Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M 398 Content
M 398 Content
- 1) =
Z = (20,000)(1.0) + 10,000 = 30,000 = 3
(20,000)(1.0) 10,000 10,000
t = (18) (3
- 1) =
Z = (20,000)(1.0) + 7,650 = 27,650 = 2.24
(20,000)(1.0) 7,650 12,350
t = (18 + 0) (2.24
- 1) = 8.9 in.
This shows that the simple use of equation (1.3) is accurate over a wide range of R/t ratios.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 16 de 56
4.3 ASME I and ASME-ANSI B31 Pressure Piping - Minimum Wall Thickness:
According to ASME Section I and ANSI B31, the minimum thickness of piping under pressure is:
Where:
t(min)= Minimum wall thickness required (in)
P = Design pressure (psig)
D = Outside diameter of pipe (in)
S = Allowable stress in pipe material (psi)
E = Longitudinal joint factor - E = 1.0 for seamless pipe, E = 0.85 for ERW pipe
C = Corrosion allowance, typically 0.05 in.
y = Wall thickness coefficient in ASME Table 304.1.1 for ferritic steels, is:
y = 0.4 for T<= 900 F
y = 0.5 for 900< T <= 950 F
y = 0.7 for 950 < T <= 1000 F
4.4 ASME SECTION VIII Reinforcement Wall Thickness Plate:
The standard design method uses an increased wall thickness plate at the equator line of the vessel to
support the additional stresses caused by the attachment of the legs. The formula for calculation the
wall thickness of a segmented plate of to be welded in a vessel or spherical shell is:
t = PL + C
2SE 0.2P
L = Di/2
Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
Di = Inside Diameter of Sphere (in)
L = Sphere Radius (in)
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe)
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A
5.0 ASME SECTION I: Dished Heads Formulae:
Flanged and dished heads can be formed in a size range from 4 in to 300 in diameter and in thickness
range of 14 Gauge to 1-1/2 thick. Pressure vessel heads and dished ends are essentially the same
the end caps of a pressure vessel tank or an industrial boiler, supplied with a flanged edge to make it
easier for the fabricator to weld the head to the main body of the tank.
Dished heads can be manufactured using a combination of processes, spinning & flanging, where the
spherical radius is made via the spinning process and the knuckle is created under the flanging method.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 17 de 56
5.1 Blank, Unstayed Dished Heads:
Paragraph PG-29.1 states that the thickness of a blank, unstayed dished head with the pressure on the
concave side, when it is a segment of a sphere, shall be calculated by the following formula:
Where:
t = Minimum thickness of head (in)
P = maximum allowable working pressure (psi)
L = Concave side radius (in)
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi)
Paragraph PG-29.2 states: The radius to which the head is dished shall be not greater than the out-
side diameter of the flanged portion of the head. Where two radii are used, the longer shall be taken
as the value of L in the formula.
Example 9 Segment of a Spherical Dished Head:
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, blank unstayed dished head having pressure on the concave
side. The head has an inside diameter of 42.7 in. with a dish radius of 36.0 in. The Maximum Allowa-
ble Working Pressure (MAWP) is 360 psi and the material is SA-285 A. The temperature does not ex-
ceed 480F. State if this thickness meets Code. (Solution: Use equation 1.11)
P = 360 psi
L = 36.0 in
S = 11,300 psi SA-285 A at 480F
t = 5 (360 x 36) =
4.8 (11,300)
t = 1.19 in.
PG-29.6 states: No head, except a full-hemispherical head, shall be of a lesser thickness than that
required for a seamless pipe of the same diameter. Then, the minimum thickness of piping is:
y = 0.4 ferritic steel < 900F; E = 1.0 - (See Section I)
t = 360 x 42.7 =
2(11,300)(1.0) + 2 (0.4)(360)
t = 0.67 in.
Therefore, the calculated head thickness meets the code requirements, since 1.19 > 0.67.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 18 de 56
Example 10 - Segment of a Spherical Dished Head with a Flanged-in Manhole:
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, unstayed dished head with pressure on the concave side, having
a flanged-in manhole 6.0 in x 16 in. Diameter head is 47.5 in with a dish radius of 45 in. The MAWP is
225 psi, the material is SA-285-C, and temperature does not exceed 428F.
First thing to check: is the radius of the dish at least 80% of the diameter of the shell?
