1

MIHICTEPCTBO OCBITH I HAVKH VKPAHH

KHBCIKHH HAHIOHAHIHHH VHIBEPCHTET
FVIBHHHTBA I APXITEKTVPH




.". $%')*+,.
/.1. 234,.



"$&(")+ -.02$46-7+8
:"4;

"$%'"()%*+(% -/(/13"513*%' %1*/37 / (+9$7 ;$5+<(7
?$ (+*@+AB(7C D%1/F(7$
)A? 139)"(3/* *7G7H (+*@+AB(7H J+$A+)/*










Knn 2006

2
VK 624.014:692.48
FFK 30.121
H 26

Penensenrn: K.-. M%5)OO*, -p rexn. nayx, npo]ecop,
BAT VxpHInpoexrcrantxoncrpyxnix
im. B.M. Bnmanonctxoro
P.R. T+*7)"($%, xan. rexn. nayx, onenr,
onactxn epxannn rexniunn yninepcnrer

"$%'"()%*+(% -/(/13"513*%' %1*/37 / (+9$7 ;$5+<(7 ?$
(+*@+AB(7C D%1/F(7$ )A? 139)"(3/* *7G7H (+*@+AB(7H J+$A+)/*
(A713 -/(/13"513*+ %1*/37 / (+9$7 ;$5+<(7 U 14/18.2 1485
*/) 12.07.2002 5.).

$%')*+,. ."., 234,. /.1.
H26 Meraneni xoncrpyxni. uepmn: Hanuantnn nocinnx.
K.: KHVFA, 2006. 170 c.

ISBN 966-627-118-4

Haneeni niomocri npo xomnonynannx xpoxnxnnx ]epm
noxpnrrx nnponnunx yinent, nnip rnnin nepepisin oxpemnx
enemenrin, crarnunn pospaxynox i xoncrpymnannx nysnin.
Posrnxnyro reopernuni acnexrn nnsnauennx xoncrpyxrnnnoro
pimennx xpoxnxnnx ]epm s pisnnmn rnnamn nonepeunnx nepepisin
enemenrin i naneeni npnxnan x pospaxynxy. Bncnirneno cyuacni
nnxini marepiann (samxneni rpyuacri ra npxmoxyrni npo]ini),
xomnonynannx npoexrynannx ]epm ra nysnin s nnx npo]inin.
Hpnsnauenn nx cryenrin ycix cneniantnocre nanpxmy
niroronxn 0921 Fyinnnnrno.

VK 624.014:692.48
FFK 30.121

ISBN 966-627-118-4 B.O. Hepmxxon, I.. Fcnon, 2006
KHVFA, 2006
3
3MICT
Bcryn ..................................................................................................... 5
MA+*+ 1. OCHOBH HPOEKTVBAHH uEPM .................................. 6
1.1. Hpnsnauennx i rnnn ]epm ................................................. 6
1.2. Komnonynannx ]epm ......................................................... 8
1.3. Ienepantni posmipn ]epm ..................................................13
1.4. 3aesneuennx crixocri ]epm ...........................................17
1.5. Tnnn nepepisin enemenrin ]epm ........................................20
1.6. Poora i pospaxynox ]epm .................................................26
1.7. Pospaxynxoni onxnnn ra rpannuni rnyuxocri
enemenrin ]epm .................................................................

30
1.8. Hiip nepepisin crepxnin ................................................ 34
1.9. Pospaxynox nxse .............................................................40
MA+*+ 2. KOHCTPVKHI KPOKBHHX uEPM ................................46
2.1. Ocnonni nonoxennx xoncrpymnannx nysnin ]epm .......... 46
2.2. uepmn s napnnx xyrnxin ....................................................50
2.3. uepmn s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx ranpin ................57
2.4. uepmn s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin .........61
2.5. uepmn s rpy ......................................................................64
2.6. uepmn s rnyrnx npo]inin ..................................................68
2.7. Manoenemenrni ]epmn ...................................................... 71
MA+*+ 3. HPHKHAH PO3PAXVHKV uEPM TA BV3HIB ............. 74
3.1. Crarnunn pospaxynox ]epm ra nysnin ............................74
3.2. Hpnxna pospaxynxy xpoxnxno ]epmn
s napnnx xyrnxin ................................................................

83
3.3. Hiip nepepisy enemenrin ]epm, nananraxennx
nosanysnonnm nananraxennxm ..........................................

97
3.4. Bysnn si sminom nepepisin noxcin ..................................... 100
3.5. Bysnn ]epm s rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin ............................... 104
3.6. Bysnn rpyuacrnx ]epm ..................................................... 111
3.7. Onopni nysnn ]epm.............................................................. 123
3.8. Monraxni nysnn ]epm .......................................................131

4
MA+*+ 4. HPOIOHH 135
4.1. Hpnsnauennx i rnnn nporonin ..............................135
4.2. Cynintni nporonn .................................................. 136
4.3. Hacxpisni nporonn ............................150
Cnncox nireparypn ..............................155
oarxn ................................................................. 156
oarox 1 ...........................156
oarox 2 .......................157
oarox 3 .......................161
oarox 4 ...........162
























5
578:

Craneni rparuacri xoncrpyxni mnpoxo sacroconymrtcx n
yinnnnrni nx nepexpnrrx nennxnx i mannx npontorin, nx nncoxnx
cnopy (ni onop nini enexrponepeaui o renenex), nx
xoncrpyxni cneniantnoro npnsnauennx (mocrn, crpinn xpanin ra
excxanaropin romo). Came ne oymonnmc nnnuennx posiny uepmn
cryenramn ycix cneniantnocre nanpxmy Fyinnnnrno.
Ocxintxn n pooui nporpamn s xoxno ncnnnninn nxnmueni
rintxn ocnonni nonoxennx xomnonynannx, pospaxynxy ra
xoncrpymnannx ]epm, ro ynara axnenrycrtcx na ocrarnto npocrnx,
naintm posnoncmxennx xoncrpyxnixx xpoxnxnnx ]epmax
noxpnrrx. Hpore npnnnnnn npoexrynannx, nnxnaeni n nanuantnomy
nocinnxy nonnom mipom moxyrt yrn sacroconani nx intm
cxnannx xoncrpyxni.
Marepian nanuantnoro nocinnxa nnxnaeno n uornptox rnanax,
xxi oxonnmmrt ocnonni nnrannx s xomnonynannx, pospaxynxy,
npoexrynannx ra xoncrpymnannx nacxpisnnx xoncrpyxni.
V nepmi rnani naneeno xnacn]ixanim ]epm, nnip xnix
renepantnnx posmipin, saxon is saesneuennx sarantno crixocri
]epm ra xnix oxpemnx enemenrin, a raxox nepenix ocnonnnx ]opm
nepepisin ra ocnonni nonoxennx moo pospaxynxy xoncrpyxni.
pyra rnana npncnxuena npnnnnnam xoncrpymnannx ]epm.
Haneeno xoncrpyxrnnni pimennx naintm nomnpennx rnnin ]epm
ra meron pospaxynxy nysnin i scnant.
Meronunn nixi o pospaxynxy pisnnx rnnin ]epm i nysnin
na ocnoni uncentnnx npnxnain noano n rperi rnani.
Ocnonni niomocri moo nporonnnx xoncrpyxni, xxi c
neoxinom cxnaonom npn npoexrynanni i xoncrpymnanni noxpnrrin
yinent i cnopy, nxnmueni y uernepry rnany.
V oarxy naneeni rannni si CHnH II-23-81*, neoxini nx
pospaxynxin xoncrpyxni, a raxox ani copramenrin rnyrnx npo]inin
sa CTV, IOCT ra EN.

6
<>?A? 1. ";="? $@"BDEGH==J LB@M

1.1. $'OPQRT%QQ* U 7O:O W%')

:BDFGI O (+1$5/J(+ $%(1359$V/?, G% D5+VWO (+ JX7( +F% JX7(
J/ 1371$%' 3+ 1$A+)+O3B1? J %$5"'7H 13"5Y(/*, ?$/, JO)(9W@71B 9
*9JA+H, 93*%5WW3B X"%'"357@(% ("J'/((9 1713"'9. Hpn
npnxnaanni sonnimnix nananraxent y nysnax, enemenrn ]epm
cnpnmamrt rintxn nosonxni sycnnnx crncxy ao posrxry. xmo
sonnimni nananraxennx yrnopmmrt momenrn (npn nosanysnonomy
npnxnaanni socepexennx cnn, npn naxnnocri nysnonnx
excnenrpncnrerin ao nysnonnx momenrin), crepxni npanmmrt xx
nosanenrpono-crncnyri ao nosanenrpono-posrxrnyri. 3a ananoricm s
cynintnnmn anxamn ymonno nnaxamrt, mo y nepxnix ra nnxnix
noxcax ]epm octoni sycnnnx nnnnxamrt ni anxonnx srnnantnnx
momenrin, a n rparni posxocax ra croxxax ni nonepeunnx cnn.
Hpn nenennxnx nananraxennxx ra nennxnx npontorax ]epmn c
intm exonomiunimnmn, nix cynintni anxn, sanxxn panionantnomy
nnxopncrannm marepiany crepxnin npn octonnx sycnnnxx
nopmantni nanpyxennx posnoinxmrtcx no nepepisy pinnomipno, n
ro uac xx npn srnni naintm nanpyxennmn c rintxn xpani
nonoxna. Kpim roro, ]epmn mamrt snauny nncory, mo saesneuyc
neoxiny xopcrxicrt xoncrpyxni npn ninocno mannx nnrparax
marepiany.
uepmn norpeymrt snauno intmnx rpyonnrpar y nopinnxnni
s anxamn. Bonn moxyrt marn yt-xxn opnc sanexno ni
xomnonynantnnx ra ]ynxnionantnnx nnmor. uepmn panionantni npn
pisnnx nananraxennxx, nxnmuamun naxxi, mo xapaxrepno,
nanpnxna, nx mocronnx xoncrpyxni.
Ianyst sacrocynannx ]epm ocnrt mnpoxa, ane naintme
posnoncmxennx nonn snamnn n noxpnrrxx nnponnunx ra
rpomactxnx yinent, a raxox y nennxoraapnrnnx cnopyax
(nennxonpontorni xoncrpyxni, amrn, onopn nini enexrponepeau,
rpancnoprepni ranepe, npontorni yonn mocrin, nxseni cncremn
xapxacin yinent romo). 3a crarnunom cxemom ]epmn


7
posnoinxmrtcx na:
pospisni anxoni (pnc. 1.1, +), mo naintme posnoncmxeni
sanxxn npocrori nnroronnennx ra monraxy;
nepospisni (pnc. 1.1, F), xxi panionantni npn nennxi nnacni
maci ra nennxnx nananraxennxx, mamrt nennxy xopcrxicrt, mo
osnonxc smenmnrn nncory xoncrpyxni;
apxoni (pnc.1.1, *) ra pamni (pnc. 1.1, X), mo sacroconymrtcx
npn nennxnx npontorax, x exonomiunicrt nnsnauacrtcx
panionantnnm posnoinom nnyrpimnix sycnnt y cncremi;
xoncontni (pnc. 1.1, "), mo nnxopncronymrtcx n nocnani s
pospisnnmn ao nepospisnnmn cncremamn s merom posnanraxennx
(snnxennx sycnnt) ocnonnnx npontorin. Famrn ra mornn (pnc.1.1, ))
raxox c xoncontnnmn ]epmamn, ane posramonannmn neprnxantno.
nx saesneuennx neoxino xopcrxocri n ycix nanpxmxax nonn
nnxonymrtcx npocroponnmn;
xominonani (pnc. 1.1, Y), xxi xnnxmrt coom anxy, nocnneny
snnsy ao snepxy crepxntonom cncremom, mo cyrrcno snnxyc
nnnnxamui n anni srnnantni momenrn. Taxi xoncrpyxni npocri y
nnroronnenni ra nnxopncronymrtcx npn naxxnx nananraxennxx,
nxnmuamun pyxomi.

Pnc. 1.1. Cxemn ]epm:
+ pospisni anxoni; F nepospisni;
*, X apxoni i pamni; O, ) xoncontni; Y xominonani
!
"
#
$ %
&

+
F
*
X
O
)
Y
8
E]exrnnnicrt ]epm moxna cyrrcno ninnmnrn nneennxm
sycnnt nonepentoro nanpyxennx, mo nixpnnac moxnnnicrt
mryunoro perynmnannx nnyrpimnix sycnnt, xxe cnpxmonane na
snnxennx marepianomicrxocri ra naprocri xoncrpyxni.
V ani poori ocnonna ynara npninxcrtcx anxonnm
cncremam, mo sacroconymrtcx n xoncrpyxnixx yinent xpoxnxnnm
]epmam. Hpore posrnxnyri ocnonni nonoxennx xomnonynannx,
pospaxynxy ra xoncrpymnannx ]epm noxpnrrx moxyrt yrn
nnxopncrani npn npoexrynanni rparuacrnx xoncrpyxni pisnoro
npnsnauennx.

1.2. D,):,Q8.RQQ* W%')

Komnonynannx xoncrpyxrnnno cxemn ]epmn nxnmuac nnip
opncy noxcin, cxemn pemirxn ra renepantnnx posmipin xoncrpyxni.
Posnxsannx nnx nnrant nnxonycrtcx s ypaxynannxm ]ynxnionant-
noro npnsnauennx yinent ra nnmoramn x apxirexrypno nnpasnocri.
Opncn noxcin epyrtcx sanexno ni rnny noxpinni, xxa
norpeyc nennoro naxnny, pinnx panionantnocri crarnuno cxemn,
nonxsano s maxcnmantnnm nannxennxm xoncrpyxrnnno ]opmn o
enmpn srnnantnnx momenrin ninonino anxono cncremn, a raxox
rnny scnannx ]epmn s onopom.
nx noxpinent s asecronemenrnnx xnnnxcrnx nncrin, uepennni,
cranenoro npo]intonanoro nacrnny neoxinn snaunn noxnn
(o 20 %), mo nnxnnxac neoxinicrt sacrocynannx rpnxyrnnx ]epm
(pnc. 1.2, +), meonnx noxpnrrin (pnc. 1.2, F) ao nnxopncrannx
onocxarnnx piment (pnc. 1.2, *). Hpn neoxinocri ynamrynannx
noxpinent s noxnnom 5 10 % nepenary cni naanarn rpanenonnm
]epmam (pnc. 1.2, X). nx nennxnx npontorin e]exrnnnnmn xnnxmrtcx
nonironantni ]epmn (pnc. 1.2, )). Hpn pynonnnx ra macrnunnx
noxpinnxx s noxnnom 1,5 5 % panionantni ]epmn s napanentnnmn
noxcamn (pnc. 1.2, O).
Tpnxyrni xpoxnxni ]epmn nipisnxmrtcx xpyrnm posmimennxm
nepxnix noxcin, mo cyrrcno ycxnanmc xoncrpymnannx onopnoro
9
nysna, snaunnmn onxnnamn crepxnin oconnno n cepeni uacrnni,
nennxnm ocmom mix]epmonoro npocropy, mo sintmyc
excnnyaranini nnrparn (soxpema, na onanennx ra nenrnnxnim
oarxonoro ocmy yinni). Tpnxyrni opncn ]epm intm
panionantno nnxopncronymrt n meonnx noxpnrrxx, n xxnx necyua
xoncrpyxnix onopasono nnxonyc ]ynxnim cnirnoaepaninoro
nixrapx, saesneuymun pinnomipne ocnirnennx nnyrpimnix
npnmiment s oxy onoro is noxnnin.

$

!
%
#


Pnc. 1.2. Opncn ]epm:
+ rpnxyrni ]epmn; F meoni noxpnrrx;
* onocxarni ]epmn; X rpanenoni ]epmn;
) nonironantni ]epmn; O ]epmn s napanentnnmn noxpnrrxmn

Cermenrni (nonironantni) ]epmn ncranonnmmrt snepxy na
orononox xononn, mo ninoniac mapnipnomy onnpannm na onopy.
Inmi ]epmn, mo mamrt snauny nncory na onopax, moxyrt yrn
saxpinneni xx snepxy, rax i soxy, mo ac smory ninnmynarn
nonepeuny xopcrxicrt yinni i yrnopmnarn xopcrxi pamni nysnn.
Tpanenoni ra nonironantni ]epmn sa cnocm ]opmom n naintmi
mipi ninoniamrt opncam enmp srnnantnnx momenrin. Hpn nennxi
xintxocri nepenomin nepxntoro noxca moxna nanirt ocxrrn
onaxonnx nonepeunnx nepepisin enemenrin noxcin, mo snnxyc
* F
+ X
) O
10
nnrparn crani na xoncrpyxnim. Hpore raxi ]epmn sacroconymrt npn
nennxnx npontorax ra npn nennxnx nananraxennxx, a n nnx nnnaxax
sa xoncrpyxrnnnnmn mipxynannxmn (s ypaxynannxm ymon
rpancnoprynannx) ]epmn nnroronnxmrtcx noenemenrno, sicnmmun
x monraxni crnxn y nysnax, mo snnxyc sanoctxy roronnicrt
xoncrpyxni. Tpanenoni ]epmn raxox sacroconymrt n noxpnrrxx
yinent, npore nonn menm rexnonoriuni (enemenrn nnx ]epm mamrt
pisni onxnnn), nix ]epmn s napanentnnmn noxcamn, nx xxnx
xapaxrepni onaxoni onxnnn enemenrin noxcin ra pemirxn,
nonropmnanicrt erane, moxnnnicrt yni]ixani cxem ra
inycrpianisani x nnroronnennx. Tomy n ocranni uac nonn
oepxann naintme posnoncmxennx. Came nx nnx cxem
posponeni rnnoni pimennx, xxi nipisnxmrtcx sa nananraxennxmn,
npontoramn ra rnnamn nepepisin enemenrin.
Cxemn pemirxn ]epm mamrt cyrrcnn nnnnn na macy ra
rpyomicrxicrt nnroronnennx, a raxox nnsnauamrt ymonn poorn
enemenrin noxcin. Tpnxyrna pemirxa (pnc. 1.3, +) mac namenmy
cymapny onxnny ra namenmy xintxicrt nysnin, ane onxnnn
nanene noxcin (nicrani mix nysnamn npnmnxannx posxocin) npn
ntomy xnnxmrtcx naintmnmn, mo ne panionantno, oconnno nx
crncnyrnx crepxnin. Posxicna pemirxa (pnc. 1.3, F) osnonxc
smenmnrn onxnnn nanene, ane npn ntomy spocrac xintxicrt nysnin
ra cymapna onxnna posxocin i croxxin. Tomy n npaxrnni oepxana
posnoncmxennx cxema, mo ocnyc nepenarn oox rnnin pemirxn
rpnxyrna pemirxa s oarxonnmn croxxamn (pnc. 1.3, *), xxa smenmyc
onxnnn crncnyrnx nanene ra crnopmc oarxonn nyson noxca nx
moxnnnoro onnpannx na ntoro necyuoro enemenra noxpinni.
oarxoni croxxn xoua sintmymrt exintxa macy ]epmn (npore
xni nepepisn nenennxi, o nonn cnpnmamrt rintxn micneni
nananraxennx) n nopinnxnni s rpnxyrnom pemirxom, ane nnacniox
cxopouennx pospaxynxonnx onxnn enemenrin noxcin smenmymrtcx
nonepeuni nepepisn ocrannix i, ninonino, sarantni nnrparn crani.


11

Pnc. 1.3. Cxemn pemirox:
+ rpnxyrna; F posxicna; * rpnxyrna s oarxonnmn croxxamn;
X mnpenrentna; ) pomiuna; O ninposxicna; Y xpecrona;
J, / xpinnennx enemenrin pemirxn (1 nysnona ]aconxa)

Hanpxmox posmimennx posxocin y pisnnx rnnax pemirox
niirpac nenny pont. xmo nepmn ni onopn posxic (nin snertcx
onopnnm, o esnocepento cnpnmac onopny peaxnim anxono
]epmn) cnpxmonann snnsy oropn, roro c nncxinnm, ro nin
npanmc na crncx, a xxmo nannaxn, roro c nnsxinnm s onnpannxm
]epmn na onopy n pinni nepxntoro noxca, ro na posrxr. Hpn
sminnomy opnci noxcin ni uac nnopy nanpxmxy onopnnx posxocin
epyrtcx o ynarn me onxnnn iaronane y xoxni naneni. Tax,
nx rpanenonnx ]epm panionantno nnxopncronynarn nnsxini
onopni posxocn, o n ntomy nnnaxy nonn mamrt menmy onxnny.
nx ]epm s napanentnnmn noxcamn nanpxmox onopnnx posxocin ne
mac cyrrcnoro snauennx (ocnixennx noxasymrt, mo nesnauny
(o 3 5 %) exonomim crani moxna ocxrrn, nnxopncronymun nns-
xini posxocn). 3 merom yni]ixani xoncrpyxrnnnnx piment y
rnnonnx ]epmax nnxopncronymrt nncxini posxocn.
Posxicna pemirxa sacroconycrtcx n rpnxyrnnx ]epmax.
x npannno, nepmi ni onopn posxocn nnxonymrtcx nnsxinnmn,
!

#
%
$
'
&
1
1

(
O / *
F )
J
Y
X
+
12
o nonn npanmmrt na crncx ra saesneuymrt spyunicrt
xoncrpymnannx onopnnx nysnin npn menmnx nnacnnx onxnnax.
Bnpenrentna pemirxa (pnc. 1.3, X) nnxopncronycrtcx n pasi
neoxinocri smenmennx onxnn nanene y ]epmax nennxo nncorn,
a raxox nx nnxnmuennx micnenoro srnny npn nosanysnonomy
npnxnaanni sonnimntoro nananraxennx. Pomiuna (pnc. 1.3, )) ra
ninposxicna (pnc. 1.3, O) pemirxn saesneuymrt nennxy xopcrxicrt
]epmn i c panionantnnmn npn nennxnx nonepeunnx cnnax. Taxi rnnn
pemirox sacroconymrt y amrax, mornax, mocrax i pixo n
araronpontornnx noxpnrrxx.
Xpecrona pemirxa (pnc. 1.3, Y) sacroconycrtcx n ]epmax,
enemenrn xxnx cnpnmamrt snaxosminni sycnnnx ni nananraxent,
mo imrt s pisnnx oxin, nanpnxna, y nxsennx cncremax noxpnrrin,
mocrax, nncornnx yinnxx, y npocroponnx ]epmax amr ra moron.
Hpn ntomy nnaxamrt, mo ni npnxnaenoro s onoro s oxin
nananraxennx npanmmrt rintxn posrxrnyri crepxni, a crncnyri
nnxnmuamrtcx s poorn. xmo ix nananraxennx niynacrtcx s
npornnexnoro oxy, ro sepiracrtcx ro camn npnnnnn, rintxn
posxocn minxmrtcx micnxmn.
Posmipn nanene ]epmn nnsnauamrtcx ni uac nnopy cxemn
pemirxn ra noroxymrtcx s xpoxom necyunx enemenrin noxpinni nx
roro, mo nananraxennx ni ne ynn npnxnaeni y nysnax. x necyui
enemenrn noxpinni posrnxamrt pepa sanisoeronnnx nnnr ao
nporonn, nicrani mix xxnmn (onxnna naneni), xx npannno,
opinnmmrt 1,5 i 3 m. Onrnmantnn xyr naxnny posxocin o noxcin
nnsnauacrtcx sa ymonamn namenmnx nnrpar marepiany pemirxn ra
sanexnrt ni rnny: npn rpnxyrni cranonnrt 45, posxicni 35.
3a xoncrpyxrnnnnmn mipxynannxmn xyr naxnny epyrt nnstxnm
o 45, o npn mannx xyrax nysnona ]aconxa, o xxo xpinnxrtcx
posxocn y nysnax ]epm, nnxnnxcrtcx sanaro nnrxrnyrom n mnpnny,
a npn nennxnx c sanaro nncoxom (pnc. 1.3, J, /).
Hpn ninoninomy orpynrynanni onycxacrtcx onnpannx
nporonin ra nnnr noxpnrrx mix nysnamn. B nnx nnnaxax noxc ]epmn
npanmc me na srnn, mo neoxino npaxonynarn npn pospaxynxax ra
13
xoncrpymnanni. xmo sacroconycrtcx nerxa noxpinnx, ro moxna
nnxopncronynarn pospixeny cxemy pemirxn, cxopornnmn xintxicrt
enemenrin (rax snani manoenemenrni ]epmn). Cni parn o ynarn
ro ]axr, mo manoenemenrni ]epmn mamrt ninnmeny
e]opmarnnnicrt.

