaseba, romelic axali ambebis redaqciaSi yo-

veldRiurad vrceldeba _ rogorc es porto alegres (brazilia) mTa-
var gazeTSi, ”Zero Hora zero ora”-Si xdeba.
Secdomebis gasworeba
es instrumenti, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba umniSvnelod mogeCvenoT,

Tumca es ase ar aris. jer erTi, rom regulirebis am formis upira-
tesoba is aris, rom igi ufasoa. ZiriTadad is presis tradiciul nak-
lovanebas _ nebayoflobiT aRiaros sakuTari Secdoma _ upirispir-
deba. media angariSvaldebulebis am sistemis meSveobiT, Tuki, cxadia,
igi xilvadia, Jurnalistebi acxadeben, rom aRar aqvT Seumcdarobis
pretenzia. am gziT isini zrdian damajereblobas da amaRleben sa-
zogadoebis ndobas maT mimarT, im stereotipebis sapirispirod, rom-
lebic profesiaSi karga xania fesvmokidebulia.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, lakonuri mea culpa _ Secdomis aRiareba,
SesaZloa safuZvlian da sakmaod mkacr TviTkritikaSic gadaizardos
ise, rogorc es `voSington postis~ ombudsmenis SemTxvevaSi moxda,
mas Semdeg, rac maTma TanamSromelma janet kukma masalis fabrikacia
moaxdina da puliceris premiis ukan dabrunebac mouxda (1981).
156 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
`werilebi redaqtors~
mediis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia sajaro `forumis~ uzrunvel-

yofaa. demokratiis pirobebSi mosaxleobis yvela jgufs esaWiroeba
azris gamoTqma, da ara mxolod iseTi institutebis meSveobiT, ro-
goricaa kavSirebi an eTnikuri asociaciebi. swored es aris mediis
angariSvaldebulebis am sistemis Rirebuleba. 1970-ian wlebSi Se-
erTebul StatebSi es rubrika ise ganviTarda, rom zogierT yovel-
dRiur gamocemaSi saredaqcio statiebTan erTad TiTqmis mTeli
sagazeTo gverdi daikava. es erT-erTi yvelaze kiTxvadi rubrikaTa-
gania. miRebul werilebsa da e.w. `stumris svets~ garkveul dros zo-
gierTi radio da telearxic uTmobs. sul ufro mzardia im media sa-
SualebaTa ricxvi, romlebic mkiTxvelTan pirdapir kavSirs onlainis
meSveobiT amyareben. zogierTi media saSualeba TanamSromlebis
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebis gamoqveynebiT xels uwyobs xse-
nebul process.
veb-ukukavSiri
sul ufro meti gazeTi SesaZlebels xdis, sazogadoebas pirdapiri

xelmisawvdomoba hqondes JurnalistebTan da komentatorebTan veb-
gverdze `mesijebis~ Tu forumis organizebis gziT.
sizustis da samarTlianobis kiTxvari
aseTi kiTxvari drodadro egzavnebaT gazeTSi moxseniebul adami-

anebs90 _ an qveyndeba im mizniT, rom yvela mkiTxvelma Seavsos. mkiTx-
velma unda upasuxos, xom ar SeuniSnavs mas raime faqtobrivi Secdoma
an mikerZoebis niSnebi? meore versiis Tanaxmad, mediis angariSval-
debulebis es sistema sakmaod iafi jdeba, amdenad gakvirvebas iwvevs
is faqti, rom am meTods naklebad mimarTaven.
90
ise, rogorc `Seattle Times~-ma gaakeTa an Tundac yoveldRiurma `Globo~-m
rio de JaneiroSi (brazilia).
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 157
sistemebi
sajaro gancxadeba
cnobili adamianebis mosazrebebs sazogadoebaze udidesi gavle-

nis moxdena SeuZlia. am dros ganmsazRvreli mosaubris maRali sa-
zogadoebrivi mdgomareobaa, rogorc es 1969 wels vice-prezident
egnius mier liberaluri mediis mwvave kritikis SemTxvevaSi iyo; an
gamomsvlelis `frTiani fraza~, rogorc es komunikaciebis federa-
luri komisiis Tavmjdomarem niutin minoum amerikul televiziasTan
mimarTebaSi ixmara, roca mas ùkidegano udabno~ (1961) uwoda; SesaZ-
loa mniSvnelovani iyos orive faqtori, rogorc es presis funqciebis
leniniseul danaSaulebrivi gansazRvrebis SemTxvevaSi iyo. foto-
sac sakmaod didi efeqtis moxdena SeuZlia, aseTi iyo, magaliTad,
suraTi meore vadiT axladarCeuli prezident trumenisa, romelsac
xelSi `Cikago tribunis~ egzempliari eWira, saTauriT `diui imarj-
vebs~.
fasiani Tvalsazrisis gverdi
zogierTi firma (magaliTad, `mobil oili~) an ideologiuri jgu-

febi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yiduloben gverdebs periodul
gamocemebSi, raTa dagmon yovelive, rasac isini mediis codvad mi-
iCneven... 1999 wlis ivlisSi, ormocdaTeqvsmetma gamoCenilma ameri-
kelma mTels SeerTebul StatebSi sagazeTo gverdebi iyida, raTa
protesti gamoeTqva momwamvleli popkulturis winaaRmdeg. msof-
lios sxva qveynebSi am praqtikas erTob iSviaTad mimarTaven.
moqalaqeTa peticiebi
peticia, romelic xelmowerilia asobiT an aTasobiT adamianis mi-

er mediaze pirdapiri zewolis gansaxorcieleblad (magaliTad, adgi-
lobriv telearxze normaluri sabavSvo programis moTxovniT) _ an
reklamis damkveTTa saSualebiT (boikotis muqariT) an romelime ma-
regulirebeli saagentos saSualebiT.
158 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
ganmartebiTi minaweri
sakmaod rTulad misaRebi saredaqcio gadawyvetilebis axsna, ga-

moqveyndes Tu ara esa Tu is statia, foto, karikatura, Tu reklama.
redaqtoris werili/yovelkvireuli biuleteni xelmomwerebs
araregularuli sveti, an CanarTi, Tu fostiT gzavnili publika-

cia, romelSic ganmartebulia gazeTis faseulobebi da regulaciebi,
axsnilia is, Tu rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rogor keT-
deba gazeTi, ra saxis problemebi iCens Tavs muSaobis procesSi. am
gziT sazogadoeba mudmivad aris informirebuli, gazeTis redaqciasa
(an samauwyeblo arxze) mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb.
media gverdi/programa/blogi
aq mocemuli unda iyos ara mxolod informacia mediis Sasaxeb,

aramed misi Sefaseba da kiTxvebic mediis mimarT. dResdReobiT aseTi
gverdebi SeiZleba vixiloT maRali xarisxis yoveldRiur gamocemebsa
da JurnalebSic. yovel orSabaTs `gardiani~ aqveynebs `media gar-
dians~ media samyaros Sesaxeb axali ambebiTa da komentarebiT. analo-
giuri datvirTvis gadacemebi SeiZleba, arsebobdes radiosa da tele-
viziaSi iseTi, rogoricaa `mediauoCi~ _ mediis yovelkvireuli kri-
tika ei-bi-si-s arxze avstraliaSi, an ìnsaid sTori~ (1981-1985), ro-
melic SeerTebul StatebSi arakomerciuli arxis fi-bi-es-is mier
aris momzadebuli. am tipis masalebi SeiZleba qveyndebodes veb-gver-
dze, magaliTad, rogoricaa jim romeneskos yoveldRiuri kritikuli
werilebi media samyaroze, romlebic pointer veb-gverdis eleqtro-
nuli fostiT vrceldeba.
eTikis sveti
regularuli narkvevi profesiul JurnalSi, magaliTad, èditor

end pabliSer~-Si 1999 wlidan arsebuli èTiks qorner~ (eTikis kuT-
xe). an Jurnalistikaze orientirebuli veb-gverdi iseTi, rogoricaa
èTiks jornali~ (eTikis Jurnali) pointeronlinze.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 159
sistemebi
eTikaze orientirebuli veb-gverdi
zogierTi gvTavazobs informacias da rCevas angariSvaldebule-

bis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb (msgavsad JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso fede-
raciis veb-gverdisa afrikeli JurnalistebisaTvis: www.ifj.org/regions/
africa). sxvebi urCeven sazogadoebas, Tu rogor Seafason media (ise,
rogorc jon mak manusis san franciskos bei areas veb-gverdi, rome-
lic telearxebzea fokusirebuli: www.gradethennews.org).
kritikuli veblogebi
aq SesaZlebelia mediis Secdomebis sistematuri Sesworeba (maga-

liTad, www.slipup.com SeerTebul StatebSi); an reklamis damkveTTa
darRvevebis (magaliTad, www.adbusters.org vankuverSi) an Jurnalis-
tTa saCivrebis (rogorc nius meiT saitze, romelsac SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi 1999 wlamde 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi moris tamani xelmZRvanelob-
da) gamoqveyneba.
momxmarebelTa angariSi
momxmarebelTa dacvis jgufi periodulad aqveynebs angariSs da

fokusirebas axdens mediaze. sgavss angariSebs aqveyneben mediaze
orientirebuli moqalaqeTa asociaciebi. SesaZlebelia nebismieri
maTganis mimoxilva an citireba ZiriTad media saSualebebSi.
alternatiuli media
didi raodenobiT informacia, regularuli mediis kritikis CaTv-

liT, romelic sxva gziT ver miaRwevs sazogadoebamde, vrceldeba
partiuli biuletinebis, alternatiuli gazeTebis, politikuri Toq-
Souebis, kerZo, arakomerciuli Fm sadgurebis, adgilobriv sakabelo
sistemaSi daqiravebuli arxebis saSualebiT.
analogiurad, avtoritarul reJimebSi `samizdatis~ (faruli,
iatakqveSa gamocemebi) saSualebiT xdeba informaciis gavrceleba da
regularuli mediis galanZRva _ rogorc amas iatakqveSa an ucxoeTSi
bazirebuli radiosadgurebi, satelituri televiziebi, audio da
video kasetebi akeTeben.
160 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
Jurnalistikis mimoxilva
yovelTviuri Tu kvartaluri, adgilobrivi Tu nacionaluri

Jurnalisturi mimoxilvebi 60-iani wlebidan ZiriTadad qalaqis Tu
qveynis mediis kritikas, damaxinjebebisa Tu gamotovebebis aRnusxvas,
im informaciis gamoqveynebas eZRvneboda, romelTac ugulebelyofda
regularuli media (ix. qvemoT). Zalzed cota Jurnalisturi mimo-
xilva gadaicemoda mauwyeblobis meSveobiT, magram 1990-iani wlebis
Suaxanebidan gamoCnda veb-gverdebze. kiber-mimoxilvebi tradiciuli
gziT Tavs esxmis medias, magram amasTanave SeuZlia SesTavazos Jur-
nalistebs sabWo, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi media saSualebis
Sida saqmianobis gakicxva. erT-erTi aseTi onlain mimoxilva arsebobs
samxreT kaliforniis universitetSi.
dafna da maxvili
es aris gverdi an vebsaiti, ZiriTadi mokle statiebiT, sadac aqe-

ben an amxelen mediis ama Tu im qmedebas, rogorc amas umetes Jurna-
listur mimoxilvebSi sxvadasxva dasaxelebiT akeTeben. es SeiZleba,
iyos Sida biuleteni, rogoricaa `Winners and Sinners~ (`gamarjvebul-
ni da SecTomilni~), romelic `niu iork taimsSi~ vrceldeba.
kritikuli angariSi an wigni
momxmarebelTa asociaciebis (magaliTad, MTT safrangeTSi91) an sa-

xelmwifo institutebis (magaliTad, senatisa SeerTebul StatebSi)
iniciativis safuZvelze, zogjer raime krizisis gamo eqspertTa komi-
tetebis mier Sedgenili angariSebi, aaSkaravebs mediis Secdomebs da
gvTavazobs maTi gaumjobesebis gzebs. tampiris (fineTi) universi-
teti uSvebs yovelwliur wigns Jurnalistur kritikaze, romelic
Jurnalistebisa da media momxmareblebis mieraa dawerili da swav-
lulebis mieraa redaqtirebuli.
gamocemulia mravali wigni92, sadac kritikuladaa Sefasebuli me-
91
telemayurebelTa asociacia safrangeTSi, romelic 1990 wels daarsda da
romelsac ori tradiciulad SeuTavsebeli arasamTavrobo organizacia
uWers mxars. erTi aris skolis maswavlebelTa asociacia, xolo meore _
ojaxTa (kaTolikuri) asociacia.
92
unda aRiniSnos, rom wignis gamomcemlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTSi,
gacilebiT met gambedaobas iCenen, vidre gazeTis gamomcemlebi.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 161
sistemebi
diis saqmianoba. isini dawerili da gamocemulia iseTi profesiona-

lebis mier, rogoricaa ken oleta, an iseTi profesionalis mier, ro-
goricaa leo bogarti; bevri maTgani mecnier-swavlulia, magaliTad,
lari sabati, xolo zogierTi rogorc profesionalis, aseve mecnier-
swavlulis mier _ magaliTad, filip meieris mieraa momzadebuli.93
filmi an satelevizio programa
zogierTi filmi sagazeTo da samauwyeblo samyaros realisturad

(`prezidentis mTeli amala~,1976; `borotebis gareSe~, 1981) an sati-
rulad (`qseli~, 1976) warmoaCens. aseve iqmneba satelevizio seri-
alebi realistur (`lu granti~, 1977-1982) an sarkastul (WKRP cin-
cinatiSi, 1979, merfi brauni 1988-1998) maneraSi.
aqtivistTa biuletenebi
media monitoringis organizaciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, memar-

cxene FAIR (samarTlianoba da sizuste movlenebis gaSuqebisas) xel-
momwerebs eleqtronuli fostiT ugzavnian biuletenebs.
`sasawavlo hospitali~
mediis angariSvaldebulebis es sistema gansakuTrebulia da is

èniston staris~ gamomcemlis mieraa SemoTavazebuli. man 2003 wels
gazeTi gadasca fonds, romelic `sazogadoebrivi Jurnalistikis~
programis gansaxorcieleblad alabamis universitets unda SeerTe-
boda.
ucxouri media
angariSvaldebulebis es sistema ori formiT gvxvdeba. adgilob-

rivi media moicavs satelevizio arxs (magaliTad, es-bi-es-i avstra-
93
K. Auletta, “Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way”, “New York,
Vintage, 1992; L. Bogart, “Commercial Culture”, “The Media System and the Public
Interest’, New York, Oxford U.P. 1995; L. Sabbat, “Feeding Frenzy” “How Attack
Journalism Transformes American Pilitics”, New York, Free Press, 1991; P.Meyer “Ethical
Journalism”, New York, Longman, 1987.
162 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
liaSi) an yovelkvireuli sainformacio gamoSvebebs (msgavsad `kuri-

er internacionalisa~ safrangeTSi), romlebic mTlianad ivseba uc-
xouri mediidan nasesxebi masaliT, rac saSualebas aZlevs momxmare-
bels, Seafasos Tavisi sakuTari media. meore saxeoba moicavs samauw-
yeblo kompanias, sazogadoebrivs (msgavsad bi-bi-si voldisa) an ker-
Zos, romelic saerTaSoriso mauwyeblobisaTvis mokletalRian ra-
dios an satelitur teqnikas iyenebs, rac erovnuli mediisaTvis axali
ambebis miCqmalvas an damaxinjebas arTulebs. garda amisa, maT, visac
xeli miuwvdebaT `veb~-ze, asobiT sxva gamocemasTan erTad SeuZliaT,
waikiTxon `niu iork taimsis~ an `gardian anlimitidis~ onlain gamo-
cemebi.
calkeuli pir
calkeuli ebi, jguf
pire ebi da institute
jgufe bi
institutebi
`Sinauri~ kritika
SeerTebul StatebSi ramodenime gazeTma daiqirava e.w. `Sinauri

kritikosi~. iaponuri `SinSaSicu~ 1922 wlidan arsebobs: `Sinaarsis
Semfasebeli es komisiebi~ yvela ZiriTad yoveldRiurSi, aseve axali
ambebis saagentoebsa da gazeTis gamomcemelTa asociaciebSi gvxvdeba.
yoveldRiurad JurnalistTa gundi skurpulozurad swavlobs gaze-
Tebs da angariSs akeTebs kodeqsis nebismieri darRvevis faqtze. zog
SemTxvevaSi is aseve swavlobs redaqciisaTvis gamogzavnil werilebs
da pasuxobs saCivrebs. swored aq, presis seqtorSia SesaZlebeli, ixi-
lo `xarisxis kontroli~, rac iaponur produqcias msoflio repu-
tacias uxveWs.
gazeTSi SesaZloa, dawesdes regularuli sveti gare kritikisaT-
vis, romelsac, magaliTad, gadamgari Jurnalisti gauZRveba.
eTikis komiteti
an `Statian mimomxilvelTa jgufi~ (e.i. redaqtorTa da Jurnalis-

tTa komisia, romelic rotacias eqvemdebareba). igi iqmneba axali am-
bebis ganyofilebaSi eTikuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis
mizniT. sasurvelia problematuri sakiTxebis winaswari prevencia.
SesaZloa, am jgufs kodeqsis proeqtis Sedgena eTxovos.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 163
sistemebi
eqsperti eTikis sakiTxebSi
gazeTs SeuZlia drogamoSvebiT isargeblos gareSe eqspertis mom-

saxurebiT ise, rogorc es `filadelfia inqvairerma~ erTxel gaakeTa.
media saSualebas aseve SeuZlia, daeyrdnos `Sinaur~ kritikoss an om-
budsmens, romelTac daevalebaT axladayvanil TanamSromelTa gawv-
rTna, maTi eTikuri cnobierebis amaRleba. am mizniT mravali saSu-
alebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, magaliTad, regularuli seminarebis.
reportiorebi
media yovelTvis cdilobs Cumad iyos, roca saqme mis sakuTar biz-
nes exeba. Tumca dResdReobiT, roca socialuri sxeulis nervul sis-
temaSi medias centraluri funqcia akisria, saWiroa sazogadoebis
informireba misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. saWiroa zogierTi Jurnalistis
specializacia swored am mimarTulebiT, raTa man kargad gaaSuqos
da ukompromisod ikvlios sfero. SeerTebul StatebSi erT-erTi
yvelaze cnobili aseTi eqsperti aris devid Sou `los anjeles taim-
sidan~, romelsac 1991 wels media kritikis sferoSi puliceris pre-
mia mieniWa. mis vrcel statiebs (magaliTad, sportul Jurnalisti-
kaze an presisa da politikis urTierTobebze) aqvs rogorc Jurna-
listuri naSromis, aseve samecniero kvlevis xasiaTi.
mamxilebeli
es aris TanamSromeli, romelic samsaxuridan daTxovnisa da gan-

devnis saSiSroebis miuxedavad, amxels media kompaniaSi arsebul dar-
Rvevebs.
momxmarebelTa sakiTxebze momuSave Jurnalisti
is afrTxilebs mkiTxvels/mayurebels iseT reklamasTan dakavSi-

rebiT, romelsac SeuZlia momxmareblis SecdomaSi Seyvana an momxma-
rebelTa saxeliT procesebSi Careva, rogorc es jgufma èqSen la-
inma~ moimoqmeda. msgavsi praqtika 1970-ian wlebSi miRebuli iyo Se-
erTebuli Statebis gazeTebSi.
164 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
TiTqmis analogiuria saCivrebis biuro an momxmarebelTa servis