Dish Radius = 45
Shell Diameter 47.5
0.947 > 0.8 - The radius of the dish meets the criteria. Then, use equation 1.11:
P = 225 psi
L = 45 in
S = 13,800 psi (450F - use the next higher temperature).
t = 5 (225 x 45) =
4.8 (13,800)
t = 0.764 in.
This thickness is for a blank head. According to ASME - PG-29.3 requires this thickness to be in-
creased by 15% or 0.125 in., whichever is greater. As 0.764 0.15 = 0.114 in., that is less than 0.125
in., then, the thickness must be increased by 0.125 in.
Then, the required head thickness is, t = 0.764 + 0.125 = ~0.90 in.
5.2 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:
The thickness of a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head with the pressure on the concave side shall
be calculated by the following formula:
t = Minimum thickness of head (in)
P = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (psi)
L = Radius to which the head was formed (in)
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi)
Note: The above formula shall not be used when the required thickness of the head given by the formu-
la exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius. Instead, use the following formula:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 19 de 56
Example 11 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:
Calculate the minimum required thickness for a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head. The radius to
which the head is dished is 7.5 in. The MAWP is 900 psi and the head material is SA 285-C. The aver-
age temperature of the header is 570F.
Solution: Use equation 1.13.
P = 900 psi
L = 7.5 in.
S = 13,800 psi - (SA 285-C at 600F).
t = 900 x 7.5 = 0.24 in.
2 (13,800) 0.2 (900)
Check if this thickness exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius = 7.5 x 0.356 = 2.67 in. It does not exceed
35.6%, therefore the calculated thickness of the head meets the code requirements.
6.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae:
The ASME Section VIII Division 1 determines the rules for dished heads. The most common configu-
rations are spherical, hemispherical, elliptical (or ellipsoidal) and torispherical shapes.
How the shapes are, make some confusion for beginners and even professionals users of ASME
Section VIII. To cast a little light on these subjects see the resume below:
Spherical or Hemispherical
Heads
Semi-Elliptical Heads (2:1)
Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads (1.9:1)
Torispherical Heads
Flanged and Dished Heads
Flat Dished Heads
Non Standard 80-10 Dished
Heads
Dished Discs
Toriconical Heads
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 20 de 56
6.1 - Spherical or Hemispherical Heads:
a) When t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE - (Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):
And,
Example 12 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:
A pressure vessel is built of SA-516-70 material and has an inside diameter of 96 in. The internal design
pressure is 100 psi at 450F. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in. and joint efficiency is E = 0.85. Calculate
the required spherical head thickness of the pressure vessel if S is 20,000 psi?
Solution: Since 0.665SE > P = 11305 psi > 100 psi, use equation 2.1.
The inside radius in a corroded condition is equal to, R = 48 + 0.125 = 48.125 in.
t = PR =
2SE 0.2P
t = 100 x 48.125 =
2(20,000) (0.85) 0.2(100)
t = 0.14 in.
Example 12.1 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:
A spherical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 120 in has a head thickness of 1 in. Deter-
mine the design pressure if the allowable stress is 16,300 psi. Assume joint efficiency E = 0.85. No cor-
rosion allowance is stated to the design pressure.
Solution: Since t < 0.356R use equation 2.2.
P = 2SEt =
R + 0.2t
P = 2(16,300)(0.85)(1) =
60 + 0.2(1)
P = 460 psi
The calculated pressure 460 psi is < 0.665SE (9213 psi); therefore, equation 2.2 is acceptable.
a) When t > 0.356R or P > 0.665SE (Thick Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 21 de 56
and
Example 13 - Thick Hemispherical Head:
Calculate the required hemispherical head thickness of an accumulator with P = 10,000 psi, R = 18.0
in, S = 15,000 psi, and E = 1.0. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in.
Solution: As 0.665SE <P = 9975 psi < 10,000 psi, use equation 2.3.
Y = 2 [(15,000)(1.0) + 10,000] =
2 [(15,000)(1.0)] 10,000
Y = 50,000 = 2.5
20,000
t = R (Y
1/3
1) = 18.0 (2.5
1/3
1) + 0,125 = 6.554 in.
6.2 Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads - Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
The commonly used semi-ellipsoidal head has a ratio of base radius to depth of 2:1 (shown below).
The actual shape can be approximated by a spherical radius of 0.9D and a knuckle radius of 0.17D.