1.3. X%Q%'R4ZQU ',P)U'O W%')

onxnna ]epmn nnsnauacrtcx npontorom, xxn
ncranonnmmrt sanexno ni xomnonynantnnx i rexnonoriunnx nnmor.
Hpn onnpanni ]epm snepxy na onopn xoncrpyxrnnna onxnna
nxnmuac posmipn onopnnx uacrnn xoncrpyxni, a pospaxynxonn
npontor moxe yrn nannxeno nsxrn pinnnm nicrani mix
nnyrpimnimn uneprxmn mnpnnn onop (nx pospisnnx ]epm):

,
2
2
4
0 0
a
l
a
l l + +

e
0
l nicrant mix nnyrpimnimn rpanxmn onop; a mnpnna onop.

nx cepenix npontorin nepospisnnx ]epm pospaxynxoni
npontorn nipaxonymrtcx no ocxx onop.
xmo ]epma onnpacrtcx soxy na xononn, ro xoncrpyxrnnna
onxnna ra pospaxynxonn npontor epyrt raxnmn, xx nicrant mix
nnyrpimnimn rpanxmn xonon.
Onrnmantna nncora ]epm h, mo ninoniac namenmi maci
ao naprocri xoncrpyxni sanexnrt ni npontory l , opncy noxcin,
rnny pemirxn ra xintxocri nanene n . Ouennno, mo si sintmennxm
nncorn ]epmn snnxycrtcx maca (napricrt) noxcin, rax xx imui n nnx
sycnnnx oepneno nponopnini nncori (
h
M
N
n
, e - anxonn
srnnantnn momenr y ninoninomy nepepisi; h nncora ]epmn), ra
ninnmymrtcx nnrparn marepiany na enemenrn pemirxn
(sintmymrtcx onxnnn posxocin ra croxxin). nx ]epm s
14
napanentnnmn noxcamn ra rpanenonnx nncora sa ymonn minimymy
macn [1] nnsnauacrtcx rax:

npn rpnxyrni pemirni:
; 1 7 . 0 + n
n
l
h
opt

npn posxicni pemirni:
( ); 1 7 . 0
3
1
+ n
n
l
h
opt

npn rpnxyrni pemirni s oarxonnmn croxxamn:

( ) 1 7 . 0
2
1
+ n
n
l
h
opt
.

3 ananisy snauent
opt
h , snaennx sa naneennmn ]opmynamn,
nnnnnnac, mo naintma nncora ninoniac rpnxyrni pemirni,
a namenma (npnnnsno na 40 % menma, nix npn rpnxyrni)
posxicni. Hpnuomy l h
opt

,
_

5
1
4
1
. Hpore n npaxrnni nncora ]epm
epertcx emo nnxuom sa onrnmantny, mo nonxsano s nnmoramn,
ncranonnennmn sa ymonamn rpancnoprynannx meranennx xoncrpyxni
na nixpnromy pyxomomy cxnai [2]. Bncora nnxinnx mapox
(enemenrin sanoctxoro nnroronnennx, mo xnnxmrt coom uacrnnn
xoncrpyxni, s xxnx na yinentnomy maanunxy nona cxnaacrtcx
o npoexrnnx posmipin) ne nonnnna nepennmynarn nncorn
monraxnoro raapnry sanisnnuno nnar]opmn 3800 mm.
3a nnmn x mipxynannxmn nimirymrtcx onxnnn nnxinnx mapox
ne intm nix 13,5 m, a npn nnxopncranni cnennnar]opm ne intm
nix 18 m.
Cni saynaxnrn, mo npn onrnmisani sneennx nnrpar na ]epmy
onrnmantna nncora snauno snnxycrtcx nopinnxno s
opt
h , xxa
ninoniac minimymy macn xoncrpyxni, ra ocxrac npnnnsno
1/8 1/10 npontory.
Hi uac npoexrynannx noxpnrrin nnponnunx yinent nx
cxopouennx uncna rnnoposmipin ]epm, x erane ra npnmnxamunx
15
o nnx enemenrin (nxse, nporonin, xonon) nponeena yni]ixanix
xoncrpyxrnnnnx piment noxpnrt. Taxa yni]ixanix asycrtcx na
moyntni xoopnnani posmipin y yinnnnrni, xxa pernamenryc npn
ocnonnomy moyni M = 100 mm npnmarn npontorn ]epm xparnnmn
sintmennm moynxm 60 M ra 30 M. Hpn ninoninomy rexnixo-
exonomiunomy orpynrynanni moxnnni nicrynn ni nnmor
moyntnocri, xxmo ntoro nnmaramrt ymonn, c]opmyntonani
rexniunnm sanannxm na xonxpernn ocxr ao npn ntomy
ocxracrtcx nenna exonomix marepiany. Hpore i n nnx nnnaxax
npononrtcx yni]ixanix posmipin i nonepeunnx nepepisin y mexax
sanpoexronano cnopyn, sepiracrtcx yni]ixonanicrt
xoncrpyxrnnnnx piment nysnin.
B yni]ixonannx cxemax ]epm s napanentnnmn noxcamn
npnnxri cnni posmipn nanene, mo opinnmmrt 3000 mm, ra
npontorn 18, 24, 30 i 36 m. Bncora ]epm npnnxra no sonnimnim
rpanxm enemenrin 3150 mm. Hpn npoexrynanni yinent s npontoramn
18 ra 24 m, n xxnx sa ymonamn excnnyarani ne nnmaracrtcx
ninnmena nncora mix]epmenoro npocropy, nncora ]epm is napnnx
xyrnxin moxe yrn smenmena o 2550 mm. Inmi nncorn npnmamrtcx
n ]epmax s es]aconxonnmn nysnamn, n xxnx oxpemi enemenrn
npoexrymrt s rpy ( 2900 h mm mix ocxmn noxcin) ra samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin ( 2000 h mm mix sonnimnimn rpanxmn
noxcin).
Vni]ixonani ]epmn mamrt rpnxyrny pemirxy s oarxonnmn
croxxamn. Hpn ntomy onopnn posxic npoexrymrt nncxinnm nx
yni]ixani nysnonnx cnonyuent ]epm s onopamn. Hpn onnpanni
noxpinni uepes 1500 mm nx sanoirannx micnenoro srnny nanene
noxcin sacroconymrt mnpenrentny pemirxy.
uepmn npontoramn 18 m nnxonymrt s ropnsonrantnnmn
nnxnimn noxcamn, nepxni mamrt noxnn 1,5 %. Hpn npontorax 24, 30
ra 36 m ]epmn npoexrymrt s napanentnnmn noxcamn, noxnn xxnx
cxnaac 1,5 %. nx spyunocri rpancnoprynannx ]epmn nnroronnxmrt
y nnrnxi oxpemnx nnnaxinnx mapox onxnnom 12-15 m s
noantmnm ocnannxm x n monraxnnx crnxax. nx sanoirannx
16
nennxnx npornnin ]epm, mo nopymyc sonnimni nnrnx noxpnrrx, a n
oxpemnx nnnaxax ymonn nopmantno excnnyarani (nanpnxna, npn
ninimynanni xpanin o nnxntoro noxca), ]epmn nnroronnxmrt s
yinentnnm niomom, roro si snopornnm nnrnnom. Hpn i
sonnimnix nananraxent yinentnn niom noramacrtcx i ]epma
npnmac npoexrne nonoxennx.
Teopernuno ninim yinentnoro niomy moxna orpnmarn npn
nnroronnenni ncix crepxnin onme (nx crncnyrnx) ao xoporme
(nx posrxrnyrnx) na nennunny x npyxno e]opmani ni
nananraxennxm. Toi nouarxona onxnna xoxnoro crepxnx
nnsnauacrtcx rax:

,
_

t t
E
l l l l 1
nou.
,

e l onxnna crepxnx n pospaxynxoni cxemi ]epmn (y npoexrno-
my nonoxenni);
E
l
l

noonxennx ao cxopouennx crepxnx ni
sonnimntoro nananraxennx.

Hpaxrnuno yinentnn niom saacrtcx sa cnpomenom
xpnnom, crpinxa xxo npn npontorax ]epm 36 m ra intme opinnmc
npornny ni nocrinoro ra rpnnanoro rnmuaconoro nananraxennx.
nx ]epm s napanentnnmn noxcamn yinentnn niom
ynamronymrt nesanexno ni npontory, npnmamun oro raxnm, mo
opinnmc npornny ni cymapnoro nopmarnnnoro nananraxennx nnmc
1/200 npontory. Taxnm unnom, ]epmn s excnnyaraninnmn
nananraxennxmn sepiramrt nennn niom y cepenni npontory, mo
neoxino nx naannx noxnny noxpinni.
Fyinentnn niom peanisycrtcx npn snpanni ]epm s oxpemnx
nnxinnx mapox. Hpn ntomy nepernnn noxcin ynamronymrt y
monraxnnx crnxax (pnc. 1.4).

17
2
0
0
1
f
/
l
=
f
!
)
%

Pnc. 1.4. Vnamrynannx yinentnoro niomy

1.4. [R\%P:%T%QQ* 57U]+,57U W%')

uepma nnocxa xoncrpyxnix, xxa mac snauny xopcrxicrt
y nnacni nnomnni nnacniox ninocno nennxo nncorn camo
xoncrpyxni. V ro xe uac y nepnennxynxpnomy nanpxmxy (nosa
nnomnnn ]epmn) xopcrxicrt neocrarnx i nrpara crixocri
crncnyroro nepxntoro noxca moxe crarncx na pospaxynxoni
onxnni, xxa opinnmc nctomy npontory ]epmn (pnc. 1.5, F). Kpim
roro, nanirt sa naxnnocri nporonin ra inmnx necyunx enemenrin
noxpinni, xpinnennx xxnx o ]epm posrnxacrtcx xx mapnipne,
cncrema noxpnrrx ne mac ocrarnto xintxocri snxsxin nx
saesneuennx reomerpnuno nesminnocri.
Bo naarn cncremi noxpnrrx crixocri, neoxino npnxpinnrn
yci ]epmn o yt-xxo nepyxomo rouxn, roro o ocrarnto
xopcrxo reomerpnuno nesminno xoncrpyxni. nx ntoro n noxpnrrxx
nnamronymrt xopcrxi npocroponi noxn, xxi cxnaamrtcx s nox
cymixnnx ]epm, ocnannx ropnsonrantnnmn i neprnxantnnmn
enemenramn, mo snyrtcx nxsxmn. Koxna rpant raxoro noxy
nonnnna yrn reomerpnuno nesminnom (reomerpnuna nesminnicrt
nox rpane noxa, mo yrnopeni camnmn ]epmamn, saesneuena x
cxemamn), romy npn nnopi cxemn ropnsonrantnnx nxse no nepxnim
i nnxnim noxcam i neprnxantnnx n ropnxx noxa (roro na onopax)
neoxino npaxonynarn nm nnmory (pnc.1.5, +).
f

y
p

18


Pnc. 1.5. Bxsi no ]epmax:
+ cxema npocroponoro noxa; F cxema noxpnrrx
npn nicyrnocri nxse; * re x npn naxnnocri nxsenoro noxa;
1 ]epmn; 2 neprnxantni nxsi; 3 ropnsonrantni nxsi;
4 nporonn; 5 posrxxxn n pinni nnxnix noxcin;
6 nyson xpinnennx nporonin o ropnsonrantnnx nxse
n pinni nepxnix noxcin; 7 oci noxcin npn nrpari crixocri
nosa nnomnnom ]epmn

Xopcrxi noxn posmimymrt sasnnua n ropnxx yinni, a pemry
]epm npnnxsymrt o nnx cneniantnnmn enemenramn (crncnyrnmn
posnopxamn, posrxrnyrnmn posrxxxamn) ao nnxopncronymrt nx
ntoro nosonxni enemenrn noxpinni (nporonn, pepa sanisoeronnnx
nnnr), xxi onouacno si cnomn ocnonnnmn ]ynxnixmn niirpamrt
2
2
1 3
7
2
1
4

4
2
2
1
3
3
6
1
7
4 4
1
!
3
2 5
"
4 4
6

+
F *
19
pont nxse npn ymoni x saxpinnennx o nysnin nxseno cncremn.
Posnipxn posmimymrtcx n pinni nepxnix noxcin ra mix onopamn ]epm
n pinni x nnxnix noxcin. Posrxxxamn nnaxamrtcx enemenrn nxse,
nocranneni no npontory n pinni nnxnix noxcin xpoxnxnnx ]epm.
Bxsi nnxonymrt raxi ]ynxni: saesneuymrt reomerpnuny
nesminnicrt ra npocropony xopcrxicrt noxpnrrx ni uac monraxy
i excnnyarani; cxopouymrt pospaxynxoni onxnnn enemenrin ]epmn
nosa nnomnnom, soxpema crncnyrnx nepxnix noxcin; cnpnmamrt
sycnnnx, mo nnnnxamrt ni nananraxent, npnxnaennx y
nosonxntomy nanpxmxy yinni, nanpnxna, ni nirponoro
nananraxennx, imuoro na ropent.
Hecyui enemenrn noxpinni npo]intonann cranenn nacrnn,
nporonn, sanisoeronni nnnrn yrnopmmrt ocrarnto xopcrxn
ncx y ropnsonrantnomy nanpxmxy. Bpaxonymun ne, moxna
nimonnrncx ni nnamrynannx cneniantnnx iaronantnnx
ropnsonrantnnx nxse n pinni nepxntoro noxca nanirt y xopcrxomy
npocroponomy noni. Hpore, mo saesneunrn sarantny crixicrt
]epmn ni uac monraxy, xonn enemenrn noxpinni me nicyrni,
neoxino sintmnrn xintxicrt neprnxantnnx nxse, oxpim onopnnx.
Beprnxantni nxsi posmimymrt rax, mo ]axrnuna rnyuxicrt
crncnyroro noxca nosa nnomnnom ]epmn ni uac monraxy ne
nepennmynana rpannunoro snauennx 220 [3], roro

[ ] 220
y
y
y
i
l
.

Bnxoxun s nic ymonn i nnsnauamrtcx nicrani mix
neprnxantnnmn nxsxmn
y
l . 3 rexnonoriuno rouxn sopy neprnxantni
nxsi onintno posmimarn n nnomnni croxxin pemirxn ]epm, nicrani
mix xxnmn opinnmmrt 6 m. Posmipn nanene ropnsonrantno
nxseno ]epmn no nnxnim noxcam rex nnsnauamrtcx nicranxmn mix
neprnxantnnmn nxsxmn, a npn neoxinocri, xxmo ]axrnuna
rnyuxicrt
y
posrxrnyrnx noxcin nepennmyc rpannnm [ ] 400 l ,
neoxino crannrn oarxoni posrxxxn.
20
Hpn noxpinni is sanisoeronnnx pepncrnx nnnr, xxi mamrt
yrn saxpinneni o nepxnix noxcin ]epm ne menm, xx y rptox rouxax,
pospaxynxoni onxnnn crncnyrnx noxcin nnsnauamrtcx nicranxmn
mix pepamn. xmo xopcrxnm ncxom c npo]intonann nacrnn, ro
crixicrt nepxnix noxcin saesneuycrtcx nporonamn, npore rintxn
rnmn, xxi crnxymrtcx s nysnamn nxseno cncremn, roro nepyxomnmn
rouxamn. Taxnmn rouxamn nnaxamrtcx micnx nepernny nporonin
s neprnxantnnmn nxsxmn xopcrxoro noxa, a raxox enemenrin
ropnsonrantnnx nxsin mix coom (pnc. 1.5, *).
xmo noxpinnx ne c xopcrxnm ncxom, no nepxnim noxcam
]epm cni nepeaunrn nonepeuni ropnsonrantni nxseni ]epmn i
cymimarn x posramynannx s nxsennmn ]epmamn no nnxnim noxcam.
V yinnxx s onnpannxm xpoxnxnnx ]epm na xononn n pinni
nepxntoro noxca ropnsonrantni nxseni ]epmn nnamronymrt n ntomy
x pinni, o nonn mamrt cnpnnxrn ropnsonrantne nananraxennx ni
nirpy, npnxnaene n ropent. Hpn sanisoeronnnx nnnrax noxpnrrx ni
nananraxennx cnpnmamrtcx xopcrxnm ncxom, yrnopennm
nnnramn, a npn noxpinni s npo]intonanoro nacrnny cni
nnamronynarn ia]parmn xopcrxocri y nnrnxi anxn, noxcamn xxo
cnyxart nepxni noxcn cymixnnx xpoxnxnnx ]epm, posmimennx y
ropnxx yinni, a crinxom npo]intonann nacrnn s nicnnennm
xpinnennxm oro o nporonin, ao npn x nicyrnocri
esnocepento o nepxnix noxcin ]epm [2].

1.5. EO:O :%'%'UPU. %4%)%Q7U. W%')

Hpn nnopi nepepisy enemenrin ]epm cni nianarn nepenary
npo]inxm s nennxnm paiycom inepni npn namenmi nnomi
nonepeunoro nepepisy. He noxcnmcrtcx rnm, mo npn poori na crncx
neoxino snecrn o minimymy nrparn marepiany, nonxsani
is saesneuennxm crixocri crepxnx: unm intmn paiyc inepni, rnm
menma rnyuxicrt crepxnx, orxe intme snauennx xoe]inicnra
nosonxntoro srnny .
21
Haintme posnoncmxennx n xpoxnxnnx ]epmax oepxann
ranponi nepepisn, cxomnononani s nox npoxarnnx xyrnxin.
Hi nepepisn spyuni n xoncrpyxrnnnomy ninomenni, saesneuymrt
npocre cnonyuennx s ]aconxamn y nysnax. Kominymun rnnn ra
posmipn xyrnxin, moxna xoncrpymnarn nepepisn s pisnnmn paiycamn
inepni, mo osnonxc npn pisnnx pospaxynxonnx onxnnax crepxnx
(n nnomnni
x
l ra nosa nnomnnom ]epmn
y
l ) ninparn
pinnocrixn (
x

y
) crepxent.
nx noxcin ]epm naintm panionantnnmn c nepepisn,
c]opmonani s nox nepinnooxnx xyrnxin. xmo pospaxynxona
onxnna noxca n nnomnni ra nosa nnomnnom ]epmn onaxona
(
x
l =
y
l ), ro s ymonn pinnocrixocri neoxino saesneunrn pinnicrt
paiycin inepni nepepisy
x
i ra
y
i . V ntomy nnnaxy sacroconymrt
nepinnooxi xyrnxn, posmimeni intmnmn nonnnxmn pasom
(pnc. 1.6, +), nx xxnx
x
i = 0,32h ra
y
i = 0,2b. xmo pospaxynxona
onxnna
y
l nniui intma nix
x
l , ro nepinnooxi xyrnxn cni
posmimarn mannmn nonnnxmn pasom (pnc. 1.6, F). nx ntoro nepepisy
y x
i i 2 , e h i
x
28 . 0 ra b i
y
24 . 0 .
Tanponn nepepis s nox pinnooxnx xyrnxin (pnc. 1.6, *)
xapaxrepnsycrtcx cninninomennxm paiycin inepni 8 . 0 /
y x
i i .
Taxe x cninninomennx pospaxynxonnx onxnn ninoniac
crncnyrnm enemenram pemirxn, npn ntomy
x
i = 0,3h ra
y
i = 0,22b.
Hpore n npaxrnni raxn rnn nepepisy mnpoxo sacroconycrtcx nx
noxcin y snxsxy s omexenicrm nnnycxy nepinnoiunnx xyrnxin.
nx croxxin, oconnno n monraxnnx nysnax ra n nnomnni
posmimennx neprnxantnnx nxse, nnxopncronymrt xpecronn
nepepis s nox pinnoiunnx xyrnxin (pnc. 1.6, X), nx xxnx paiycn
inepni n oox nanpxmxax onaxoni (
x
i = 0,2h =
y
i = 0,2b).
22


Pnc. 1.6. Tnnn nepepisin enemenrin ]epm:
+ s nepinnooxnx xyrnxin nennxnmn nonnnxmn pasom;
F re x mannmn nonnnxmn pasom; * s pinnooxnx xyrnxin;
X xpecronnx xyrnxin; ) s ranpa; O s noranpa; Y s rpyn;
/ s rnyrosnapnoro xnaparnoro npo]inm; $ s rnyrosnapnoro
npxmoxyrnoro npo]inm

Bpaxonymun moxnnnocri meranyprino npomncnonocri,
nepepisn s nox pinnoiunnx xyrnxin n ann uac c ocnonnnmn nx
xpoxnxnnx ]epm, nxnmuamun rnnoni xoncrpyxni. Bnxopncrannx nx
enemenrin ]epm mnpoxononnuxonnx ranpin ra noranpin, xpyrnnx
rpy ra samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin osnonxc ninnmnrn
e]exrnnnicrt xoncrpyxni sanxxn intm panionantnomy posnoiny
marepiany no nepepisy, sacrocynannm es]aconxonnx nysnin, mo
+
F *
X
)
O
Y /
$
23
saesneuyc esnocepenc cnonyuennx posxocin s noxcamn,
ninnmennm xoposino nnrpnnanocri crepxnin s menmom
nonepxnem sirxnennx s nanxonnmnim cepeonnmem npn onouacnomy
snnxenni macn ]epm. Tax, npn nnxopncranni n rpanninnx cxemax
mnpoxononnuxonnx ranpin (pnc. 1.6, )) si sepexennxm pemirxn
si cnapennx xyrnxin maca ]epmn snnxycrtcx na 10-12 % nnacniox
cxopouennx nnrpar crani na nysnoni ]aconxn. V ranponomy nepepisi
sepiracrtcx nannxeno cninninomennx paiycin inepni (
x
i =0,3h ra
y
i =0,2b), ninonino o nepepisy, mo cxomnononann s nox
pinnoiunnx xyrnxin.
Hpoxarni mnpoxononnuxoni noranpn (pnc. 1.6, O) sacroco-
nymrt y noxcax, mo npanmmrt na micnenn srnn (nananraxennx
npnxnaene nosa nysnamn). V ntomy nnnaxy neoxino posnnnarn
nepepis n nnomnni ]epmn nx oepxannx intmoro snauennx
momenry onopy. Hpn ntomy
x
i = 0,43h ra
y
i = 0,24b. 3 ypaxynannxm
spyunocri cnonyuennx enemenrin pemirxn s ropnsonrantnnmn
nonepxnxmn noxcin, posxocn ra croxxn npoexrymrt is samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin (pnc. 1.6, /, $). Hpore, y snxsxy s rexno-
noriunnmn cxnanomamn x nnroronnennx (norpine roune pisannx
ropnin rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin ninonino o xyry naxnny posxocin
i nncoxoxxicne snapmnannx pisnnx sa ronmnnamn enemenrin) raxi
]epmn ne snamnn mnpoxoro sacrocynannx. Moxna nnxo-
pncronynarn pemirxy s rapxuexarannx xyrnxin si scnannxm x s
noxcamn na ]aconxax. Hpore, n ntomy nnnaxy spocrac
rpyomicrxicrt nnroronnennx ]epm i marepianocmnicrt, romy raxn
napianr moxnnnn nnme npn ninoninomy orpynrynanni [2].
V ]epmax si snapnnx rpy (pnc. 1.6, Y) saesneuycrtcx
pinnocrixicrt crepxnin sa paxynox pinnocri paiycin inepni
x
i =
y
i = 0,35d . uopma nepepisy nnxnmuac yrnopennx ocepexin
xoposi, cyrrcno cxopouyc cymapny nonepxnm rpynrynannx ra
]apynannx. Tpyn c maxe ieantnom ]opmom nx crncnyrnx
enemenrin, o npn minimantni nnomi nepepisin saesneuymrt nncoxi
snauennx paiycin inepni sanxxn ninecennm marepiany na nenny
24
nicrant ni nenrpa narn. Bnacniox ntoro, a raxox npaxonymun
nicyrnicrt nysnonnx ]aconox maca rpyuacrnx ]epm na 15-20 %
menma nix ]epm si cnapennx xyrnxin. Hesnaxamun na intm nncoxy
napricrt rpyuacrnx npo]inin, raxi ]epmn panionantni.
Ananoriunnmn oconnnocrxmn nipisnxmrtcx ]epmn,
cnpoexronani si samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npxmoxyrnnx (nx noxcin)
ra xnaparnnx (nx pemirxn) npo]inin. 3arantnnm neonixom rpy
ra samxnennx npo]inin c neoxinicrt repmernsani nnyrpimnix
nopoxnnn nx sanoirannx yrnopennm ocepexin xoposi.
Hpn posponi innniyantnnx reomerpnunnx cxem ]epm,
mo nipisnxmrtcx renepantnnmn posmipamn (inmi npontorn ao
nncorn), onintno opicnrynarnct na rnnoni pimennx, npaxonymun ro
]axr, mo came nx nnx npncroconane rexnonoriune onanannx
sanoin meranennx xoncrpyxni i naponenn ararn npaxrnunn
ocni cxnaannx ]epm s ninpannnx mapox sa rnnonnmn
monraxnnmn nysnamn.
Bxasani rnnn nepepisin nnxopncrani n rnnonnx pimennxx ]epm,
posponennx ninonino o raapnrnnx cxem onononepxonnx
nnponnunx yinent (IOCT 23837-79). Ha pnc. 1.7 naneeni cxemn
rnnonnx xpoxnxnnx ]epm s unenynannxm x na ninpanni mapxn.
Tnnoni ]epmn si cnapennx xyrnxin, a raxox s noxcamn s ranpin ra
pemirxom s nox xyrnxin mamrt rpnxyrny pemirxy s oarxonnmn
croxxamn (pnc.1.7, +). Ananoriuni cxemn nnxopncronymrt nx ]epm
s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin ra xpyrnnx rpy s exxnmn
nicrynamn, nonxsannmn s oconnnocrxmn cnonyuennx enemenrin
y nysnax.
uepmn s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx ranpin ra nepexpecnom
pemirxom s noonnoxnx xyrnxin (pnc. 1.7, F) nipisnxmrtcx
npocrorom pimennx nysnonnx cnonyuent, e enemenrn pemirxn
esnocepento scnymrtcx s noxcamn enexrpoyronnm snapmnannxm
s npnmyconnm nacxpisnnm nponnannennxm. Hpn nopinnxno nenenn-
xomy snnxenni macn xoncrpyxni (o 10 %) cyrrcno cxopouycrtcx
rpyomicrxicrt nnroronnennx (na 25-30 %) sa paxynox smenmennx
25
xintxocri erane ra onxnn snapnnx mnin. x pexomenymrt nx
sacrocynannx n yinnxx s arpecnnnnm cepeonnmem, romy mo
enemenrn raxnx ]epm nerxo ocrynni nx nanecennx
anrnxoposinoro saxncry [2].