jgufi (magaliTad, britanuli bi-bi-si-s msgavsad), romelTa kompe-
tenciaSi saCivrebisa da Txovnebis mosmena Sedis.
ombudsmeni
metwilad mediatoris funqcias Tavis Tavze gazeTis mier daqira-

vebuli, gamocdili Jurnalisti iRebs, msgavsad `voSington postisa~
an èl paisisa~ (espaneTi) an samauwyeblo arxisa an, Tundac iseTi didi
dawesebulebisa, rogoricaa kanadis samauwyeblo korporacia. misi
funqciaa, mousminos ganawyenebul mkiTxvels/mayurebels, Seiswav-
los maTi saCivrebi, uzrunvelyos Sesworebis gamoqveyneba, saWiro-
ebis SemTxvevaSi ki bodiSis moxdac ki _ da, Tu saqme seriozulia,
gamoaqveynos Tavisi daskvnebi yovelkvireul svetSi. is kolegebis
pativiscemiT unda sargeblobdes da zemdgomi pirebis SiSi ar unda
hqondes. `mkiTxvelis advokati~ kars uRebs sazogadoebas, adastu-
rebs, rom mediumi mzadaa, gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebis kritika. an-
gariSvaldebulebis am sistemis upiratesoba misi xelmisawvdomoba
da swrafi reagirebaa. rac Seexeba problematur mxares: Tu gvinda,
rom ombudsmeni efeqturi iyos, is ar unda aRiqmebodes arc rogorc
media saSualebis damcveli da arc rogorc momxmareblis rupori.
balansis dacva sakmaod rTulia.
pirveli òmbudsmeni~ `luisvil kurier-Jurnalma~ 1967 wels94 da-
niSna. Tumca, faqtobrivad TviTregulirebis pirveli niSani gaci-
lebiT adre 1913 wels gaCnda, rodesac jozef pulicerma daarsa si-
zustisa da samarTlianobis biuro, romelsac `niu iork vorldis~
mimarT Semosul saCivrebze pasuxis gacema evaleboda.
1989 wels, r. Cendlerma, erTob pativcemulma amerikelma gamomce-
melma analogiuri angariSvaldebulebis sistema SemogvTavaza: es iyo
gazeTis mier dakompleqtebuli arbitrTa jgufi, romelic sakiTxs
ixilavda iseT SemTxvevebSi, Tuki gazeTs ciliswamebis gamo sasamar-
Tlo ganxilva emuqreboda. msajulTa es jgufi gareSe eqspertebisgan
Sedgeboda da maT mier Catarebuli gamoZiebis Sedegebi unda gamoq-
veynebuliyo.
94
SvedeTSi pres ombudsmeni, romelic 1969 wels dainiSna, pres sabWosTanaa
dakavSirebuli, da ara media saSualebasTan.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 165
sistemebi
disciplinaruli komiteti
disciplinaruli komiteti SeiZleba, Seiqmnas JurnalistTa orde-

nis farglebSi (magaliTad, italiuri „ordine dei jiornalisti~) an
iyos gildiis msgavsi asociacia (gazeTis redaqtorTa amerikuli aso-
ciacia ASNE SeerTebul StatebSi), an rogorc evropaSia xSirad apro-
birebuli, JurnalistTa kavSiris farglebSi moxerxdes kodeqsis
dacvis uzrunvelyofa, rac kodeqsis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi,
Jurnalistis kavSiridan garicxviT miiRweva. gamocdileba cxadyofs,
rom komiteti yovelTvis frTxilia da iSviaTad iCens simkacres: is
cdilobs, Tavis wevrebs gamarTleba mouZebnos.
`liazonis~ komiteti
SeerTebul StatebSi am tipis angariSvaldebulebis pirveli sis-

tema `Tavisufali presa/samarTliani gansjis komitetebi~ iyo. igi
miznad isaxavda Jurnalistebisa da iuristebis erTad TavSeyras im
mizniT, rom daxmarebodnen TiToeul jgufs sxvaTa moTxovnebisa da
saWiroebebis gaazrebaSi; aseve oficialuri cenzuris safrTxis Ta-
vidan acilebaSi, magaliTad, iseTis, rogoric britanul medias samar-
Tliani sasamarTlos uzrunvelyofis sababiT Tavs moaxvies. 1970-ian
wlebSi safrangeTSi JurnalistTa kavSirebma, magistratebma da po-
liciam aseTi komiteti Seqmnes. Jurnalistebi iswrafvodnen, daemya-
rebinaT kavSiri im jgufebTan, romlebTan dapirispirebac SesaZloa,
sazogadoebis interesebis xarjze momxdariyo, magaliTad, imigran-
tebis, aseve saprotesto jgufebTan.
mkiTxvelTa komisia
mkiTxvelTa, msmenelTa, an mayurebelTa komisia, romelsac zogjer

`momxmarebelTa Jiurisac~ uwodeben, regularul konsultaciebs
marTavs (yoveldRiurad, an TveSi orjer) imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
rogor afasebs momxmarebeli media produqcias. mexikoSi gazeTebis
e.w. `reformis~ jgufs sxvadasxva sferoebis mixedviT 60-mde mkiTx-
velTa komiteti hyavs Seqmnili.
166 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
mkiTxvelTa klubi
mkiTxvelTa, msmenelTa, an mayurebelTa klubi, romelic iyenebs

saCuqrebs (saRamoebs, bileTebs), raTa moizidos wevrebi da CarTos
isini mediis, metwilad Jurnalebis Sesaxeb mimdinare dialogSi. Tum-
ca, nigeriis periferiebSi didi xania funqcionirebs iseTi institu-
tebi, rogoricaa radio klubebi, romlebic or funqcias asruleben:
erTis mxriv, exmarebian mauwyeblobas, ukeT moemsaxuron sazogado-
ebas, xolo, meores mxriv, _ msmenels, ukeT gamoiyenon es programebi.
adgilobrivi presis sabWo
es termini gulisxmobs regularul Sexvedrebs (xSirad kvarta-

lurs), romlebSic monawileoben sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli moqa-
laqeebi da mediis wamyvani warmomadgenlebi, xolo iniciativa momdi-
nareobs gareSe institutebisgan, rogoricaa Jurnalistikis skola
an momxmarebelTa asociacia, an yvelaze xSirad gamomcemelTa asoci-
acia.95 mediis momxmarebels sTavazoben maTi saCivrebisa Tu survi-
lebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas _ agreTve isini swavloben, Tu ro-
gor moqmedebs media.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi peoriis(ilinoisi) `Jurnal-stari~ Tavisi
gavrcelebis 21 zonidan TiToeulSi yovel diasaxliss Txovda, Caeta-
rebina gamokiTxva samezobloSi, Tu vis ra moswonda, an ra ar mos-
wonda gazeTis muSaobaSi. TveSi erTxel gazeTis ofisSi imarTeboda
lanCi, sadac am originaluri presis sabWos wevrebi warmoadgendnen
TavianTi kvlevis Sedegebs, am Sexvedris mokle reziume ki meore dRes
gazeTis erT an or gverdze ibeWdeboda.
nacionaluri an regionaluri presis sabWoebi
yvelaze cnobili mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi skandina-

viur, germanikul da anglo-saqsur demokratiebSi _ aseve iseT gan-
sxvavebul qveynebSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, Cili, tanzania, fiji, israeli,
95
gazeTs ufro Sors SeuZlia wavides (ise, rogorc portlendis, oregonis
“Press-Herald”) da Tavis komitetSi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi
Seiyvanos.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 167
sistemebi
tailandi da estoneTi. dResdeobiT Cveulebrivad iTvleba, roca presis

sabWo krebs media mflobelTa, JurnalistTa da sazogadoebis warmo-
madgenlebs mediis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli saCivrebis gansaxilvelad _
da presis Tavisuflebis dasacavad. presis sabWos erTaderTi iaraRi
misi gadawyvetilebebis gamoqveynebaa (ix. qvemoT).
erovnuli ombudsmeni
ombudsmeni iniSneba presis mier im mizniT, rom man izrunos sazo-

gadoebis mxridan Semosuli saCivrebis ganxilvaze. Sveduri modelis
msgavsad, mas SeuZlia, iTanamSromlos presis sabWosTan _ an imoqme-
dos damoukideblad, rogorc es samxreT afrikaSia aprobirebuli.
media observatoria
es aris saswavlo centri, romelic akvirdeba mediis qmedebebs da

sajaro angariSs akeTebs mis miRwevebsa, Tu Secdomebze. media ob-
servatoria SeiZleba samecniero centri iyos. Zalian xSirad, gansa-
kuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi, is memarcxene, an ufro xSirad memar-
jvene orientaciis aqtivistTa organizacias warmoadgens. imisda mi-
uxedavad, Tu ramdenad specializebulia es centri, igi cdilobs da
adasturebs, rom media amaxinjebs informacias da abinZurebs sazo-
gadoebis gonebas. SesaniSnavi monitoringi ganxorcielda 1976 wels
cenzuris proeqtis mier, romlis iniciatori da xelmZRvaneli karga
xnis manZilze iyo karl ienseni sonomis saxelmwifo universitetidan
(kalifornia): media kritikosTa komisia yovelwliurad adgens àTi
saukeTeso cenzuragavlili statiis~ nusxas, e.i. im mniSvnelovani
movlenebis CamonaTvals, romlebic mediam Segnebulad gamotova, xSi-
rad dasanani mizezebis gamo.
sameTvalyureo (sadarajo) saagento
Seqmnilia mediasTan dakavSirebuli industriis, magaliTad, sa-

reklamos mier, raTa gaifiltros Sinaarsi, romelic mediisTvisaa
gankuTvnili _ magaliTad, BVP (Bureau de Verification de la Publicite)
safrangeTSi an sareklamo standartebis sammarTvelo britaneTSi.
168 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
aqtivist moqalaqeTa asociacia
isini SesaZloa metismetad aratolerantulebi iyvnen, SesaZloa,

es iyos calkeuli moZraoba, romelic, magaliTad, aqveynebs im sate-
levizio programebis siebs, romlebic ar moswons, xsenebul progra-
maTa sponsorebis nusxasTan erTad, es taqtika zogjer amarTlebs.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi es aris mediis momxmarebelTa asociacia, rome-
lic cdilobs da gavlenas axdens mediaze Sekrebebis, werilebis
kampaniebis, sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis, sistematuri Sefase-
bebis, sakanonmdeblo organoebSi saCivrebis, maregulirebeli saagen-
toebisTvis gagzavnili saCivrebis, boikotebis da sxva saSualebebiT.
SeerTebul StatebSi sabavSvo televiziisaTvis gamarTul aqcias
(1968) bavSvebisaTvis ramodenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva. `medi-
avaizi~ britaneTSi axdens sazogadoebis informirebas mediis Sesaxeb
da exmareba dazaralebul moqalaqeebs, miaRwion daSvebuli Secdomis
gamosworebas.
mediaze orientirebuli fondi
is afinansebs proeqtebs da institutebs, romelTa mizanicaa medi-

is mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. aseTia magaliTad, fridrix ebertis
fondi da fridrix naumanis fondi germaniaSi, an `piu Ceritabl
trasts~ amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
mediasTan dakavSirebuli asociaciebi
`xarisxis kontrolis~ funqcias, calkeul SemTxvevebSi Tu regu-

larulad mediasTan dakavSirebuli jgufebi axorcieleben, magali-
Tad, kavSirebi (rogoricaa SNJ `JurnalistTa erovnuli sindikati~
safrangeTSi), an gildiis tipis asociaciebi amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi (SPJ-SDX).
amasTanave moqmedeben media profesionalTa da media mflobelTa
saerTaSoriso asociaciebi, romlebic presis Tavisuflebisa da me-
diis gaumjobesebisaTvis iRwvian. aseTia magaliTad, presis saerTa-
Soriso instituti (venaSi) an gazeTebis msoflio asociacia (parizSi).
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 169
sistemebi
zogierTi arasamTavrobo organizacia funqcionirebs qveynis Sig-

niT, magaliTad, rogoricaa JurnalistikaSi Project for Excellences
proeqti (aSS) an ANDE, romelic braziliuri mediis monitorings
axorcielebs da akeTebs angariSs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Suqdeba
bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. sxvebi saqmianoben ucxoeTSi,
JurnalistebisTvis atareben treiningebs da daxmarebas uweven axali
demokratiisa (aRmosavleT evropa) da ganviTarebadi qveynebis me-
dias.
“Societe de redacteurs”96
Zalzed iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac media saSualeba misi Ta-

namSromlebis sakuTrebas warmoadgens (rogorc es postkomunisturi
privatizaciis Semdgom sloveniis gazeTTa umravlesobaSi moxda).
Tumca, JurnalistTa asociaciisaTvis Teoriulad mainc umjobesia,
flobdes im firmis aqciebs, romelSic muSaobs, cxadia, ara investi-
rebis, aramed saredaqcio politikis gansazRvris mizniT. am mxriv
pirvelma yuradReba 1951 wels frangulma yoveldRiurma gazeTma `le
mondma~ miipyro. aseTi asociaciebi frangul sazogadoebriv samauw-
yeblo institutebSi arseboben, magram isini mxolod krizisis dros
aqtiurdebian. media angariSvaldebulebis aseTi sistema iSviaTia.
The “societe d’usagers”97 `momxmarebelTa sazogadoeba~
kidev ufro iSviaTia moqalaqeTa asociaciebi, romlebic yidu-

loben media firmis aqciebs da Semdgom mis marTvaSi monawileobis
uflebas iTxoven _ aseTia magaliTad, `mkiTxvelTa sazogadoeba~ pa-
rizis `le modSi~. erT-erTi gansakuTrebulia manitobas (kanada) saka-
belo sistemebi. iq media momxmareblebma iseT uzarmazar kompaniebTan
brZolaSi gaimarjves, romlebic milionobiT dolaris mogebas geg-
mavdnen: maT miaRwies imas, rom TiToeuli sistemis mmarTvelobis or-
gano yovelwliurad arCeviTi iqneba.
96
sityva-sityviT `Jurnalistebis kompania~ raRac `msaxiobTa dasis~ msgavsi.
97
sityva-sityviT (media) momxmarebelTa kompania. qvemoT “lecteurs”
`mkiTxvels~ aRniSnavs.
170 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
maregulirebeli saagento
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am tipis saxelmwifo komisia ar iRebs

miTiTebebs mTavrobisagan da Tavis upirveles miznad sazogadoebis
dacvas miiCnevs, is SeiZleba, CaiTvalos media angariSvaldebulebis
erT-erT sistemad. Tavis gafrTxilebebsa da angariSebSi CSA-s saf-
rangeTSi da FCC-s SeerTebul StatebSi, saaSkaraoze gamoaqvT sama-
uwyeblo industriis Secdomebi, sicrue da sensacionalizmi. komisia
agreTve iRebs saCivrebs, riTac is garkveulwilad presis sabWos mog-
vagonebs. Tumca misi misia parlamentis mier formulirebuli prin-
cipebis ganxorcielebaa. amgvarad, isini eTikis sferos sazRvarze
dganan.
samauwyeblo standartebis komisia britaneTSi 1996 wlis samauw-
yeblo aqtis rekomendaciis safuZvelze Seiqmna. kvazi-sasamarTlos
funqciiT aRWurvili komisia sazogadoebisa da kerZo mauwyeblobis
msmenelTa da mayurebelTa saCivrebisaTvis msvlelobis misacemad iyo
gamiznuli. komisias SeuZlia, mauwyeblisgan moiTxovos programebis
Canawerebi, ganmartebebi prodiuserebisagan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
ki gamoaqveynos Tavisi daskvnebi.
procese
procesebi
ocesebi
umaRlesi ganaTleba
samsaxurSi, an mkacrad profilirebul skolaSi gawvrTnili Jur-

nalistisTvis SesaZloa, rTuli aRmoCndes, rom man Tavi `daqirave-
bul mjRabnelad~ ar igrZnos, romelsac mudam iyeneben ZiriTadi da-
valebebis Semsrulebel reportiorad, romelic pativs scems ierar-
qias da adgilobriv mniSvnelovan personebs _ da mTlianad dakavebu-
lia piradi interesebiT da naklebad _ eTikiT.
aseTi riski aSkara iyo 1990-ian wlebSi Sav afrikasa da aRmosavleT
evropaSi. JurnalistTa axali Taoba, romelmac dacemuli diqtato-
ruli reJimis media nomenklatura Caanacvla, xSirad arakompeten-
turia rogorc sakuTriv JurnalistikaSi, aseve eTikis sakiTxebSic.
dResdReobiT, axalgazrda frang da amerikel JurnalistTa sam me-
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 171
sistemebi
oTxeds kolejis ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. urTierTantagonizmi Jur-

nalistebsa da swavlulTa Soris erTgvarad daZleulia. vinaidan sxva
institutebTan SedarebiT universiteti mTavrobisa da biznesisgan
gacilebiT damoukidebelia, eqspertebisa da ideebis garda, mas Se-
uZlia, uzrunvelyos baza, mediis angariSvaldebulebis mravali sis-
temisaTvis.
is, rac universitetebs akliaT, aris fuli. media kompaniebma iseve
unda Seuwyon finansurad xeli Tavisi profesionalebis umaRles ga-
naTlebas, rogoc amas SeerTebul StatebSi akeTeben. es aris: gran-
tebi skolebisaTvis, stipendiebi adamianebisaTvis, vinc muSaobs, sub-
sidiebi kvleviTi samuSaoebisaTvis.
eTikis kursi
Jurnalistikis fakultetebis yvela studentisaTvis savaldebu-

lo unda iyos eTikis sul mcire erTwliani kursi. igi unda moicavdes
filosofias, istorias, socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikas da
TviTregulirebas.
uwyveti ganaTleba
yvela Jurnalists sWirdeba romelime konkretul sferoSi Tavisi

kompetenciis gafarToeba, zogjer saWiroa, igi xangrZlivi droiT
gaeridos axali ambebis ganyofilebas, raTa dafiqrdes Tavis saqmeze
da im pasuxismgeblobaze, romelic am samuSaos Tan sdevs. es SesaZle-
belia erTkviriani seminaris dros, an kampusSi gatarebuli semestris
ganmavlobaSi, an sulac mTeli Tavisufali wlis ganmavlobaSi (rome-
lic universitetSi Svid weliwadSi erTxel eZlevaT), roca, SesaZ-
lebelia, magaliTad, rainduli Jurnalistikis stipendiis (Knight
Journalism Fellowships) miReba, romlis dafinanseba presis magnatis
wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. es granti yovelwliurad SesaZleblo-
bas aZlevs daaxloebiT 20-mde momuSave Jurnalists, iswavlos sten-
fordis universitetSi. codnis gaRrmavebis saSualebas iZleva nima-
nis stipendia harvardSi.
profesiuli asociaciebi, Jurnalisturi skolebi an arasamTav-
robo organizaciebi awyoben erTdRian seminarebs (gazeTSi98 an mis
98
SeerTebul StatebSi gazeTebis or mesameds aqvs (“Newspaper Research Journal
Winter 1992).
172 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
gareT). iyeneben ra praqtikul situaciur swavlebas an imitirebul

situaciebs, isini amaRleben JurnalistTa cnobierebas maTi movale-
obebis Sesaxeb da awvdian maT saWiro miTiTebebs, Tu rogor unda
iurTierTon wyaroebTan, damsaqmeblebTan da sazogadoebasTan.
cnobierebis programa
arsebobs aSkara saWiroeba imisa, rom mediis warmomadgenlebma meti

yuradReba gamoiCinon rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis, aseve calkeuli
moqalaqeebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT qalebis, kulturuli, eTnikuri,
seqsualuri da sxva umciresobebis mimarT. amis ganxorcieleba SesaZ-
lebelia, magaliTad, lanCis dros Sexvedraze, sadac mowveulni iqne-
bian am jgufebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. aseTi programis mizani
aseve SeiZleba, iyos JurnalistTa swavleba, Tu rogor upasuxon sa-
Tanadod mkiTxvelis/msmenelis/mayureblis moTxovnebs.
konsultaciebi momxmareblebTan
90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebul StatebSi presaSi modaSi iyo

e.w. `mkiTxvelis zaris saRamoebi~: erT romelime saRamos sxvadasxva
redaqtorebi mkiTxvelTa zarebs pasuxobdnen. JurnalistTa da ko-
mentatorTa eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebis gamoqveynebac igive
mizans emsaxureba.
gacilebiT miRebuli formaa profesionalTa da moqalaqeTa Sex-
vedrebi romelime pres-klubSi. gazeTs aseve SeuZlia moawyos `saqa-
laqo Sexvedrebi~, romlis drosac Jurnalistebi gamokiTxaven adgi-
lobriv mosaxleobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras moelian isini adgilobrivi
mediisagan. es SemdgomSi medias mobilizebasa da problemebis gadaw-
yvetaSi exmareba. sul ufro da ufro Cveulebriv saxes iRebs azrTa
gacvla-gamocvla mediis vebsaitebis saSualebiT. Tumca, yovel
SemTxvevaSi erTma gazeTma mainc, saxeldobr, `la libr belJikma~ am
mizniT kruizic ki moawyo.
Secdomebis banki
saWiroa yvela aRmoCenili Secdomis monacemTa bazaSi Tavmoyra,

ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 173
sistemebi
maTi klasificireba tipebis mixedviT, mizezebis, procesSi CarTuli

adamianebis aRnusxva, unda gamoiyos gansxvavebuli modeli da moxdes
zomebis miReba.
Sida kvleva
sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tundac ise-

Ti, rogoricaa gazeTis urTierToba mis momxmarebelTan, safuZvlian
kvlevas saWiroebs.
eTikuri auditi
mediis nebismier saxeobas drodadro misi eTikuri mdgomareobis

Semowmeba sWirdeba. ramdenad zusti da miukerZoebelia misi masa-
lebi? ramdenad icnoben TanamSromlebi Sida regulaciebs da ramde-
nad icaven maT? ras fiqrobs auditoria im momsaxurebaze, romelsac
media maT sTavazobs? aris Tu ara sazogadoebasTan misi kontaqtebi
sakmarisi da efeqturi? ra SeiZleba gakeTdes situaciis gasaumjo-
beseblad? umartives Semowmebas SeuZlia aamaRlos pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba da moaxdinos qmedebebis modificireba.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva
radiom, romelic gacilebiT adre gaxda komerciuli, igrZno

aucilebloba, reklamis damkveTebisaTvis daesabuTebina, Tu ra ra-
odenobis da ra kategoriis msmeneli hyavda mas _ ise, rogorc mogvi-
anebiT es televiziam gaakeTa. Tumca beWdviTi media samocian wle-
bamde kmayofildeboda tiraJis SemowmebiT. dRes, roca konkurencia
gamwvavda, mediis yvela saxeobas surs, icodes, Tu rogoria misi
`demografia~ da rogoria misi potenciuri auditoriis TiToeuli
fenis Sexedulebebi, saWiroebebi da survilebi, raTa ukeT daarwmu-
nos is da ukeT mihyidos misi produqcia reklamis konkretul damk-
veTs.
am SemTxvevaSi motivacia komerciulia, Tumca efeqti mediis anga-
riSvaldebulebis sistemas ganekuTvneba. didi novatoris lazars-
feldis kvaldakval komentatorebi àdministraciul~ kvlevas (ro-
174 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
melic mediisaTvis tardeba) xSirad upirispireben `kritikul~ kvle-

vas (sazogadoebisaTvis). faqtobrivad ki, aq bevri Sexebis wertilia.
aramomgebiani kvleva
aseT kvlevas atareben universitetebi, an damoukidebeli insti-

tutebi, rogoricaa Òbservatoire europeen de l’audiovisuel~ (audiovizu-
aluri saSualebebis evropuli kvlevis instituti) strasburgSi (saf-
rangeTi) an SedarebiT gviandeli media kvlevis centri niu iorkSi.
SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva fondebis mier dafinan-
sebuli bevri kvleviTi centri. yvela es eqsperti, romelic siRrmi-
seul kvlevas awarmoebs, gansakuTrebiT ki empiriul kvlevas, zust
monacemebs iZleva. media kritika veRar iqneba dafuZnebuli SemTxve-
viT magaliTebsa da anekdotebze. media eTikaze kamaTi xSirad mxolod
ritorikaa, bundovani braldebebi da impresionistuli replikebi.
arsebobs aucilebloba, rom gvqondes konkretuli monacemebi, rom-
lebic efuZneba kontetanalizs an analizs Sinaarsis gareSe, audi-
toriis kvlevasa da istoriul Sedarebebs.
aseTi kvleva gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom 1) davina-
xoT mediis mier daSvebuli mudmivi darRvevebi da gamotovebebi.99
da 2) SevafasoT is gavlena, romelsac media sazogadoebaze axdens,
gansakuTrebiT drois xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi. Sedegad, SesaZlebe-
lia rekomendaciebis SeTavazeba situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
seminarebi da konferenciebi
Jurnalisturi kritikis yovelwliuri seminaris organizeba Se-

uZlia Jurnalistikis skolas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, fineTSi, tampe-
res universitetSi. konferenciaze SesaZlebelia media saSualebebis
gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirTa, politikur liderTa da moqalaqeTa
sxvadasxva jgufebis warmomadgenelTa TavSeyra, magaliTad, komuni-
kaciis universiteti (Universite de la Communication) yoveli wlis agvis-
tos bolos atarebs aseT konferencias hortinSi, safrangeTis sam-
xreT-dasavleTSi.
99
D. J. Krajicek, “Scooped! How the Media Have Missed the Real Story on Crime While
Chasing “Crime Waves”, Sleaze and Celebrities”, New York, Columbia, 1998.
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 175
sistemebi
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba
informaciis gacvla da urTierTmxardaWera aucilebelia mediis

xarisxisa da angariSvaldebulebis xelSewyobisaTvis. am mimarTule-
biT muSaobs èvropis damoukidebel presis sabWoTa aliansi~ (AIPCE),
agreTve ombudsmenTa ibero-amerikuli federacia.
jildoebi
kritika pozitiuric unda iyos da materialur gamoxatulebas

hpovebdes sxvadasxva jildoebis saxiT. es aris: Seqeba, dawinaureba,
xelfasis momateba, adgilobrivi an erovnuli jildoebi. visac ki am
meTodis efeqturobaSi eWvi epareba, gaixsenos holivudis is varsk-
vlavebi, romlebic kinomayurebelTagan miRebul misaloc werilebs
CarCoebSi aTavsebdnen da TavianT ofisebSi hkidebdnen. 1970-ianebSi
SeerTebuli Statebis im erTaderTi Jurnalisturi mimoxilvis popu-
laruli iniciativa, romelic miznad mogebas isaxavda, liblingis
prizis Seqmna iyo.
media skolebSi
cxovrebis is nawili, romelsac adamianebi medias uTmoben, sakmaod

xangrZlivia imisaTvis, rom gansajo bevri ram mediis Sesaxeb da is-
wavlo misi sakuTari interesebisTvis gamoyeneba. yvela bavSvs esaWi-
roeba mediis struqturis, Sinaarsisa da efeqtis Sesaxeb kritikuli
swavleba. es gacilebiT metia, vidre presis mier dafinansebuli,
ganaTlebis programaSi arsebuli gazeTi. saWiroa studentTa gawv-
rTna, Tu rogor unda moixmaron media gonivrulad _ maT unda da-
afuZnon kidec gazeTi umaRlesi skolisaTvis an radio sadguri.
yovelives SesaZloa Tan axldes saganmanaTleblo media kampania
sazogadoebis informirebisa da mobilizebis mizniT.
es aris mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis 2004 wlis kata-
logis dasasruli. SesaZloa axali sistemebis Seqmna da maTi gamocda.
faqtobrivad, es ganuwyveteli procesia. am CamonaTvalis pirveli
gamocema amJamad warmodgenili raodenobis mxolod naxevars Seicav-
da.
176 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
garegani, Sida da korporatiuli sistemebi
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemaTa meore klasifikacia damo-

kidebulia imaze, Tu vin aris CarTuli procesSi: zogierTi sistema
funqcionirebs mxolod gazeTis an samauwyeblo arxis SigniT; zogi
mis gareT arsebobs da kontrolis miRma rCeba; mesame moiTxovs me-
diisa da ara mediis warmomadgenelTa erTobliv muSaobas. Tumca es
modeli mkacri CarCoebiT SezRuduli ar aris: is mediis angariSval-
debulebis sxvadasxva sistemebis varirebis saSualebas iZleva.
* angariSvaldebulebis Sida sistema moicavs Tavad TviTregu-
lirebas da xarisxis kontrols am sityvis viwro gagebiT.
* angariSvaldebulebis gare sistema cxadyofs, rom angariSval-
debuleba SeiZleba Seexos medias, imisda miuxedavad, aRiarebs
Tu ara media mas; am SemTxvevaSi mizani aris ara calkeul daza-
ralebul pirTaTvis kompensaciis uzrunvelyofa, aramed mTe-
li sazogadoebisaTvis sargeblis motana.
* angariSvaldebulebis korporatiuli sistema udavod yvelaze
sainteresoa, radgan is xarisxis kontrolis gansaxorcieleb-
lad presis, profesionalebisa da sazogadoebis erTobliv
TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs.
angariSvaldebulebebis Sida sistemebi
media gverdi/programa; Sida memorandumi;

redaqtoris werili; saganmanaTleblo programa;
saredaqcio minaweri; eTikis kodeqsi;
biuleteni momxmarebelTaTvis; mamxilebeli

disciplinaruli komiteti;
SesworebaTa sveti; axali ambebis komiteti;
momxmarebelTa problemebze media observatoria

momuSave Jurnalisti; (dakvirvebis centri);
Sida kritikosi; JurnalistTa kompania;
yoveldRiuri TviTkritikuli ucxouri masalebis

reproduqcia; angariSi;
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 177
sistemebi
media veblogi; [sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba]
Sefasebis komisia; [saerTaSoriso mauwyebloba]
SesarCevi saagento; [maRali xarisxis momsaxurebaze

orientirebuli media]
Sida kvleva;
mkiTxvelTa kvleva;
eTikuri auditi;
eTikis instruqtori;
angariSvaldebulebis gare sistemebi
alternatiuli media; sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva

mediis Sesaxeb;
Jurnalistikis mimoxilva; mediis saganmanaTleblo
kampania;
`dafna da maxvili~; mediis saganmanaTleblo

vebsaiti;
kritikuli wigni/angariSi/ saskolo media programa;
filmi;
media veb-saiti; momxmarebelTa jgufi;
peticia mediaze zewolis aqtivist moqalaqeTa asociacia,

mizniT; momxmarebelTa jgufis
biuleteni;
mniSvnelovan pirTa sajaro mediaze orientirebuli

gancxadeba; arasamTavrobo organizacia;
umaRlesi ganaTleba; [damoukidebeli

maregulirebeli saagento]
savaldebulo kursi eTikaSi;
aramomgebiani kvleva;
178 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
korporatiuli sistemebi
werili reqtors; mkiTxvelTa/mayurebelTa

klubi;
gareSe media mimomxilveli; adgilobrivi presis sabWo;
onlainis Setyobinebebis dafa; yovelwliuri konferencia;
ombudsmeni; media kritikis seminari;

saCivarTa biuro;
redaqtorTa mosmenebi media kritikis yovelwliuri
wigni;
sizustisa da samarTlianobis erovnuli presis sabWo;

sakiTxi;
fasiani reklama; erovnuli ombudsmeni;
Sexvedrebi sazogadoebasTan; kavSiris (`liazonis~) komiteti;
mediis momxmarebelTa gverdi; mediasTan dakavSirebuli

asociaciebi;
mkiTxvelTa mipatiJeba; saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba;
Jurnalistis eleqtr. fosta saganmanaTleblo

da telefoni; arasamTavrobo organizaciebi;
moqalaqeebi komitetSi; uwyveti ganaTleba;

prizi, an sxva jildo;
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 179
sistemebi
mediis angariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
aldebbule bis ori
ulebis
specif iuri sistema
specifiuri 100
Jurnalisturi mimoxilva101
yvelaze cnobili mimoxilva Jurnalistikis departamentis mieraa

Seqmnili (kolumbia, 1961) _ magram j. seldesis `faqtobrivad~ (1940-
1950), romelic am mimarTulebiT pirvelia da oqros xanis mimoxilvebi
(1968-1975), msgavsad `Cikagos Jurnalisturi mimoxilvisa~ gaRiziane-
buli Jurnalistebis mxridan iyo inicirebuli. am ukanasknelTagan
vercerTi ver gadarCa, dafinansebis, mkiTxvelebisa da erTguli Ta-
namSromlebis naklebobis gamo. orTave, amerikuli (eqs-voSington JR)
da sent-luisis Jurnalisturi mimoxilvebi universitetebs gada-
ecaT. 1990-ian wlebSi arasauniversiteto mimoxilvebma partiuli xa-
siaTi miiRo: gaCnda memarcxene orientaciis èqstra!~ (1986) da Ziri-
Tadad memarjvene orientaciis `media monitori~ _ maTma umetesobam
veb-ze gadainacvla.
70-iani wlebis bolos mimoxilvebma aCvena, rom garkveuli Jurna-
listebi, rogorc daqiravebuli TanamSromlebi, ar gamoirCeodnen
morCilebiT: maT SeeZloT, sajarod gamoeTqvaT protesti. es axali
damokidebuleba sakmaod gavrcelda. periodul gamocemaTa prof-
kavSirebi yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen agresiulobiT, profesiulma
asociaciebma ki maT mogvianebiT mibaZes. samecniero JurnalebSic ki
iCina Tavi mediis Secdomebis saaSkaraoze gamotanis tendenciam.
Jurnalistebs, romlebmac SeerTebul StatebSi (1968-1975 wlebSi)
mimoxilvebi daaarses, mcire mxardaWera hqondaT mediasTan dakavSi-
rebuli institutebisgan. am mimarTebiT pres-klubebic mcire inte-
ress iCendnen. mimoxilvebis damfuZneblebi xSirad mxolod erT
profkavSirSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, profkavSiri ki imiT kmayofil-
deboda, rom Tavis adgilobriv wevrebs mimoxilvaTa finansuri daxma-
100
angariSvaldebulebis am or ZiriTad sistemasTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ixileT “An Arsenal For Democracy”, C-J Bertrand (ed), Cresskill
(NJ), Hampton Press, 2003.
101
C-J Bertrand, “A Look at Journalism Reviews”, Fol Center Report (University of Missouri)
#0019, September 1978 (erT-erTi iSviaTi samecniero naSromi Jurnalisturi
mimoxilvebis Sesaxeb).
180 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
rebisaken (amaod) mouwodebda. meores mxriv, damfuZneblebi, rogorc

wesi, kavSirSi Semaval gazeTebSi muSaobdnen da amdenad daculebi
iyvnen. Jurnalistikisa da masobrivi komunikaciis saganmanaTleblo
asociacia (AEJMC) mimoxilvebisadmi dainteresebas ar iCenda. rac
Seexeba Jurnalistur saswavleblebs, 60 akreditirebuli Jurnalis-
tikis skolisa da fakultetidan Tormetma mxari dauWira mimomxil-
velebs. mxolod erTma erovnulma fondma gaiRo daxmareba. biznes
wreebi ufro guluxvni aRmoCndnen, vidre mediis samyaro.
Tumca, mTavari dabrkoleba Jurnalisturi erTobis simcire da
sazogadoebis mwiri interesi iyo. qalaqebSi, sadac 500 aTasze meti
mcxovrebi saxlobda, gazeTebis gayidvis maCvenebeli mxolod 500-
dan 2 aTas egzempliars aRwevda. mimoxilvebis Semosavlebi, bunebri-
via, mokrZalebuli unda yofiliyo. mimoxilvaTa umetesobas amzadeb-
da JurnalistTa mcire jgufi, romlis wevrebsac meti idealizmi, si-
mamace, meti Tavisufali dro hqondaT, an ubralod naklebi hqondaT
dasakargi, vidre maT kolegebs. maT bevri araferi gaegebodaT peri-
oduli gamocemis menejmentis Sesaxeb. indiferentulobam maTi mo-
rali gaxrwna; mtruli ganwyoba mZime asatani aRmoCnda. TandaTanobiT
minelda maTi cecxli. Cveulebriv ukve Zneli iyo adamianis povna,
visac aseTi Jurnalis keTebis motivacia an unari eqneboda.
meore mTavar dabrkolebas gamomcemelTa, redaqtorTa da Jurna-
listTa TviTkmayofileba Tu paranoia warmoadgenda. kritikis mi-
marT ise alergiulad iyvnen ganwyobilni, rom isini mimoxilvaTa
sajaroobis yovelgvar mcdelobas upirispirdebodnen _ da amdenad
es gamocemebi farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi rCeboda. gazeTis
zogierTi xelmZRvaneli saxelmwifos Ralatze ayvirda da im xelqve-
iTebis CaCumeba moindoma, visac raime wvlili Sehqonda mimoxilvaTa
momzadebaSi. aseTi qmedeba im droisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, amdenad
zogierTma redaqtorma Tavis sagazeTo gverdze wamoiwyo dialogi
adgilobriv mimomxilvelTan, rubrikiT `werilebi redaqtors~.
yvelaze Zlieri winaaRmdegoba xSirad e.w. presis `proletariatis-
gan~ momdinareobda. mizezi gaxldaT ara is, rom Zalzed bevri metis-
metad kmayofili an cinikuri Jurnalisti arsebobda, an Zalzed daSi-
nebuli imisaTvis, rom daxmarebis xeli gaewodebinaT; aramed is, rom
zogjer isini Riad kicxavdnen TavianT kolegebs `sakuTari budis wa-
bilwvisaTvis~, im `xelis kbenisaTvis, romelic maTve kvebavda~. mi-
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 181
sistemebi
momxilvelebs brali Tavisufal mewarmeobaze Tavdasxmasa da mTavro-