The required thickness of 2:1 heads with pressure on the concave side is given below:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 22 de 56
Example 14 - Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads, or,
Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
Calculate a semi-elliptical head thickness considering
the dimensions given below:
Inside Diameter of Head (Di): 18.0 in
Inside Crown Radius (L): (18.0 x 0.9Di) in
Inside Knuckle Radius (ri): (18.0 x 0.17Di) in
Straight Skirt Length (h): 1.500 in
Radius L - (18.0 x 0.9Di) = 16.20 in
Radius ri - (18.0 x 0.17Di) = 3.06 in
Material and Conditions:
Material: SA-202 Gr. B (Room Temperature)
Internal Pressure: 200 psi
Allowable Stress: 20,000 psi
Head Longitudinal Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Corrosion Allowance: 0.010 in
Variable:
L/r = L/ri = 16.20/3.06 = 5.29 in
a) Required Thickness. (Formula 2.5):
t = PD + corrosion allowance
2SE 0.2P
t = 200 x 18.0 + 0.010
2(20,000)(0.85) 0.2(200)
t = 0.116 in.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 23 de 56
b) Maximum Pressure:
P = 2SEt =
D + 0.2t
P
=
2(20,000)(0.85)(0.116) =
18 + 0.2 (0.116)
P
=
219 psi.
Note: Ellipsoidal heads and all torispherical heads having materials with minimum tensile strength
> 80,000 psi shall be designed using a value of S = 20,000 psi at room temperature (see UG-23).
6.3 - Torispherical Heads:
Shallow heads, commonly referred to as flanged and dished heads (F&D heads), are according to
paragraph UG-32 (e), with a spherical radius L of 1.0D and a knuckle radius r of 0.06D.
a) Flanged & Dished Head (F&D heads):
The dish radius of a Flanged and Dished Head is 1.0 D and the knuckle radius is 0.06% D. The required
thickness of a Torispherical F&D Head with r/L = 0.06 and L = Di, is:
And,
Where:
P = Pressure on the concave side of the head
S = Allowable stress
t = Thickness of the head
L = Inside spherical radius
E = Joint efficiency factor
Example 15 - Torispherical Heads:
A drum is to operate at 500F and 350 psi and to hold 5000 gallons of water. The inside radius of the
Dished Torispherical Heads is 78 in. The material is SA 285 Grade A.
Assume S = 11,200 psi and E = 0.85.
Solution: Dished Torispherical Heads with L = Di and r/L = 0.06, use equation 2.7.
t = 0.885 PL =
SE 0.1P
t = 0.885 (350) (78) = 2.54
(11200)(0.85) 0.1(350)
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 24 de 56
b) Non Standard 80-10 Flanged & Dished Head:
On an 80-10 the inside radius (L) is 0.8 Di and the knuckle radius (ri) is 10% of the head diameter.
For the required thickness of a Non Standard 80-10 Head, use equations 2.7 and 2.8.
Designing 80-10 Torispherical Heads rather than standard shapes can be achieved by lowering the ma-
terial costs. The 80-10 is typically only 66% the thickness of the standard Torispherical Heads.
6.4 Conical or Toriconical Heads:
The required thickness of the Conical or Toriconical Head (knuckle radius > 6% OD) shall be deter-
mined by formula using internal diameter of shell, 30.
t = PD 2.9
2 (SE - 0.6P) cos
L = Di / (2 cos )
Di = Internal Diameter (conical portion) = D - 2 r (1 - cos )
r = Inside Knuckle Radius
6.5 - Toriconical Heads Definitions:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 25 de 56
7.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes:
Objective: Minimum requirements for safe construction and operation, Division 1, 2, and 3.
Section VIII Division 1:
15 psig < P 3000 psig
Other exclusions:
Internals (except for attachment weld to vessel)
Fired process heaters
Pressure containers integral with machinery
Piping systems
Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules:
15 psig < P 3000 psig - identical to Division 1, but the different requirements are:
Allowable stress
Stress calculations
Design
Quality control
Fabrication and inspection
The choice between Divisions 1 and 2 is based mainly on economics of materials.
Division 3, Alternative Rules - High Pressure Vessels:
Applications over 10,000 psi;
Pressure from external source, process reaction, application of heat, combination of these;
Maximum pressure limits for Division 1 or 2 or minimum limits for Division 3, not established.