Pnc. 1.7. Cxemn rnnonnx ]epm s napanentnnmn noxcamn:
+ si cnapennx xyrnxin ra ranpin;
F s noxcamn s ranpin i s pemirxom s noonnoxnx xyrnxin;
* is samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin

3acrocynannx nerxnx snapnnx ]epm s enemenramn is samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin (pnc. 1.7, *), mo npoexrymrtcx s rpnxyrnom
pemirxom ra nnsxinnm onopnnm posxocom, osnonxc nimonnrnct
ni nporonnoro pimennx noxpinni. Hpo]intonann cranenn nacrnn
esnocepento onnpacrtcx na nepxni noxcn ]epm, xxi posramonani
s xpoxom 4 m, mo ninoniac necyui sarnocri nacrnny. Taxe
pimennx saesneuyc snnxennx nnrpar marepianin na 1 m
2
noxpnrrx
npnnnsno na 15-20 %.

2794 206
36000
30000
24000
3
1
5
0
3
1
5
0
3
1
5
0
3
1
5
0 2794 206
24000
2
5
5
0
3
1
5
0
18000
!
30000
100 2900
2
0
0
0
24000
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
18000
36000
206 2794
3
1
5
0
30000
3
1
5
0
"

+
F *
26
1.6. @,\,7R U ',P'R^8Q,+ W%')

Crarnunn pospaxynox ]epm y intmocri nnnaxin nponoxrt
npnnycxamun naxnnicrt mapnipin y nysnax. Hpn ntomy ]epmy
posrnxamrt xx crarnuno nnsnauynany cncremy, n enemenrax xxo
nnnnxamrt rintxn nosonxni sycnnnx. Taxe npnnymennx
cnpanennne nx ]epm s xyrnxin i ranpin, a raxox s rpy, noranpin
ra samxnennx npo]inin npn cninninomenni nncorn (iamerpa) noxca
o onxnnn naneni menme 1/10 nx xoncrpyxni, mo excnnyarymrtcx
n xnimarnunnx paonax s remneparypom sonnimntoro nonirpx
nnme nix 40C, ra 1/15 npn remneparypi nnxue nxasano mexi.
Hpn intmnx cninninomennxx pospaxynxoni sycnnnx nnsnauamrt
s ypaxynannxm xopcrxocri nysnin xx y crarnuno nennsnauynani
cncremi, roro s ypaxynannxm nnnnxamunx y nysnax srnnantnnx
momenrin.
Moxnnnicrt nneennx mapnipin y nysnax rpynrycrtcx na
oconnnocrxx poorn ]epmn ni sonnimnimn nananraxennxmn.
o nanpyxent 100-150 MHa enemenrn npanmmrt npyxnto, a npn
noantmomy spocranni nanpyxent cnocrepiracrtcx posnnrox
nnacrnunnx e]opmani, n ocnonnomy, y nysnax sa paxynox
naxnnocri n nnx xonnenrpani nanpyxent. Hnacrnuni e]opmani
snnxymrt e]exr samemnennx y nysnax, orxe oarxoni
nanpyxennx, nnxnnxani xopcrxicrm npnmnxamunx o nysna
crepxnin. V pesyntrari n rpannunomy crani nyson moxe yrn ymonno
ororoxnenn s mapnipnnm, mo xoua npnsnonrt o nenno
nerounocri npn nomyxy sycnnt (]axrnuni octoni sycnnnx n crepxnxx
npn npyxni poori n cepentomy na 10 % menmi nix reopernuni),
ane raxn nixi cyrrcno cnpomyc crarnunn pospaxynox.
Ocnonnom npnunnom pynynannx ]epm c nrpara crixocri
crncnyrnmn enemenramn. ocni noxasyc [1], mo nrpara crixocri
cyrrcno sanexnrt ni reomerpnunnx i ]isnunnx neocxonanocre
crepxnin: neroune nenrpynannx enemenrin, naxnnicrt nnrnnin ra
inmnx e]exrin, nonxsannx s nnroronnennxm, neaxyparnnm
rpancnoprynannxm, neonixamn npn monraxi ra excnnyarani
27
xoncrpyxni. uacrime ni neocxonanocri nnxnnxmrtcx n intm
rnyuxnx crepxnxx (n enemenrax pemirxn), nx xxnx nnnnn
nouarxonnx excnenrpncnrerin i moxnnnnx xpnnnn srino s nnmoramn
[3] npaxonymrt nneennxm xoe]inicnra ymon poorn 8 . 0
c

(nx crncnyrnx enemenrin pemirxn, xpim onopnnx, npn rnyuxocri
60 ).
xmo crixicrt crepxnin ]epmn saesneuena, ro pynynannx
]epmn niynacrtcx n pesyntrari noxnn rpimnn y snapnnx mnax, xxi
npnxpinnmmrt enemenrn pemirxn o nysnonnx ]aconox. Taxn
xapaxrep pynynannx oconnno monipnn npn nonropnnx un
nipaninnx nananraxennxx. Hpn nonropnnx nananraxennxx ]epmn,
n enemenrax xxnx nnnnxnn nnacrnuni e]opmani, npanmmrt
npyxnto o nanpyxent, mo ynn ocxrnyri na nonepenix
nananraxennxx. Hinnmennx onacri npyxnto poorn (xnnme
naxneny) snnxyc nnacrnunicrt ra n micnxx naxnnocri xonnenrpani
nanpyxent, xxnmn c snapni mnn, cnpnxc xpnxxomy pynynannm.
Ananoriuno imrt xonnenrparopn npn nipaninnx nnnnnax,
nnacniox uoro nipanina minnicrt snnxycrtcx o 80-100 MHa ra
moxe yrn nnuepnana sa nenennxe uncno nnxnin.
3nnsnrn nnnnn xonnenrpani nanpyxent moxna sacrocynannxm
nonornx mnin, nimonom ni ]nanronnx mnin, nnannnm npnmnxannxm
crepxnin o ]aconox, npore ni saxon ycxnanmmrt nnroronnennx
]epm.
Kpnxxe pynynannx moxnnne npn excnnyarani ]epm npn
remneparypax nnxue nix 40C. V ntomy nnnaxy raxox neoxino
smenmynarn nnnnn xonnenrparopin nanpyxent ra nnxonynarn
pospaxynox s ypaxynannxm naxnnocri oarxonnx nanpyxent ni
xopcrxocri nysnin, roro ne nnxopncronymun cnpomeny (mapnipny)
pospaxynxony cxemy.
uepmn pospaxonymrt na im nocrinnx (nnacna nara
xoncrpyxni noxpnrrx ra noxpinni s yrennmnauem) ra rnmuaconnx
(ni ninicnoro niomno-rpancnoprnoro onanannx, cniry ra nirpy)
nananraxent. x npannno, ni nananraxennx imrt na ]epmn y
nnrnxi socepexennx cnn, npnxnaennx y nysnax. 3nauennx nnx cnn
nnsnauacrtcx oxpemo nx xoxnoro rnny nananraxennx nx roro, mo
28
npn ncranonnenni pospaxynxonnx sycnnt moxna yno snaxonrn
nennrini x xominani.
3ocepexeni cnnn npnxnaamrtcx o ]epmn n rnx nysnax,
n xxnx onnpamrtcx necyui enemenrn noxpinni (nporonn un pepa
sanisoeronnnx nnnr noxpnrrx) ao enemenrn xpinnennx ninicno
creni. Pospaxynxone nysnone nananraxennx nnsnauacrtcx sa
]opmynom:
2 cos
2 1
d d
B
g
g F
nk
n
+

,
_

+ ,

e
n
g ra
nk
g pospaxynxone nonepxnene nananraxennx ninonino
ni nnacno narn xoncrpyxni noxpnrrx (]epm, nxse, nixrapin) ra
noxpinni; xyr naxnny nepxntoro noxca o ropnsonry; K xpox
]epm;
1
d ra
2
d onxnna npnmnxamunx o nysna nanene.

Ananoriuno nnsnauacrtcx nysnone nananraxennx ni cniry ra
ni nirpy (npn xyri naxnny noxpinni intme nix 30).
Crarnunn pospaxynox ]epm nnxonycrtcx niomnmn meroamn
yinentno mexanixn (rpa]iunnmn, ananirnunnmn, uncentnnmn).
Vpaxynannx xopcrxocri nysnin onycxacrtcx necrn nannxennmn
meroamn [3].
Hpn nosanysnonomy npnxnaanni nananraxennx ra npn
naxnnocri posnenrpynannx nysnin nnnnxamrt oarxoni srnnantni
momenrn n crepxnxx. V nepmomy nnnaxy pospaxynox ]epm
nponoxrt na im socepexennx cnn, mo opinnmmrt peaxnixm
anox, npontorom xxnx c nanent ]epmn, a srnnantni momenrn ni
nosanysnonnx nananraxent nnsnauamrt nannxeno: npontornn
momenr y xpani naneni opinnmc 0,8 M
0
, y npomixnnx nanenxx
0,67 M
0
, y nysnax 0,45 M
0
, e M
0
srnnantnn momenr
n ononpontorni anni, npontor xxo opinnmc onxnni naneni
noxca ]epmn. Vci naneeni xoe]inicnrn snnxennx anounoro
momenry M
0
npaxonymrt naxnnicrt nepospisnocri noxcin ]epmn.
V exxnx nnnaxax (uacrime sa xoncrpyxrnnnnmn mipxynan-
nxmn) y ]epmax s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin ra
xpyrnnx rpy onycxamrt posnenrpynannx oce y nysnax (pnc. 1.8).
29
V pesyntrari y nysni nnnnxac momenr , M Ne
e
2 1
N N N pisnnnx sycnnt y cymixnnx nanenxx noxcin;
" excnenrpncnrer. Momenr n /-my crepxni, mo npnmnxac o nysna,
opinnmc:

i
i
i
n
n M
M ,
e
i
i
i
l
I E
n ninina xopcrxicrt /-ro crepxnx;
i
n cyma nininnx
xopcrxocre ycix crepxnin nysna.
xmo snauennx
i
n n enemenrax noxca snauno nepeintmymrt
raxi x noxasnnxn n enemenrax pemirxn, ro ymonno nnaxamrt, mo
nysnonn momenr cni posnoinnrn rintxn mix enemenramn noxca.
Toi
; M M
1
2
2 1
1 1
1
l
l
l l
e l

2
1
2 1
2 2
2
M M
l
l
l l
e l

,

e M
1
ra M
2
,
1
l ra
2
l , "
1
ra "
2
ninonino srnnantni momenrn,
onxnnn noxcin ra smimennx pinnoimuoro sycnnnx no oci noxca
(pnc. 1.8) xoxnoro s nox npnmnxamunx o nysna enemenrin noxca.
Excnenrpncnrern " onycxacrtcx ne npaxonynarn npn ,
10
1

h
e

e h nncora nepepisy noxca.

Pnc. 1.8. Posnoin srnnamunx momenrin y nysni
s posnenrpynannxm oce enemenrin pemirxn
30
Oxpim pospaxynxy ]epm na excnnyaranini nananraxennx
neoxino oarxono nepenipnrn x y monraxnomy crani npn
uacrxonomy nananraxenni nepxntoro noxca enemenramn noxpinni.
Hesnaxamun na re, mo n ntomy nnnaxy pospaxynxoni sycnnnx menmi
nix nnnnxamui n nponeci excnnyarani, ni uac monraxy moxnnna
nrpara crixocri crncnyroro noxca nosa nnomnnom ]epmn nnacniox
nicyrnocri neoxinoro posxpinnennx oro n ntomy nanpxmxy.
nx oepxynannx norpino rnyuxocri (ne intm nix 220)
ncranonnmmrt rnmuaconi (na nepio monraxy) posnipxn mix
]epmamn. Hpn nepenipni monraxne nananraxennx cxnaacrtcx
s nnacno narn ]epm ra nnnr noxpnrrx i posmimycrtcx rintxn na
nononnni npontory.
Binocni npornnn ]epm ni nopmarnnnoro nananraxennx ne
mamrt nepennmynarn rpannunnx, xxi opinnmmrt
300
l
nx ]epm, xxi
necyrt ninicne niomno-rpancnoprne onanannx, ra
250
l
nx
inmnx ]epm. Hpn naxnnocri yinentnoro niomy maxcnmantnn
neprnxantnn npornn nnsnauamrt xx pisnnnm nonnoro npornny ra
snauennx yinentnoro niomy.

1.7. @,P'R^8Q+,.U `,.aOQO 7R b'RQOTQU bQ8T+,57U
%4%)%Q7U. W%')

Pospaxynxoni onxnnn enemenrin nacxpisnnx xpoxnxnnx ]epm
npnsnauamrt s ypaxynannxm nnnnny npnmnxamunx o nysnin ]epm
crepxnin, mo nepemxoxamrt nosonxntomy srnny enemenra, xxn
nrpauac crixicrt. Hpn ntomy pospaxynxoni onxnnn, orxe
rnyuxocri crepxnin, nnsnauamrt nx nox nanpxmxin, sa xxnmn
moxnnna nrpara crixocri: y nnomnni (
x ef
l
,
ra
x
) ra nosa
nnomnnom (
y ef
l
,
ra
y
) ]epmn.
Brpara crixocri crncnyroro crepxnx n nnomnni ]epmn
cynponoxycrtcx oro nnnnnannxm ra nonoporom nanxono nenrpin
31
ninoninnx nysnin (pnc. 1.9, +). Crepxni, mo npnmnxamrt o nysnin,
unnxrt onip ntomy (raxomy nnnnnannm i nonopory), oconnno
posrxrnyri enemenrn, n xxnx e]opmani, nnxnnxani posrxrom,
npornnexni sa snaxom e]opmanixm ni srnny, mo nnnnxac npn
nonopori nysnin. V ro xe uac y crncnyrnx crepxnxx onna nnn
e]opmani cnpxmonani n onn ix, romy x nnnnnom na samemnennx
enemenra moxna nexrynarn.
Taxnm unnom, unm intme posrxrnyrnx crepxnin npnmnxac
o nysna, rnm nnmn crynint samemnennx enemenra ra menma
oro pospaxynxona onxnna. uncentno nx ymona nnpasnrtcx
ninomennxm , mo ouncnmcrtcx sa ]opmynom:

p
r
r
,

e
l
I
r nininn momenr inepni crepxnx, mo posrnxacrtcx,
n nnomnni ]epmn;
p
r cyma nininnx momenrin inepni
posrxrnyrnx crepxnin, xxi npnmnxamrt o enemenra, mo
posrnxacrtcx, s oox xinnin.
3nauennx npaxonycrtcx npn ncranonnenni xoe]inicnra
sneennx pospaxynxono onxnnn, sa onomorom xxoro sicnmcrtcx
nepexi ni reomerpnuno onxnnn l (nicrant mix nenrpamn
cymixnnx nysnin) o pospaxynxono: l l
ef
. 3i sintmennxm
posmipin nepepisin posrxrnyrnx crepxnin ra x xintxocri, ninomennx
smenmycrtcx, mo npnsnonrt o snnxennx xoe]inicnra .
nx crncnyrnx crepxnin noxcin, o xxnx npnmnxac rintxn onn
posrxrnyrn posxic is nepepisom snauno menmnm nix nepepis noxca
(pnc. 1.9, +), nnnnn samemnennx xinnin nesnaunn. B ananoriunomy
crani snaxonrtcx crncnyrn onopnn posxic, o nnxntoro nysna
xxoro npnmnxac posrxrnyrn enemenr. Tomy nx nnx enemenrin
xoe]inicnr nsxrn raxnm, mo opinnmc onnnni, roro x
pospaxynxona onxnna n nnomnni ]epmn cninnaac s reomerpnunom.


32

Pnc. 1.9. o nnsnauennx pospaxynxonnx onxnn enemenrin ]epm:
+ cxema e]opmani crepxnin npn nrpari crixocri crncnyroro
croxxa; F onxnnn noxcin nosa nnomnnom ]epmn npn xpinnenni
crepxnx n xoxnomy nysni; * re x, npn xpinnenni uepes nyson

o npomixnnx crncnyrnx posxocin pemirxn n nnxnix nysnax
npnmnxamrt noryxni posrxrnyri noxcn ra posrxrnyrn posxic, a o
nepxnix posrxrnyrn posxic. V ntomy nnnaxy ninomennx
ocxrac namenmoro snauennx ( = 0,5), mo ninoniac snauennm
= 0,77. 3 ypaxynannxm exxoro sanacy nx crncnyrnx posxocin
ra croxxin nopmn [3] ncranonnmmrt pospaxynxony onxnny n
nnomnni 0,8l .
Hosa nnomnnom ]epmn noxcn posxpinneni nxsxmn, n romy
uncni necyunmn enemenramn noxpinni, xxi nepemxoxamrt
smimennm xoncrpyxni n ntomy nanpxmxy. Pospaxynxona onxnna
noxcin y ntomy nnnaxy nnsnauacrtcx nicranxmn mix nysnamn
nxse:
1 ,
l l
9 ef
(pnc. 1.9, F). xmo saxpinnennx nosa nnomnnom
sicnmcrtcx uepes nyson (pnc. 1.9, *), ro pospaxynxona onxnna
crepxnx, xxn mac sminni sycnnnx no onxnni (N
1
> N
2
), nnsna-
uacrtcx sa ]opmynom:

,
_

+
1
2
1
25 . 0 75 . 0
N
N
l l
ef
,

npnuomy nepenipxy crixocri nnxonymrt sa intmnm s nox
sycnnt N
1
.
"
!
a
2 1
N N
1
1 1 1 1
l
l
l l
l l
l
l
l l


+
F

*
33
Vci posxocn ra croxxn mamrt pospaxynxony onxnny nosa
nnomnnom ]epmn l l
9 ef

,
, romy mo nenennxa xopcrxicrt noxcin na
xpyrinnx ra rnyuxicrt nysnonnx ]aconox nannxamrt poory nnx
crepxnin o cxemn s mapnipnnm onnpannxm xinnin.
Bicyrnicrt nysnonnx ]aconox emo ninnmyc crynint
samemnennx crepxnin y nysnax, romy nx enemenrin pemirxn is
samxnennx npo]inin s npnxpinnennxm x o noxcin nnpnryn
pospaxynxona onxnna n nnomnni ra nosa nnomnnom epertcx
onaxonom: nx rpy (es cnnmmynannx xinnin) l l l
y ef x ef
85 . 0
, ,
,
nx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin l l l
y ef x ef
9 . 0
, ,
. Inmi cnenn]iuni
nnnaxn naneeni n [3, 4].
Oxpim crncnyrnx, pospaxynxoni onxnnn ncranonnmmrt nx
posrxrnyrnx crepxnin (npn ntomy xoe]inicnr sanxn opinnmc
onnnni), xoua x necyua sarnicrt ne sanexnrt ni onxnn. Hpore
sanaro onri ao ronxi posrxrnyri crepxni moxyrt nponncarn ni
nnacnom narom, xonnnarncx ni nnamiunnx nnnnnin, nnxpnnnxrncx
npn rpancnoprynanni ra monraxi. nx sanoirannx ntoro nopmn
npoexrynannx [3] omexymrt rnyuxicrt posrxrnyrnx enemenrin
]epm: rpannuna rnyuxicrt npn crarnunnx nananraxennxx opinnmc
400 nx ycix crepxnin, a npn nnamiunnx 250 nx noxcin ra
onopnnx posxocin, 350 nx inmnx enemenrin ]epm. Hpn crarnunnx
nnnnnax rnyuxicrt posrxrnyrnx crepxnin ocnrt nepenipnrn rintxn
y neprnxantni nnomnni, a n ropnsonrantni nepenipxa neoxina
rintxn nx nnxnix noxcin ]epm y yinnxx, mo onanani mocronnmn
ao ninicnnmn xpanamn.
Ipannuni rnyuxocri crncnyrnx crepxnin ncranonneni nx
smenmennx nnnnny nnnaxonnx excnenrpncnrerin (nnrnnin,
nnxpnnnent romo), nnsnauamrt n sanexno ni pinnx nanpyxent, mo
xapaxrepnsycrtcx xoe]inicnrom 5 . 0

y
R A
N
. V neoxinnx
nnnaxax npn naxnnocri excnenrpncnrerin npnxnaennx cnnn ao
micnennx srnnantnnx momenrin samicrt xoe]inicnra epyrt
"
.
34
nx crncnyrnx noxcin, onopnnx posxocin ra croxxin, mo nepeamrt
onopni peaxni, rpannuna rnyuxicrt opinnmc 180-60 , roro smi-
nmcrtcx n mexax ni 120 o 150, nx inmnx enemenrin pemirxn
210-60 (ni 150 o 180) [3].