bis intervenciis xelSewyobaSic ki dasdes.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas kampusis mimomxilvelebze? SeerTebul Stateb-
Si universitetebs sakmaod axlo urTierToba aqvT politikur da
ekonomikur elitasTan imisaTvis, rom mediasTan mtroba moindomon.
Jurnalistur skolebs ara mxolod subsidiebi esaWiroebaT, aramed
samuSao adgilebic TavianTi kursdamTavrebulebisTvis. mecnierebi
ki, maT Soris yofili Jurnalistebi loialuri rCebian industriis
mimarT, xolo wminda wylis Teoretikosebs yoveldRiuri monitorin-
gi ubralod sZagT.
alternatiul yovelkvireulebs an Jurnalistikis skolebs SeeZ-
loT gadaerCinaT sakmao raodenoba mimomxilvelebisa, romlebic da-
saqmebuli Jurnalistebis mieraa inicirebuli, magram damoukideb-
lobis msxverplad mitanas, isini gaqceviT Tavis Svelas amjobinebd-
nen. Jurnalistebi xSirad awvdidnen sazogadoebas saCivrebs, magram
miiCnevdnen, rom mxolod maT SeswevdaT kvalificiuri kritikis una-
ri. mimoxilvebSi iSviaTad iyvnen gakicxuli Jurnalistebi maTi ara-
kompetenturobis, ampartavnobis, mliqvnelobis, zedapirulobis,
konformizmis an socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arasaTanado grZnobis
gamo.
TviTkmayofileba mimoxilvebis erTaderTi nakli ar aris. zogi-
erT SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsi maqsimalurad zedapiruli iyo. iseTi didi
qalaqebis garda, rogoric niu iorki an voSingtonia, rogorc Cans,
eTikuri normebis darRvevas ar hqonia imdenad sistematiuri xasiaTi,
rom mimoxilvebis yovelTviuri an yovelwliuri gamoqveyneba gamarT-
lebuli yofiliyo. adgilobriv mimomxilvelebs samarTlianad ada-
naSaulebdnen imaSi, rom isini zRvars ver avlebdnen ritorikul emo-
ciur afeTqebasa da seriozul gamoZiebas Soris, saredaqcio Worebsa
da sasargeblo mignebebs Soris, pirad SurisZiebasa da kanonier
saCivars Soris. ufro metic, imis gamo, rom mimoxilvaTa umetesobas
didi qalaqebis yoveldRiur gamocemebSi daedo saTave, isini iSvi-
aTad exebodnen romelime sxva media saSualebas. dabolos, saukeTeso
mimomxilvelebic ki cudad dasabuTebul, struqturirebul da cu-
dadve daweril statiebs aqveynebdnen. redaqtori idga dilemis wi-
naSe: kritikis sanacvlod, romelic finansuri TvalsazrisiT aramom-
gebiani iyo, igi mcire sazogadoebis kidev erT wevrs gaanawyenebda.
182 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mimomxilvelebi xSirad Tavad arad dagidevd-

nen eTikas.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis Semdeg, gasakviri is aris, rom mravali
SesaniSnavi statia, romlis gamoZiebas xangrZlivi Sroma dasWirda,
zogjer ki uzarmazari riskic ki, saTanadod ar dafasda.
presis sabWoebi
presis sabWos idea Tavdapirvelad SvedeTSi gaCnda (1916). mog-

vianebiT, 1928 wels es idea saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciis moxse-
nebaSi aisaxa, Semdeg ki _ `Rirsebis sasamarTlos~ (“Court of Honor”)
proeqtSi, romelic 1931 wels JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federa-
ciis mier iyo organizebuli (FIJ). haTCinsis komisiam 1947 wels erov-
nuli sabWos idea aitaca. 1953 wels ki didma britaneTma Seqmna presis
sabWo, romelic mTeli msofliosTvis samodelod iqca.
arsebobs TiTqmis imdenive sabWos formati, ramdenic Tavad sab-
Woa. magaliTad, kanadaSi, qveynis sididis gamo, sabWoebi provinciebis
doneze Camoyalibda. sabWoebi gansxvavdebian warmomavlobis, inici-
atorebis, wevrTa raodenobis, procedurebis, biujetisa Tu priori-
tetebis mixedviT. suraTi rom ufro naTeli iyos, SesaZlebelia, sab-
Woebis klasifikaciaa Semdegnairad:
Tumca, manam saWiroa erTi gafrTxileba: arseboben fsevdo sabWo-
ebi, romlebic mTavrobis warmomadgenlebiTac arian dakompleqte-
buli: maTi ZiriTadi misia mediis CaCumebaa. vxvdebiT naxevradsabWo-
ebsac: maT ZiriTadad problemas sabWoSi araprofesional wevrTa
ararseboba qmnis. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sabWo gamomcemlebisa da
Jurnalistebis mieraa organizebuli, rogorc es germaniasa da avst-
riaSi. ufro xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac sabWo mxolod erT jgufs
warmoadgens, magaliTad, gamomcemlebs iaponiaSi, Jurnalistebis _
frangulenovan belgiaSi.
WeSmariti sabWoebi aerTianebs mediis momxmareblebs, romelTa ra-
odenobac wevrTa mTliani raodenobis erTi mesamedidan naxevramde
meryeobs. idealur SemTxvevaSi presis sabWoebma yvela saSualeba un-
da gamoiyenon, raTa gaaumjobeson presa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, yofili
britanuli presis sabWos konstitucia moiTxovda, rom sabWos Sem-
degi funqciebi etvirTa:
ZiriTadi ang
ZiriTadi ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi 183
sistemebi
(1) presis Tavisuflebis dacva.

(2) uzrunveleyo presis[...] Sesabamisoba umaRles profesiul da
komerciul standartebTan.
(3) presis qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebis an presis wina-
aRmdeg calkeuli pirebisa da organizaciebis saCivrebis gan-
xilva; am saCivrebis nebismieri saxiT ganxilva praqtikulic
iyo da saWiroc, iseve rogorc ganxilvis Sedegebis gamoqvey-
neba.
(4) mudmivi monitoringi movlenaTa iseTi ganviTarebisa, romlis
Sedegadac SeiZleba, SeizRudos informacia, romelic sazo-
gadoebrivi interesis sagans warmoadgens.
(5) sajarod ganacxados im tendenciis Sesaxeb, romelic presaSi
did koncentraciasa Tu monopoliaze mianiSnebs (maT Soris,
mflobelis Secvla, presis saqmianobis kontroli da zrda).
(6) saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi mTavrobis, gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizaciisa da presis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis winaSe sa-
kiTxebis inicireba.
(7) sabWos muSaobis Sesaxeb perioduli angariSebis gamoqveyneba
da drodadro presaSi mimdinare procesebisa da im faqtorebis
mimoxilva, romlebic mis ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas.
zogierTi sxva sabWo wina planze ganaTlebasa da kvlevas ayenebs.

samwuxarod, dRemde sabWoebi mxolod or funqcias aniWeben upi-
ratesobas: (1) daexmaron presas TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi; da (2)
daexmaron presas sazogadoebisaTvis angariSis CabarebaSi. xSirad
isini swored meore funqciiT Semoifarglebian xolme. mediis moni-
toringis Sedegebis safuZvelze, sabWos unda SeeZlos sarCelebis
inicireba. britaneTis presis sabWo yovelTvis uars ambobda am funq-
ciis Sesrulebaze da erT-erT mizezad dafinansebis simwires asaxe-
lebda. sabWo iWreba mesakuTreTa uflebebSi, amdenad, maTgan gulux-
vobasac ar unda moelodes. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fuli sxvadasxva
wyaroebidan unda modiodes: kerZo da sazogadoebrivi organizaci-
ebidan, samTavrobo saagentoebidan, sxvadasxva fondebidan, kavSire-
bidan, universitetebidan da ara-media korporaciebidan.
potenciurad sabWo mediis angariSvaldebulebis yvelaze sasar-
geblo sistemas warmoadgens, magram misi reputacia arc ise kargia.
184 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
bevri sabWo 60-iani wlebis bolosa da 70-ianis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. 90-

iani wlebis dasasruls bevri maTgani an gaqra, rogorc portugaliaSi,
karibis regionSi, ganaSi, birmasa da axali ambebis erovnuli sabWo
SeerTebul StatebSi; an maT arasodes hqoniaT didi gavlena ise, ro-
gorc es avstriasa Tu niderlandebSi iyo. laTinur amerikaSi mxolod
ori sabWo funqcionirebda (CileSi da peruSi), ori realuri sabWo
moqmedebda afrikaSi da arcerTi _ arabul samyaroSi.
evropaSi ramodenime sabWo 80-ian (TurqeTi) da 90-ian wlebSi (kvip-
rosi, estoneTi, dania, katalonia, malta) Seiqmna. erTi daiSala (por-
tugalia); meore, britanuli mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.102 mTlianobaSi
realurad dRes 40-ze naklebi qmediTi sabWo arsebobs: 5 qveynidan 4-s
ara aqvs sabWo _ Tumca amJamad adrindelTan SedarebiT demokrati-
uli qveynebic metia da kerZo mediac gacilebiT momravlebulia.
im qveynebSi, sadac presis sabWoebi gadarCa, ZiriTadad es evropis
CrdiloeTSi da britaneTis yofil dominionebSi moxda, am institu-
tebs didi gavlena ar hqoniaT. ramdenad gaaumjobeses daniis, germa-
niis, norvegiis sabWoebma media? SesZloa avstraliurma presis sab-
Wom, raime moimoqmeda, raTa merdokis jgufisaTvis avstraliis pre-
sis 60%-is gakontrolebaSi xeli SeeSala? iTamaSa Tu ara britanulma
sabWom raime roli 80-iani wlebis gazeTebis revoluciaSi, reaqciuli
profkavSirebis kolapssa da axali yoveldRiuri gamocemebis daba-
debaSi? Jurnalisturi mimoxilvebisa da presis sabWoebis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmuli es sakmaod damTrgunveli SeniSvnebi araviTar SemTxve-
vaSi ar unda CaiTvalos mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis uka-
nasknel sityvad. es mxolod winamdebare wignis meore TavisaTvis
dawerili Sesavalia. meore Tavis mizania imis axsna, Tu ratom ver
ganviTarda saTanadod es sistemebi, yvela im winaaRmdegobisa da dab-
rkolebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac maT winaSe aRmoCnda.
102
wevrTa Soris ar arian moqmedi Jurnalistebi. amJamad misi erTaderTi misia
saCivrebis ganxilvaa.
185
Tavi II
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba
media eTika farTo da rTuli sistemebis wiaRSi

ganviTarda: media da adamianTa sazogadoeba, es swored
is sakiTxi iyo, romelsac marqsizmis ideologebma sa-
marTlianad gausves xazi. Sedegad, eTikas Warbi da wi-
naaRmdegobrivi kritikis atana uxdeba da gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobebTan, didwilad miTiuri xasiaTis dapi-
rispireba uwevs. swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi jer kidev ar
aris saTanadod ganviTarebuli.
kritika
kritika
kodeqsebis mkacri kritika
xSirad acxadeben, rom eTikis kodeqsi SesaZloa,

mediis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi gamoiyenon. aseT Se-
saZleblobaze saubaria germanul kodeqsSi. aseT pre-
cedentebs adgili hqonda kot-d’iuvarsa da irlandi-
aSi. SeerTebul StatebSi gazeTis advokatebi TavianT
klientebs kodeqsis miRebas ar urCeven: isini sasamar-
Tlo davebis, gansakuTrebiT ciliswamebis sarCelebis
mimarT sazogadoebriv ganwyobas ufrTxian.
faqtobrivad, kodeqss ZaluZs, daarwmunos msaju-
lebi respeqtabeluri media saSualebis keTilsindisi-
186 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
erebaSi. garda amisa, msxvil media korporaciebs SeuZliaT nebismieri

saSualebis gamoyeneba sasamarTloSi saqmis gasaWianureblad manam,
vidre igi maTi gamarjvebiT, an mosarClis mier saqmeze uaris TqmiT
ar dasruldeba. kodeqsebis da mediis angariSvaldebulebis sxva sis-
temebis meSveobiT im adamianebs, romlebic finansur da sxva saxis
Zalauflebas ar floben, unda mieceT SesaZlebloba, sasamarTloSi
wasvlis gareSe, gaagonon medias TavianTi xma.
meore tradiciuli braldeba kodeqsis misamarTiT: miuxedavad
imisa, rom is qaRaldis faratina furcelia, zogierTis azriT, is pre-
sis Tavisuflebas safrTxes uqmnis. es SeiZleba ganvixiloT isteri-
ul reaqcid,103 an erTgvar taqtikad imisa, rom Seiqmnas xelSeuxeb-
lobis garantia, raTa medias ar dauwesdes raime saxis SezRudva, mo-
raluric ki, rasac fulis keTebis Tavisuflebac sdevs Tan. Tumca
skandinaviuri qveynebis parlamentebma 1990-ian wlebSi ganixiles ko-
deqsebis kanonebad gadaqcevis SesaZlebloba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom isini media profesionalebis mier aris SemuSavebuli. faqtob-
rivad, es idea mxolod daniam ganaxorciela. amgvarma legalizaciam,
erTis mxriv, SeiZleba gadaWras eTikuri normebis realuri ganxor-
cielebis problema, magram, meores mxriv, is Tavad eTikisa da TviT-
regulirebis koncefcias ayenebs dartymas.
erTi seriozuli kritikuli Sefasebac: kodeqsebi sxva araferia,
Tu ara bundovani akrZalvebisa da utopiuri survilebis nusxa. visac
SeerTebul StatebSi televiziisTvis Tvali udevnebia, gaocdeba ame-
rikis erovnuli mauwyeblobis asociaciis NAB Zveli kodeqsis wakiTx-
visas. analogiurad, Tu SevadarebT sabWoTa kavSiris Jurnalistur
kodeqsebsa da imas, rasac sabWouri sinamdvile erqva, veRar gaark-
vevT, icinoT Tu itiroT.
zogierT kodeqsSi Tqven iseT winadadebebs SexvdebiT, romlebic
yovelgvar azrsa da gamarTlebas moklebulia. `Jurnalistis funqcia
simarTlis Tqmaa~, _ es winadadeba mSvenivrad JRers, magram vin icis,
ra aris simarTle? trilionobiT utyuari faqti mediaSi ar Suqdeba
da samarTlianadac. `sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, icodes simarTle~:
ra aris aseTi uflebis safuZveli? an Tundac `sazogadoebas aqvs
ufleba, iyos informirebuli~: niSnavs Tu ara es uflebas _ sazoga-
103
magaliTad, udidesi protesti mohyva 1994 wels evrosabWos
(ara evroparlamentis) mier SemuSavebuli eTikis kodeqsis proeqts.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 187
doebam prezident kenedis yofili meuRlis foto saberZneTis rome-

lime kunZulis plaJze SiSvlad seirnobisas ixilos?
garda amisa, Cans, kodeqsebi asaxaven Jurnalistebis msoflmxed-
velobas, e.i. ZiriTadad mamakacebis, kursdamTavrebuli kolegebis,
qalaqelebis, maRal anazRaurebadTa (ganviTarebul qveynebSi). maT,
rogorc wesi, yuradRebis miRma rCebaT qalebis, Raribebis, eTnikur
umciresobaTa problemebi. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia
dasavluri qveynebis miRma, magaliTad, indoeTSi, sadac Jurnalis-
tebi prodasavluri yaidisani arian da xSirad maRal kastebs miekuT-
vnebian; an koreaSi, sadac qalebi JurnalistTa mTeli raodenobis
mxolod 5%-s Seadgenen.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mavani ityvis: ra azri aqvs kodeqss, Tu is
ùkbiloa~? rodesac asociaciebi, gildiebi da kavSirebi kodeqsis
miRebis Semdeg sanqciebs aweseben (magaliTad, garicxva), maTi praq-
tikuli gamoyeneba iSviaTad xdeba. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, media sam-
yaro angariSvaldebulebis sistemebs didi enTuziazmiT ar ekideba.
media mflobelebisa da JurnalistebisTvis sazogadoebis mtruli
ganwyoba da mTavrobis mxridan sayvedurebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
kodeqsis realur ganxorcielebaze daiwyon fiqri, magaliTad, presis
sabWoebis meSveobiT.
dabolos, ra saWiroa kodeqsi, Tu is angariSs ar uwevs gavlenian
urTierTobebs? zogierTi qartia moiTxovs, rom Jurnalistma uari
Tqvas iseTi davalebis Sesrulebaze, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba eTikas.
calkeul individebs uWirT aseTi wesis dacva, gansakuTrebiT, uaris
Tqmis SemTxvevaSi. mxolod maRal profesional Jurnalistebs Se-
uZliaT, umniSvnelo wesebi xarisxsa da profesionalizms Seswiron.
fasdaudebelia is, rom Jurnalistebi TavianT kodeqsebSi met avto-
nomias, saredaqcio menejmentSi TavianT adgils, an SromiT xelSekru-
lebebSi zustad gaweril profesiul uflebebs afiqsireben, an ko-
deqsis zogierTi muxli oficialur profesiul statusSia asaxuli.
safrangeTSi `clause de conscience~ (sindisis muxli) (1935 wlis ka-
noni, muxli 29) nebas rTavs Jurnalists, miatovos samuSao, yvela da-
namatis miRebiT, Tu menejmentSi an mediumis orientaciaSi iseTi
cvlilebebia, romelTa gamoc mas sindisi iq muSaobis gagrZelebis
nebas ar aZlevs.
188 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kritika memarcxeneebisa da memarjveneebis mxridan
presis Tavisuflebas politikuri speqtris arc erTi mxare ar afa-

sebs. cxadia eTika da mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi sZulT,
rogorc gulubryvilo demokratebis sasacilo gamonagoni. èris~ an
`xalxis~ dasacavad unda akontrolo media, faSisturi reJimis piro-
bebSi _ policiis meSveobiT, komunisturi reJimis dros ki _ maTi
sakuTrebaSi qoniT.
Cans marqsis Tu frankfurtis skolis mowafeebi, an kulturul-
kritikuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi mediis momxmareblebs mili-
ardebis mier manipulirebad Tojinebad miiCneven. am ukanasknelT,
vinc mediis udides nawils flobs, an medias reklamis udides nawils
uTmobs, savaraudod, misTvis Sinaarsis karnaxic SeuZliaT. aseT kri-
tikosTa sandooba sakmaod Selaxa im faqtma, rom 1991 wlamde mainc,
maT saerTod ar gaxsenebiaT, kritikuli TvaliT gaexedaT aRmosavle-
Tisaken, sabWoTa presisaken.
ultra-liberalizmi ki, romelic yvela media kanonsa da regula-
cias zedmetad Tvlis, eTikas sityvis Tavisuflebisa da Tavisufali
mewarmeobis sawinaaRmdego komunistur gegmad miiCnevs. Jurnalists
aqvs ufleba, iyos upasuxismgeblo: mas mxolod misi sindisi unda mar-
Tavdes. Tu media saSualeba ar emsaxureba sazogadoebas, mediis war-
momadgenelTa TqmiT, aseT SemTxvevaSi unda endo bazars, romelic
aseT saSualebebs gadaarCevs.
kritika realistebisa da cinikosebis mxridan
realuri samyaro iseTi rTulia, situaciebi iseTi gansxvavebuli,

rom zogadi regulaciebi gamousadegia, xolo specifiuri _ yvela
SesaZlo SemTxvevisaTvis, arasakmarisi. kodeqsis mokle moculoba ga-
napirobebs mis gardauval bundovanebas _ maSin, rodesac presis sab-
Woebis gadawyvetilebebi, precendentuli samarTali ramodenime
wlis Semdeg, sakmaod moculobadi xdeba. yoveldRiur siCqareSi, ro-
desac Jurnalists gadawyvetilebis miReba uwevs, is ver gaiqceva da
wignSi regulaciebis Zebnas ver daiwyebs. konsensusi imis Taobaze,
konkretul SemTxvevaSi Tu rogor unda moiqce, Jurnalistebs Sori-
sac ar arsebobs.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 189
eTikuri normebis danergva yvela Sesabamisi pirisagan maT siste-