7.1. Structure of ASME Section VIII, Division 1:
Subsection A: Part UG applies to all vessels;
Subsection B: Requirements based on fabrication method, Parts UW, UF, UB;
Subsection C: Requirements based on material class, Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD,
UHT, ULW, ULT. Mandatory and Non-mandatory Appendices
Determination of Material Thickness:
Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Creep Strength, Rupture Strength and Corrosion Resistance.
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack:
-Temperature at 300 - 400F, monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen in voids;
- Pressure build-up can cause steel to crack;
- Above 600F, hydrogen attack causes irreparable damage through component thickness.
Brittle Fracture and Fracture Toughness:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 26 de 56
The conditions that could cause brittle fracture are:
Typically at low temperature;
Can occur below design pressure;
No yielding before complete failure;
High enough stress for crack initiation and growth;
Low enough material fracture toughness at temperature;
Critical size defect to act as stress concentration.
7.2. Material Groups The Most Common Used Materials:
Curve A: Curve B:
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC, normalized and tem-
pered;
SA-217 Gr. WC6, normalized and tempered.
SA-216 Gr. WCA, normalized and tempered or
water-quenched and tempered;
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC for maximum thickness
of 2 in. (water-quenched and tempered);
SA-285 Gr. A & B;
SA-414 Gr. A;
SA-515 Gr. 60;
SA-516 Gr. 65 & 70, not normalized.
Curve C: Curve D:
SA-182 Gr. 21& 22, normalized and tempered
SA-302 Gr. C & D
SA-336 Gr. F21 & F22, normalized and tempered
S A-3 8 7 G r. 21 & 22, normalized and tempered
S A-5 1 6 G r. 55 & 60, not normalized
SA-533 Gr. B & C
SA-662 Gr. A
SA-203
SA-537 Cl. 1, 2 & 3
SA-508 Cl. 1
SA-612, normalized
SA-516, normalized
SA 662, normalized
SA-524 Cl. 1 & 2
SA-738 Gr. A
Bolting: See the ASME Code Section VIII, Div. 1, for impact and nuts test for specified material
specifications.
Additional ASME Code Impact Test Requirements:
For welded construction over 4 in. thick, or non-welded construction over 6 in. thick, if MDMT < 120F
Not required for flanges if temperature -20F; required if SMYS > 65 ksi unless specifically exempt.
7.3 - Weld Joint Efficiencies, E:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 27 de 56
7.4 Resume of Pressure Vessels Formulae ASME Section I & ASME Section VIII:
Item Thickness - t (in)
Pressure - P
(in)
Stress - S (in) Notes
PR SEt P(R + 0.6t) t 0.25 D; P 0.385 SE
SE - 0.6P R + 0.6t t
PR 2.SEt P(R + 0.2t) t 0.178D; P 0.685 SE
2SE - 0.2P R + 0.2t 2t
Flat Flanged Head
D0.3P/S tS/0.3D 0.3D P/t
0.885PL SEt P(0.885L + 0.1t) r/L = 0.06; L D + 2t
SE - 0.1P 0.885L + 0.1t t
PLM 2.SEt P(LM + 0.2t) M = 3 + (L/r)
1/2
/ 4
2SE - 0.2P LM + 0.2t 2t
PD 2.SEt P(D + 0.2t) h/D = 4
2SE - 0.2P D + 0.2t 2t
PDK 2.SEt P(DK + 0.2t) K = [2 + (D/2h)] / 6; 2 D/h 6
2SE - 0.2P DK + 0.2t 2Et
PD 2.SEt cos P(D + 1.2t cos ) 30
2(SE - 0.6P) cos D + 1.2t cos 2t cos
Cylindrical Shell
Torispherical Head (a)
Torispherical Head (b)
2:1 Semi-Elliptical Head
(a)
Toriconical Head
Ellipsoidal Head (b)
Hemispherical Shell (or
Head)
OBS.:
D = Shell / Head Inside Diameter, E = Weld Joint Efficiency (0.7 -1.0), L = Crown Radius, P = Internal Pressure, h = Inside
Depth of Head, r = Knuckle Radius, R = Shell/Head Inside Radius, S = Allowable Stress, t = Shell / Head Thickness.
7.5 - Common Materials - Temperature Limits:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 28 de 56
8.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles:
Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles or access
openings. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is required. The Code
procedure is to relocate the removed material to an area within an effective boundary around the
opening. Figure bellow shows the steps necessary to reinforce an opening in a pressure vessel.