1.8. $U`\U' :%'%'UPU. 57%'aQU.

Hiip nepepisin crepxnin nnxonymrt ninonino o x
nanpyxenoro crany ra s ypaxynannxm xoe]inicnrin ymon poorn
c

(ran. 1.1). Horpini xapaxrepncrnxn nonepeunoro nepepisy nnsna-
uamrt sa ymonamn saesneuennx minnocri ao crixocri, a raxox
rpannuno rnyuxocri.

Z+FA7V? 1.1

D,%WUcU3Q7O 8),. ',\,7O %4%)%Q7U. W%')

Hamenynannx enemenrin
c

Crncnyri noxcn ra onopni posxocn (oxpim samxnennx
rpyuacrnx nepepisin ra mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin)
npn pospaxynxy na crixicrt


0,95
Crncnyri noxcn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin npn
nicyrnocri y nysnax enemenrin nocnnennx npn pospaxynxy
na crixicrt


0,85
Crncnyri posxocn ra croxxn cxnaenoro ranponoro
nepepisy s nox xyrnxin npn rnyuxocri crepxnx 60

0,8
Crncnyri posxocn s noonnoxnx xyrnxin 0,75
Posrxrnyri enemenrn npn pospaxynxy na minnicrt 0,95
Posrxrnyri enemenrn pemirxn si samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx
npo]inin npn pospaxynxy na minnicrt es ypaxynannx
srnnantnnx momenrin


0,85

Horpina nnoma nepepisy posrxrnyroro crepxnx, mo cnpnmac
pospaxynxone sycnnnx N , opinnmc:

c y
R
N
A

nt
,
35
npnuomy, npn naxnnocri nocnanennx, nanpnxna, ornopamn
ni onrn, oepxane snauennx
nt
A cni sintmnrn na 10-15 %
s yrounennxm nnomi nepepisy nerro nicnx xoncrpymnannx.
Hpn nnsnauenni norpino nnomi nepepisy nenrpantno-
crncnyroro crepxnx sa ]opmynom

c y
nt
R
N
A

,

snauennx xoe]inicnra nosonxntoro srnny epyrt sa nonepento
npnsnauenom rnyuxicrm, xxa mac yrn menmom, nix rpannuna:
nx noxcin ra onopnnx posxocin 80-100, nx enemenrin pemirxn
100-120. B oox nnnaxax paiyc inepni nepepisy snaxoxrt
nnxoxun s raxnx snauent .
Hpn nosanysnonomy nananraxenni nepxntoro noxca n ntomy
nnnnxamrt octoni ra srnnantni sycnnnx. Hiip nosanenrpono-
crncnyroro crepxnx neoxino necrn sa onomorom xoe]inicnra
e
,
xxn sanexnrt ni ymonno rnyuxocri
__
ra sneenoro ninocnoro
excnenrpncnrery
ef
m . Hi snauennx nonepento nnsnauamrt, saamun
rnyuxicrt crepxnx n nnomnni srnny
x
ra snaxoxun norpinn
paiyc inepni
x
x
nt
x
l
i

.
Toi
E
R
i
l
y
x
efx
x
ra
W
A
N
m
ef
M
.

3a pospaxynxonn srnnantnn momenr cni nnnparn
naintme snauennx M n mexax cepento rpernnn naneni.
Koe]inicnr nnnnny ]opmn nepepisy epyrt no ran. 73 [3] nx
36
npnnxroro rnny nepepisy. pona nicrant nnsnauacrtcx
nannxeno:
z
i
A
W
x
2
,

e z nicrant ni nenrpa narn nepepisy o naintm nianenoro
nonoxna. nx cnmerpnunnx ninocno ropnsonrantno oci nepepisin
h z 5 . 0 , nx ranpin h z 68 . 0 . Heoxina nncora nepepisy opinnmc
x
i h
1
(
1
xoe]inicnr, mo nnsnauac opicnronne cninninomennx
h ra i
x
sanexno ni ]opmn nepepisy). 3nauennx u
1
nx pisnnx rnnin
nepepisy naneeni n n. 1.5.

3namun xoe]inicnr
e
(ran. 75 [3]), nnsnauamrt norpiny
nnomy nepepisy nosanenrpono-crncnyroro crepxnx:

c y e
nt
R
N
A



ra sa snaennmn snauennxmn
nt
A ra h xomnonymrt nepepis,
nonropmmun npn neoxinocri pospaxynox nx ocxrnennx
neoxinnx reomerpnunnx xapaxrepncrnx nepepisy.
Bnxoxun is snaennx snauent nnom ra paiycin inepni sa
ninoninnmn copramenramn npoxarnnx ao rnyrnx npo]inin
nnsnauamrt nomep npo]inm ra nepenipxmrt nsxri nepepisn
s nnxopncrannxm ]axrnunnx snauent
x y x
W i i A , , , . Koe]inicnrn
ra
e
epyrt sa ]axrnunnmn rnyuxocrxmn, xxi ne mamrt
nepennmynarn rpannunnx.
Crixicrt nosanenrpono-crncnyrnx crepxnin neoxino
nepenipnrn n nnomnni, nepnennxynxpni i momenry
(npn
x
I >
y
I ), sa ]opmynom:
c y
y
R
A c
N

,

e 1 xoe]inicnr, mo nnsnauacrtcx ninonino o nxasinox
n. 5.31 [3];
y
xoe]inicnr nosonxntoro srnny nenrpantno-
37
crncnyroro crepxnx ninocno oci 9 9, mo nnsnauacrtcx n sanex-
nocri ni rnyuxocri
y
y ef
y
i
l
,
.
nx ranponnx nepepisin, cxomnononannx s nox xyrnxin,
snauennx
x
i epertcx xx nx onoro xyrnxa, romy mo

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
x
x x
x
i
A
I
A
I
i ,

e
1 1 1 2 2
2
, , ra , , A I i A I i
x x x x
paiyc inepni, momenr inepni ra
nnoma nepepisy ninonino nx nox i onoro xyrnxin.

3nauennx
y
i neoxino nsxrn xx nx nox xyrnxin, mo
posramonani na nicrani
]
t (pnc. 1.6 +, F, *) sa ]opmynom:

( )
2
] o 1
5 . 0 t z i i
y
+ + ,

e
1
i paiyc inepni nepepisy onoro xyrnxa ninocno nnacno oci,
mo napanentna oci 9 9;
o
z nicrant ni nenrpa narn nepepisy xyrn-
xa o oymxa; t
]
ronmnna nysnono ]aconxn.

Tonmnny ]aconxn nnnpamrt sa naintmnm sycnnnxm
n enemenrax pemirxn, mo ic, xx npannno, n onopnomy posxoci. Bona
epertcx onaxonom nx ycic ]epmn (ran. 1.2), npore npn npontori
36 m onycrnmo nnxopncronynarn ni ronmnnn t
]
y mexax onic
ninpanno mapxn s pisnnnem mix nnmn ne intme nix 2 mm.
nx xpecronoro nepepisy minimantnn paiyc inepni (ninocno
oci
o o
y y , pnc. 1.6, X) moxna nannxeno nsxrn h i
y
185 . 0
0
.

Z+FA7V? 1.2

@%+,)%Q`,.RQU 7,.dOQO .8P4,.O^ WR5,Q,+

Maxcnmantne sycnnnx
n onopnomy posxoci, xH
80-
250
260-
400
410-
600
610-
1000
1010-
1400
1410-
1800
Fintme
nix 1800
]
t , mm
8 10 12 14 15 18 20
38
Hpn nnopi nomepin npo]inin cni xepynarncx raxnmn
mipxynannxmn.
1. 3 merom saesneuennx naintmo rexnonoriunocri
xoncrpyxni neoxino yni]ixynarn nepepisn, yrpnmymun xintxicrt
rnnoposmipin y mexax 5-6 nx ]epm npontorom o 30 m ra 7-8 npn
npontorax 36 m. Hpn ntomy ]epmn npontoramn o 30 m nnxonymrt,
xx npannno, s noxcamn nocrinoro nepepisy no onxnni (y ntomy
nnnaxy ocrarnto niiparn nepepis onn pas no maxcnmantnomy
sycnnnm n noxci), a npn npontorax 36 m sminmmrt nepepis noxcin
onn pas. Hepepis noxca, xx npannno, sminmmrt sa paxynox sminn
oro mnpnnn, sepiramun ronmnny onaxonom. He spyuno npn
xoncrpyxrnnnomy o]opmnenni crnxy ra nonxsano s posmipamn
snapnnx mnin. Crncnyri onopni posxocn npoexrymrt s rnx xe
(ao nnstxnx) npo]inin, mo crncnyri noxcn. Hpomixni posxocn
(crncnyri ra posrxrnyri) snnuano mamrt 1-2 rnnoposmipn, a croxxn
nnxonymrt onaxonnmn.
2. He cni nnxopncronynarn n oni ]epmi npo]ini onoro
rnnoposmipy, mo nipisnxmrtcx rintxn ronmnnom un marepianom.
He moxe npnsnecrn o x nnnaxoni nsacmosaminn n nponeci
nnroronnennx, orxe o nenepeauennx cnryani npn excnnyarani.
3. Hpn nnopi npo]inin cni namararncx nnxopncronynarn
intm ronxi s nnx, n xxnx nnoma nepepisy menma, a paiyc inepni
intmn. Hanpnxna, nx xyrnxa L1007: \ = 13,8 cm
2
,
x
i =3,08 cm;
nx L10010: \ =19,2 cm
2
,
x
i = 3,05 cm, roro paiycn inepni maxe
onaxoni, a nnomi (a ne osnauac, mo nnacna nara) nipisnxmrtcx
snauno.
4. 3a ymonn saesneuennx neoxino xopcrxocri crepxnx npn
rpancnoprynanni ra monraxi nncora (iamerp) crepxnx ne mac yrn
menmom nix 50 mm. nx spyunocri naxnaannx snapnnx mnin ra
sanoirannx nepenanennx enemenrin minimantna ronmnna npoxarnnx
npo]inin opinnmc 5 mm, a nx rpy ra samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx
nnpoin 3 mm (noxcn, onopni posxocn) ra 2,5 mm (inmi enemenrn).
39
5. Bncora nepepisin noxcin s ranpin cxnaac opicnronno
1/15-1/10 onxnnn naneni.
6. V ]epmax s rpy ninomennx iamerpin noxcin ra enemenrin
pemirxn mac yrn ne intme nix 3. Tonmnny rpy epyrt n mexax
1/30-1/40 iamerpin noxcin ra o 1/90 iamerpin posxocin i croxxin.
7. Posmipn rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin nx enemenrin pemirxn ]epm
ninpamrt s ypaxynannxm saesneuennx micneno crixocri crinox
nepepisin. V ntomy snxsxy ninomennx pospaxynxono nncorn crinxn,
mo nnsnauacrtcx nicrannm mix saxpyrnennxmn nepepisy, o
ronmnnn ne mac nepennmynarn 45 nx noxcin i 60 nx posxocin. nx
spyunocri naxnaannx snapnnx mnin posmipn enemenrin pemirxn sa
mnpnnom (nosa nnomnnom ]epmn) mamrt yrn ne intme nix
T 2 (
d
t t + ), e T nncora nepepisy noxca; t ra
d
t ronmnnn
ninonino noxca ra posxocy. Bncory nepepisy posxocin d (n nnomnni
]epmn) epyrt ne menme nix T d 6 . 0 .
8. V ]epmax s noxcamn s rpy, mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin i
ranpin neoxino nepenipnrn ninomennx nncorn npo]inm (iamerpa
rpyn) o onxnnn naneni noxca:
10
1

l
h
. Taxe x cninninomennx
ncranonneno y nnnaxy posnenrpynannx nysnin y rpyuacrnx ra
rnyrosnapnnx ]epmax
10
1

T
e
(" nicrant ni rouxn nepernny
oce enemenrin pemirxn o oci noxca, nn. pnc. 1.8). xmo nxasani
ymonn ne nnxonymrtcx, cni nnxonarn nonn crarnunn pospaxynox
]epmn xx crarnuno nennsnauynano cncremn s xopcrxnmn nysnamn s
merom nnsnauennx nosonxnix sycnnt ra srnnantnnx momenrin
n enemenrax.
9. Hpn snaunnx sycnnnxx n enemenrax onintno
nnxopncronynarn n oni xoncrpyxni pisni crani, sacroconymun
intm minny nx noxcin, a menm minny nx posxocin i croxxin.
10. nx saesneuennx cymicno poorn nox xyrnxin, mo
cxnaamrt ranponn nepepis, x scnymrt mix coom o'cnymunmn
nncronnmn nnanxamn npoxnaxamn. Hpoxnaxn posmimymrt no
onxnni crepxnx na nicranxx, mo ne nonnnni nepennmy-
40
narn 40
1
i nx crncnyrnx i 80
1
i nx posrxrnyrnx enemenrin.
3a xapaxrepncrnxy
1
i npnmamrt paiyc inepni onoro xyrnxa
ninocno nnacno oci, mo napanentna nnomnni npoxnaox (pnc. 1.10).
Hesanexno ni onxnnn crepxnx n crncnyrnx enemenrax
nepeauamrt ne menme nox, a n posrxrnyrnx ne menme onic
npoxnaxn.


Pnc. 1.10. Posmimennx npoxnaox

Posmipn npoxnaox nnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno sa ymonn
posmimennx snapnnx mnin, mo xpinnxrt x o enemenra. Bnpnna
npoxnaox 40-60 mm, a nncora na 10-20 mm intma, nix mnpnna
nonxn xyrnxa n xoxen ix. Tonmnna npoxnaox epertcx onaxonom
s ronmnnom nysnonnx ]aconox.

1.9. @,P'R^8Q,+ .*P%]

Ona s ]ynxni nxse nonxrac n cnpnnxrri nnmn sycnnt,
nnnnxamunx ni i sonnimntoro nananraxennx n nosonxntomy
nanpxmxy yinni, soxpema ni nirpy, npnxnaenomy n ropent
(pnc. 1.11). Hiip nepepisin enemenrin nxse i xoncrpymnannx
nysnin cnonyuennx s necyunmn xoncrpyxnixmn i mix coom ninxrac
sarantnnm npannnam, c]opmyntonannm nx ]epm.

41


Pnc. 1.11. Bnsnauennx socepexennx cnn ni nirpy n ropni yinni:
1 ocnonni xononn xapxaca; 2 ]axnepxoni xononn;
3 xpoxnxna ]epma; 4 nopora; 5 ropnsonrantni
pnreni ]axnepxa

Topnena crina yinni xapxacnoro rnny npoexrycrtcx s
oropoxynantnnx enemenrin (si cranennx ao eronnnx nanene,
nernn romo), xxi saxpinnmmrtcx na nirpnmynantnnx x
xoncrpyxnixx, mo snyrtcx ]axnepxonnmn. Cncrema ]axnepxa
sanexnrt ni xoncrpyxni crinn, npore n sarantnomy nnnaxy
cxnaacrtcx s ]axnepxonnx xonon i ropnsonrantnnx pnrenin, xpox
posmimennx xxnx nnnpacrtcx ninonino o xoncrpyxni ra necyuo
sarnocri oropoxynantnnx enemenrin. uaxnepxoni xononn
npoexrymrt s rapxuexarannx npoxarnnx noranpin, xxi posmimymrtcx
no xpani xoopnnarni oci yinni s xpoxom 6 m. Kononn mapnipno
saxpinnmmrtcx na oox xinnxx, npnuomy x nepxni xinent mac onopy
n pinni posmimennx onopnnx nysnin xpoxnxnnx ]epm. nx intmocri
xpoxnxnnx ]epm (sa nnxnmuennxm xpoxnxnnx ]epm s rnyrosnapnnx
npo]inin) onopni nysnn nepeauamrtcx n pinni nnxnix noxcin, o
xxnx came sa onomorom rnyuxnx mapnipin npnxpinnmmrtcx xononn
]axnepxa. Inyuxi mapnipn s nnrnyrnx cranennx nncrin osnonxmrt
42
nepeanarn rintxn ropnsonrantni nananraxennx i sanoirarn
nepeaui neprnxantnnx nananraxent ni xpoxnxnnx ]epm na
]axnepxoni xononn.
Bysnn xpinnennx xonon i ropnsonrantnnx nxse npocroponoro
xopcrxoro noxy noxpnrrx cymimymrt, mo osnonxc posrnxarn
nonepeuny nxseny ]epmy xx sananraxeny socepexennmn cnnamn y
nysnax (pnc. 1.12). Onopamn nic ]epmn cnyxart xononn xpanix
pxin ononpontorno yinni, a noxcamn noxcn cymixnnx
xpoxnxnnx ]epm.
Pemirxa cxnaacrtcx s ropnsonrantnnx nxsennx enemenrin.
Cxema pemirxn ao rpnxyrna s oarxonnmn croxxamn (croxxamn
cnyxart nnxni noxcn neprnxantnnx nxse, xxi posmimeni s xpoxom
6 m), ao xpecrona [2,6].
3namun pospaxynxone nonepxnene nananraxennx ni nirpy na
1 m
2
ropneno crinn w, socepexeni cnnn F
i
na nysnn nonepeuno
nxseno ]epmn nnsnauamrtcx sa nanraxnnmn nnomamn crin.
Hanpnxna, cnnn F
i
, naneeni na pnc. 1.11, nnsnauamrtcx rax:

;
2 2
1
b
h
H
w F

,
_

+

;
2
2
b h
H
w F

,
_

+

;
2 2 2 2
3
b
h
h H
w
b
h
H
w F

,
_

,
_

+



2 2

4
b
h
h H
w F

,
_

,

e ^ nncora crinn o nepxy ]axnepxono xononn; h re x, na
nepxom ]axnepxonnx xonon; b xpox ]axnepxonnx xonon;
h

nncora nopir.
43


Pnc. 1.12. Pospaxynxona cxema nonepeuno nxseno ]epmn
no nnxnix noxcx xpoxnxnnx ]epm:
1 xpoxnxni ]epmn; 2 posnipxn; 3 posrxxxn; 4 nnxni noxcn
neprnxantnnx nxse; 5 crncnyri posxocn rpnxyrno pemirxn

V nonepeunnx nxsennx ]epmax s rpnxyrnom pemirxom nci
posxocn npoexrymrtcx sa naintmnm crncxymunm sycnnnxm,
nesnaxamun na re, mo n nnx nnnnxamrt snaxosminni sycnnnx
sanexno ni nanpxmxy imunx nananraxent. V xpecroni pemirni nci
posxocn posrnxamrtcx xx posrxrnyri ra x nonepeunn nepepis
ninpacrtcx sa naintmnm sycnnnxm posrxry. Vmonno nnaxamrt,
mo sanxxn cno nennxi rnyuxocri posxocn ni moxnnnnm nnnnnom
crncxy npornnamrtcx i nnxnmuamrtcx s poorn, a reomerpnuny
nesminnicrt i necyuy sarnicrt nxseno ]epmn n ntomy nnnaxy
saesneuymrt rintxn ri posxocn pemirxn, xxi cnpnmamrt
posrxrynantne sycnnnx.
Hpn xponi xpoxnxnnx ]epm o 6 m nxseni enemenrn pexomen-
ycrtcx npoexrynarn s rapxuexarannx xyrnxin. Hpn intmomy xponi
x sacrocynannx crac nepanionantnnm nnacniox nennxo nnacno
narn, romy nxsi cni parn s rpy ao is samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx
enemenrin. Bpaxonymun, mo npn xpecroni pemirni posxocn
44
npanmmrt rintxn na posrxr, n ocranni poxn nce intme
sacroconymrtcx nxsi s xpyrno crani ao rpocin. Taxe pimennx
pexomenycrtcx npn nerxnx noxpinnxx i osnonxc snauno smenmnrn
nnrparn crani na nxseny cncremy.
nx nxse i nx ncix enemenrin nacxpisnnx xoncrpyxni, cni
saesneunrn ne rintxn necyuy sarnicrt, ane neoxiny rnyuxicrt.
Hpn crarnunomy nananraxenni rpannuna rnyuxicrt crncnyrnx
nxse (posnopox, ycix enemenrin neprnxantnnx nxse, posxocin
ropnsonrantnnx nxsennx ]epm npn rpnxyrni pemirni) ncranonnena
200, a nx posrxrnyrnx, o xxnx ninocxrtcx posxocn xpecrono
pemirxn i posrxxxn, nona opinnmc 400.
Bpaxonymun, mo sycnnnx y nxsxx ninocno mani, ymona
saesneuennx rnyuxocri n intmocri nnnaxin crac nnpimantnom.
ocni noxasyc [ ] 2 , mo npn npontorax xpoxnxnnx ]epm o 30 m
nonepeuni nepepisn nxse ocrarnto niiparn rintxn came sa nicm
ymonom. V ntomy nnnaxy nicnx xomnononxn cxemn nxse noxpnrrx
nx ninoninoro enemenra nnsnauacrtcx neoxinn paiyc inepni
nsxroro nonepeunoro nepepisy:
[ ]
,

l
i
nt


e l onxnna nxsenoro enemenra, mo epertcx no cxemi nxse;
[ ] rpannuna rnyuxicrt ninonino posrxrnyroro ao crncnyroro
enemenra.

Bnsnauenn neoxinn paiyc inepni ninoniac
ropnsonrantni oci opanoro rnny nonepeunoro nepepisy. xmo
enemenr nxse npoexrycrtcx s noonnoxoro xyrnxa, ne snauennx
cni parn ninocno oci minimantno xopcrxocri 9
0
9
0.
Bnxopncronymun cninninomennx mix raapnramn nepepisy
i paiycom oro inepni, naneeni n n. 1.5, nnsnauamrt npnnnsni
snauennx posmipin norpinoro npo]inm i sa copramenramn
nnnpamrt ninoninn nomep npo]inm.


45

[R:O7RQQ* `4* 5R),+,Q7',4e

1. xi nepenarn mac nacxpisna xoncrpyxnix n nopinnxnni is
cynintnocrinuacrnmn anxamn?
2. xi unnnnxn nnnnnamrt na nnip opncy noxcin i cxem
pemirox xpoxnxnnx ]epm?
3. nx uoro i xx nnonrtcx yni]ixanix nonepeunnx nepepisin
enemenrin ]epm?
4. nx uoro n xpoxnxnnx ]epmax yrnopmcrtcx yinentnn
niom?
5. xnmn sacoamn saesneuycrtcx crixicrt noxcin
xpoxnxnnx ]epm?
6. xe npnsnauennx mamrt nxsi noxpnrrx?
7. C]opmynmre ocnonni npnnnnnn posmimennx
ropnsonrantnnx i neprnxantnnx nxse noxpnrrx.
8. Oxapaxrepnsyre pisni rnnn nepepisin enemenrin ]epm i
are pexomenani moo x nnxopncrannx.
9. B xxnx nnnaxax i uomy npn crarnunomy pospaxynxy
]epm nnoxrtcx nysnoni mapnipn?
10. x nnsnauamrtcx pospaxynxoni onxnnn enemenrin
]epm?
11. 3a xxnmn npnnnnnamn ncranonnmmrtcx rpannuni
rnyuxocri enemenrin ]epm i xx nonn nnsnauamrtcx?
12. Onnmirt nopxox niopy nonepeunnx nepepisin noxcin
]epm.
13. V uomy nonxrac nepenipxa necyuo sarnocri posxocin i
croxxin pemirxn ]epm?