matiur dacvas moiTxovs. media momxmareblebi araorganizebulni
arian, maT sakuTari uZlurobis sjeraT da isini cudad icnoben pre-
sis samyaros. media mflobels gacilebiT meti ram aqvs gasakeTebeli:
upirvelesad, man unda SeinarCunos sakuTari firmis sicocxlisuna-
rianoba da xeli Seuwyos mis warmatebas. sxvaTa Soris, msxvili media
saSualeba xSirad mcireze ufro eTikuria: isini ufro mdidrebi arian
da gacilebiT damoukidebelni, rogorc sazogadoebasTan, aseve rek-
lamis damkveTebTan mimarTebaSic.
rac Seexeba Jurnalists, sazogadoebis samsaxuri misi cxovrebis
erTaderTi mizani ar aris: bunebrivia, is eZebs gavlenas, saxels, da-
winaurebas, fuls. iseT CamorCenil demokratiul qveynebSi, rogo-
rebicaa indoeTi an ruseTi, JurnalistTa didi nawili eTikaze fiq-
riT Tavs ver Seiwuxebs: isini Tavisi samuSaos SenarCunebasa da ramo-
denime groSis Sovnaze zrunaven _ an metis moxveWaze, Tu korufciaze
miuwvdebaT xeli. laTinuri amerikis bevr qveyanaSi JurnalistTa um-
ravlesobas SimSiliT suli amoxdeboda, SeTavsebiT meore (an mesame)
samuSaos gareSe. xSirad es damatebiTi samuSao reklamis damkveTTan
an informaciis potenciur wyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli. sakmaod SeZ-
lebul dasavlur demokratiebSic ki profesiuli warmatebis misaR-
wevad (an ubralod gadasarCenad), viRacas samsaxuri unda gauwio an
megobrul zewolas daemorCilo.
kritika media ostatebis mxridan
zogierTi maTgani namdvilad grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas sazogado-

ebis winaSe. sxvebma gaacnobieres, rom xarisxze kontroli anazRaure-
badia. Tumca bevrisaTvis sakmarisi mxolod kanonia. mediis angariS-
valdebulebis nebismieri sistema maT sakuTrebaSi SeWras niSnavs: vinc
burTs flobs, wesebsac is adgens. Tu romelime moqalaqes ar moswons
is, rac mas SesTavazes, dae, man sxva gazeTi SeiZinos, an sxva arxs uyuros.
rodesac aseTi metrebi mxars uWeren mediis angariSvaldebulebis
romelime sistemas, isini mas sakuTar PR strategiaSi CarTaven.
sazogadoebrivi Tu kerZo mediis menejerebi did enTuziazms ar
avlenen angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis mimarT, radgan, arcTu
usafuZvlod, isini am sistemebSi evoluciis niSnebs xedaven: Zalian
190 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
mdore, magram moZraobas imisaken, rom mwarmoebelmac da momxmare-

belmac (Jurnalistebma da sazogadoebam) monawileoba miiRon mediis
kontrolSi.
kritika profesionalebis mxridan
dRes JurnalistebisaTvis standartuli damokidebuleba miuRe-

belia: zogi absoluturad gulgrilia eTikis mimarT, zogi ki zedme-
tad mgrZnobiare. 1994 wels, rodesac APME Caatara misi wevrebis
gamokiTxva 1975 wlis kodeqsis axal versiasTan dakavSirebiT, rome-
lic winamorbedTan SedarebiT metad damuSavebuli, zusti da mkacri
iyo _ 39%-is pasuxi dadebiTi iyo, 36%-is ki _ uaryofiTi. zogierTi
oponenti, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi Taobis Jurnalistebi, TviTregu-
lirebas miiCneven ubralo kosmetikad, romelic mediis imijis gada-
saxaliseblad da sazogadoebis mosatyuebladaa gankuTvnili; an isev
da isev mTavrobis mxridan mediis saqmeebSi cxviris Cayofad.
varskvlavTa umetesoba, 100-dan 200 Jurnalistamde, vinc mmarT-
vel wreebTan TavianTi axlo urTierTobis gamo, nebismier qveyanaSi
qmnis aminds, Tvlis, rom isini eTikur problemebze maRla dganan.
isini TavianT mdgomareobas fulisa (bevri fulisTvis) da gavlenis-
Tvis iyeneben _ da acxadeben, rom maTi sindisi savsebiT sakmarisia
profesionalis saqmianobis warmarTvisTvis.
dabr
dabr kole
brk be
olebe bi
bebi
eTika, an xarisxis kontroli mediis yvela problemis martivi da

globaluri gadawyveta rodia. is martivi panacea rom iyos, mediis
angariSvaldebulebis sistemebs yvelgan vixilavdiT. faqtobrivad,
maTi mxolod mcire nawili Tu moqmedebs. im erTaderT qveyanaSi _
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac yvela sistema arsebobda, bevri
ar Semonaxula, xolo umetesoba ar gavrcelebula. qveyanaSi, sadac
1999 wels 1 500 yoveldRiuri gamocema, 7 500 yovelkvireuli, 12 000
radio da 1500 satelevizio sadguri da 2 000 samomxmareblo Jurnali
arsebobda, mxolod 40-mde ombudsmeni moqmedebda. mniSvnelovania
is, rom maTi umetesoba Tavis funqcias asrulebda.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 191
ganviTarebis dabali done gamowveulia im winaaRmdegobiT, romel-

sac mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi awydeboda. siaxles arc
erT profesiaSi ar iReben uproblemod, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-
sac is safrTxes uqmnis adamianTa Zalauflebasa da prestiJs. mTavari
dabrkolebebi, romlebic xels uSlis xarisxis kontrols, Semdegia:
ucodinaroba, gaugebroba _ magram yvelaze seriozuli mainc adami-
anis da mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemis bunebaa.
gaumarTlebeli argumentebi
saxelisuflebo kontrolis safrTxe. xSirad gamoTqvamen SeSfo-

Tebas, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi, rom TviTkontrolis me-
qanizmebs saxelmwifo sityvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudad gamoiyenebs.
magaliTad, presis sabWo, SesaZloa, `varskvlavTa palatad~104 (Star
Chamber) gadaiqces. Tumca es SiSi arasodes gamarTlebula, indo-
eTSic ki, sadac presis sabWo kanoniT aris dafuZnebuli: saintere-
soa, rom rodesac premier ministrma indira gandim sagangebo mdgo-
mareoba gamoacxara (1975-1977), zewolis sami saSualebidan erT-erTi,
romelic man gamoiyena, presis sabWos akrZalva iyo.
usargebloba. zogierTebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom `karg~ medias

xarisxis kontroli ar esaWiroeba: TanamSromelTa Sesabamisi kvali-
fikacia bunebrivad gansazRvravs xarisxs. rac Seexeba `cud~ medias,
igi xarisxis kontrols ar iRebs: isini ar Seqmnian angariSvaldebu-
lebis Sida sistemas da uars ityvian nebismier gare institutze: bri-
taneTis presis sabWo TandaTanobiT moinela gansakuTrebiT araeTi-
kurma popularulma presam, romelmac mogvianebiT aRiara presis sa-
Civrebis komisia, imis SiSiT, rom parlamenti kanonis safuZvelze Ta-
vad Camoayalibebda sabWos. am argumentebs arsebobis ufleba aqvT,
garda erTisa: media da Jurnalistebi erTianobaSi arc absoluturad
unakloni arian da arc erTianad wyalSi gadasayrelebi: maT gzis gak-
vleva da xelCasaWidi esaWiroebaT.
104
arbitraruli tribunali, romelsac inglisSi jeims I-ma da karlos
pirvelma Crdili miayenes.
192 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
PR damRa. sayovelTao SexedulebiT, mediis mier xarisxis kontrolis

ganxorcielebis yovelgvari mcdeloba sxva araferia, Tu ara Tavis
motyueba. medias pretenzia aqvs sazogadoebis samsaxurze, Tumca misi
realuri miswrafeba maqsimaluri mogeba da (zogierTebisTvis) propa-
gandaa. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom peoriis presis sabWo gazeTTan
arsebulma sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxurma Camoayaliba da
Tavadve marTavda. magram ucnauri is aris, rom warmatebuli komer-
ciuli formulis imitacia sxvagan ar momxdara. ucnauria isic, rom
angariSvaldebulebis sxva sistemebi ase mciredia, miuxedavad im faq-
tisa, rom sazogadoeba yvelgan miesalma maT, sadac ki am sistemebis
aprobireba moxda.
fanatikuri mtroba. ramodenime kritikosis azriT, eTika sxva ara-

feria, Tu ara mediis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis, umetesad memarc-
xene radikalebis niRabi. cxadia, konservatiul sazogadoebaSi arse-
bul cenzorTa umetesoba progresul mxares unda ekuTvnodes. magram
TviT SeerTebul StatebSic, zogierTi yvelaze mwvave kritikosic ki
memarjvene poziciaze dgas, magaliTad, organizacia sizusteze me-
diaSi (AIM), romelic 70-iani wlebis dasawyisidan gmobda periodul
gamocemebSi, reklamasa da radio programebSi msxvili amerikuli me-
dia saSualebebis memarcxeneobisaken gadaxras. praqtikulad, rode-
sac angariSvaldebulebis sistemebSi sazogadoebis wevrebi arian Car-
Tulni, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom isini naklebad avlenen mediis
sawinaaRmdego ganwyobas.
ucodinroba. am uaryofiT dabrkolebas advilad SeiZleba gverdi

avuaroT. yvelas smenia eTikis Sesaxeb, magram mediis samyaros war-
momadgenlebsa da gareSe adamianebis umravlesobas araferi smeniaT
xarisxis kontrolis im mravali sistemis Sesaxeb, romelic Seqmnili,
gamocdili da efeqturad da uvnebladaa miCneuli. mediis uvicoba
udaod dasaZraxia: is araviTar Rones ar xmarobs imisaTvis, rom mi-
iRos informacia mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis Sesaxeb. me-
dia uars ambobs Tavisi qmedebebis sajaroobaze: magaliTad, miuxeda-
vad Tavisi liberaluri reputaciisa, daaxloebiT 20 wlis manZilze
`sent luis fost dispetCs~ arasodes uxsenebia `sent luis jorna-
lizm reviu~. sul cota xnis win, mediis umetesoba eTikis Sesaxeb msje-
lobazec ki uars ambobda.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 193
realuri dabrkolebebi
JurnalistTa damokidebuleba/daqvemdebareba. Tu Jurnalisti

gamorCeuli ar aris da amdenad didad ar uRirs Tavis damqiravebels,
is iZulebulia, daemorCilos brZanebebs, raTa moaxerxos Tavisi
naSromis publikacia, xelfasis gazrda an dawinaureba. mesame samya-
rosa da mdidar qveynebSi, ekonomikuri Znelbedobis Jams, Jurnalis-
tebi safrTxis qveS ver ayeneben TavianT samuSao adgilebs. Tu maTi
uflebebi kargad ar aris daculi kanonmdeblobiT, Tu isini kargad
organizebulni ar arian da ara aqvT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, eTiku-
ri mosazrebebis safuZvelze damqiravebels ver daupirispirdebian.
konservatizmi. safrangeTis udidesma JurnalistTa kavSirma (SNJ)

media eTikis Sesaxeb 1990 wlis „White Paper~-Si dagmo `Zveli gildiis
msgavsi, profesiis konservatiuli muxlis reaqcia, romelic kritikis
universalur uflebas iCemebs, magram nebismieri saxis kiTxvebs gaur-
bis, Tavisi TviTxeldasmuli mRvdlobis gamo~. mediis warmomadgen-
lebs imaze metad ar moswonT cvlilebebi, vidre nebismier sxva ada-
mians. ase rom, am profesiaSi TviTreformis gansaxorcieleblad maT-
ze Zlieri zewolaa saWiro, muqarac ki. sakmaod xSirad, mxolod sa-
xelmwifos legitimuri Carevis SiSi aiZulebs media mflobelebsa da
profesionalebs TviTregulirebiT daixsnan Tavi.
klanuroba. Jurnalisturi profesia nebismier Semotevas garedan

brZoliT igeriebs, rac sulac ar aris gasakviri. magram Cans, is erTa-
derTia, romelmac TviTdisciplinisaTvis mciredi saSualebebi ar
gamonaxa. didi franguli Jurnalis generalurma direqtorma `vile-
minis saqmesTan~ dakavSirebiT 1993 wels Tqva:105 `presas ar unda
rcxvenodes mis mier gadadgmuli nabijebisa. Jurnalistebma Tavisi
saqme gaakeTes. Cven ar unda aviRoT gansjis ufleba Cvens Tavze~.
105
1984 wels patara sofelSi mcirewlovani biWis mkvlelobis Semdeg,
gardacvlilis mamam mokla naTesavi, romelsac mkvlelobaSi dasdo brali.
Semdeg eWvi dedaze miitanes. raRac mizeziT es trivialuri (da kvlav
gauxsneli) saqme presis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
Jurnalistebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen am saqmeSi gareul ramdenime adamians
da incidentis aqtualizebas axdendnen.
194 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
SeerTebul StatebSi igive reaqcia mohyva simpsonebisa (1994-1995) Tu

jon-benet remzeis (1996) saqmeebs. ZaRli ZaRlis tyavs ar daxevs: jer
isev iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca mediis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs
akritikeben, iseve rogorc calkeuli Jurnalistebi.
am profesiaSi iseve, rogorc sxvebSi, solidaroba xSirad SeTqmu-
lebis tolfasia. òmerta~ (dumilis kanoni) icavs damnaSaveebs. maT
ar abezReben xelmZRvanelebTan da isini iSviaTad warsdgebian xolme
disciplinaruli komitetebis an profesiuli asociaciebis winaSe.
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis mimarT tradiciuli antago-
nizmi SeiZleba biurokratebis koleqtiur reaqcias SevadaroT, rac
msxvili korporaciebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. isini maT mikrosam-
yaroSi sazogadoebis SeWras ver itanen.
Zalauflebis siyvaruli. rogorc mediis mflobelebma, aseve Jurna-

listebmac ician, an fiqroben, rom isini Zalauflebas floben. maT
uyvarT meoTxe xelisuflebis, `niusokratiis~ an ìmperiuli mediis~
cnebebi. maT swamT, rom SeuZliaT gavlenis moxdena informaciis arga-
moqveynebis gziTac ki. da maT ar surT, vinmes gauyon es privilegia.
Zalaufleba xrwnis.
qedmaRloba. imisda miuxedavad, arian Tu ara kompetenturi da gambe-

davebi, Jurnalistebi fiqroben, rom isini arian.106 nawili, romelmac
garkveuli reputacia moixveWa, uars ambobs sakuTari Secdomebis aRi-
arebaze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca am Secdomebze sazogadoebis wev-
rebi miuTiTeben, romlebmac, JurnalistTa azriT, Zalian cota ician,
araferi gaegebaT da aSkarad piradi interesi amoZravebT. Jurnalis-
tTa saerTaSoriso federaciam (IFJ) 1986 wels cvlilebebi ar Seitana
Tavisi bordos deklaraciis daskvniT nawilSi (1954): `profesiul saq-
mianobaSi Jurnalisti gaiziarebs mxolod Tavisi kolegebis azrs, ra-
Ta gamoricxos mTavrobis Tu sxvaTa nebismieri saxis Careva~. nebismi-
eri gareSe intervencia im siwmindis Seryvnad aRiqmeba, sadac isini,
rogorc informaciis umaRlesi qurumebi, TavianTi mowodebis reali-
zacias axdenen. sinamdvileSi isini arc TavianTi kolegebis kritikas
106
saintereso mosazreba gamoTqves ucxoelma korespondentebma parizSi:
maTi azriT, frang kolegebs gacnobierebuli ar hqondaT sakuTari
darRvevebi eTikis sferoSi.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 195
iReben jansaRad: ra avtoriteti? romeli uzenaesi Zala aZlevs cal-

keul pirebs gansjis uflebas? swored Jurnalistebi ewinaaRmdegebian
yvelaze xSirad axali ambebis redaqciebSi ombudsmenis gamoCenas.
zogjer presis sabWoebi ver axerxeben TavianTi gancxadebebis ga-
moqveynebas. maRalxarisxianma yoveldRiurma gamocemam monrealSi
`le devuarma~ kvebekis presis sabWo mas Semdeg datova, rac am ukanask-
nelma gazeTis konkretuli qmedeba xmaTa umravlesobiT uaryofiTad
Seafasa. rogorc Cans, aseTi damokidebuleba normaluria da samwu-
xarod, Semdegnairad aris formulirebuli parizis erT-erTi elita-
ruli gazeTis redaqtoris gancxadebaSi: `me ar vcnob (gazeTis) gare-
Se pirTa uflebas, miTxran, Tu risi keTeba SemiZlia da risi ara.~
realuri samyaros sirTuleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavmdabloba saq-
mes ar awyenda, gansakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Jurna-
listebi arc Tu didi eqspertebi arian im sferoSi, romelSic saqmi-
anoba uxdebaT.
gadaWarbebuli mgrZnobiaroba. erTxel prezidentma trumenma Tqva,

`Tu ver itanT sicxes, gaecaleT samzareulos.~ Tumca Jurnalistebs,
romlebmac iseTi samuSao airCies, rom mudam movlenaTa centrSi ux-
debaT triali da romelTa nawilic mudmivad sacerSi atarebs mTav-
robisa da biznesis liderebs, ratomRac Zalian umZimT kritikasTan
Segueba. zogs aSkarad awuxebs sakuTari zedmetad mgrZnobiare ego,
SesaZloa imitomac, rom is imdenad gaberilia, rom sakuTar kanSi ve-
Rar eteva, rac gavlenian personebTan urTierTobis Sedegi unda iyos.
ramdenadac viwro wreSi Jurnalistebi xSirad abuCad igdeben maT
profesiasac da sakuTar Tavsac, bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, rogor
ver malavs Jurnalistebis avadmyofuri Tavmoyvareoba arasrulfa-
sovnebis kompleqss. dacinvis mudmivi SiSiT aixsneba profesiis erT-
sulovneba, negativizmi da dauokebeli cinizmi.
Rirebuleba. bolo ori problema, romelic mediis angariSvaldebu-

lebis sistemebis Camoyalibebas uSlis xels sruliad konkretulia:
zemoT ganxiluli winaaRmdegobebisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi daZleva
mxolod swavlebiT, molaparakebebiTa da gamocdilebiT ver moxerx-
deba. pirvel yovlisa, maTi umetesoba (Tumca ara yvela) ZviradRi-
rebulia, funqcionirebisa da publikaciis TvalsazrisiT.
196 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
magaliTad, ombudsmeni, uTuod gamocdili da respeqtabeluri