8.1 - Definitions:
Diameter of circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (T
n
+ Corrosion Allowance) =
Required wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn = PR......
SE 0.6P
Area of required reinforcement, A
r
:
A
r
= d.t
s
.F (in) =
d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimension of opening in plane under consideration, in.
t
s
= Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1.0
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 29 de 56
Example 16 Basic Pipe Nozzle:
Basic design:
Design Pressure = 300 psig
Design Temperature = 200 F
Shell Material is SA-516 Gr. 60
Nozzle Diameter 8 in, Sch. 40
Nozzle Material is SA-53 Gr. B, Seamless
Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625"
Vessel is 100% Radiographed
a) Wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn = PR...... =
SE 0.6P
tn = 300 x 4.312.. + 0.0625 (Corrosion Allowance)
12,000(1.0) 0.6(300)
tn = 0.11 + 0.0625 = 0.17 in (min) Pipe Sch. 40 is t = 0.32 in.
b) Circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (T
n
+ Corrosion Allowance)
d = 8.625 2(0.32 + 0.0625) =
d = 8.625 2 (0.3825) = 7.86 in
c) Area of required reinforcement, A
r
:
A
r
= d.t
s
.F (in) =
A
r
= 7.86 x 0.487 x 1.0 = 3.82 in
Available reinforcement area in shell, A
r
, as larger of A
s
or A
n
:
A
s
= Larger of: d (T
s
t
s
) - 2 T
n
(T
s
t
s
) =
A
s
= 7.86 (0.5625 0,487) 2x 0,5625 (0.5625 0,487) = 0.50 in
A
n
=
Smaller of: 2 [2.5 (T
s
) (T
n
t
n
)]
A
n
=
2 [2.5 (0.5625) (0.32 0.17)] = 0.42 in
A
r
< (A
s
+ A
n
) =
A
r
< (0.50 + 0.42) = 0.92 in < 3.82 in (Reqd.)
OBS.: Therefore, its necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to attend the premise Ar < (As + An).
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 30 de 56
Example 17 Basic Shell & Nozzle:
Design Pressure = 700 psi
Design temperature = 700 F
Nozzle Diameter = 8 in. (8.625 OD)
Material:
Shell SA 516 Gr.70
Head SA 516 Gr. 70
Nozzle SA 106 Gr. B
E = 1.0 (weld efficiency)
Required Shell Thickness:
ts = PR
SE 0.6P
ts = 700 x 30..... = 1.30 (Use Ts = 1 1/2)
16,600(1.0) 0.6(700)
Required Head Thickness:
th = PR
2SE 0.2P
th = 700 x 30.......... = 0.64 (Use Th = 7/8)
2(16,600)(1.0) 0.2(700)
Required Nozzle Thickness:
tn = PR
SE 0.6P
tn = 700 x 4.312..... = 0.21 (Use Tn = 1/2)
14,400(1.0) 0.6(700)
Opening Reinforcement:
Ar (Reqd.) = d.ts = 8.625 x 1.3 = 11.2 in
As = Larger of: d (Ts ts) - 2 Tn (Ts ts) =
As = 8.625 (1.5 1.3) 2 (1.0) (1.5 1.3) = 1.325 in
A
n
= Smaller of: 2[2.5 (Ts) (Tn tn)]
A
n
= 2[2.5 (1.5) (1.0 0.21)] = 5.925 in
Ar < (As + An) =
Ar < (1.325 + 5.925) = 7.25 in < 11.2 (Reqd.)
OBS.: Necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to at-
tend the premise (As + An) > Ar.
Example 18 Nozzle Design:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 31 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 32 de 56
9.0 ASME SECTION II - Materials:
The following Tables indicates the most common ferrous materials used in Pressure Vessels design and
fabrication, including structural plates, pipes, tubes, castings, forgings, flanges, fittings, bolts and nuts.
Beyond the knowledge of the most common ferrous materials, the Tables also help the student how to
search the materials MAWP (Maximum Allowable Stress Values) in ASME Section II, Table 1A.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 33 de 56
9.1 - Carbon Steels:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 34 de 56
9.2 - Low Alloy Steels:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 35 de 56
9.3 MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure - Stress Values:
The ASME Section II, Part D contains properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the
Code for design of boilers, pressure-vessels, and nuclear-power-plant components including tables of
the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) - stress values and design-stress limits for the
materials adopted by various Codebook sections.