46
X4R.R 2. D"=;E@GDf/g D@"DJ=?i LB@M

2.1. "5Q,.QU :,4,a%QQ* +,Q57'8e.RQQ* .8P4U. W%')

Koncrpymnannx ]epm nonxrac n posmimenni niipannx
nepepisin enemenrin ninocno reomerpnunnx oce nacxpisno
xoncrpyxni, pospaxynxy rnny scnannx crepxnin y nysnax, nnopi
posmipin nysnonnx ]aconox ra inmnx erane, neoxinicrt xxnx
oymonnena nnxopncronannmn rnnamn nepepisin i xapaxrepom
cnonyuennx na onopax. Koncrpymnannx nounnamrt s xpecnennx oce
ycix enemenrin ]epmn ao oxpemoro nysna. Hpn ntomy oci ncix
crepxnin mamrt nepernnarncx n nenrpi xoxnoro nysna sa nnnxrxom
cneniantno nepeauennx nnnaxin y ]epmax s noxcamn s
mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin i rpy. nx saesneuennx siry
xoncrpyxrnnno cxemn s pospaxynxonom, oci, mo npoxoxrt uepes
nenrp narn npo]inin y snapnnx xoncrpyxnixx, mamrt cninnaarn s
reomerpnunnmn ocxmn ]epmn. Bicrani ni oci npo]inm o oro
oxin nx rapxuexarannx enemenrin epyrt sa annmn copramenrin
(posmip z
o
) s oxpyrnennxm o snauent xparnnx 5 mm. Opicnronno nx
xyrnxin moxna nnaxarn, mo b z
o
3 . 0 , e b mnpnna nonnni
xyrnxa, mo posmimycrtcx nsonx oci (pnc. 2.1, +). xmo crepxni, mo
npnmnxamrt o nysna, xpinnxrt onramn, ro s nisnauennmn ocxmn
nocnymrt pncxn onrin. Hpn onopxnomy posmimenni onrin
pncxn posramonymrt npnnnsno na nicrani 0,55b ni oymxa
xyrnxa.

Pnc. 2.1. Henrpynannx crepxnin y nysnax:
+ snapnnx ]epm; F onronnx ]epm

+ F
47
Vci scnannx mamrt ninoniarn xoncrpyxrnnnnm nnmoram i
nepeauarn spyunicrt nnxonannx ra xonrponm x xxocri. Cxonani
snapni mnn norpino snecrn o minimymy. Heoxino nepeauarn
saxon, mo snnxymrt snapmnantni e]opmani ra xonnenrpanim
nanpyxent: saesneuynarn nnannicrt sminn nepepisin, sanoirarn
sacrocynannm snapnnx mnin, mo posramonani nonepex npo]inin.
unenynannx ]epmn na ninpanouni mapxn, mo nonxsano si
spyunicrm rpancnoprynannx sanoctxnx nnpoin, nnxnnxac
neoxinicrt ocnannx nnx enemenrin nepe monraxem y
xoncrpyxni saanoro npontory. V sarantnomy nnnaxy monraxni
nysnn nepxnix i nnxnix noxcin npoexrymrt n onomy nepepisi,
nnxopncronymun nx scnannx nncoxominni onrn ao snapmnannx
sa ymonn saesneuennx pinnominnocri scnannx s enemenramn, mo
crnxymrtcx. B ocranntomy monraxni naxnaxn cni posmimarn rax,
mo ne sacroconynarn crentonnx i nanincrentonnx mnin.
Hpn nicyrnocri na sanoi-nnroronnmnaui npo]inin neoxino
(sa annmn xpecnent KM) onxnnn, noxcn ]epmn moxyrt yrn
nnxonani s oarxonnmn crnxamn, mo posmimymrt y nysnax
(pnc. 2.2, +) ao n nanenxx (pnc. 2.2, F-/). 3anoctxi crnxn, xx
npannno, ne nepeauamrt sminn nepepisy noxcin ra nepexpnnamrtcx
naxnaxamn s xyrnxin ao s nncrin. Hnoma crnxonnx naxnaox
n
A
mac yrn ne menmom nnomi nepepisy ocnonnoro enemenra \:

n
y
y
R
AR
A
n
, (2.1)
e
y
R ra
n
y
R pospaxynxoni onopn crani ninonino ocnonnoro
enemenra ra naxnaxn.

Topni npoxarnnx npo]inin y crnxy posmimymrt na nicrani
20-50 mm. nx spyunocri nnxonannx snapmnannx, crnx napnnx
xyrnxin nonepento nepexpnnacrtcx nncronom npoxnaxom, mo
micrnrtcx mix xyrnxamn (pnc. 2.2, F). Posmipn npoxnaxn epyrt
xoncrpyxrnnno (l
2
= 150-200 mm), a snapni mnn, mo xpinnxrt , n
pospaxynxax ne npaxonymrtcx. xmo crnx xyrnxin nnxonymrt y
48
nysni, ro npoxnaxom c nysnona ]aconxa (pnc. 2.2, +). nx saesne-
uennx mintnoro npnnxrannx xyrnxonnx naxnaox x oymxn spisamrt
ni xyrom 45 s xarerom + = 5-20 mm sanexno ni xanipy xyrnxa.


Pnc. 2.2. 3anoctxi crnxn enemenrin ]epm:
+ si cnapennx xyrnxin y nysni; F re x, n naneni;
* s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin; X is samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin y crnx; ) re x, s naxnaxamn;
O s rpy s nixnannm xintnem; Y re x, s xocnm mnom;
/ re x, si cnapennmn naxnaxamn

Crnx mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin (pnc. 2.2, *) ra ranpin ne-
pexpnnamrt nncronnmn naxnaxamn, mo posramonymrt cnmerpnuno
no nonnnxm ra crinni, ananoriuno crnxam anox.
D
a
20
l2
l1
l1
!
a
20- 50
l1
a
%
'
$
&
"
#
l1

+
F
*
X
)
O Y
/
49
onxnna crnxonnx naxnaox l
1
nnsnauacrtcx sa onxnnom
snapnnx mnin, norpina nennunna xxnx posmimycrtcx s xoxnoro oxy
crnxa s ypaxynannxm xoncrpyxrnnnnx mipxynant:

( ) 50 ... 20 2
1
+
w
l l mm;

1
7 . 0
+

wf wf f w
y
H
w
R k n
R A
l cm (2.2)

e
w
n uncno mnin, xxi saesneuymrt necyuy sarnicrt enemenra,
mo crnxycrtcx.

3cnannx samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin sicnmmrt
ncrnx s nnxonannxm crnxonnx mnin, xxmo ronmnna npo]inm ne
nepennmyc 4 mm (pnc. 2.2, X) ao is sacrocynannxm naxnaox npn
intmi ronmnni (pnc. 2.2, )).
Tpyuacri enemenrn crnxymrt na nixnanomy xintni, mo
sannmacrtcx (pnc. 2.2, O). Pospaxynox npxmoro snapnoro mna n ntomy
nnnaxy nnxonymrt sa ]opmynom:

wc wy
R
Dt
N

, (2.3)

e N nosonxnc sycnnnx, mo ic n enemenri; D cepeni iamerp
rpyn s namenmom ronmnnom crinxn; t namenma ronmnna
crinxn rpyn;
wc
xoe]inicnr ymon poorn snapnoro crnxonoro
scnannx, mo opinnmc 0,75 npn nicyrnocri nixnanoro xintnx ra
0,85 npn snapmnanni s xintnem, ane es ninapennx xopenm mna [4].
xmo ymona (2.3) ne saesneuena, ro crnxone scnannx s nixnannm
xintnem nnxonymrt xocnm mnom (pnc. 2.2, Y). Hpn nemoxnnnocri
saesneunrn ocrarnto rouny nironxy rpy nx cnonyuennx n crnx,
scnannx nepexpnnamrt napnnmn xintnennmn naxnaxamn s rpy
roro x ao emo intmoro iamerpa (pnc. 2.2, /) ronmnnom na 20 %
intmom nix ronmnna enemenrin, mo crnxymrtcx. onxnna snapnoro

50
mna npn naxnaxax s ]irypnnmn nnpisamn nannxeno opinnmc [I]:

2
2
2
2

,
_

+
n
D
a n l
w
, (2.4)

e + posmip rnnnnn nnpisy naxnaxn nsonx oci rpyn; n uncno
nnpisin no nepnmerpy rpyn s onoro oxy crnxy; D iamerp rpyn.

2.2. L%')O P :R'QO^ +87O+U.

uepmn s enemenramn s napnnx xyrnxin npoexrymrt s
nysnonnmn ]aconxamn, xxi posmimymrt mix noxcnnmn xyrnxamn.
Opnc ]aconox nnsnauacrtcx cxemom nysna ra onxnnom mnin, ao
xintxicrm onrin, mo xpinnxrt crepxni pemirxn. uopma ]aconox mac
yrn npocrom nx spyunocri x nnroronnennx ra cxopouennx nixoin
crani npn ntomy.
Topni crepxnin pemirxn opisamrt nepnennxynxpno o x
oce, npore n xyrnxax mnpnnom nonnnt intme nix 90 mm
onycxamrt xoci pisn (nn. pnc. 2.1, +). nx snnxennx xonnenrpani
snapmnantnnx nanpyxent ropni xyrnxin pemirxn ne onoxrt o
xpomox noxcin na nicrant 20 6
]
t a mm, ane ne intm nix 80 mm
(ryr t
]
ronmnna ]aconxn, mm). Taxnx xe nicrane norpino
oepxynarnct mix cycinimn enemenramn pemirxn y nysni.
3napni mnn, mo xpinnxrt noxcn o ]aconxn, nepenipxmrt na
pisnnnm sycnnt y cymixnnx nanenxx noxcin:
1 2
N N N . Posmipn
nnx mnin, xx npannno, mani, npore nx sanoirannx xonnenrpani
nanpyxent ra yrnopennx ocepexin xoposi ni mnn nnxonymrt
cynintnnmn s minimantnnm xarerom [2,6].
xmo nysnona socepexena cnna F npnxnaena o nysna
nepnennxynxpno o noxca (nanpnxna, y micni onnpannx na
nepxni noxc necyuoro enemenra noxpinni), ro snapni mnn, mo
xpinnxrt noxc o ]aconxn, pospaxonymrt na pinnoimuy pisnnni
sycnnt n noxcax ra cnnn F:
2 2
F N N + .
51
Enemenrn pemirxn npnnapmmrt o ]aconox noma ]nanronnmn
mnamn s nnneennxm x na ropni na 20 mm. nx saesneuennx
nepeaui pinnoimuo sycnnt, mo cnpnmamrtcx xoxnnm s nox mnin,
o nenrpa nysna (nsonx oci crepxnx) xyroni mnn posnoinxmrt no
oymxy ra nepy oepneno nponopnino x nicranxm o oci enemenra.
Bnsnaunnmn cymapny onxnny
w
l snapnnx mnin n enemenri, no
oymxy posmimymrt mon onxnnom
w
o
l
b
z b
, a no nepy
w
o
l
b
z
.
Bpaxonymun, mo cninninomennx reomerpnunnx posmipin nx
copramenrnnx xyrnxin npaxrnuno crani, nx nepepisy s nox
pinnooxnx xyrnxin moxna nsxrn ; 7 . 0

b
z b
o
. 3 . 0
b
z
o

x npannno, ]aconxy nnnycxamrt sa oymxn noxcnnx xyrnxin
na 10-15 mm, npore n micnxx onnpannx na nepxni noxc necyunx
enemenrin noxpinni ]aconxy ne onoxrt o xpomox oymxin na
10-15 mm ra n ntomy micni ne npnnapmmrt (pnc. 2.3). Hpn ronmnni
noxcnnx xyrnxin 10 mm ao menme (npn xponi ]epm 6 m) ra 14 mm ao
menme (npn xponi ]epm 12 m) neoxino n micnxx onnpannx peep
sanisoeronnnx nnnr noxpnrrx nocnnnrn noxc naxnaxamn. Haxnaxa
mac ronmnny 12 mm ra npnnapmcrtcx o noxca nosonxnimn mnamn
(pnc. 2.3, +).

120 120

2-2
1- 1 2
2
1
1
!
1
2
.
.
.
1
4

Pnc. 2.3. Onnpannx peep sanisoeronnnx nnnr noxpnrrx (+)
i nporonin (F) na nepxni noxc ]epmn

+ F
52
Hporonn xpinnxrt o noxcin ]epm onynxamn s xyrnxin
(pnc. 2.3, F). Hpn x monraxi nepena nepxy cymixnnx nporonin mac
ne nepennmynarn 20 mm, mo ocxracrtcx nncronnmn nixnaxamn
ninonino ronmnnn.
Cxnaannx ]epm na sanoi-nnroronnmnaui sicnmcrtcx na
cneniantnnx crenax y ropnsonrantnomy crani. Hicnx nnxonannx
snapmnantnnx poir s ocrynnoro (nepxntoro) oxy ]epmy xanrymrt
(nepexnamrt) ra sanepmymrt snapmnannx s inmoro oxy.
Hpn xanrynanni nanxono onoro s noxcin nysnoni ]aconxn, xxi mamrt
many xopcrxicrt nosa nnomnnom ]epmn, moxyrt nornyrncx.
Bo ntoro ne rpannnocx, ]aconxn yxpinnmmrt cneniantnnmn
pepamn, mo crannxrtcx n xoxnomy nysni xoua s onoro oxy
(pnc. 2.4, F). Pepa, mo posramonani n nnomnni croxxin ]epm, ono-
uacno nnxopncronymrtcx nx xpinnennx enemenrin neprnxantnnx
nxse mix ]epmamn.
3miny nepepisin noxcnnx xyrnxin nnxonymrt na nicrani
200-500 mm ni nenrpa nysna (pnc. 2.4, +), smimymun crnx n ix
menmoro nepepisy. Ho nncori enemenrn, mo crnxymrtcx,
onycxacrtcx smimarn ne intm nix na 1,5 % nncorn npo]inm.
Hpn intmomy smimenni neoxino npaxonynarn srnnantni momenrn,
mo nnnnxamrt nnacniox ntoro y nysnax.

"
1

2
2
4
4
3
1
3
300...500 50
2 -2 3 - 3
4 - 4
1- 1
z
0
a !
t*
z
0

Pnc. 2.4. Bysnn ]epm s napnnx xyrnxin
+ smina nepepisy nepxntoro noxcy;
F ncranonnennx oarxonnx peep s nnomnnn ]epmn
+
F
53
Hoxcni xyrnxn crnxymrt is sasopom ne menme 50 mm,
nepexpnnamun crnx naxnaxamn s nncrono crani ao xyrnxin.
Hepepis naxnaox ra xyroni mnn, mo x xpinnxrt, pospaxonymrt na
sycnnnx, xxe ic n naneni, e posmimycrtcx crnx, roro na menme
noxcne sycnnnx.
Cymapna nnoma naxnaox s ypaxynannxm yuacri n poori
]aconxn nnsnauacrtcx rax:

]
n
2
2 , 1
bt
R
N
A
c y
, (2.5)

e N sycnnnx n naneni, e posmimenn crnx; 1,2 xoe]inicnr, mo
npaxonyc neuirxicrt poorn crnxono naxnaxn; 2bt
]
nnoma
uacrnnn ]aconxn, mo nxnmuacrtcx o poorn crnxy sa nocnanennm
nepepisom +-+ (pnc. 2.4, +); b mnpnna neprnxantno nonnni xyrnxa
menmoro posmipy.

onxnna naxnaxn nnsnauacrtcx sa ymonn posmimennx snapnnx
mnin, mo npnxpinnxmrt. Monraxni nysnn ]epm nnxonymrt
s pospisnom (pnc. 2.5, +) ao cynintnom (pnc. 2.5, F) ]aconxom.
V nepmomy napianri n xoxni ninpanni mapni xinni crepxnin, mo
npnmnxamrt o nysna, saxpinneni na nanin]aconni. Crnx noxcin
nepexpnnamrt ropnsonrantnnmn naxnaxamn, a ocnannx
nanin]aconox saesneuymrt neprnxantni naxnaxn, xxi moxyrt marn
pepa nx xpinnennx nxse no noxpnrrm. Haxnaxn npnnapmmrt o
onic s nanin]aconox na sanoi, a o pyro na monraxi. nx
nnxonannx monraxnoro snapmnannx onni ninpanni mapxn
nonepento scnymrt onramn.
Croxx y micni crnxy npoexrymrt xpecronoro nepepisy, xoxnn
xyrnx xxoro npnnapenn na sanoi o onic s nanin]aconox. Hi uac
monraxy onna xyrnxa ocnymrt npoxnaxamn na onrax
(pnc. 2.5, +, nep. 5-5).
Pospaxynox monraxnoro crnxy nepxntoro ra nnxntoro noxcin
nnxonymrt ienrnuno. 3ycnnnx N, mo ic n enemenrax noxca, mac
yrn cnpnnxre ymonnnm ranponnm nepepisom, cxnaennm s
ropnsonrantnnx naxnaox ra inxnxn ]aconxn onxnnom, mo
54
opinnmc nonocni mnpnni neprnxantno posmimennx nonnnt
noxcnnx xyrnxin (pnc. 2.5, +, nep. 2-2). Cymapny nnomy nnx naxnaox
nnsnauamrt sa (2.5), a onxnny sa ymonom posmimennx snapnnx
mnin s onoro oxy ni crnxy.

6
6
6- 6
2
5
4
2
5
4
1
5-5
1
h
+
~
1
0
2
"
L
!
3
3
1- 1
2 - 2
3 - 3
4 - 4

Pnc. 2.5. Monraxni nysnn ]epm s napnnx xyrnxin:
+ s pospisnom ]aconxom; F is cynintnom ]aconxom

Bncory neprnxantnnx naxnaox epyrt sa intmnm snauennxm
n
h , mo oepxane sa rptox ymon: saesneuennx nxnmuennx ]aconxn n
poory crnxy b h 2
n
; posmimennx snapnnx mnin, mo xpinnxrt
naxnaxn o nanin]aconox
w
l h
n
ra pospaxonymrt na cnpn-
nxrrx sycnnnx N
1
= 0,51,2 N; sa xoncrpyxrnnnnm mipxynannxm
250
n
h mm. Tyr: b mnpnna neprnxantno posmimeno nonnni
noxcnoro xyrnxa; N sycnnnx n noxci.
+ F
55
V monraxnomy crnxy is cynintnom ]aconxom (pnc. 2.5, F)
ocrannx npnnapmcrtcx na sanoi o onic s ninpannnx mapox, a n
micnxx xpinnennx enemenrin inmo uacrnnn ]epmn nepeauamrtcx
ornopn (ne menme nox nx xoxnoro enemenra) ni monraxni onrn.
pyra ninpanna mapxa (es ]aconox) rpancnoprycrtcx s rnmuaconnm
nsacmnnm saxpinnennxm nnxntoro noxca s npnmnxamunm o ntoro
posxocom innenrapnom nncronom erannm, xxa npnsnauena ne
onycrnrn posroynannx ocrarnto rnyuxoro posxocy ni uac
rpancnoprynannx. Kinent nepxntoro noxca sannmacrtcx nintnnm,
romy mo oro xopcrxicrt, xx npannno, nnxnnxcrtcx ocrarntom nx
onopy rpancnoprnnm nnnnnam.
Hicnx scnannx nox ninpannnx mapox onramn noxcn i posxic
npnnapmmrt monraxnnmn mnamn, posmipn xxnx nnsnauamrtcx
posmipamn ]aconxn. Croxxn noxcin nepexpnnamrt naxnaxamn, xxi
pospaxonymrt ananoriuno onncanomy nnme napianry.
uepmn onnpamrtcx na xononn soxy ao snepxy. Hepmn
napianr xapaxrepnn nx onononepxonnx yinent, e niamrt
nepenary xopcrxomy cnonyuennm enemenrin nonepeuno pamn
xapxacy (nn. rn. 1), pyrn sacroconymrt npn mapnipnomy cnony-
uenni n araronpontornnx pamax, a raxox npn onnpanni na
sanisoeronni xononn ra crinn. Ane x n oox nnnaxax sepiracrtcx
cnintnicrt xoncrpyxrnnnoro pimennx onopnnx nysnin: ]epmn
xpinnxrt y pinnxx nepxntoro ra nnxntoro noxcin o nnyrpimnix
rpane craneno xononn ao croxxa noranponoro nepepisy, mo
cneniantno ncranonnmmrt na onopy (pnc. 2.6, +).
Hpn nncxinnx onopnnx posxocax neprnxantna onopna peaxnix
nepeacrtcx n pinni nnxntoro noxca uepes onopnn ]nanent na
onopnn cronnx, mo npnnapenn o rpani xononn (npn onnpanni
soxy), ao na nnnry orononxa xononn (npn onnpanni snepxy).
nx uirxocri nepeaui sycnnnx ]nanent nncrynac nnxue nysnonnx
]aconox na 10-20 mm. Onopnn ]nanent pospaxonymrt na smnnannx,
nsxri posmipn oro nonepeunoro nepepisy mamrt ninoniarn
xoncrpyxrnnnnm nnmoram ra saesneuynarn micneny crixicrt

56
]nannx:
20
1
1

p
R b
N
t mm; ( )
y
R
E
t
b
+ 1 . 0 36 . 0
1
1
, (2.6)

e N neprnxantna onopna peaxnix anouno ]epmn; b
1

ra t
1
ninonino mnpnna ra ronmnna onopnoro ]nannx;
E R
y
ymonna rnyuxicrt ]nannx ninocno oci, mo cninnaac
s niccm nnxntoro noxca ]epmn.

"
min 1.5d
a
1
2
F
1
5
0
1
2
!
1
2
2 - 2
1- 1

Pnc. 2.6. Onopni nysnn ]epm s napnnx xyrnxin:
+ na craneny xonony; F, * na sanisoeronny xonony;
1 onopnn ]nanent; 2 naonopnn croxx;
F onopna peaxnix ]epmn

Hpn mapnipnomy onnpanni xyroni snapni mnn, mo xpinnxrt
]nanent o nysnono ]aconxn, npanmmrt na spis ni nnnnnom peaxni
F, a x onxnna nnsnauac onxnny onopnoro ]nannx, xxa ninoniac
posmipy onopno ]aconxn. unanent xoncrpyxrnnno ]ixcymrt
onramn o rpani naonopnoro croxxa.
+
F
*
57
Posmipn nepxnto ]aconxn, npnnapeno o rpani croxxa
npnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno. Bnpnna ]aconxn mac saesneuynarn
nanycrox ]aconxn nepxntoro noxca ne menme, nix na 3d (d iamerp
onra). Tonmnny epyrt ne menme ronmnnn nysnonnx ]aconox
]epmn, onxnny s ypaxynannxm posmimennx monraxnnx onrin ra
posmipin onopno ]aconxn ]epmn.
Hpn nintnomy onnpanni na sanisoeronni xononn ao crinn
onopni nysnn ]epm cxnaamrtcx s onopno nnnrn, croxxa ra ]aconxn
(pnc. 2.6, F, *). Hnomy onopno nnnrn nnsnauamrt sanexno ni
pospaxynxonoro onopy crncxy marepiany onopn, a ronmnny sa
ymonn poorn nnnrn na srnn ni peaxrnnnoro rncxy onopn.
Hpn pospaxynxy nnnry posrnxamrt xx onepry na na oxn.
Cni saynaxnrn, mo ne pospaxynox ananoriunn nnsnauennm
posmipin onopno nnnrn asn nenrpantno-crncnyro xononn.
Hnnry ]ixcymrt na onopi anxepnnmn onramn, nx uoro n ni
nnamronymrt ornopn iamerpom n 2-3 pasn intmnm nix iamerp
onra. He neoxino nx spyunocri xpinnennx ]epmn y nnnaxy
nesixnocri oce ornopin s nicxmn saxnaennx n onopy onrin. Horim
anxepni ornopn nepexpnnamrt npxmoxyrnnmn maamn, xxi
npnnapmmrt o onopno nnnrn.