Jurnalisti unda iyos, xolo aqedan gamomdinare, maRalanazRaure-
badi TanamSromelic. sasamarTloebisgan gansxvavebiT, presis sabWos
aucileblad esaWiroeba sakmarisi saxsrebi operatiuli funqcioni-
rebisaTvis107. sakmarisi dafinansebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom sabWom
yvela funqcia ganaxorcielos da simulaciurad mxolod Suamavloba
ar itvirTos.
xarisxis kontrolis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia mediis mflo-
belTa mxridan dafinansebis gareSe, radganac dafinanseba an saerTod
ar modis saxelmwifosgan, an mxolod mciredi subsidireba xdeba. me-
sakuTreebi ki maincdamainc did enTuziazms ar iCenen dafinansebis
TvalsazrisiT. maSin, rodesac angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi araf-
riT emuqreba maT Semosavals (piriqiTac ki), is maT Zalauflebas uq-
mnis safrTxes: is sazogadoebas xmis uflebas aniWebs da erTgvarad
aZlierebs Jurnalistebis avtonomias.
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistema SesaniSnav investicias war-
moadgens. yvela didi biznes firma uamrav fuls xarjavs imisaTvis,
rom gaiumjobesos sakuTari imiji sazogadoebaSi, mTavrobasa Tu sa-
samarTloSi. ramodenime wlis win maT aRmoaCines, Tu raoden mimzid-
veli iyo eTika, Tumca isic cxadia, rom mediis mravali saSualeba
met enTuziazms avlens teqnikuri saSualebebis SeZenaze an dividen-
debis gazrdaze, vidre mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebisaTvis
saxsrebis gaRebaze.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mediis zogierT saSualebas am mizniT gasa-
Rebi saxsrebi ar gaaCnia. `socialuri pasuxismgebloba~ sakmaod mZime
tvirTia. zogierTi gazeTi, magaliTad, ver aukrZalavs Tavis Jurna-
listebs, uari Tqvan romelime korporaciis mier SeTavazebul mogza-
urobaze. cnobili franguli yoveldRiuri gazeTis damfuZnebelma
redaqtorma Jurnalistebs urCia, mieRoT mipatiJeba da Semdeg, ro-
gorc frangebi amboben, `wvnianSi CaefurTxebinaT~, e.i. gaelanZRaT
is kompania Tu instituti, romelmac Sesabamisi safasuri gaiRo. esec
arCevania, magram arcTu saukeTeso da Tanac orazrovani.
107
britaneTis presis sabWos erT-erT saqmeze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
8-dan 12 Tvemde dasWirda.
kritika da da
kritika br
dabr kole
brk ba
oleba 197
dro. yvelaze uares dabrkolebas ormagi buneba aqvs. erTis mxriv,

xarisxis kontrolis gansaxorcielebald saWiroa dro, romelic me-
dia samyaroSi yovelTvis cotaa. meores mxriv, is grZelvadian pers-
peqtivaSi funqcionirebs: saukeTeso meTodi ganaTlebaa, romlis na-
yofsac mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg movimkiT. ufro metic, angariS-
valdebulebaTa sistemebis umravlesoba moiTxovs, rom profesiona-
lebic da sazogadoebac SeeCvios maT, rasac didi dro esaWiroeba.
ZiriTadi nakli. angariSvaldebulebis sistemebidan srulyofili

arc erTi ar aris. ramodenime maTgani rom ganvixiloT, aRmovaCenT,
rom presis sabWo metismetad rTulia, kodeqsi _ zedmetad loaluri,
ombudsmeni _ ZviradRirebuli, ganaTleba _ xangrZlivi da, Sesabami-
sad, neli. magram es uaryofiTi Tvisebebi umniSvnelo xdeba eTikis
uzarmazar naklTan SedarebiT: rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi xSirad
xdeba, mas SeuZlia, yuradRebis gadatana adamianebidan, romlebic re-
alurad gansazRvraven mediis qmedebas, sxva realiebze. mTavar gadaw-
yvetilebebs, bunebrivia, maRal eSelonebSi iReben da ara ordina-
ruli adamianebis doneze. ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi aq, cxadia,
ekonomikuria da ara moraluri. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelo-
vani pasuxismgebloba Jurnalistebis xelT ar aris.
udavod amoraluria, roca Jurnalisti masalis CaxSobas qrTamis
fasad axdens. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas radio sadgurze, romelic
mzadaa, gazardos mogeba da sanacvlod uari Tqvas damatebiTi Jurna-
listis ayvanaze, romelmac adgilobrivi axali ambebi unda gaaSuqos?
cxadia, eTikur wesebs ewinaaRmdegeba Jurnalistis mier saCuqrebisa
da sxva sargeblis miReba. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas mediaze, romelic
reklamis damkveTebs saredaqcio masalebiT maTi sareklamo produq-
ciis mxardaWeras hpirdeba?
ganvixiloT 80-iani wlebis mTavari skandali presaSi: `voSington
postis~ Jurnalistma janet kukma puliceris premia im statiebis se-
riisaTvis daimsaxura, romlis mTavari gmiric man faqtobrivad
gamoigona. es iyo 8 wlis mcirewlovani narkomani (heroinis momxmare-
beli) jimi. Jurnalistis qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeboda eTikur normebs,
magram SesaZloa, mas Zalian undoda, sakuTari saxeli da gvari masalis
anonsis zemoT, gazeTis pirvel gverdze exila; undoda dawinaureba,
premiis mogeba. man icoda, ra iqneboda saintereso: raRac gansakuT-
198 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
rebuli kriminaluri istoria da isic icoda, ra ar gaamarTlebda:

kidev erTi reportaJi siRaribeze, narkotikebze SavkanianTa geto-
ebSi. man icrua _ magram vidre mas ganvsjideT, unda gavixsenoT aso-
biT media saSualeba SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi ugulebelyofda SimSils, siRatakes, sastik mkvlelobebs,
epidemiebs da despotizms Sav afrikaSi, imis gamo, rom koresponden-
tebis Senaxva Zviri jdeba da ufro imitom, rom momxmarebelTa ume-
tesobas Cirad ar uRirs mesame samyaros qveynebi.
arasworia damwuxrebuli ojaxis pirad cxovrebaSi SeWra, yvela
qalis gombiod an Tundac diasaxlisad ganxilva, an vinmes naTqvamis
damaxinjebuli citireba: es is sakiTxebia, romlebic, rogorc wesi,
eTikis seminarebze ganixileba. Jurnalistebis mier daSvebuli am ti-
pis Secdomebi mkiTxvelis an mayureblisaTvis advilad SesamCnevia.
erTianobaSi es Secdomebi samwuxaro suraTs qmnis. magram Seedreba
ki aseTi darRvevebi media kompaniebis mier Cadenil darRvevebs? ro-
desac, magaliTad, aTwleulebis manZilze kompaniebi xels uSlian axa-
li teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, mediaze Tavisi oligopoliis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT, rogoc es SeerTebul StatebSi FM, UHF da sakabelo
televiziis SemTxvevaSi iyo. an, rodesac isini Segnebulad toveben
informacias, romelmac SesaZloa, reklamis damkveTebi, mTavroba, an
romelime sxva biznes wreebi gaaRizianos. firma verc moraluri da
verc amoraluri ver iqneba. magram misma menejerebma SesaZlebeli
unda gaxadon maTi TanamSromlebis mier eTikuri wesebis dacva. umjo-
besia, Jurnalistma gadaamowmos faqtebi: magram qmnis Tu ara konk-
retuli satelevizio arxi, radio sadguri amisaTvis saTanado piro-
bebs? cxadia, umjobesia, Tuki Jurnalisti saCuqrad ar miiRebs ufaso
bileTs im matCze an TamaSze dasaswrebad, romelic unda gaaSuqos,
magram daTanxmdeba ki gazeTi am bileTis yidvaze?
Jurnalistebisa da firmebis antisocialur qmedebebs Soris sxva-
oba zogjer imdenad masStaburia, rom eTikaze msjeloba SeiZleba,
fuWi aRmoCndes. cxadia, aseTi viTareba SesaZloa, saxifaToc ki iyos.
xom ar SeiZleba, rom yovelive im strategiis nawili iyos, romlis
mizanicaa, pirvel rigSi, Seuqmnas Jurnalistebs iluzia, rom isini
WeSmaritad profesionalebi arian (maSin, rodesac damoukideblobisa
da finansebis naklebobis gamo, ubralod ver iqnebian)? da, meorec,
gadaitanos sazogadoebis ukmayofileba maTze (Jurnalistebze) da
maTze gadatexon joxi, igaviseuli gantevebis vacis msgavsad?
199
daskvna
ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi media

mTels msoflioSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. amis erT-
erTi mizezi komunikaciis axali saSualebebia: `Tavi-
suflebis teqnologiebma~108 sxva efeqtur saSualebeb-
Tan erTad cenzura nebismieri diqtatorisaTvis TiT-
qmis SeuZlebeli gaxada. meores mxriv, msxvili korpo-
raciebis mxridan media samyaros kontroli gaizarda.
saWiroa, rom profesionalebi da sazogadoeba mobili-
zebulni da organizebulni da saTanadod aRWurvilni
iyvnen. ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ma-
Ti moqmedebis Sedegad bevri ram gamosworda. magali-
Tad, swored xalxis zewolis Sedegi iyo, rom 1980-ian
wlebSi evropuli qveynebis mTavrobebma mauwyeblobaSi
saxelmwifo monopolia gaauqmes.
axali gar
garemo
aremo
rogorc wesi, eTikaze wuxils109 media krizisis dros

108
“Technologies of Freedom” aseTi iyo iTiel de sola pulis
wignis saTauri, kembriji, harvardis universitetis
gamoc. 1983w.
109
amgvarad, 1989 wels, kanonmdeblobaSi `pasuxis uflebis~
aRiarebis SiSiT, maRali xarisxis yoveldRiurma
britanulma gamocemebma wesdeba SeimuSaves da ombudsmeni
daniSnes.
200 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
iwyebs. Semdeg ki, samwuxarod, eTikas iviwyebs da mas mxolod sazo-

gadoebasTan urTierTobis (PR) instrumentad ganixilavs, rac misi
keTildReobisa da momavlisaTvis, SesaZloa, Zalzed saxifaTo aRmoC-
ndes. dRes, sabednierod, seriozuli Zalebi moqmedeben. umTavresi
faqtori: sazogadoebis codnisa da aqtiurobis donis neli zrdaa.
sul ufro meti adamiani acnobierebs mediis kargi momsaxurebis sa-
sicocxlo mniSvnelobas; imas, rom mediam yvela Tavisi misia unda Se-
asrulos; rom tradiciuli media aradamakmayofilebelia. Zalian ne-
la, magram sazogadoeba mainc acnobierebs, rom man reformaSi mona-
wileoba unda miiRos. meore faqtori, axalgazrda profesionalebis
mowodebisa da im didi Zalisxmevis ukeTesi aRqmaa, romelTac zogi-
erTi maTgani mediis Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobisaTvis brZo-
lisken mimarTavs.
xarisxis kontroli TandaTanobiT sul ufro sasargebloc xdeba
da metad ganxorcielebadic. metad realizebadi imitom, rom presis
Tavisufleba sul ufro met qveyanaSi ikidebs fexs,110 xolo mauwyeb-
lobaze saxelmwifo monopolia TiTqmis yvelgan gaqra. garda amisa,
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis sargeblianobas ori mizezi
ganapirobebs. pirveli is, rom kapitalis momZlavreba medias sul
ufro met safrTxes uqadis. istoria cxadyofs, rom axali ambebic da
axali ideebic SeiZleba daiblokos, Tu isini msxvili korporaciebis
interesebs emuqreba. meore mizezi ki is aris, rom axali teqnolo-
giebi SeSfoTebis safuZvels iZleva: is pirad cxovrebaSi SeWras ai-
olebs; reportaJebi pirdapir eTerSi yovelgvari Semowmebis, filt-
raciisa da mofiqrebis gareSe gadaicema; internetSi nacisturi pro-
pagandis, Tu paTologiuri pornografiis ganTavseba Cveulebriv am-
bad iqca.
xarisxis safasuri
safasuri
media eTika, cxadia, progresis farTo cnebis erT-erTi elementia:

informaciis moZiebis srulyofa, TanamSromelTa kompetenciis amaR-
110
evropaSi pirveli ombudsmeni daniSna didma espanurma yoveldRiurma
“El Pais”-m, romelic uSualod frankos diqtaturis dasrulebis Semdeg
daarsda.
daskvna 201
leba, fotoebis Tu ferebis, maketis, beWdvis xarisxis, gavrcelebis

gaumjobeseba da sxva, _ aseTi evolucia saboloo jamSi yvelasaTvis
momgebiania: mflobelebisaTvis, reklamis damkveTebisTvis, profe-
sionalebisTvis, specialistebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. xarisxi ka-
cobriobis keTildReobas emsaxureba da mas praqtikuli Sedegic aqvs.
SeerTebul StatebSi kritikis qarcecxlSic ki gamoxatavs zogi-
erTi media mflobeli nebas, ukeT emsaxuros sazogadoebas. bevri amis
finansur saWiroebas acnobierebs. reklamis damkveTTa samwuxarod,
komerciuli televizia metad ganaTlebul da SeZlebul mayureblebs
kargavs. beWdviTi media SedarebiT axali mediis konkurencias grZnobs,
xolo gazeTi mkiTxvels konkurentebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic
kargavs. ufro metic, zogierTi mflobeli acnobierebs, rom isini
riskaven, dakargon maTi momgebiani Tavisufleba: aRmasrulebel Tu
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebs, romelebic yovelTvis presis Sez-
Rudvisken ixrebodnen, amis gakeTeba saocrad demokratiuli mize-
ziT SeeZloT _ sazogadoebrivi ukmayofilebis sababiT.
iSviaTad axseneben meore problemas, rac Jurnalistebis prole-
tarizaciaSi gamoixateba: SeerTebul StatebSi, iq, sadac mcirdeba
xelfasebi, Sesabamisad yvelgan ecema morali. amas emateba isic, rom
mogebaze orientirebuli media rigiT Jurnalistebs paikebad iyenebs.
eTika xels uwyobs JurnalistTa daculobas, maT solidarobas, amaR-
lebs maT prestiJs, zrdis maT gavlenas _ Sesabamisad, moralsa da
produqtiulobas. bunebrivia, eTika, pirvel rigSi, sazogadoebas hma-
tebs bevrs da saboloo jamSi, amtkicebs mis ndobas mediis mimarT.
zogierTi araeTikuri media saSualeba, erTi SexedviT sakmaod
warmatebulad saqmianobs, magaliTad, rogorc londonis `sani~ (gaze-
Ti yoveldRiurad 4 milionze met egzemplars yidis). Tumca, faqtob-
rivad, britanulma popularulma yoveldRiurma presam ukanaskneli
ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 4 milion momxmarebelze meti dakarga
maSin, rodesac mosaxleoba 7 milionze meti adamianiT gaizarda. gana
saintereso ar aris is garemoeba, rom rodesac amerikulma satelevi-
zio arxma simpsonis saqmis erTwliani usargeblo gaSuqebis Semdeg
gadawyvita, aRarasodes Sexeboda danaSaulis Tematikas garda im Sem-
Txvevebisa, roca es sazogadoebrivi interesiT iyo ganpirobebuli _
misma reitingma dauyovnebliv aiwia? filmebi, romlebSic ar aris Za-
ladoba, vulgaruloba, uxamsoba kargad iyideba im salaroebSi, ro-
202 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
melTa registrirebis problema holivuds aqvs. `Sindleris sias~, ro-

melic erT-erT didSemosavlian filmad iqca, verasodes gadaiRebd-
nen, Tavad spilbergi seriozul finansur riskze rom ar wasuliyo.
sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSi, 90-iani wlebis post-sabWoTa latvi-
aSi eTikuroba gazeTisaTvis korumpirebuli mediisagan gamijvnisa
da am gziT Tavis gadarCenis saSualebad iqca.
gaxsovdeT, eTikas da mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebs ramo-
denime mizani aqvT: media ukeT emsaxuros sazogadoebas; aRadginos
mediis prestiJi mosaxleobis TvalSi; sxvadasxva saSualebebiT daic-
van sityvisa da presis Tavisufleba; SesZinos profesias is damouki-
debloba, rac demokratiis damkvidrebasa da sazogadoebrivi keTil-
dReobis gaumjobesebaSi mis rols ganapirobebs.
prof
profesionalT
ofesionalT aa
esionalTa vtonomia
avtonomia
profesionalis upirvelesi amocana im firmis Semosavlebis zrda

ki ar aris, sadac is muSaobs, aramed sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadas-
xva umciresobebis ukeTesi samsaxuria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
Jurnalistebi daqiravebulebs warmoadgenen, cxadia, isini Riad ver
daupirispirdebian TavianT damqiraveblebs. rogor unda daaRwion
maT Tavi am damokidebul mdgomareobas? am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso
gamosavali sakuTari saqmisadmi profesionaluri midgomaa. es ki
niSnavs, saukeTeso iyo: movlenebisa da tendenciebis gaSuqebaSi, ga-
dawyvetilebis mimReb pirTa interviuirebaSi, monacemTa mogroveba-
Si, faqtebisa da ideebis ganmartebaSi, masalis miwodebaSi. profesi-
onalTa mier Seqmnili saukeTeso produqcia Warb mogebas moutans
maT ufrosebs (da, SesaZloa, aTasobiT aqcioners), rac am ukanasknelT
bednierebas mianiWebs.
meores mxriv, Tu yovelTvis principebisa da profesiuli normebis
Tanmimdevrulebi iqnebian, angariSvaldebulebis sxvadasxva formiT,
sazogadoebas unaklo Jurnalistur momsaxurebas SesTavazeben, Jur-
nalistebi sazogadoebis mxardaWeras moupoveben medias, rogorc in-
dustrias, meoTxe xelisuflebas _ rogorc instituts da sakuTar
Tavs, rogorc informaciis Semgroveblebsa da dammuSaveblebs. Tuki
odesme Jurnalistebze usamarTlo zewola ganxorcielebula, isini
daskvna 203
winaaRmdegobis gawevas swored profesionalizmis saSualebiT axer-

xebdnen. eTikisadmi maTi interesi SeiZleba, aRviqvaT rogorc niSani
imisa, rom sabolood isini Zalauflebis berketebis xelSi aRebas
apireben.
Tavisuf le
visufle ba da xarisxi
leba
dResdReobiT dasavluri qveynebis umetes nawilSi zogma profesi-

onalma gaacnobiera, rom xarisxis kontroli mediis gaSmagebul ko-
mercializaciasTan dasapirispireblad maTTvis saukeTeso saSualeba
iqneboda. maT gaacnobieres, rom am tipis sistemebi akmayofileben
mediis momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs, radganac maT procesebis monawi-
les xdis da Sedegad zrdis profesiis gavlenasa da prestiJs. zogma
Jurnalistma gaacnobiera, rom angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi ara-
Tu safrTxes ar uqmnian maT Tavisuflebas, aramed unikalur saSu-
alebas warmoadgenen mowinaaRmdegeebisgan mediis Tavisuflebis
dasacavad.
eTik
eTik a ar
ika asakmarisia
arasakmarisia
gasuli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mediis aSkara gaumjobeseba

ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba teqnologiur ganviTarebas, mauwyeblobaze
saxelmwifo monopoliis gauqmebas an valdebulebebs, romelTac ka-
nonmdebloba medias akisrebs. marTalia, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT, evo-
lucia swrafi procesia, Tumca, istoriul WrilSi cvlilebebis da-
naxva SesaZlebelia: warsuls Cabarda SantaJireba, partiuli gazeTe-
bi, mTavrobisadmi mauwyeblobis monuri morCileba, pirovnebebis an
ideebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli amazrzeni kampaniebi. Jurnalistebi
ukve naklebad iReben qrTams `konvertebiT~ da metad _ akademiur
xarisxebs.
Tumca eTikis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba iseve saxifaToa, rogoric
misi saTanadod verSefaseba. dRevandel msoflioSi, komunisturi
blokis dacemis Semdeg, mediis xarisxsa da Tavisuflebas mTavar saf-
rTxes mogebaze orientirebuli giganturi sakomunikacio saSualebe-
204 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
bis gaSmagebuli eqsploatacia uqmnis. nuravin iocnebebs, rom maT

sixarbes vinme eTikiT moTokavs. berlinis kedlis dacemam `sovieti-
zebuli~ mediis momxreTa yvela argumenti gaacamtvera. magram, me-
ores mxriv, bazris fanatikosebi kvlav gamalebiT Sromoben. `xarisxis
kontrolis yvela sistemis~ gamoyeneba sakmarisi namdvilad ar aris.
kanonebisa da regulaciebis saWiroeba yovelTvis iarsebebs. upir-
velesi mizani yvela media saSualebisaTvis saTanado asparezis uz-
runvelyofaa; meore mxriv, koncentraciis, maqsimaluri mogebisa da
sazogadoebis momsaxurebis ugulebelyofisadmi komerciuli firme-
bis bunebrivi swrafvis SezRudva; dabolos, is, rom martooden cal-
keuli Jurnalisti ver agebs pasuxs mediaSi mimdinare negatiur Tu
pozitiur movlenebze. gana absurduli ar iqneba, vifiqroT, rom me-
dia yvela naklisgan gaTavisufldeba, Tuki misi TanamSromlebi eTi-
kurebi gaxdebian? Tumca aseTi azri ucxo ar aris anglo-saqsuri qvey-
nebisaTvis, sadac gadarCenas bazrisa da eTikis kombinaciaSi xedaven.
80-ian wlebSi, audiovizualuri mediis mTavrobis uRlisagan gaTa-
visuflebasTan erTad, evropelebma Zalzed gonivrulad Semoinaxes
SedarebiT mkacri regulacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis
interesebis dacvas _ da eTikis mimarT interesi kidev ufro gaaRvi-
ves. faqtobrivad, sazogadoebas samive komponenti esaWiroeba: kanoni,
bazari da xarisxis kontroli. TiToeuli ingredientis proporcia
rTuli gansasazRvria: maTze gavlenas adgilobrivi kultura da
istoriuli precedentebi axdenen.
ra rCeba g
rCeba asak
gasak eT
asakeTebeli
eTe
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs mSvenieri politikuri cne-

ba _ `moraluri lideroba~. is eris, socialuri jgufisa Tu institu-
tebisTvis keTilSobiluri miznebis dasaxvas gulisxmobs, Tumca amave
dros kargadaa gacnobierebuli, rom am miznis dauyovnebliv miRweva
SeuZlebelia. `moraluri lideroba~ gulisxmobs adamianTa darwmune-
bas arCevanis sisworeSi; imaSi, rom isini swori mimarTulebiT moZra-
oben, rwmeniTa da iluziebis gareSe. eTikisa da mediis angariSval-
debulebis sistemebis qadageba `moralur liderobas~ waagavs.
daskvna 205
aq, albaT, me-17 saukunis Sua periodis ingliseli radikali

protestantebis gaxseneba iqneboda mizanSewonili. maT mier wamoye-
nebul moTxovnaTa Soris iyo ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis, muSaobis
sayovelTao ufleba. Tu ufaso da savaldebulo ganaTleba, janmrTe-
lobis erovnuli sistema da daxmarebebi umuSevrebisTvis im xanad
utopias hgavda, dRes es yovelive Cveulebrivi ambavia.
mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemaTa qselebi
gana, sakmarisia seminarebze, konferenciebze, statiebSi, wignebSi,

samauwyeblo programebSi warmoTqmuli emociuri, gonivruli da
STambeWdavi sityvebi? unda davkmayofildeT Tu ara im kodeqsebiT,
romelTac ganxorcieleba ar uweriaT? ra Tqma unda, ara. Sedegad,
gvaqvs mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi, romelTa Rirebule-
baze kamaTi am etapze absurduli iqneboda. rogorc ukve iTqva, yvela
maTgani gamocdilia, Sedegad ki dadgenilia maTi efeqturoba da is,
rom yvelaze uares SemTxvevaSic ki am sistemebs ziani ar moaqvs.
dRevandel amocanas angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis did poten-
cialsa da ukve dagrovil gamocdilebaze profesionalebisa da sazo-
gadoebis yuradRebis gamaxvileba unda warmoadgendes. imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom mediis sferoSi angariSvaldebulebis bevri sistema
sruliad axalia, sazogadoeba ar aris SeCveuli maT. amdenad, saWiroa
am arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani agentis etapobrivi prezentacia da
damkvidreba. mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemaTa qselis Seqmna
droSi gawelili procesia, gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze.
ratom maincdamainc qseli? amis mizezi isaa, rom marTalia, yvela
arsebuli angariSvaldebulebis sistema cal-calke sasargebloa, mag-
ram arc erTi ar aris srulyofili. molodini imisa, rom calkeul
maTgans pirdapiri da sagrZnobi Sedegi mohyveba, usafuZvloa. TiTo-
euli maTgani erTmaneTs avsebs, radganac gansxvavebul doneze da
droSi funqcionirebs. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini erTmaneTs
aZliereben da avseben, SeiZleba viqonioT imedi, rom samomavlod Se-
degi saxeze iqneba. gacilebiT didi problemaa adgilze tkepniT saq-
mis dawyeba. erTobliobaSi, angariSvaldebulebis sistemebs SeiZleba,
Zlieri da grZelvadiani efeqti mohyves. idealuri iqneboda, ramode-
nime aTwleulis Semdeg isini yvelgan arsebobdnen da erTmaneTTan
206 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
TavianTi avtonomiurobis xelyofis gareSe, farTo da moqnil qselSi

TanamSromlobdnen.
mineapolisSi 70-ian wlebSi arsebuli droebiTi sabWos msgavsad,
minesotas axali ambebis sabWo universitetis SesaniSnavi Jurnalis-
turi skolidan aRmocenda. am skolis profesorebi daexmarnen `tvin
sitiz jornalizm revius~, romelsac adgilobrivi Jurnalistebi ga-
moscemdnen, rCevebs aZlevdnen adgilobriv yoveldRiur presas da
samauwyeblo arxebs, daaarses Tavisufali presa/samarTliani sasa-
marTlos komiteti. maT agreTve daweres statiebi da wignebi111 da
rasakvirvelia, aswavlidnen eTikas.
xelSewyoba
TiTqosda arsebobs sayovelTao mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom me-

dia eTika Tavisufal nebasa da konsensus unda efuZnebodes, dainte-
resebulma mxareebma zustad unda gansazRvron wesebi da maTi gan-
xorcielebis meqanizmebi. samizne jgufs am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenen
rogorc menejerebi, aseve maTi xelqveiTebi. eTikis mimarT interesis
gaRvivebasTan erTad mTels msoflioSi Cndeba sazrunavi, Tu rogor
aiZulon profesionalebi, pativi scen dadgenil eTikur normebs:
TiTqmis yvelgan planetaze adamianebi am sakiTxebze fiqroben, amis
Sesaxeb weren da eqsperimentebsac ki atareben. amdenad, saWiroa sxva-
dasxva regionebs Soris informaciis gacvla. aq mocemulia ramode-
nime praqtikuli xasiaTis rCeva, romelTa mizania mediis angariSval-
debulebis sistemebis mediis warmomadgenlebisTvis, politikosebisa
da sazogadoebisaTvis gacnoba.
kvleva da komunikacia
erT-erTi pirveli nabiji zemoxsenebul problematikaze msoflio

masStabis kvlevis Catarebaa; kidev ufro mniSvnelovania imis Seswav-
la, rac media eTikisa da angariSvaldebulebis sistmebTan mimarTe-
baSi ukve gakeTda _ farTo kvleva im adamianTa monawileobiT, vinc
muSaobs an umuSavia xarisxis kontrolze. es monacemebi unda gamoices
111
klasikosis CaTvliT: J. Edward Gerald’s “The Social Responsibility of the Press”,
Mineapolis, U of Minnesota Press, 1963.
daskvna 207
erT an ramodenime wignad, sadac warmodgenili iqneba angariSvalde-

bulebis sistemebis istoria, mravalferovneba da socialuri funq-
cia, aseve arsebuli problemebi. wigni ramodenime enaze unda gamoq-
veyndes _ erTi versia ki mokle, mimzidveli da iafi unda iyos. Cemi
redaqtorobiT gamocemuli `demokratiis arsenali: mediis angariS-
valdebulebis sistemebi~ ramdenadme pasuxobs am amocanas, gansakuT-
rebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom is gamoqveynda frangul, inglisur,
portugaliur da iaponur enebze. saWiroa informireba, informireba
da kidev erTxel informireba. msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi unda
gaimarTos Sexvedrebi, raTa Jurnalistebs gauRvivdeT interesi,
moxdes mediis yuradRebis mipyroba, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa darw-
muneba mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis Seqmnis aucileblo-
baSi. 80-90-ian wlebSi tardeboda konferenciebi, seminarebi, iqmnebo-
da samuSao jgufebi, xSirad presis sabWoebis an evrosabWos iniciati-
viT. Tumca, am procesebis xelSewyoba presis saerTaSoriso insti-
tuts (IPI), gazeTebis msoflio asociacias (FIEJ), JurnalistTa saer-
TaSoriso federacias (FIJ) da sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebs,
iuneskosac ki112 SeeZlo. xarisxis gaumjobesebis survilis SemTxveva-
Si ki daxmarebis gaweva aseve SeeZloT SeerTebuli Statebis Jurna-
listur skolebs, fondebs, profesiul asociaciebs, pres jgufebs.
sainformacio centrebi
zemoT naTqvamis garda, saWiroa msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi

Seiqmnas informaciisa da komunikaciis meti centri, romelic da-
kavebuli iqneba media eTikis problemebiT. bevr aseT centrs Cven
mediis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli universitetebis, fondebis,
kvleviTi institutebis veb-gverdebze vxvdebiT.113 TiToeul kon-
tinentze erTi centri mainc rom iyos, veb-saitebTan, sainformacio
biuletenebTan, forumebTan, Cet-lainebTan da monacemTa bazebTan
erTad. erT-erTi aseTi veb-saiti mokrZalebuli saSualebebiT
safrangeTis presis institutma (parizis universiteti-2) 1999 wlis
dasawyisSi wamoiwyo, rac male saerTaSoriso presis sabWos vebsa-
itiT Canacvlda (www.presscouncils.org).
112
Tumca, amerikuli mediis TvalSi NWIO-s moZraoba presis Tavisuflebis
mtrad aRiqmeboda _ nacvlad erTob saSualo, Tumca Zvirfasi
biurokratiisa.
113
ix. “Information Centre” www.presscouncils.org-ze
208 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
aseTi centrebisa da veb-gverdebis mizania, gaumjobesdes mediis

momsaxurebis xarisxi saxelmwifos yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. maT
ramodenime funqcia unda daekisroT: pirvel rigSi, informaciis
Segroveba ama Tu im qveyanaSi mimdinare eTikuri xasiaTis nebismier
krizisze; es SesaZloa moxerxdes Sexvedrebsa da treiningebze, iqneba
es profesiul eTikasTan dakavSirebuli kursebi, seminarebi, samuSao
jgufebi Tu simpoziumebi. meore _ maT Tavi unda mouyaron media
eTikisa da angariSvaldebulebis sistemebTan dakavSirebul mdidar
dokumentacias: statiebs, angariSebs, disertaciebs, Tezisebs, Zvel
da axladgamocemul wignebs. mesame _ maT es dokumentacia sazogado-
ebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda gaxadon _ sxvadasxva saSualebiT (veb-
gverdebi, bibliografiuli biuletinebi, CD-ROM) da unda pasuxob-
dnen sazogadoebriv moTxovnebs eleqtronuli fostiT, fostiTa Tu
faqsiT.
centrebi da veb-gverdebi agreTve xels uwyobs informaciis, ga-
mocdilebisa da ideebis gacvlas. maT unda Seqmnan xelsayreli garemo
Jurnalistebs, radiosa da televiziis prodiuserebs, mecnierebs, ma-
gistratebs, politikosebsa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris komuni-
kaciisaTvis. es unda xdebodes eTikisa da angariSvaldebulebis
Temebze samuSao jgufebis organizebis SeTavazebis an ganxorciele-
bis, mrgvali magidis an konferenciebis Catarebis, gazeTis gamocemis,
aseve eTikasa da media angariSvaldebulebis sistemebze wignebis ga-
moqveynebis gziT.
dafinanseba SeZlebisdagvarad bevri wyarodan unda modiodes,
raTa garantirebuli iyos institutis damoukidebloba. umjobesia
es iyvnen fondebi, universitetebi, gamomcemlebisa da Jurnalistebis
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso asociaciebi, arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebi. Tumca es sia kidev SeiZleba gaizardos maregulirebeli sa-
agentoebis, satelevizio arxebis, pres jgufebisa da sxvaTa damate-
bis SemTxvevaSi.
media eTika ar aris SeerTebul StatebSi Sobili fantaziis nayofi,
romelic amerikaSi 60-iani wlebis protests, xolo evropaSi sparse-
Tis yuris oms mohyva. es ar aris moklevadiani kontrSeteva, romelic
sazogadoebis undoblobis mozRvavebasTan gasamklaveblad gaCnda,
rogorc es adre, 20-ian wlebSi progresuli moZraobis sawinaaRmde-
god agorda. es arc zogierTi inteleqtualis fantaziaa: media eTi-
daskvna 209
kisa da angariSvaldebulebis sistemebis momxreebs erTob mcire aqvT

saerTo Sua saukuneebis erudit TeologebTan, romlebic am sakiT-
xebze cxared kamaTobdnen episkoposebTan, mRvdlebTan, xolo morw-
muneebma araferi icodnen da kidev ufro naklebi enaRvlebodaT.
dabolos, media eTika arc sareklamo saagentos warmomadgenelTa
strategiaa.
es mediis gaumjobesebis erTaderTo meTodia, romelic maqsima-
lurad demokratiuli, efeqturi da Tanac uvnebelia. mas neli efeqti
aqvs, rac kidev erTi damatebiTi safuZvelia imisaTvis, rom angariS-
valdebulebis sistemebis Camoyalibeba dauyovnebliv daiwyos. ro-
gorc yvela axal wamowyebas, mas energia, inovaciuri suli, Tavdadeba,
organizaciuli niWi da gunduri muSaobis unari, plius garkveuli
investiciebi esaWiroeba.
210 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia
CHRISTIANS Clifford & Vernon JENSEN, Two Bibliographies on

Ethics, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2nd ed. 1988.
COOPER Thomas W., Television and Ethics: A Bibliography, Boston,
G.K. Hall, 1988.
MacDONALD Barrie & Michel PETHERAM, Keyguide to Information
Sources in Media Ethics, London, Lansell, 1998.
ZiriTadi naSromebi
eTika, biznesi da profesia
ANDREWS Kenneth R. (ed.), Ethics in Practice: Managing the Moral