The tables below are an extract from ASME for the most common ferrous materials for a design purpose.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 36 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 37 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 38 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 39 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 40 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 41 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 42 de 56
10.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Suplementary Design Formulae:
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 43 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 44 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 45 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 46 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 47 de 56
Example 19 MAWP (Maximum Allowable Working Pressure:
Example 20 Thickness of a Cylindrical Shell Considering Internal Pressure
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 48 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 49 de 56
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 50 de 56
Example 21 Design of a Standard Torispherical Head
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 51 de 56
Example 22 Design of a Non-Standard Torispherical Head
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 52 de 56
11.0 ASME SECTION VIII UG-99 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests:
As per ASME Section VIII-1, UG-99, the pressure vessels designed for internal pressure shall be sub-
jected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times
the MAWP multiplied by the lowest ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress
value S for the test temperature on the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature.
P
h
= 1.3 MAWP x (S
at test temp.
/ S
at design temp.
),
Where:
P
h
= Hydrostatic Test Pressure;
MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure.
And as per UG-100, a pneumatic test (with at least equal to 1.1 times the MAWP multiplied by the lowest
ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress value S for the test temperature on
the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature) may be used in lieu of the standard hydro-
static test prescribed in UG-99 for vessels under certain conditions:
Designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water;
Not readily dried, to be used in services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated and
the parts of which have, where possible, been previously tested by hydrostatic pressure to the
pressure required in UG-99.
P
n
= 1.1 MAWP x (S
at test temp.
/ S
at design temp.
),
Where:
P
n
= Pneumatic Test Pressure.
12.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.
Division 1
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof. The Division is not
numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts
which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:
Subsection A - General Requirements:
Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials:
Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15
Design: UG-16 through to UG-35
Openings and Reinforcements: UG-36 through to UG-46
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 53 de 56
Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50
Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85
Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103
Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120
Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140
Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels:
Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding:
General: UW-1 through to UW-3
Materials: UW-5
Design: UW-8 through to UW-21
Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42
Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW-54
Marking and Reports: UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65
Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging
General: UF-1
Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7
Design: UF-12 through to UF-25
Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43
Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55
Marking and Reports: UF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125
Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing
General: UB-1 through to UB-3
Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7
Design: UB-9 through to UB-22
Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37
Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50
Marking and Reports: UB-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60
Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials:
Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels:
General: UCS-1
Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12
Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57
Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68
Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85
Inspection and Tests: UCS-90
Marking and Reports: UCS-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125
Non-mandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160
Part UNF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials:
General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4
Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15
Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 54 de 56
Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79
Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95
Marking and Reports: UNF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125
Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UHA - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel:
General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8
Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13
Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34
Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44
Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52
Marking and Reports: UHA-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65
Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic ChromiumNickel and Ferritic
and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron:
General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3
Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12
Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37
Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78
Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101
Marking and Reports: UCI-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125
Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material with Corrosion:
Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings
General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3
Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12
Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27
Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46
Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52
Marking and Reports: UCL-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60
Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron:
General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3
Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12
Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37
Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78
Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101
Marking and Reports: UCD-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125
Part UHT - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels with Tensile Properties
Enhanced by Heat Treatment:
General: UHT-1
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 55 de 56
Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6
Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57
Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86
Inspection and Tests: UHT-90
Marking and Reports: UHT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125
Part ULW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction:
Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2
Materials: ULW-5
Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26
Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33
Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57
Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78
Inspection and Tests: ULW-90
Marking and Reports: ULW-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125
Part ULT - Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allowable
Stresses at Low Temperature
General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5
Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57
Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86
Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100
Marking and Reports: ULT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125
Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite
General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3
Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8
Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60
Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84
Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112
Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121
Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125
MANDATORY APPENDICES: 1 through to 42
NONMANDATORY APPENDICES: A through to MM
Division 2 - Alternative Rules:
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (103 kPa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the
two.
www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course M398 www.PDHonline.org
2012 Jurandir Primo 56 de 56
The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified
in Division 1. Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials,
design and nondestructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed. Division 2
has also provisions for the use of finite element analysis to determine expected stress in pressure
equipment, in addition to the traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: "Design by Analysis re-
quirements").
Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels:
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi
(70,000 kPa). The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.
The pressure may be from external
sources, by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combina-
tion thereof.
Links and References:
Overview of Pressure Vessel Design, ASME Career Development Series, Vincent A. Carucci;
Engineering Management Certification International (EMCI);