2.3. L%')O P :,*5R)O P kO',+,:,4OT+,.O^ 7R.'U.

Bnpoxononnuxoni ranpn, mo nnxopncronymrt y noxcax ]epm,
oepxymrt nosonxnim posnycxannxm mnpoxononnuxonnx
noranpin. nx enemenrin pemirxn sacroconymrt noonnoxi ao
cnapeni xyrnxn. V nepmomy nnnaxy pemirxy npoexrymrt
nepexpecno cxemn (nn. pnc.1.7, F), a y pyromy rpnxyrnom s
oarxonnmn croxxamn (nn. pnc. 1.7, +).
Hoonnoxi xyrnxn xpinnxrt y nysnax esnocepento o crinox
ranpa enexrposaxnenxamn meroom nacxpisnoro nponnannennx.
Monraxni nysnn npoexrymrt ]nannennmn s xpinnennxm
nncoxominnnmn onramn n nnxntomy noxci ra snnuannmn onramn
y nepxntomy (pnc.2.7).
58
2
!
1
1
a
2
2 - 2
190
1- 1
190
7
0
2
1
2
0
6
2
"

Pnc. 2.7. Monraxni nysnn ]epm s noxcamn s ranpin
i nepexpecnom pemirxom s noonnoxnx xyrnxin:
+ nepxntoro noxca; F nnxntoro noxca; * pemirxn

Enemenrn pemirxn s napnnx xyrnxin xpinnxrt ]nanronnmn
mnamn. Croxxn, e onxnnn mnin mani nnacniox i ninocno mannx
sycnnt, npnnapmmrt o crinox noxcnnx ranpin, a nx posxocin
neoxino nnxopncronynarn nysnony ]aconxy, mo saesneunrn
posmimennx mnin norpino onxnnn. Posxocn, mo npoexrymrt s
nox xyrnxin onaxono onxnnn, saxpinnmmrt o nysnin si
smimennxm x xinnin nsonx nosonxnto oci onn ninocno o
inmoro. Taxe pimennx npnnxre nx smenmennx posmipy ]aconox i
nx sanoirannx srnny ra nipnny x npn xanrynanni ]epm ni uac
nnroronnennx, romy xoxnn xyrnx npnnapmmrt n onomy s nysnin o
crinxn ranpa ra o nysnono ]aconxn, a n inmomy rintxn o
nysnono ]aconxn (pnc. 2.8). nx naxnaannx ]nanronnx mnin
]aconxy npnnapmmrt o crinxn ranpin y crnx, saesneuymun nonnn
nponap opoxom xpomox ]aconxn ra ninapxom s npornnexnoro
oxy na inxnxax, nintnnx ni posxocin.
+
F
*
59
Pospaxynox ]nanronnx mnin, xpinnennx posxocin ra croxxin,
nnxonymrt na imui n nnx sycnnnx. Pospaxynox noxcnnx mnin neyrt
na cymy pospaxynxonnx sycnnt y npnmnxamunx posxocax,
cnpoexronannx na nict noxca.
3miny nepepisy noxcin s ranpin sicnmmrt na nicrani
200-500 mm ni nenrpa nysna, smimymun crnx n ix menmoro
nepepisy. Hepexi ni onoro nepepisy o inmoro nnxonymrt sa
onomorom T-noino ncranxn sminno nncorn (pnc. 2.8, *).
Beprnxantnn nncr ncranxn npnnapmmrt o crinox ranpin, a
ropnsonrantny naxnaxy posmimymrt na nonnnxx, saesneuymun s
xoxnoro oxy crnxy posmimennx xyronnx mnin norpino onxnnn.
Ananoriuno nnpimymrt nnrannx npo posmimennx sanoctxnx crnxin
noxcnnx ranpin onaxonoro rnnoposmipy.
Pospaxynox snapnnx crnxonnx scnant ne norpinn n pasi
sacrocynannx snapmnantnnx marepianin srino s nnmoramn [3],
saesneuennx nonnoro nponapy enemenrin, mo scnymrtcx, ra
nnxopncrannx ]isnunnx meroin xonrponm xxocri mnin.
Bpaxonymun cnoci oepxannx mnpoxononnuxonnx ranpin,
onintno posnycxarn noranp ne npxmnm, a namannm pisom,
nepeauamun posmnpmnannx, mo moxe saminnrn nysnoni ]aconxn,
ra sminy nncorn crinxn ranpa (pnc. 2.8, O). V ntomy nnnaxy snauno
(o 30 %) snnxycrtcx rpyomicrxicrt nnroronnennx ]epmn. Hpore,
npn raxomy posnycxanni noranpin neoxino nepeauarn saxon
moo snnxennx nixoin crani (exonomnn posxpi, nnxopncrannx
opisxin crinxn xx ]aconox, npoxnaox romo).
Onopni nysnn ]epm, xx npannno, npoexrymrt s onopnnm
]nannem y pinni nnxntoro noxca (pnc. 2.8, F), xxn onnpacrtcx ao
na orononox xononn, ao na onopnn cronnx, npnnapenn o rpani
xononn. Pospaxynox onopnoro ]nannx ananoriunn onncanomy
n n. 2.2.
Monraxni crnxn noxcin nepexpnnamrt ropnsonrantnnmn
(no nonnnxx ranpin) ra neprnxantnnmn (no crinxax) naxnaxamn,
mo saxpinnmmrtcx snapmnannxm ao nncoxominnnmn onramn
(pnc. 2.8, Y, /). xni pospaxynox neertcx sa ananoricm s
monraxnnmn nysnamn ]epm s napnnx xyrnxin.
60

1,3d 3d
1
0
0
#
1
5
0


1
0
0

1
8
7
170 170
1
$
!
3
3 - 3
%
3
1
2 - 2
4 - 4
4 4
&
2
"
2
2
0
2
0
0
115

1- 1
20
1
2
'
1- 1
1
~
500
3d

Pnc. 2.8. Bysnn ]epm s noxcamn s ranpin ra posxocamn
s napnnx xyrnxin:
+ onopnn nyson nepxntoro noxca; F re x, nnxntoro noxca;
* smina nepepisy nepxntoro noxca sa onomorom T-noino
ncranxn; X nyson nnxntoro noxca npn ]irypnomy posnycxanni
noranpa; Y monraxnn nyson na nncoxominnnx onrax;
/ re x, na snapmnanni


+
F
* )
X O
Y /
61
2.4. L%')O P :,*5R)O P kO',+,:,4OT+,.O^ `.,7R.'U.

Bysnn ]epm s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin ra s
pemirxom si samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin nnxonymrt
es]aconxonnmn. Hpnmnxannx posxocin o nnocxnx rpane noxcin
saesneuymrt xocnm pisom ropnx rnyrosnapnoro enemenra s xyrom
naxnny, mo opinnmc xyry naxnny posxocy o noxca. nx
posmimennx snapnnx mnin nicrani mix cymixnnmn xpomxamn
enemenrin pemirxn n pinni x npnmnxannx o noxca mamrt yrn intm
nix 20 mm. Tomy npn neoxinocri cni nanarncx o posnenrpy-
nannx oce posxocin. xmo nysnoni excnenrpncnrern npn ntomy ne
nepennmymrt 0,1 nncorn noxca, ro x moxna ne npaxonynarn, a npn
intmnx excnenrpncnrerax pospaxynox ]epmn cni nnxonynarn s
ypaxynannxm nysnonnx momenrin (nn. n. 1.6).
3rnnantni momenrn ni nysnonnx excnenrpncnrerin ra
xopcrxocri nysnin npn nepenipni minnocri enemenrin ]epm si
crannm snaxom nosonxntoro sycnnnx ra npn nicyrnocri
nonepeunoro nananraxennx na crepxent onycxacrtcx npaxonynarn
sa ]opmynom [4]:
c y
R
W A
N
+ 3 . 1
M
, (2.7)

e N ra M ninonino pospaxynxoni nosonxnx cnna ra srnnantnn
momenr; \ ra W ninonino nnoma nonepeunoro nepepisy ra momenr
onopy.

3nauennx momenrin ni nysnonnx excnenrpncnrerin mamrt
saonontnxrn ymony:

,
_

H
H
M
A
N
R W
y e
, (2.8)

e W
H
, A
H
, R
9
ninonino momenr onopy, nnoma nepepisy ra
pospaxynxonn onip crani onic s nanene noxca posnenrponanoro
nysna.
nx sanoirannx necnpnxrnnno xonnenrpani micnennx
nanpyxent onintno y nysni crnxynarn ne intme nox enemenrin
62
pemirxn, sepiramun mix x cymixnnmn oxpaxamn nicrant,
ocrarnm nx posmimennx nonepeunnx snapnnx mnin (pnc. 2.9, *).
Hpn naxnnocri rpertoro npnmnxamuoro enemenra (croxxa) oro
xpinnxrt ne o noxcin, a o posxoca, nepenaxno o posrxrnyroro
(pnc. 2.9, X). Kpinnennx croxxa nnxonymrt nnpnryn uepes nncrony
npoxnaxy, xxa norpina nnacniox mano ronmnnn crinxn nepepisy
posxocy.
nx saesneuennx necyuo sarnocri nysnin nonnni noranpin
cni nixpinnxrn nosonxnimn noxnnnmn pepamn, onxnna xxnx ne
menma nix na 10 t
p
(t
p
ronmnna pepa) n xoxen ix ne nepennmyc
nicrant mix sonnimnimn xpomxamn posxocin. Hpn nepeaui na
nepxni noxc snaunnx socepexennx cnn (nanpnxna, npn onnpanni
sanisoeronnnx nnnr) ra npn ronmnni crinxn noranpa ne intme nix
8 mm y nysnax ncranonnmmrt nonepeuni pepa s npnronxom x o
nnxnto nonnni noranpa (pnc. 2.9, *, )). Hpn naxnnocri noxnnnx
peep necyuy sarnicrt inxnxn crinxn noranponoro noxca, mo
ninoniac npnmnxamuomy enemenroni pemirxn, nepenipxmrt sa
]opmynom [4]:

+
sin
2
M

d
t R
d
N
w y d c
, (2.9)

e d nncora nepepisy posxocy; t
w
ronmnna crinxn noranpa,
xyr naxnny posxocy.

Koe]inicnr nnnnny snaxa sycnnnx n npnmnxamuomy enemenri
d

opinnmc 1,2 npn posrxsi ra 1,0 n pemri nnnaxin. Koe]inicnr
nnnnny nosonxnto cnnn n noxci

opinnmc
y
R

5 , 1 , xxmo noxc
crncnyrn npn
y
R

> 0,5 ( nopmantne nanpyxennx n nepepisi

noxca) ra 1,0 n pemri nnnaxin.
3napni mnn, mo saxpinnmmrt enemenr pemirxn o noxca,
pospaxonymrt xx crnxoni npn naxnnocri ycranonuoro sasopy, xxn
opinnmc 0,5-0,7 ronmnnn crinxn enemenra, mo npnmnxac, ra npn
nonnomy nponnannenni crinxn npo]inm. Cymapny onxnny mnin
nnsnauamrt sa nepnmerpom xocoro pisy posxocy.
63





P
n
c
.

2
.
9
.

B
y
s
n
n

]
e
p
m

s

n
o
x
c
a
m
n

s

m
n
p
o
x
o
n
o
n
n
u
x
o
n
n
x

n
o
r
a
n
p
i
n
:














































+
,

F

o
n
o
p
n
i
;

n
,

X
,

)

n
p
o
m
i
x
n
i
;

O
,

Y
,

/

m
o
n
r
a
x
n
i





+




F





*





)





X





O





Y





/





X

64
Monraxni nysnn ]epm nnxonymrt s naxnaxamn (pnc. 2.9, Y)
ao s ]nannxmn (pnc. 2.9, O, /), xxi scnymrtcx s noxcamn
nncoxominnnmn onramn ra pospaxonymrtcx na sycnnnx, mo imrt y
ninoninnx noxcax ]epmn.
Onnpannx ]epm s napanentnnmn noxcamn sicnmmrt snepxy
ao soxy xononn s nepeauem onopno neprnxantno peaxni uepes
onopnn ]nanent na onopy (pnc. 2.9, F). nx rpnxyrnnx ]epm
cnnpannx moxnnne rintxn snepxy na onopy uepes onopny nnnry
(pnc. 2.10, +), pospaxynox xxo nnxonymrt srino pexomenanixm, mo
nnxnaeni n n. 2.2.



Pnc. 2.10. Onopni nysnn rpnxyrnnx ]epm:
+ s noxcamn s mnpoxononnuxonnx noranpin;
F, * is rpyuacrnx enemenrin

2.5. L%')O P 7'8\

Bysnoni cnonyuennx rpyuacrnx enemenrin ]epm nnxonymrt
es ]aconox s repmernsanicm nnyrpimnix sanon samxnennx npo]inin
ni nonorn ra nnny, mo cnpnxmrt xoposi. nx ntoro ropni crnxin ra
nixpnri ropni noxcin mamrt marn sarnymxn s mintnnmn sonnimnimn
mnamn, a ropni posxocin pemirxn nnpisamrt es ao si snxrrxm
xpomox nx saesneuennx mintnocri snapnnx mnin. Hpn nicyrnocri
onanannx nx ]irypnoro pisannx ropnin rpy, ]epmn moxyrt yrn
nnroronneni si cnnmmennxm xinnin crepxnin pemirxn (pnc. 2.11, +)
ao s ]aconxamn (pnc. 2.11, F).
+ F
*
65
V rnnonnx ]epmax (pnc. 2.12) posxocn npnnapmmrt nnpnryn o
noxca s oepxynannxm sasopy mix xpomxamn cymixnnx enemenrin
pemirxn ne menme nix 20 mm. xmo npn ntomy nysnoni
excnenrpncnrern nnxnnxrtcx posmimennmn s onoro oxy ni oci
noxca ra ne nepennmymrt 0,1, ro onycxacrtcx ne npaxonynarn
nysnoni momenrn, mo nnnnxamrt. V npornnexnomy nnnaxy
neoxino yrounmnarn pospaxynxoni sycnnnx sa paxynox naxnnocri
nysnonnx momenrin (nn. n. 1.6).

a
!


Pnc. 2.11. Bysnn rpyuacrnx ]epm:
+ s rpy, mo micrxrt cnnmmeni xinni; F na ]aconxax

Croxxn pemirxn, xx npannno, nnxonymrt s nonepento
cnnmmennmn ra opisannmn ninoninnm unnom ropnxmn. Topent,
mo npnmnxac o nepxntoro noxca, cnnmmycrtcx nepnennxynxpno
o oro oci ra mac naninxpyrnn nnpis iamerpom, mo opinnmc
iamerpy rpyn noxca (pnc. 2.12, )). Kpinnennx croxxa sicnmcrtcx
snapmnannxm, npn ntomy xpanx xpomxa croxxa posmimycrtcx nnme
oci noxca. V nysni nnxntoro noxca, e npnmnxamrt na posxocn,
cnnmmennx ropnx croxxa nnxonymrt napanentno oci noxca, a oro
xpanm xpomxy ne onoxrt o xpam noxcno rpyn npnnnsno na
+
F
66
10-20 mm (pnc. 2.12, X). Kpinnennx nnxonymrt npnnapxom croxxa o
crinox posxocin, nx uoro n uacrnni, mo cnnmmena, nepeauamrt
noxnni pisn, napanentni ocxm posxocin.
Hpn naxnnocri opoxn xpomox rpyuacroro posxocy snapnn
mon, mo saxpinnmc oro o noxca, posrnxamrt xx crnxonn ra oro
necyuy sarnicrt nepenipxmrt sa ]opmynom (2.3).
V micnxx nepeaui na nepxni noxc socepexennx cnn ni
necyunx enemenrin noxpinni nepeauamrt onopni cronnxn s
]irypnnmn pisamn nnxntoro ropnx (nx moxnnnocri npnnapm-
nannx o noxca) ra s ropnsonrantnnm pisom nepxntoro ropnx
(nx npnnapmnannx onopno nnnrn). Bapimmun nncorom cronnxin,
moxna saesneunrn neoxinn naxnn noxpinni.
Pospaxynox nysnin, xxi cxnaamrtcx s rpyuacroro noxca ra
enemenrin, mo o ntoro npnmnxamrt es nepernny onn s onnm,
nonxrac n nepenipni na micnenn srnn (npomnnannx) crinxn noxca ra
minnocri rpyuacrnx enemenrin pemirxn [4].
Monraxnn crnx nepxntoro noxca ]epm s rpy sicnmmrt na
]nannxx, a nnxntoro na nixnanomy xintni (pnc. 2,12, O, Y).
Hixnane xintne xnnxc coom nipisox rpyn iamerpom, mo
opinnmc nnyrpimntomy iamerpy noxca, xxn crnxycrtcx. Hixnane
xintne sannamrt y noxcnn enemenr onic nanin]epmn na nononnny
oro onxnnn, xxa opinnmc 40-50 mm. Kinent xintnx, mo crnpunrt,
cnyxnrt nx npncnannx enemenra inmo nanin]epmn. Hicnx
crnxynannx mon na nixnanomy xintni sanapmmrt, crnx
nepexpnnamrt naxnaxamn, xon]irypanix xxnx saesneuyc neoxiny
onxnny mnin, nnsnauamun sa ]opmynom (2.4).
Tnnonnm npoexrom nepeaueno nintne onnpannx ]epm na
xonony (pnc. 2.12, +, F). Hpn inmnx cxemax ]epm moxnnni nysnn
cnonyuennx ]epm s onopom noxasani na (pnc. 2.10, F, *).




61
1- 1
1
2
!
,-./01
23.-$34
2 - 2
2
1
3
5
3
5
2
0
0
3 - 3
4 - 4
4
$
4
#
"
20
d
~500 56-.+47
23-849
D
t
%
200
3
3
&
5 - 5
5
5

40...50

Pnc. 2.12. Bysnn rnnono rpyuacro ]epmn: +, F onopni; *, X, ) npomixni; O, Y monraxni


6
7

+
F
*
)
X
O
Y

68
2.6. L%')O P bQ87O^ :',WU4U.

V ]epmax, enemenrn xxnx npoexrymrt is samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin, npnmnxannx posxocin o nnocxnx rpane
noxcin saesneuymrt xocnm pisom ropnin crepxnin ni xyrom, mo
opinnmc xyry naxnny posxocy. uepmn (nn. pnc. 1.6, *), mo
npnsnaueni nx esnporonnoro onnpannx cranenoro npo]intonanoro
nacrnny, xxn saxpinnmmrt na nepxnix noxcax camonapisnnmn
onramn, menxmn ao rouxonnm snapmnannxm, mamrt rpnxyrny
pemirxy. Tomy o xoxnoro nysna, sa nnxnmuennxm onopnnx,
npnmnxac rintxn na posxocn, nicrant mix mnamn xpinnennx xxnx
mac yrn ne menme nix 20 mm. Onnpannx ]epm nepeaueno n pinni
nepxntoro noxca (pnc. 2.13, +) uepes onopne pepo, mo npnnapmmrt
o ropnx noxcnoro enemenra. nx sanoirannx posnnrxy xoposi
ncepenni xopouacrnx nepepisin y ropnxx nnxnix noxcin
nnamronymrt sarnymxn (pnc. 2.13, F).
Pospaxynox es]aconxonnx nysnin nxnmuac nepenipxn:
ropnsonrantnnx crinox noxcin na npoannmnannx (npn crncnyromy
posxoci) ao nnpnnannx na inxnxax xonraxry s posxocamn, mo
posrxrnyri; necyuo sarnocri inxnxn oxono crinxn noxca,
napanentno nnomnni nysna, y micni npncnannx crncnyroro posxocy;
necyuo sarnocri posxocin y soni npnmnxannx o noxca; minnocri
snapnnx mnin, mo npnxpinnxmrt posxocn o noxca [4].
Hpn npnmnxanni o noxca nox enemenrin pemirxn is
sycnnnxmn pisnnx snaxin (pnc. 2.13, F, *), a raxox onoro enemenra n
onopnomy nysni (pnc. 2.13, +) necyua sarnicrt noxca na npoannm-
nannx (nnpnnannx) nepenipxcrtcx nx xoxnoro posxocy sa ]opmynom:

( )
+
+ +
+
sin ) 8 . 1 4 . 0 (
2
M 5 . 1
2

f b c
Df c b t R
d
N
y d c
, (2.10)

e N ra M sycnnnx n enemenri, mo npnmnxac, ni ocnonnnx nnnnnin
n nepepisi na pinni nonnni noxca (momenr, mo nnnnxac ni xopcrxocri
nysnin ne npaxonymrt); 1 nononnna nicrani mix cymixnnmn
nonepeunnmn crinxamn cycinix posxocin ao nonepeunom crinxom

69
posxocy ra onopnnm pepom; sin d b onxnna nini
npnmnxannx posxocy o noxca nsonx oci noxca; xyr npnmnxannx
posxocy o noxca; ( ) 2 / d D f ; D ra d nncorn nepepisin y
nnomnni ]epmn ninonino noxca ra posxocy; t ronmnna crinxn
noxca. Koe]inicnr
c
opinnmc 1,2 npn posrxsi ra 1,0 nx inmnx
nnnaxin.
,-./01
23.-$34
t
D
1
1 " %
" 20
a1 a2
20
1
0
2
0
!
t
d d

$
2c 20
1- 1

Pnc. 2.13. Bysnn rnnono ]epmn is samxnennx
rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin:
+ onopnn; F nepxntoro noxca;
* nnxntoro noxca; X, ) monraxni

Koe]inicnr nnnnny nosonxnto cnnn n noxci
T
nnsnauacrtcx
nx crncnyroro noxca (nx posrxrnyroro

= 1,0) npn
y
AR
F
> 0,5 sa
]opmynom:
y
AR
F
5 . 1

, (2.11)

e F nosonxnx cnna n noxci, mo ic s oxy posrxrnyroro posxocy;
\ nnoma nonepeunoro nepepisy noxca.
)
*
+ F
X

70
Hpn ocrarnto nennxnx iamerpax (
D
d
>0,85) npoannmnannx
noxca crncnyrnm posxocom yrpyneno, npore nnnnxac moxnnnicrt
nnuepnannx necyuo sarnocri nysna ni nnnnnannx oxono crinxn
noxca. necyuy sarnicrt cni nepenipnrn sa ]opmynom:

2
sin
2 td kR
N
y t c
, (2.12)

e
t
xoe]inicnr nnnnny ronxocrinnocri noxcin, mo opinnmc
0,8 npn 25
t
D
ra 1,0 y pemri nnnaxin; k xoe]inicnr snnxennx
necyuo sarnocri inxnxn crinxn noxca xx crncnyro nnacrnnxn, xxa
npanmc n npyxni ao npyxno-nnacrnuni crai.

Koe]inicnr k nnsnauacrtcx cninninomennxm xpnrnunoro
nanpyxennx nrparn micneno crixocri o pospaxynxonoro onopy
crani R
y
. nx crane s R
y
400 MHa npn ninomennxx D/t 40,
k = 1. Hpn intm ronxocrinnnx npo]inxx k nnsnauamrt sa
]opmynamn, ninonino o rptox onacre, mo noxasani na pnc. 2.14
sanexno ni D/t ra R
y
. Hecyuy sarnicrt posxocin y soni npnmnxannx
o noxca npn xyrax naxnny 40 50 nepenipxmrt sa ]opmynom:

,
013 . 0 1
M 5 . 0
t D
A kR
d
N
d yd d c
+

+ (2.13)

e k xoe]inicnr, mo nnsnauacrtcx sa annmn pnc. 2.14 sanexno ni
ronxocrinnocri posxocy d/t ra pospaxynxonoro onopy crani enemenra
pemirxn R
yd
; \
d
nnoma nepepisy posxocy.