Corporation, Boston (MA), Harvard Business School Press, 1989.
BAYLES Michael, Professional Ethics, Belmont (CA), Wadsworth, 1981
[general panorama].
FREUDBERG David, The Corporate Conscience: Money, Power and
Responsible Business, New York, American Management Ass., 1986.
JONAS H., The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for
the Technological Age, University of Chicago Press, 1984.
eTika da media
ADAMS Julian, Freedom and Ethics in the Press, New York, Rosen, 1983.
BEAUCHAMP Tom L. & Stephen KLAIDMAN, The Virtuous
Journalist, New York, Oxford UP, 1987.
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 211
BELSEY Andrew & Ruth CHADWICK, Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media,
London, Routledge, 1992 [British viewpoint]
CHRISTIANS Clifford, FERRE John P. & FACKLER P. Mark, Good News: Social Ethics
and the Press, New York, Oxford UP, 1992 [a philosophical approach].
CHRISTIANS Clifford & Michael TRABER (ed.), Communication Ethics and Universal
Values, London, Sage, 1997.
GORDON A.D. & John M. KITTROSS, Controversies in Media Ethics, New York, Addison
Wesley, 2nd ed. 1999.
HASELDEN Kyle, Morality and the Mass Media, Nashville (TN), Broadman, 1968
[Christian viewpoint].
IGGERS Jeremy, Good News, Bad News: Journalism Ethics and the Public Interest,
New York, Worldview Press, 1998.
JAKSA James A., Communications Ethics, Belmont, Wadsworth, 1988.
JOHANNESEN Richard L., Ethics in Human Communication, (1975), Prospect Heights
(IL), Waveland Press, 3rd ed. 1990.
KIERAN Matthew, Media Ethics: A Philosophical Approach, Westport (CT), Praeger, 1997.
LAMBETH Edmund B., Committed Journalism: An Ethic for the Profession, Bloo-mington,
Indiana UP, 2nd ed. 1992.
MERRILL John C., Legacy of Wisdom: Great Thinkers and Journalism, Ames (IO), Iowa
SUP, 1994.
OLEN Jeffrey, Ethics in Journalism, Englewood Cliffs (NJ), Prentice-Hall, 1988.
RIVERS William L. & Cleve MATHEWS, Ethics for the Media, Englewood Cliffs (NJ),
Prentice-Hall, 1988.
RUBIN Bernard, Questioning Media Ethics, New York, Praeger, 1978.
SCHWARTZ Tony, The Responsive Chord, Garden City (NY), Doubleday, 1973
[ethics in broadcasting].
McBRIDE Sean (ed.), Many Voices, One World, Paris, Un-esco, 1980.
VAN DER MEIDEN Anne (ed.), Ethics and Mass Communication, Utrecht (NL),
State University of Utrecht, 1980.
istoria (meore msoflio omamde)
CRAWFORD Nelson A., The Ethics of Journalism, New York, Knopf, 1924; new ed. 1969.
DICKEN-GARCIA Hazel, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth Century America, Madison,
University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
FLINT Leon N., The Conscience of the Newspaper: A Case Book in the Principles and
Problems of Journalism, New York, Appleton, 1925.
KINGSBURY Susan M., Newspaper and the News: An Objective Measu-rement of Ethical
and Unethical Behavior by Representative Newspapers, 1937, New York, Johnson Reprint
Corp., 1969.
212 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
kanonmdebloba da regulaciebi
COUPRIE Eliane & Henry OLSSON, Freedom of Communications Under the Law: Case
Studies in Nine Countries, Manchester, European Institute for the Media, 1987.
CURRY J.L. & al., Press Control Around the World, New York, Praeger, 1982.
DEWALL Gustav von, Press Ethics: Regulation and Editorial Practice, Düsseldorf,
European Institute for the Media, 1997 [France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom].
HOFFMANN-RIEM Wolfgang, Regulating Media: The Licensing and Supervision of
Broadcasting in Six Countries, New York, Guilford, 1996.
ROBERTSON Geoffrey & Andrew NICOL , Media Law: The Rights of Journalists,
Broadcasters and Publishers, London, Sage, 1985.
socialuri pasuxismgebloba
BALK Alfred , A Free and Responsible Press, New York, Report to the 20th c. Fund, 1973.
CASEBIER Allan & Janet J. CASEBIER, Social Responsibilities of the Mass Media,
Lanham (MD), University Press of America, 1978.
COLLINS Keith S. (ed.), Responsibility and Freedom in the Press: Are They in Conflict?,
Washington (DC), Citizen’s Choice, 1985.
Commission on the Freedom of the Press, A Free and Responsible Press, University of
Chicago Press, 1947.
DENNIS Everette E. & al. (ed.), Media Freedom and Accountability, New York, Greenwood,
1989.
ELLIOTT Deni (ed.), Responsible Journalism, Beverly Hills (CA), Sage, 1986 [nine essays
by academics].
GERALD J. Edward, The Social Responsibility of the Press, Minneapolis, University of
Minnesota Press, 1963. HODGES Louis (ed.), Social Responsibility: Journalism, Law,
Medicine, Lex-ing-ton (VA), Washington & Lee University, 1978.
JONAS Hans, The Imperative of Responsibility, University of Chicago Press, 1984.
MERRILL John C., The Imperative of Freedom: A Philosophy of Journalistic Autonomy,
New York, Hastings House, 1974 [Hostile to “social responsibility “].
MERRILL John C., The Dialectic in Journalism: Toward a Responsible Use of Press
Freedom, Baton Rouge, Louisiana SUP, 1989.
RIVERS William, W. SCHRAMM & C. CHRISTIANS, Responsi-bi-li-ties- in Mass
Communication, New York, Harper & Row, 1957, 3rd ed. 1980.
SCHMUHL Robert (ed.), The Responsibilities of Journalism, Notre Dame (IN),
University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 213
media eTika da angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi
media eTika
ALLEY Robert S., Television: Ethics for Hire?, Nashville (TN), Abingdon, 1977 [based on
interviews with eminent producers].
CHRISTIANS Clifford & al., Media Ethics, New York, Longman, 3rd ed. 1991 [76 case studies].
DAY Louis A., Ethics in Media Communication: Cases and Controversies, Belmont (CA),
Wadsworth, 1996.
European Journalism Center, Organising Media Accountability, Maastricht, EJC, 1997.
FINK Conrad C., Media Ethics: In the Newsroom and Beyond, New York, McGraw Hill, 1988.
GOODWIN Eugene & R.F. SMITH, Groping for Ethics in Journalism, Ames (Iowa), Iowa
SUP, 1983 - 3rd ed. 1994.
HEINE W., Journalism Ethics: A Case Book, London (Canada), University of Western
Ontario, 1975.
HULTENG John L., The Messenger’s Motives: Ethical Problems of the News Media,
Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1976 - 2ème. éd. 1985.
KIERAN Matthew (ed.), Media Ethics, London, Routledge, 1998.
KLAIDMAN Stephen & Tom L. BEAUCHAMP, The Virtuous Journalist, New York,
Oxford UP, 1987 [based on real life situations].
KRIEGHBAUM Hillier, Pressures on the Press, New York, Crowell, 1972.
LESTER Paul, Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach, Hillsdale (NJ), Erlbaum, 1991.
LIMBURG Val E., Electronic Media Ethics, Boston, Focal, 1994.
McCULLOCH F. (ed.), Drawing the Line, Washington (DC), ASNE, 1984 [How 31 editors
solved their worst ethical problem].
MEYER Philip, Editors, Publishers and Newspaper Ethics, Washington (DC), ASNE, 1983.
MEYER Philip, Ethical Journalism: A Guide for Students, Practitioners and Consumers,
New York, Longman, 1987 [a classic].
SPG-SDX, National Ethics Committee, Journalism Ethics Report, Chicago, Society of
Professional Journalists, every year since 1981.
NORDENSTRENG Kaarle (ed.), Reports on Media Ethics in Europe, University of Tampere
(Finland), 1995.
PATTERSON Philip & Lee WILKINS, Media Ethics: Issues and Cases, Dubuque (IA),
William C. Brown, 1991.
PIPPERT Wesley G., An Ethics of News: A Reporter’s Search for Truth, Washington,
Georgetown UP, 1989 [Personal experiences].
RUSSELL Nick, Morals and Media: Ethics in Canadian Journalism, U. of British Columbia
Press, 1994.
SEIB Philip, Campaigns and Conscience: The Ethics of Political Journalism, Westport (CT),
Praeger, 1994.
214 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
STEPHENSON Hugh & Michael BROMLEY (eds), Sex, Lies and Democracy, London,
Longman, 1998.
SWAIN Bruce M., Reporters’ Ethics, Ames, Iowa SUP, 1979 [problems faced by 67 reporters].
THAYER Lee et al. (ed.), Ethics, Morality and the Media, New York, Hastings House, 1980
[27 essays mainly by practitioners].
kodeqsebi
BRUUN Lars (ed.), Professional Codes in Journalism, Prague, IOJ, 1979 [IOJ was a soviet
institution].
COOPER Thomas W. (ed.), Communication Ethics and Global Change, New York,
Longman, 1989.
GORLIN Rena A. (ed.), Codes of Professional Responsibility, Washington (DC), Bureau of
National Affairs, 2nd ed. 1990.
IOJ, International Principles of Professional Ethics in Journalism, Prague, IOJ, 1986
[see supra: Bruun].
JONES G. Clement, Mass Media Codes of Ethics and Councils, Paris, Unesco, 1980
[strong marxist bias].
JUUSELA Pauli, Journalistic Codes of Ethics in the CSCE Countries, Tampere, University of
Tampere, 1991 [A synthetic study of western and soviet codes!].
kriticizmi
ARONSON James, Packaging the News: A Critical Survey of Press, Radio, TV, New York,
International Publishers, 1971.
ARONSON James, Deadline for the Media: Today’s Challenges to Press, TV and Radio,
Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
BABB Laura L. (ed.), Of the Press, By the Press, For the Press, and Others Too, Boston,
Houghton Mifflin, 1976 [by Washington Post staff members].
BROWN Lee, The Reluctant Reformation: On Criticizing the Press in Ame-ri-ca, New York,
McKay, 1974.
CIRINO Robert, Don’t Blame the People: How the News Media Use Bias, Distortion and
Censorship to Manipulate Public Opinion, New York, Random House, 1971.
DOWNING John et al., Questioning the Media: A Critical Introduction, Newbury Park
(CA), Sage, 1990.
FRANKLIN Robert, Newszak and News Media, London, Arnold, 1997.
GOLDSTEIN Tom, The News at Any Cost: How Journalists Compromise Their Ethics to
Shape the News, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1985 [concrete cases].
GOLDSTEIN Tom (ed.), 100 Years of Media Criticism, New York, Columbia UP, 1989.
HACHTEN William, The Troubles of Journalism: A Critical Look at What’s Right and
Wrong With the Press, Mahwah (NJ), Erlbaum, 1998.
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 215
ISAACS Norman E., Untended Gates: The Mismanaged Press, New York, Colum-bia UP, 1986.
JENSEN Carl, 20 Years of Censored News, New York, Seven Stories Press, 1997.
JENSEN Joli, Redeeming Modernity: Contradictions in Media Criticism, Newbury Park
(CA), Sage, 1990.
MacDOUGALL A. Kent (ed.), The Press: A Critical Look From the Inside, Princeton, Dow
Jones, 1972.
POLLAK Richard (ed.), Stop the Presses, I Want to Get Off!, New York, Random House,
1975. [An anthology from the review [MORE]].
RUSHER William A., The Coming Battle for the Media: Curbing the Media Elite, New York,
Morrow , 1988 [a conservative viewpoint].
SHAW David, Journalism Today, New York, Harper & Row, 1977 [an anthology of his articles
in the Los Angeles Times].
SHAW David, Press Watch,: A Provocative Look at How the Newspapers Report the News,
New York, Macmillan, 1984 [idem].
SINCLAIR Upton, The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism, Pasa-de-na (CA),
1919, reprinted by Arno Press, 1970.
sajaro daSveba/ komunikaciis ufleba
BARRON Jerome C., Freedom of the Press For Whom? The Right of Access to Mass Media,
Bloomington, Indiana UP, 1973.
HARMS L.S., Jim RICHSTAD & K.A. KIE (ed.), Right to Communicate: Collected
Papers, Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii, 1977.
HARMS L.S. & Jim RICHSTAD (ed.), Evolving Perspectives on the Right to Communi
cate, Honolulu, East-West Center, 1977.
SCHMIDT Benno C., Freedom of the Press vs. Public Access, New York, Praeger, 1976.
presis sabWoebi
ADHIKARI G., Press Councils: The Indian Experience, New Delhi, Press Institute of India,
1965.
BALK Alfred, A Free and Responsive Press: Report for a National News Council, New
York, 20th Century Fund, 1973.
BRADLEY H.J., Press Councils of the World, Londres, The Press Council, 1974
[mimeographed].
BROGAN Patrick, Spiked: The Short Life and Death of the National News Council,
New York, Priority, 1985 [the US national PC]
IPI, Press Councils and Press Codes, Zürich, International Press Institute, 1964 & 1967.
LEVY Philip, The Press Council: History, Procedures and Cases, Londres, Macmillan, 1967
[the British Press Council]
216 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
MURRAY George, The Press and the Public: The Story of the British Press Council,
Carbondale, Southern Illinois UP, 1972.
RIVERS William L. et al, Backtalk: Press Councils in America, San Francisco, Canfield,
1972 [Local PCs in the US].
TRIKHA N.K., The Press Council: A Self-Regulatory Mechanism for the Press. Bombay:
Somaiya Publications, 1986.
angariSvaldebulebis sxva sistemebi
KESSLER Lauren, The Dissident Press, Alternative Journalism in American History,

Beverly Hills, Sage, 1984.
MAEZAWA Takeshi, Watchdog: A Japanese Newspaper Ombudsman at Work, Tokyo,
Cosmohills, 1994 (in English).
WHITNEY D. Charles, Begging Your Pardon: Corrections and Correction Policies at
Twelve US Newspapers, New York, Colum-bia University, Gannett Center for Media
Studies, 1986.
ZiriTadi mimoxilvebi*
American Journalism Review, University of Maryland, 1117 Journalism Bldg, College Park,
MD 20742-7111
Brill’s Content, 521 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10175
Columbia Journalism Review, Journalism Bldg, Columbia University, 2950 Broadway,
New York, NY 10027.
Journal of Mass Media Ethics, c/o Erlbaum, 10 Industrial Ave, Mahwah, NJ 07430-2262.
Media Ethics, Division of Mass Communication, Emerson College, 100 Beacon Street,
Boston, MA 02116.
sauniversiteto treiningebi da kvlevebi
BRISLIN Tom (ed.), Teaching Media Ethics, special issue of the Journal of Mass Media
Ethics, Volume 12, 1997.
CHRISTIANS Clifford & Catherine L. COVERT, Teaching Ethics in Journalism
Education, New York, Hastings, 1980.
* aseve ixileT iseTi Jurnalebi, rogoricaa kvartaluri Journalism and Mass

Communication quarterly, Journbal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Journal of
Communication, Mass Comm Review, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Quill
an RTNDA Communicator-i.
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 217
ELLIOTT Deni, Toward the Development of a Model for Journalism Ethics Instruction,
Ann Arbor (MI), University Microfilms, 1984.
LEMERT James, Criticizing the Media: Empirical Approaches, Newbury Park (CA),
Sage, 1989.
SLOAN William David (ed.), Makers of the Media Mind: Journalism Educators and Their
Ideas, Hillsdale (NJ), Erlbaum, 1990.
ramodenime saintereso veb-saiti
amerikuli JR : <www.ajr.org>
kaliforniis saxelmwifo universiteti, fulertoni:
<www.commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/ethics/ethics_list.html>; xeli daaWire bmuls
“media ethics”
tamperes universitetis, fineTi: SegiZliaT ixiloT evropuli
kodeqsebis teqstebi <www.uta.fi/ethicnet>
kolumbia JR: <www.cjr.org>
gutenbergis instituti (Brazil):
<igutenberg@igutenberg.com. br/ingles.htm>
axali ambebis ombudsmenTa msoflio asociacia ONO:
<www.infi.net/ono>
pointer instituti: www.poynter.org Seicavs bmulebs im veb-gverdebTan,
romlebic media eTikis sakiTxebs exeba.
parizis universiteti-2, franguli presis instituti <www.u-paris2.fr/ifp>
bmuli “media ethics” iZleva msoflios presis sabWoebTan da media
eTikasTan dakavSirebul sxva veb-gverdebTan dakavSirebis saSualebas.
briTiS kolombias universiteti, praqtikuli eTikis centri
<www.ethics.ubc.ca/resources/media>
zogierTi wigni frangulad
ALIX François-Xavier, Une éthique pour l’information, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1997.

BERNIER Marc-François, Ethique et déontologie du journalisme, Québec, Presses de
l’université Laval, 1994.
BERTRAND, Claude-Jean, La déontologie des médias, Paris, PUF Que Sais-Je, 1997.
(2nd ed. 1999)
CAYROL Roland, Médias et démocratie: la dérive, Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 1997.
CORNU Daniel, Ethique de l’information, Paris, PUF Que Sais-Je, 1997.
CORNU Daniel, Journalisme et vérité: pour une éthique de l’information, Genéve, Labor
& Fides, 1994.
218 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
DEFOSSE M., Déontologie de la presse, Presse de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, 1974.

DEMARTEAU Joseph & Léon DUWAERTS, Droits et devoirs du journaliste, Bruxelles,
Maison de la presse, 1951.
FERRY Jean-Marc, Habermas, l’éthique de la communication, Paris, PUF, 1987.
FRIEDMAN Michel, Libertés et responsabilités des journalistes et des auteurs, Paris, CFPJ,
1989 - 80 pages.
HALIMI Serge, Les nouveaux chiens de garde, Paris, Liber, 1997.
KRUUSE H., M. BERLINS & C. GRELLIER, Les droits et les devoirs des journalistes
dans les douze pays de l’Union Europeenne. Paris: Centre de Formation et de
Perfectionnement des Journalistes, 1994.
LIBOIS Boris, Ethique de l’information: . Essai sur la déontologie journalistique, Bruxelles,
Ed. de l’Université, 1994.
OFFLER M. & J-L. HEBARRE, Les organismes d’auto-contrôle de la presse à travers le
monde, Münich, C.H. Beck, 1968.
PIGEAT Henri, Médias et déontologie, Paris, PUF, 1997.
PINTO de OLIVEIRA C.J. & Bernard NEGUIN, L’éthique professionnelle des
journalistes, Fribourg (Suisse), Editions universitaires, 1983.
PINTO de OLIVEIRA C-J., Ethique de la communication sociale, Fribourg, Editions
universitaires, 1987.
RIBOREAU Guy, Déontologie du journalisme radiophonique, Paris, RFI, 1997.
SNJ, Livre blanc de la déontologie des journalistes ou de la pratique du métier au quotidien,
Paris, Syndicat national des journalistes, 1993.
WOODROW Alain, Information Manipulation, Paris, Ed. du Félin, 1991.
WOODROW Alain, Les Médias: Quatrième pouvoir ou cinquième colonne?, Paris, Editions
du Félin, 1996.
klod Jan bertranis avtorobiT gamocemuli wignebi
Le méthodisme, Paris, Armand Colin, 1971.

Les médias aux Etats-Unis, Paris, PUF, Que Sais-Je, 1974 ; 4th ed. 1995
[Transl. into Japanese and Spanish].
Les Eglises aux Etats-Unis, Paris, PUF, Que Sais-Je n° 1616, 1975.
La civilisation américaine, Paris, PUF, 1979 ; 4ème édition révisée 1993
[with A. Kaspi & J. Heffer].
Les Etats-Unis et leur télévision, Paris, INA/ Champ Vallon, 1989 [Transl. into Spanish].
Les médias en Grande-Bretagne, Paris, PUF, Que Sais-Je n° 3415, 1998.
bibliog
bibliog raf
liogr ia
afia 219
redaqtirebuli wignebi
Les Etats-Unis : Histoire et civilisation, Presses universi-tai-res de Nancy, 1983 ; 3rd edition
1989.
La television por cable en America y en Europa, Madrid, Fundesco, 1986
[with E. Lopez-Escobar].
Les médias américains en France, Paris, Belin, 1989 [with F. Bordat].
Les médias français aux Etats-Unis, Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1993 [with F. Bordat].
Médias: introduction à la presse, la radio et la télévision, Paris, Ellipses, 1995.
Les médias et l’information aux Etats-Unis, Paris, Ellipses, 1997.
Sedgenili wignebi
The British Press (Preface by Lord Francis-Williams), Paris, OCDL, 1969

[documentary history].
L’anglais de base, Paris, Hachette, 1972; 15th and last ed. 1995 [Transl. into Spanish].
Versions: Ecrivains anglais et américains du 20ème siècle, Paris, Masson, 1972; 3rd ed.,
Nancy, PUN, 1987.
Les années 60, Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1989 [documentary history].
The Anglo-American Book of Wit and Jokes, Paris, Ellipses, 1999.
220 media eT ik
eTik a da ang
ika ariSv
angariSv alde
ariSvalde
ulebis bi
sistemebi
www.liberty.ge
Tavisuflebis instituti
Tbilisi 0108, griboedovis 23 / tel.: 93 66 15, faqsi: 93 67 84 / el-fosta: liberty@liberty.ge

მედია ეთიკა

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

მედია ეთიკა

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004

wigni Targmnili da gamocemulia saqarTveloSi

wigni gamoqveynda portugaliur enaze (braziliasa da portugaliaSi),

saavtoro ufleba \ Presses Universitaires de France

Targmani: manana gigauri

redaqtori: Tamar kinwuraSvili

dizaini: besik danelia

koreqtura: dali cqitiSvili

\ 2004, Tavisuflebis instituti

Tavi 2. gamotovebani kodeqsSi 85

mesame nawili: xarisxis k

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win safrangeTSi didi

guli saRamos axali ambebis programis yvelaze yurebadi gadacemis

mazari regionebi sabolood dabinZurda, sadac aTobiT milioni ada-

mTlianobaSi media SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc warmoeba, sazo-

Sedegi aris fundamenturi konfliqti mewarmeobis Tavisuflebasa

ternatividan erT-erT gadawyvetilebas irCevs. orTave gulisxmobs

naklebad Tavisufalia, vidre ABC aSS-Si, magram is yovelTvis ABC-

media eTika moicavs profesionalebis mier SemuSavebuli princi-

iyo dro, rodesac media eTikis xsenebazec ki media profesiona-

evoluciis ZiriTadi faqtorebi daaxloebiT eqvsamdea. pirveli

mediis gacilebiT meti momxmarebeli acnobierebs, rom maT SeuZliaT

mediis mzardi orientacia mogebaze mas sazogadoebrivi azris mi-

winamdebare wignSi, Tavdapirvelad mocemulia ramodenime Ziri-

media eTika mistikuri sferoa, sadac megzurobas

adamians pasuxi mxolod sakuTar qmedebebze moeT-

isini. mesame safrTxe, romelic me-19 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli

ZiriTadad arsebobs daaxloebiT oTxi reJimi,12 romelTagan ori

es reJimi yvelaze gavrcelebuli me-19 saukunis Suaxanebamde iyo.

Tveli jgufis saWiroebebs unda exmaurebodes. am dros akrZalulia

am reJimSi media ar arsebobs im totalitaruli saxelmwifosgan

despotis Zalauflebis SenarCunebisa da qalaqis mcirericxovani

liberaluri, an libertarianuli reJimi, gaerTianebuli erebis

sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis modeli

koncefcia, romelic adamianuri bunebis ufro realisturi aRqmis

aRniSnuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, umjobesia, media saSualebebi Ta-

imisaTvis, rom gansajoT, Tu ramdenad kargad emsaxureba media

dRevandel sazogadoebaSi mxolod medias ZaluZs, mogvawodos

gafiltrva, gaanalizeba, interpretireba da Semdgom misi gavrceleba

sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis uzrunvelyofa

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi konsensusis misaR-

msoflios axali ambebiT uzrunvelyofa

mTeli samyaros Sesaxeb pirdapir da uSualo informacias aravin

nebismieri jgufis kulturuli memkvidreoba Taobidan Taobas un-

romelsac is winaT asrulebda. am funqcias veRarc ojaxi asrulebs,

bednierebis xelSewyoba: garToba

masobriv sazogadoebaSi garToba axla ufro saWiroa, vidre adre,

media reklamis gavrcelebis mTavari saSualebaa. media saSuale-

(masobrivi) mediumi aris specialuri teqnikuri saSualebebiT aR-

levizio ekranis provaiderad, kabelis, satelitebis, kasetebis da

gasarTobi media gansakuTrebul sferos ganekuTvneba. mxolod

media saSualeba da masSi dasaqmebuli xalxi ar unda ganvixiloT

Jurnalistebis erTi kategoria calke klass qmnis da erTob mniSv-

rigiTi adamianebi da varskvlavebi

mediis momxmareblebs xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT es ori jgufi. Cve-

isini mediis yvelaze mniSvnelovani momxmareblebi arian da swored

socialuri komunikacia metad mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom igi

koncentrirebuli? gana sadme msoflioSi gamarTula demonstracia

sabWoTa kavSiris da misi satelitebis xangrZlivma gamocdilebam

bul StatebSi oqros xana sufevda, naTlad cxadyofs, rom saxelmwi-

sakanonmdeblo regulireba saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa vaiZuloT me-

lasTvis xelmisawvdomia oficialuri arqivebi; media gansakuTrebu-

lia. SeerTebul StatebSi telekompania CBS-is moTxovnaa, rom sa-