3napni mnn, mo npnxpinnmmrt enemenrn pemirxn o noxca,
nepenipxmrt rax:

( )
wf wf c
f f
R
d d k
t D
d
N
+
+
+
sin / 2
/ 01 . 0 75 . 0
M 0.5
, (2.14)


71
2
D
t
Ry 340 , :;
Ry
<=
3.6=
65
t
D
60
2
-
t
Ry
E
-170
D
<=
0.9+670
<=1.0
50
45
40
55
260 180
35
220 300

Pnc. 2.14. Ipa]ix nx nnsnauennx xoe]inicnra k

xmo mnn nnxonani s ycranonunm sasopom, mo opinnmc
0,5-0,7 ronmnnn crinxn posxocy, ra s nonnnm nponnannennxm crinxn
npo]inm, ro x cni pospaxonynarn xx crnxoni.
Monraxni nysnn ]epm is samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin
nnxonymrt na ]nannxx. Posmipn ]nannin no nnxnix noxcax mamrt
saesneunrn posmimennx onrin, xxi pospaxonymrt na sycnnnx n
noxci (pnc. 2.13, )). V crnxy nepxnix noxcin (pnc. 2.13, X) onrn ne
pospaxynxoni, a x xintxicrt epyrt sa xoncrpyxrnnnnmn
mipxynannxmn ni 4 o 6, posmimymun x cnmerpnuno ninocno
nenrpa rxxinnx nepepisy noxca [6].

2.7. MR4,%4%)%Q7QU W%')O

Onnm s xoncrpyxrnnnnx piment, n xxomy peanisycrtcx iex
xonnenrpani marepiany n enemenrax s merom smenmennx nnacno
macn xoncrpyxni ra snnxennx npanennrpar npn nnroronnenni ra

72
monraxi, c manoenemenrni ]epmn. Ocnonnn npnnnnn ]opmynannx
cxem raxnx xoncrpyxni nonxrac n cxopouenni uncna crepxnin
pemirxn, orxe uncna nysnin, o neoxinoro minimymy.
Manoenemenrni ]epmn cxnaamrtcx s nepospisnoro nepxntoro
noxca ra nirpnmymuo oro cncremn si croxxin ra posrxrnyro
sarxxxn. Haxnn nepxntoro noxca (ni 1/8 o 1/10 npontory) onycxac
nnamrynannx pynonno noxpinni. Ha onopax ra n rpeenenomy nysni
moxyrt yrn xoncrpyxrnnno peanisonani mapnipni ao xopcrxi
cnonyuennx.
1 1
>)(-8 ?
e
l
h

>)(-8 @

Pnc. 2.15. Manoenemenrna mnpenrentna ]epma

Croxxn pemirxn posmimymrt neprnxantno na nicrani + = l/4
ni onop, xoua moxnnne x noxnne nonoxennx. V-noinn
enemenr, ncranonnenn n cepenni npontory, npnsnauenn nx
snnxennx e]opmarnnnocri ]epmn npn necnmerpnunomy
nananraxenni (nanpnxna, xopncne nananraxennx npnxnaene rintxn
o onic nononnnn npontory). He enemenr sintmyc sycnnnx n
croxxy s oxy nananraxenoro naninnpontory ra smenmyc oro n
npornnexnomy enemenri, crnopmmun raxnm unnom panionantnn
posnoin sycnnt. Hpn cnmerpnunomy nananraxenni V-noinn
enemenr npaxrnuno ne npnmac yuacri n poori, a npn

73
necnmerpnunomy sycnnnx n ntomy ra crynint nnnnny na poory
]epmn n ninomy sanexart ni cninninomennx

a a m /
1
,

e +
1
nicrant ni rpeenoro nysna o nysna cnonyuennx noxca s
noxnnnm enemenrom.
Ananis ocnixent noxasyc, mo npn snauenni m n mexax
1/10-1/12 pospaxynxonnm c cnmerpnune nananraxennx ]epmn cnirom.
3rnnantni momenrn y nepxntomy noxci moxna smenmnrn,
yrnopmmun posnenrpynannx n onopnomy nysni. Taxe pimennx
cnpomyc xoncrpyxnim onopnoro nysna. Ipeenenn nyson
nnxonycrtcx na ]nannxx, a inmi nysnn sanexno ni npnnxrnx
rnnin npo]inin nnxntoro noxca i croxxin.
Bncory manoenemenrnnx ]epm, sananraxennx rintxn no
nepxntomy noxcy nininnm nananraxennxm ao socepexennmn
cnnamn s xpoxom +/2, pexomenycrtcx parn tg 8 , 2 a h , a npn
xponi 2+/3 tg 3 , 2 a h , e u xyr naxnny nepxntoro noxca [6].

[R:O7RQQ* `4* 5R),+,Q7',4e

1. xi nepenarn mac nacxpisna xoncrpyxnix n nopinnxnni is
cynintnocrinuacrnmn anxamn?
2. xi unnnnxn nnnnnamrt na nnip opncy noxcin i cxem pemirox
xpoxnxnnx ]epm?
3. nx uoro i xx nnonrtcx yni]ixanix nonepeunnx nepepisin
enemenrin ]epm?
4. nx uoro n xpoxnxnnx ]epmax yrnopmcrtcx yinentnn
niom?
5. xnmn sacoamn saesneuycrtcx crixicrt noxcin xpoxnxnnx
]epm?
6. xe npnsnauennx mamrt nxsi noxpnrrx?
7. C]opmynmre ocnonni npnnnnnn posmimennx ropnsonrantnnx i
neprnxantnnx nxse noxpnrrx.

74
8. Oxapaxrepnsyre pisni rnnn nepepisin enemenrin ]epm i are
pexomenani no x nnxopncrannm.
9. B xxnx nnnaxax i uomy npn crarnunomy pospaxynxy ]epm
nnoxrtcx nysnoni mapnipn?
10. x nnsnauamrtcx pospaxynxoni onxnnn enemenrin ]epm?
11. 3a xxnmn npnnnnnamn ncranonnmmrtcx rpannuni rnyuxocri
enemenrin ]epm i xx nonn nnsnauamrtcx?
12. Onnmirt nopxox niopy nonepeunnx nepepisin noxcin ]epm.
13. V uomy nonxrac nepenipxa necyuo sarnocri posxocin i croxxin
pemirxn ]epm?
14. xi icnymrt npannna xoncrpymnannx ]epm s enemenramn
napnnx xyrnxin?
15. Oxapaxrepnsyre oconnnocri xoncrpymnannx ]epm is
samxnennx enemenrin.
16. x pospaxonymrtcx nxsi noxpnrrx?

X4R.R 3. $@?DlH1? @"[@HiG=DG LB@M EH G[l/

3.1. ;7R7OTQO] ',P'R^8Q,+ W%')

Kpoxnxna ]epma sanxn c cxnaonom uacrnnom yt-xxo
yinni i nnxonyc ]ynxni necyuo xoncrpyxni noxpnrrx.
V esxapxacnnx yinnxx ]epma onnpacrtcx na necyui crinn, xxi
sasnnua nnxonymrtcx s nernn (pnc.3.1, +-*). V xapxacnnx yinnxx
]epmn niirpamrt pont pnrenin nonepeunnx pam xapxaca i x
scnannx s xononamn moxe sicnmnarnct ao snepxy (pnc.3.1 X, ),
O, Y), ao soxy (pnc. 3.1 ", /). B ocranntomy nnnaxy rpea
nnsnaunrnct (ne ponrtcx npn nnopi xoncrpyxrnnnoro pimennx
yinni) npo xapaxrep cnpxxennx ]epm s onopamn mapnipnn ao
xopcrxn.
nx ncranonnennx pospaxynxono cxemn ]epmn nacamnepe
posponxm cxemy noxpnrrx s posmimennxm necyunx enemenrin
noxpinni ra nxse raxnm unnom, mo nonn nepernnannct s
xpoxnxnom ]epmom y nysnax noxcin. Hpn esnporononomy
noxpnrri onpamrtcx posmipn sanisoeronnnx pepncrnx nnnr

75
nonn mamrt mnpnny 1 500 ao 3 000 mm, a onxnny 6 000 ao
pepncrnx nnnr nonn mamrt mnpnny 1 500 ao 3 000 mm, a onxn-
ny 6000 ao 12 000 mm, mo nnsnauac posmipn nanene ]epm i xpox
xpoxnxnnx xoncrpyxni. Hpn nporononomy napianri onpacrtcx xpox
nporonin sanexno ni necyuo sarnocri enemenrin noxpinni,
nanpnxna, cranenoro npo]intonanoro nacrnny.

a !
( $ %
2
2
1
# ' &


Pnc. 3.1. Onnpannx ]epm na necyui neprnxantni onopn:
+-* na nernxni crinn; X-" na sanisoeronni xononn;
O-/ na meraneni xononn;
1 naxononnnx; 2 onopnn cronnx

Opane xoncrpyxrnnne pimennx, npnxna xxoro naneenn na
pnc. 3.2, c nicranom nx ncranonnennx reomerpnuno cxemn ]epmn,
ymon saxpinnennx na onopax, a raxox nx nnsnauennx
pospaxynxonnx onxnn enemenrin noxcin nosa nnomnnom ]epmn.
Ha pospaxynxoni cxemi ]epmn nosnauamrtcx i imui
nananraxennx, mo npnxnaamrtcx y nysnax y nnrnxi socepexennx
cnn (y micnxx onnpannx necyunx enemenrin noxpinni peep
sanisoeronnnx nnnr ao nporonin). Ha anxony ]epmy (mapnipno
onepry) imrt nocrini ra cnironi nananraxennx, a n exxnx
nnnaxax (ne sanexnrt ni ]opmn noxpnrrx i yxnny nepxntoro noxca)
+ F
*
X )
O Y /
"

76
i nirponi nnnnnn. He nnxnmuene npnxnaannx nananraxent ni
rexnonoriunoro onanannx, mo nnsnauacrtcx sanannxm na
npoexrynannx. Cnnn F
i
(pnc. 3.2) nnsnauamrt nanraxnnmn nnomamn,
mo opinnmmrt oyrxy xpoxy ]epm na posmip ninonino naneni
nepxntoro noxca.

" " " )
" " " "



**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
" ) ) ) )
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
) ) ) )
)
) )
) )
)
) ) )
) ) )
) ) )
)
) )
)
) )
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
) ) )
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
+
3
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
2
F
1
2
F
2
F
2
-
2
2
6000 6000 7x6000=42000
" " " " " " "
** **
1-1
500 500
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
,
-
1 1
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
5
0
0
1
5
0
0 3000 3000

Pnc. 3.2. Cxema noxpnrrx:
+ no nnxnim noxcam; F no nepxnim noxcam

Crarnunn pospaxynox xpoxnxnnx ]epm nnxonycrtcx no
ymonni pospaxynxoni cxemi, n xxi posrnxamrtcx mapnipn y
nysnax. Taxn nixi ne npaxonyc nnnnn xopcrxocri scnant
enemenrin ]epm, xxn spocrac si sintmennxm noronnnx xopcrxocre
EI/l. Hpn neonintnocri nexrynannx xopcrxicrm nysnin pospaxynox
neoxino nnxonynarn uncentnnmn meroamn na EOM. Hpore nx
intmocri ]epm (npontoramn o 36 m) ocrarnto posrnxarn ymonny
mapnipny cxemy.
Hopmarnnni i pospaxynxoni nananraxennx na 1 m
2
noxpnrrx
naneeni n ran. 3.1.

77
Z+FA7V? 3.1

=,')R7O.QU 7R ',P'R^8Q+,.U QR.RQ7Ra%QQ* QR 1 )
2
:,+'O77*

N
n/n
Hananraxennx
Hopmarnn-
ne nanan-
raxennx,
xH/m
2

Koe]inicnr
nainocri
sa nananra-
xennxm
Pospaxyn-
xone na-
nanraxen-
nx, xH/m
2

1 Ipaninn saxncr pynonno noxpinni
sanronmxn o 25 mm
0,4 1,3 0,52
2 Iipoisonxninn xnnnm s rptox mapin
pyepoy ra onoro mapy nepraminy
0,16 1,2 0,19
3 Ac]antrona crxxxa sanronmxn 20 mm 0,36 1,3 0,47
4 Vrennmnau s ninonnacry, ninono-
nicrnpony mintnicrm 100 xr/m
3,
ronmnnom 50 mm (npn remnepa-
rypi sonnimntoro nonirpx 30

C)
0,05 1,3 0,065
5 Vrennmnau s minepanonarnnx nnnr
mintnicrm 300 xr/m
3
ronmnnom:
- 50 mm;
- 60 mm;
- 80 mm
0,15
0,18
0,24
1,3
1,3
1,3
0,2
0,235
0,31
6 3ipni sanisoeronni nnnrn
s naxxoro erony posmipamn:
- 3 x 6 m;
- 3 x 12 m


1,6
1,8


1,1
1,1


1,75
2,00
7 Cranenn npo]intonann nacrnn
s nncorom ro]pa:
- o 70 mm;
- o 80 mm;
- intme 80 mm


0,11
0,12
0,15


1,05
1,05
1,05


0,115
0,13
0,16
8 Tpnmaponi naneni s yrennmnauem
s minepanonarnnx nnnr ronmnnom:
- 50 mm;
- 80 mm


0,3
0,4


1,2
1,2


0,36
0,48
9 Meranouepennnx 0,04 1,05 0,042
10 epenxne narynannx 0,06 1,1 0,066
11 Craneni nporonn:
- s rapxuexarannx npo]inin;
- s rnyrnx npo]inin

0,05-0,15
0,04

1,05
1,05

0,055-0,16
0,45
12 Bnacna nara cranennx xoncrpyxni
(opicnronno):
- xpoxnxnnx ]epm;
- nxse no noxpnrrm


0,1-0,4
0,04-0,06


1,05
1,05


0,105-0,42
0,042-0,063

78
V ntomy nnnaxy pospaxynox anxonnx ]epm nnxonycrtcx
niomnmn meroamn yinentno mexanixn ananirnunnmn
(nnpisannx nysnin, mero nepepisin) ao rpa]iunnm (noyonom
iarpamn MaxcnennaKpemonn).

7
1
2
8
9
6
10
3
4
12
11
13
5
1
2
3
4
5 7
8 6
9
1
2
3
N
3-4
2-3
N
1-3
N
3-5
N
y
x
2-4
N
2-3
N
N
1-2
y
x

y
x
F


N
1-3
1-2
N
A
2
1
3
3-5
N
N
3-4
2-4
N
A=4 B=4
F
4
b
"
c
y
x
"
"
9,10 ,11
8
12
5
1
2
3,6
4
7,13
2

2

2

2

*
=
4

,
=
4

"

!
%

Pnc. 3.3. Pospaxynox anxonnx ]epm:
+ pospaxynxona cxema; F meroom nnpisannx nysnin;
* meroom nepepisin; X noyonom iarpamn
MaxcnennaKpemonn

Mero nnpisannx nysnin nonxrac n romy, mo ni ]epmn
nocnionno nioxpemnmmrtcx nysnn i posrnxacrtcx x pinnonara
(pnc.3.3, F). nx xoxnoro nysna cxnaamrtcx na pinnxnnx pinnonarn
y nnrnxi cymn npoexni na yt-xxi ni nenapanentni oci _` = 0 ra
_Y = 0.
+
F
*
X

79
onintno oparn raxn nopxox nnpisannx nysnin, mo
xoxnn pas y nysni yno rintxn na neniomnx sycnnnx
(no uncny pinnxnt pinnonarn). Hanpnxna, nnpisacrtcx nyson 1
(pnc. 3.3, F) i s pinnxnnx _Y = 0 nnsnauacrtcx sycnnnx N
1-2
:
0 sin
2 1


N A ,

sin /
2 1
A N . Horim posrnxacrtcx pinnxnnx
0 cos
2 1 3 2


N N X . 3nixn

cos
2 1 3 2
N N .
Posrnxnemo nyson 2:
0 ) 90 cos( ) 90 cos(
0
3 2
0
2 1


N N Y ,

3 2 2 1
N N ;
0 cos cos
4 2 3 2 2 1
+

N N N X ,


cos 2
2 1 4 2
N N ;
Byson 3:
0 ) 90 cos( ) 90 cos(
0
4 3
0
3 2


N N Y ,

4 3 3 2
N N ;
0 cos cos
5 3 4 3 3 2 3 1
+

N N N N X ,
+

cos 2
3 2 3 1 5 3
N N N , i rax ani.

Mero nepepisin nnxopncronycrtcx roi, xonn onnm nepepisom
moxna posinnrn ]epmy na ni uacrnnn, npnuomy neniomnx cnn y
ntomy nepepisi mac yrn ne intme rptox (nepepis na pnc. 3.3, *).
o onic s uacrnn npnxnaamrtcx nci imui nananraxennx,
nxnmuamun peaxni na onopax, i neniomi nnyrpimni sycnnnx n
crepxnxx, nx nnsnauennx xxnx cxnaamrtcx pinnxnnx pinnonarn y
nnrnxi cymn momenrin ninocno rouxn nepernny nox inmnx
neniomnx cnn ao cymn npoexni na nict, nepnennxynxpny nom
crepxnxm, xxmo nonn napanentni. Ha npnxnaax noxasannx na
pnc. 3.3 ]epm, npoinmcrpycmo nnsnauennx sycnnt y crepxnxx 2-4,
3-4 i 3-5.
Cyma momenrin imunx cnn ninocno rouxn 4 opinnmc:

0 M
5 3 4


h N Fd Aa , . / ) (
5 3
h Fd Aa N

80
Binocno rouxn 3:
0 M
4 2 3


h N Fc b A , . / ) (
4 2
h Fc Ab N

, 0 cos
4 3 4 2 5 3


N N N X
. cos / ) (
4 2 5 3 4 3


N N N

Ipa]iunn pospaxynox ]epm rpynrycrtcx na npannnax
rpa]iunoro nnsnauennx peaxni, niomnx s reopernuno mexanixn.
Haintm spyunnm c cnoci MaxcnennaKpemonn, xxn nonxrac y
nocnionnomy rpa]iunomy nnsnauennm neniomnx sycnnt y
nnpisannx nysnax ]epmn. iarpama (araroxyrnnx sonnimnix i
nnyrpimnix cnn) yycrtcx n raxomy nopxxy:
- sa ronnnnxonom crpinxom nymepymrtcx nonx mix imunmn
sonnimnimn cnnamn, nxnmuamun peaxni na onopax, i nnyrpimnimn
sycnnnxmn (na pnc. 3.3, a nomepn nonin npocranneni n xpyxxax);
- n opanomy macmrai yycrtcx araroxyrnnx cnn, mo imrt
na xoncrpyxnim, xxn npn nipnomy nnsnauenni onopnnx peaxni
oon'xsxono mac yrn samxnennm. Hpn i rintxn neprnxantnnx cnn i
peaxni ne araroxyrnnx nepernopmcrtcx na ony samxneny
neprnxantny ninim (pnc. 3.3, X);
- noyony iarpamn nnyrpimnix sycnnt nounnamrt s nysna, e
nepernnamrtcx na crepxni (nanpnxna, s nysna 1 na pnc. 3.3, +).
3 ninoninnx rouox na nini sonnimnix cnn nponoxrt nini,
napanentni crepxnxm ]epmn, i rouxn x nepernny nymepymrt
ninonino o npnnxro nymepani nonin sycnnt. Hanpnxna, y
nysni 1 nepernnamrtcx crepxni 1-2 i 1-3 (pnc. 3.3, +). Hpn noyoni
iarpamn (pnc. 3.3, X) s rouxn 1 nponoxrt ninim, napanentny oci
crepxnx 1-2, a s rouxn 6 napanentno oci crepxnx 1-3. Touxa x
nepernny nymepycrtcx 7, roro nomepom nonx, mo posmimene mix
noma nnmn crepxnxmn. Hanpnxinni nci nini iarpamn mamrt
simxnyrncx, mo c osnaxom npannntnocri noyonn.
3 naneenoro na pnc. 3.3, X npnxnay nnno, mo nx
cnmerpnuno ]epmn, nananraxeno cnmerpnuno, ocrarnto posrnx-
arn rintxn nononnny (o oci cnmerpi).

81
nx nnsnauennx snauent sycnnt y crepxnxx neoxino
nnmipxrn sa npnnxrnm macmraom cnn onxnny xoxno nini ni
rouxn o rouxn, a snax sycnnnx nnsnauacrtcx sa nanpxmxom nexropa
ninoninoro sycnnnx. nx ntoro posrnxacrtcx xoxnn nyson ]epmn
sa ronnnnxonom crpinxom i ]ixcycrtcx nopxox nymepani nonin, xxi
npnnxramrt o crepxnx, mo posrnxacrtcx. Horim ne crepxent
nimyxymrt na ararorpannnxy cnn i, npaxonymun nopxox nomepin
nonin, nnsnauamrt nanpxmox nexropa o nysna, roi ne enemenr
cnpnmac crncxymue sycnnnx, xonn nannaxn, roi n ntomy ic
sycnnnx posrxry. Hanpnxna, nx crepxnx 2-3 (pnc. 3.3, +) ]ixcymrt
nopxox nonin 7-8. Ha iarpami nexrop 7-8 cnpxmonann snnsy
oropn, roro ni nysna 3. Taxnm unnom, ne crepxent posrxrnyrn.
xmo xpoxnxna ]epma c cxnaonom nonepeuno pamn xapxaca
yinni, ro oxpim sycnnt, mo nnnnxamrt n crepxnxx xx n anxoni
xoncrpyxni (ni nocrinoro neprnxantnoro nananraxennx i cniry),
cni npaxonynarn sycnnnx, mo imrt y pnreni pamn. Hpn pospaxynxy
pam s nacxpisnnm pnrenem nnxopncronymrt cnpomeni pospaxynxoni
cxemn, n xxnx nacxpisni enemenrn saminmmrtcx cynintnnmn
exninanenrno xopcrxocri. Bict exninanenrnoro pnrenx cymimycrtcx s
niccm nnxntoro noxca ]epmn (pnc. 3.4). Taxnm unnom, sycnnnx, mo
nnnnxamrt y pnreni ni yt-xxnx nananraxent na pamy, npaxonymrt
npn nnsnauenni sycnnt n enemenrax nnxntoro noxca ]epmn.

.
.

Pnc. 3.4. Bnip pospaxynxono cxemn nonepeuno pamn xapxaca:
+ npn mapnipnomy onnpanni pnrenx (]epmn);
F npn xopcrxomy onnpanni
+ F

82
Hpn mapnipnomy onnpanni ]epmn na xononn (pnc. 3.4, +) y
pnreni pamn nnnnxamrt rintxn nosonxni sycnnnx (ni nirpy, xpanin
romo), xxi neoxino oarn o sycnnt n enemenrax nnxntoro noxca,
xxi nnnnxamrt ni neprnxantnnx nananraxent na anxony ]epmy.
Hpn xopcrxomy cnpxxenni pnrenx s xononamn, mo xapaxrepno
nx ononpontornnx pam (pnc. 3.4, F), oxpim nosonxnix sycnnt N
p

y pnreni nnnnxac onopnn momenr M
on1
ra M
on2
. x snauennx
nnsnauamrtcx s pospaxynxy pamn ni ycix nnin nananraxent npn x
necnpnxrnnnomy cnonyuenni. Onopnn momenr -
on1
, mo npnxna-
enn, nanpnxna, o nino onopn, ninoniac naintmomy sa
aconmrnom nennunnom srnnantnomy momenry na onopi pnrenx, a
M
on2
ouncnmcrtcx, (na npornnexni onopi sa rnmn x nananra-
xennxmn, xxi nnxopncrani npn nipaxynxy M
on1
). 3ycnnnx ni
onopnnx momenrin npnxnaamrtcx o pnrenx (]epmn) y nnrnxi napn
cnn ninoninoro nanpxmxy, snauennx xxnx (H= M/h
]
) sanexnrt ni
nncorn ]epmn nicranxmn mix ocxmn noxcin (pnc. 3.5).

A
1
B
H
h
/ .
H


Pnc. 3.5. Pospaxynxona cxema ]epmn npn i onnnunoro
onopnoro momenry

Bpaxonymun moxnnnicrt posrnxannx pisnnx xominani
pospaxynxonnx sycnnt, mo nnnnxamrt ni i pisnnx nananraxent,
ocrarnto noyonom iarpamn MaxcnennaKpemonn nnsnaunrn
sycnnnx n crepxnxx anxono ]epmn ni i onnnunoro momenry
(M
on
=1), a norim nomnoxnrn snaeni snauennx na ninonini
momenrn.
V intmocri nnnaxin sycnnnx ni onopnnx momenrin mamrt
nopinnxno is sycnnnxmn ni neprnxantnnx nananraxent npornnexnn

83
snax, roro posnanraxymrt enemenrn, a inoi nanirt sminmmrt snaxn
sycnnt y nnx na npornnexni. Hpore ocni noxasyc, mo ni uac
excnnyarani s xoncrpyxnicm moxyrt niynarncx pisni sminn i nanirt
smina pospaxynxono cxemn. Tomy nnip pospaxynxonnx sycnnt y
xoxnomy enemenri ]epmn cni necrn sa raxnmn npannnamn:
- xxmo sycnnnx n /-my enemenri ni neprnxantnoro
nananraxennx N
i
b
cninnaamrt sa snaxom is cymapnnm sycnnnxm ni
onopnnx momenrin (N
i
'
) i nosonxnix cnn (N
i
5
), ro niip nepepisy
ntoro enemenra cni necrn sa x cymom;
- xxmo 0 > +
p
i
'
i
b
i
N N N , roro sycnnnx ni nnnnny
xopcrxoro cnpxxennx pnrenx s xononamn smenmymrt sycnnnx ni
neprnxantnnx nananraxent, ro pospaxynox crepxnin cni nnxonynarn
rintxn sa N
i
b
;
- npn 0 < +
p
i
'
i
b
i
N N N , roro npn moxnnnocri sminn snaxa
sycnnnx, nepepis crepxnx ninpacrtcx sa necnpnxrnnnnm napianrom
(ao
b
i
N , ao 0 < +
p
i
'
i
b
i
N N N ), a oro xoncrpymnannx
ninopxxonycrtcx npannnam xoncrpymnannx crncnyroro crepxnx.

3.2. $'O+4R` ',P'R^8Q+8 +',+.*Q,m W%')O P :R'QO^ +87O+U.

Heoxino pospaxonynarn xpoxnxny ]epmy, xxa c cxnaonom
nonepeuno pamn xapxaca yinni, xoncrpyxrnnne pimennx xxoro
naneeno na pnc. 3.2. uepma npontorom 36 m npoexrycrtcx s napnnx
rapxuexarannx xyrnxin. Hoxpinnx nnxonana s rpnmaponnx nanene s
yrennmnauem s minepantno narn ronmnnom 80 mm. Haneni
onnpamrtcx na nporonn npontorom 6 m, xxi posmimeni s xpoxom
a = 3 m. Kpox ]epm b = 6 m. Crepxni ]epmn nnxonymrt si crani C245
(R
y
= 240 MHa npn ronmnni xyrnxin o 20 mm), ]aconxn si crani
C255. Paon yinnnnrna m. Cymn, II cnironn paon [5] s
nopmarnnnnm nananraxennxm ni cnironoro noxpony 0,7 xHa
(70 xr/m
2
). Koe]inicnr nainocri sa npnsnauennxm 95 , 0
n
.

84
Hananraxennx na 1 m
2
noxpnrrx cxnaac sa annmn ran. 3.1:

- rpnmaponi naneni nopmarnnne 0,4 xH/m
2
(pospaxynxone
0,48 xH/m
2
);
- craneni nporonn s rapxuexarannx npo]inin 0,08 xH/m
2

(0,084 xH/m
2
);
- nnacna nara xpoxnxnnx ]epm 0,3 xH/m
2
(0,315 xH/m
2
);
- nxsi no noxpnrrm 0,04 xH/m
2
(0,042 xH/m
2
).

Cymapne nananraxennx ni nnacno narn noxpnrrx cxnaac:

- nopmarnnne q
n
= 0,4 + 0,08 + 0,3 + 0,04 = 0,82 xH/m
2
;
- pospaxynxone q = 0,48 + 0,084 + 0,315 + 0,042 = 0,92 xH/m
2
.

Hananraxennx ni cnironoro noxpony nnsnauacmo srino s
nxasinxamn [5]:
,
0
S S
H


e S = 0,7 xH/m
2
nopmarnnne nananraxennx na 1 m
2
ropnsonrantno
nonepxni semni; 1 xoe]inicnr nepexoy ni cnironoro noxpony
o cnironoro nananraxennx na noxpnrrx npn xyri naxnny noxpnrrx
menme nix 25.

Hpn cninninomenni nopmarnnnoro snauennx pinnomipno
posnoinenoro nananraxennx ni narn noxpnrrx o nopmarnnnoro
snauennx narn cniry 8 . 0 17 . 1 7 . 0 / 82 . 0 / >
H H
S q xoe]inicnr
nainocri sa nananraxennxm 4 . 1
f
. Taxnm unnom, pospaxynxone
cnirone nananraxennx opinnmc 98 . 0 4 . 1 7 . 0 S xH/m
2
.
3 ypaxynannxm xoe]inicnra nainocri sa npnsnauennxm:

875 . 0 87495 . 0 921 . 0 95 . 0 q xH/m
2
,

93 . 0 98 . 0 95 . 0 S xH/m
2
.

Pinnomipno posnoinene nananraxennx cni npnnecrn
o socepexenoro, npnxnaenoro y nysnax nepxntoro noxca


85
]epmn (pnc. 3.6, +):

- nocrine nananraxennx:

75 . 15 3 6 875 . 0
1
a b q F xH;

9 . 7 3 3 875 . 0
2
2
a
b
q F xH.

- cnirone nananraxennx:

74 . 16 3 6 93 . 0
1
a b S F xH;

1 . 8 3 3 9 . 0
2
2
a
b
S F xH.

Is crarnunoro pospaxynxy nonepeuno pamn xapxaca yinni
(ne pospaxynox ne nanonrtcx n anomy npnxnai) y nnxntomy
noxci ]epmn nnnnxamrt nosonxni sycnnnx crncxy (ni nnacno narn
i cniry) 34 xH.

Pnc. 3.6. Crarnunn pospaxynox ]epmn:
+ pospaxynxona cxema;
F iarpama MaxcnennaKpemonn
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14
16
17 20
19
26
25
23
22 33 31 30 28 18 21 24 27
32 29
15
3
1
5
0
5800 6000 6000 6000 6000 5800
2800 3000
B
a
a
% $
!
F F F F F F F F F F F F F
1
2, 16
3
4
5
6
7
15
8
18
19
17 20
21
22
24
25
23, 26

2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A
+
F

86
Ipa]iune nnsnauennx sycnnt ni nocrinoro nananraxennx
naneene na pnc. 3.6, F, npnuomy pospaxynox nnxonann rintxn nx
nononnnn ]epmn, npaxonymun cnmerpim pospaxynxono cxemn.
nx nnsnauennx sycnnt ni cnironoro nananraxennx, cxema
npnxnaannx ni xxoro cninnaac si cxemom i nocrinoro
nananraxennx, ocrarnto snaeni snauennx nomnoxnrn na
063 . 1 875 . 0 / 93 . 0 / q S .
Pesyntrarn pospaxynxy naneeni n ran. 3.2 (snax
ninoniac crncxy crepxnx, snax + posrxry).

Z+FA7V? 3.2

@%P84Z7R7O ',P'R^8Q+8

3ycnnnx, xH Hasna
enemenra
N
crepxnx ni q ni S pamne pospaxynxone
Bepxni
noxc
2-16
3-18
4-19
5-21
6-22
7-24
0
-148,05
-148,05
-237,82
-237,82
-272,48
0
- 157,38
- 157,38
- 252,81
252,81
- 289,65
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-305,43
-305,43
-490,63
-490,63
-562,13
Hnxni
noxc
15-17
15-20
15-23
+80,33
+198,45
263,02
+ 85,39
+ 210,95
+279,6
-34,0
-34,0
-34,0
+131,72

+ 375,4
+508,62

Posxocn
16-17
17-18
19-20
20-21
22-23
23-24
-120,49
+97,65
-76,39
+56,7
-36,23
+15,75
- 128,08
+ 103,82
- 81,2
+ 60,27
- 38,51
+ 16,74
0
0
0
0
0
0
-248,57
+201,47
-157,59
+116,97
-74,74
+32,49
Croxxn
1-16
18-19
21-22
24-25
-15,75
-15,75
-15,75
-15,75
- 16,74
- 16,74
- 16,74
- 16,74
0
0
0
0
-32,49
-32,49
-32,49
-32,49



87
Hepe niopom nepepisin onintno nnxonarn x yni]ixanim,
nnxoxun si snauent pospaxynxonnx sycnnt, npaxonymun, mo
npontor ]epmn opinnmc 36 m (ne osnonxc sminmnarn rnnoposmipn
noxcin), nonepento nepeaueno moxnnnicrt niopy no na
rnnoposmipn na xoxnn noxc, na rpn nepepisy nx posxocin ra
onn nx croxxin. Ho ran. 1.2 nnsnauacmo ronmnny nysnonnx
]aconox npn sycnnni n onopnomy posxoci 248,57 xH t
]
= 8 mm.
K"5H(/C D%?1 (13"5Y(/ 5-21, 6-22, 7-24). (N = 562,13 xH).
Pospaxynxona onxnna crepxnx n nnomnni ]epmn opinnmc nicrani
mix nysnamn, roro l
ef,x
= 300 cm, a nosa nnomnnom nicrani mix
nysnamn xpinnennx neprnxantnnx nxse noxpnrrx l
ef,y
= 600 cm
(nn. pnc. 3.2). Koe]inicnr ymon poorn 95 . 0
c
xx nx crncnyrnx
crepxnin npn pospaxynxy na crixicrt (nn. ran. 1.1). Honepento
epemo rnyuxicrt 110 i sa ran.72 [3] ninoninn xoe]inicnr
nosonxntoro srnny 478 , 0 (ni xoe]inicnrn naneeni raxox
n [7,8]).
Toi norpini reomerpnuni xapaxrepncrnxn nepepisy:

56 . 51
95 . 0 24 478 . 0
13 . 562

n
A cm
2
,

73 . 2
110
300

x
i cm
2
, 45 . 5
110
600

y
i cm
2
,

3a copramenrom pinnooxnx xyrnxin [7,8] npnmacmo
2L125x12, \ = 28,9 cm
2
, /
H
= 3,82 cm, /
9
= 5,48 cm .

Hepenipxcmo niipann nepepis

; 52 , 77
87 , 3
300

H
; 5 , 109
48 , 5
600

9
478 , 0 ,

35 . 20
9 . 28 2 478 . 0
13 . 562

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 95 . 0 24 < xH/cm
2
.


88
Ipannuna rnyuxicrt (nn. n. 1.7) npn

89 , 0
95 , 0 24 9 , 28 2 478 , 0
13 . 562

c y
AR
N
opinnmc

[ ] 5 , 109 6 , 126 89 , 0 60 180 >
y


K"5H(/C D%?1 (13"5Y(/ 4-19, 3-18, 2-16). N = 305,43 xH.
Hesnaxamun na snauno menme snauennx pospaxynxonoro sycnnnx
epemo raxn xe nepepis s nox xyrnxin 125x12, o nnpimantnom c
nnmora saesneuennx neoxino rnyuxocri crepxnx.

05 . 11
9 . 28 2 478 . 0
43 . 305

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 < xH/cm
2
.

Hpn 5 . 0 48 , 0
8 , 22
05 , 11
< rpannuna rnyuxicrt opinnmc

[ ] 5 , 109 120 5 . 0 60 180 >
y
.

^7Y(/C D%?1 (13"5Y(/ 15-20, 12-23). N = + 508,62 xH,
l
ef,x
= l
ef,y
= 600 cm. Koe]inicnr ymon poorn 95 , 0
c
(ran. 1.1).
Ipannuna rnyuxicrt [ ] 400 (nn. n. 1.7).

Horpini reomerpnuni xapaxrepncrnxn nepepisy:

31 . 22
95 . 0 24
975 . 508

n
A cm
2
,

73 . 2
110
300

x
i cm
2
, 5 . 1
400
600

y x
i i cm
2
.

3a copramenrom npnmacmo 2L90x7: \ = 12,28 cm
2
,
/
H
= 3,08 cm, /
9
= 4,4 cm.






89
Hepenipxcmo niipann nepepis:

71 . 20
28 . 12 2
62 . 508

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 < xH/cm
2
.
400 6 . 216
77 . 2
600
<
H
.

^7Y(/C D%?1 (13"5Y(/ 15-17). N = + 131,72 xH

8 . 5
95 . 0 24
72 . 131

n
A cm
2
. Fepemo 2L50x5, \ = 4,8 cm
2
,
53 . 1
x
i cm, 45 . 2
y
i cm.

Hepenipxcmo niipann nepepis:

72 . 13
8 . 4 2
72 . 131

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 < xH/cm
2
,
400 2 . 392
53 . 1
600
<
H
.

PD%5(7C 5%J$/1 (13"5Y"(B 16-17) N = 248,57 xH. Pospaxyn-
xona onxnna l
ef,x
= l
ef,y
= 4 . 421 280 315
2 2
+ cm. Koe]inicnr
ymon poorn 95 , 0
c
. Fepemo 110
9
i 478 , 0 .
Toi

8 . 22
95 . 0 24 478 . 0
57 . 248

n
A cm
2
, 83 . 3
110
4 . 421

y x
i i cm.

Bnxoxun si snauennx
x
i ocrarnto npnnxrn 2L128x8, nx
xxnx 87 . 3
x
i cm. Hpore n oni ]epmi ne cni nnxopncronynarn
xyrnxn s onaxonom mnpnnom nonxn i pisnom ronmnnom
(nn. n. 1.8). Tomy epemo 2L128x12, \
D
= 28,9 cm
2
, 82 . 3
x
i cm,
48 . 5
y
i cm.
, 3 , 110
82 , 3
4 , 421

H
, 9 , 76
48 , 5
4 , 421

9
478 , 0 .

90

9
9 . 28 2 478 . 0
57 . 248

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 < xH/cm
2
,

. 5 , 0 39 , 0
8 , 22
9
<

[ ] 3 , 110 120 5 , 0 60 180 >
H
.

%J3?X(93/ 5%J$%17 (13"5Y(/ 17-18, 20-21, 23-24)
N = 248,57 xH, l
ef,x
= l
ef,y
= 435 300 315
2 2
+ cm.

Koe]inicnr ymon poorn 95 , 0
c
(ran. 1.1).

84 , 8
95 , 0 24
47 , 201

n
A cm
2
. Fepemo 2L56x5, \
D
= 5,41 cm
2
,
72 . 1
x
i cm, 61 . 2
y
i cm.

62 . 18
41 . 5 2
47 . 201

xH/cm
2
8 . 22 < xH/cm
2
.

[ ] 400 253
72 . 1
435
<
H
.

b371(93/ 5%J$%17 (13"5Y(/ 19-20,22-23) N = 157,59 xH,
l
ef,x
= 348 435 8 . 0 cm (xoe]inicnr 8 , 0 nn. n. 1.7)
l
ef,y
= 435 cm. Koe]inicnr ymon poorn 8 , 0
c
(ran. 1.1).
Hpn , 120 419 , 0

56 . 19
8 . 0 24 419 . 0
59 . 157

n
A cm
2
,

9 . 2
120
348

x
i cm, 62 . 3
120
435

y
i cm.

Fepemo 2L90x6, \
D
= 10,6 cm
2
; 78 . 2
x
i cm; 97 . 3
y
i cm;



91

7 . 125
78 . 2
348

H
; 6 . 109
97 . 3
435

y
; 39 , 0 ;

06 . 19
6 . 10 2 39 . 0
59 . 157

xH/cm
2
2 . 19 8 . 0 24 < xH/cm
2
.

Ipannuna rnyuxicrt npn 99 , 0
2 , 19
06 , 19


[ ] 2 , 125 6 , 150 99 , 0 60 210 >
H
.

b3%?$7 (13"5Y(/ 1-16,18-19,21-22,24-25) N = 32,49 xH,
l
ef,x
= 252 315 8 . 0 cm, l
ef,y
= 315 cm, 8 , 0
c
.
Hpn , 150 276 , 0 13 . 6
8 . 0 24 276 . 0
49 . 32

n
A cm
2
,

68 . 1
150
252

x
i cm, 1 . 2
150
315

y
i cm.


Fepemo 2L56x5, \ = 5,41 cm
2
; 72 . 1
x
i cm; 61 . 2
y
i cm;

; 5 , 146
72 , 1
252

H
; 7 , 120
61 , 2
315

9
29 , 0 .

35 . 10
41 . 5 2 29 . 0
49 . 32

xH/cm
2
2 . 19 8 . 0 24 < xH/cm
2
.

Ipannuna rnyuxicrt npn 54 , 0
2 , 19
35 , 10


[ ] 5 , 146 6 , 177 54 , 0 60 210 >
H
.

Pesyntrarn pospaxynxin (nx xoxnoro crepxnx neoxino
nnsnaunrn rnyuxicrt ninocno rononnnx oce i nopmantne
nanpyxennx) snonmo n ran. 3.3. Ananis oepxannx pesyntrarin
noxasyc, mo nx sanpoexronano ]epmn nnxopncrano n`xrt
rnnoposmipin xyrnxin, npnuomy nx snauno xintxocri crepxnin
nnpimantnom c ymona saesneuennx neoxino rnyuxocri.

92
Hicnx niopy i nepenipxn nsxrnx nepepisin neoxino
pospaxynarn xoxnn nyson ]epmn. Taxn pospaxynox snonrtcx o
nnsnauennx posmipin snapnnx mnin, mo saxpinnmmrt crepxni na
nysnonnx ]aconxax, i posmipin ocrannix. Bnxoxun s roro, mo nx
]epmn sacroconana crant C245, sa annmn ran. 55*[3] nnsnauacmo
rnn enexrpoa 342, nx xxoro pospaxynxonn onip no merany mna
opinnmc R
wf
= 180 MHa (ran. 56 [3]). Pospaxynxonn onip no
merany rpannni cnnannennx R
wz
= 0,45 R
un
. nx crani C245
R
un
= 370 MHa [3,7]. Toi R
wz
= 0,45 370=166,5 MHa - 160 MHa.
3rino s pexomenanixmn [3] nx xyronnx mnin n enemenrax si crani s
rpannnem rexyuocri o 285 MHa snauennx R
wf
mamrt yrn intme
. /
f z wz
R Koe]inicnrn
z
i
f
, xxi npaxonymrt rnnnny
nponapennx mna, epyrt is ran. 34*[3] sanexno ni nny snapmnannx
(]epmn, mo nnroronnxmrtcx n sanoctxnx ymonax, snapmmrt
naninanromaramn), nonoxennx mna n npocropi ra ronmnn enemenrin,
mo snapmmrtcx [7]. Hpnmacmo 9 . 0
f
i 05 , 1
z
. Toi

6 , 186 9 . 0 / 05 . 1 160 / 180 <
f z wf wf
R R .

Taxnm unnom, pospaxynox mnin moxna necrn rintxn sa meranom
mna, a sa inmnm pospaxynxonnm nepepisom (no merany rpannni
cnnannennx) nepenipxy ponrn nemac neoxinocri.
Hpn posmimenni snapnnx mnin y nysni cni namxrarn npo
neoxinicrt sepirannx nonoxennx oci i sycnnnx, roro nnomi
mnin cni posnoinxrn oepneno nponopnino nicranxm ni oci
enemenra o oci mna [7]. nx ntoro no oymxy xyrnxa npnxnaacrtcx
uacrnna sarantnoro sycnnnx n enemenri, mo cranonnrt N
b
z b
o

,
_

,
a no nepy N
b
z
o

,
_

, e
o
z nicrant ni oci xyrnxa o oymxa
(snauennx z
o
naneene n copramenri [7; 8]); b mnpnna nonxn
xyrnxa. nx pinnooxnx xyrnxin moxna npnnnsno parn
N
o
= 0,7 N, N
D
= 0,3 N.

93
Hpn pospaxynxy norpino npnsnaunrn xarern mnin i snarn x
onxnnn. Karer mna no nepy
n
f
k epyrt na 1 mm menme ronmnnn
xyrnxa. Ho oymxy xarer mna
n
f
O
f
k k , ane ne intme 1,2 t,
e t namenma s ronmnn nonxn xyrnxa ao ]aconxn.
Cni namxrarn, mo pospaxynxone sycnnnx cnpnmacrtcx noma
xyrnxamn, romy npn nnsnauenni onxnnn mnin snauennx N
smenmycrtcx nniui:

- no oymxy 1
2
7 . 0
+

wf wf f f
O
w
R k
N
l cm;

- no nepy 1
2
3 . 0
+

wf wf f f
d
w
R k
N
l cm.

V xoncrpyxnixx si crani s rpannnem rexyuocri o 580 MHa npn
sneenni xoncrpyxni n xnimarnunnx paonax s pospaxynxonom
remneparypom sonnimntoro nonirpx ne nnxue 40C xoe]inicnr
ymon poorn mna . 1
wz wf

Pospaxynxoni snauennx onxnn mnin nnsnauamrtcx nx ncix
enemenrin pemirxn, a nx noxcin onxnna mnin, xx npannno,
npnsnauacrtcx xoncrpyxrnnno, nnxoxun s posmipin ]aconox nicnx
xoncrpymnannx nysnin, o sycnnnx n nnx mnax (pisnnnx sycnnt
y cymixnnx enemenrax noxcin nn. n. 2.2) nnxnnxmrtcx ninocno
mannmn. Pesyntrarn pospaxynxy ncix snapnnx mnin sneeni n
ran. 3.3, npnuomy nx noxcin naneeni pospaxynxoni snauennx
w
l ,
roro es ypaxynannx posmipin ]aconox.
Hoxaxemo pospaxynox snapnnx mnin na npnxnai crepxnx
16-17, n xxomy ic sycnnnx 248,57 xH. Fepemo xarer mna 9 mm,
npaxonymun ronmnny xyrnxa (12 mm) i maxcnmantno onycrnmn
xarer nx ]aconxn 1,2 8 = 9,6 mm. Toi:

1
1 18 9 , 0 9 , 0 2
57 , 248 7 , 0
+

O
w
l cm = 7 cm;


94

1
1 18 9 , 0 9 , 0 2
57 , 248 3 , 0
+

d
w
l cm = 4 cm.

onxnna mna no nepy nnxnnnacx [3, 7] minimantno
onycrnmom.
Ananoriuno pospaxonymrt snapni mnn nx inmnx enemenrin
pemirxn, npore xoxnoro pasy neoxino sneprarn ynary na nnip
xarerin mnin, namaramunct maxcnmantno cxopornrn xintxicrt x
posmipin.
Hoxcni snapni mnn pospaxonymrt rintxn nx nysnin, e
npnmnxamrt posxocn, o came n nnx nysnax sminmcrtcx sycnnnx n
noxcax. V nysnax, e sminmcrtcx nepepis noxcin, xpinnennx xoxnoro
crepxnx pospaxonycrtcx na ninonine nnacne sycnnnx.

K9J%A +. Crepxent 2-16 mac N = 0, romy snapni mnn
npnsnauamrtcx xoncrpyxrnnno k
f
= 4 mm, 40
d
w
O
w
l l mm.
Crepxent 3-18 is sycnnnxm 305,43 xH. Fepemo xarer mna 9 mm. Toi:

1
1 18 9 . 0 9 . 0 2
43 . 305 7 . 0
+

O
w
l cm = 9 cm;

1
1 18 9 . 0 9 . 0 2
43 . 305 3 . 0
+

d
w
l cm = 5 cm;



95
Z+FA7V? 3.3
$%'%.U'+R :%'%'UPU. 57%'aQU. W%')O


Pospaxyn-
xona
onxnna, cm
Paiyc
inepni,
cm
Inyuxicrt
Posmipn mnin,
mm no
oymxy nepy
H
a
s
n
a

e
n
e
m
e
n
r
a

Crep-
xni
Pospa-
xynxone
sycnnnx,
xH
Hepepis
Hnoma,
cm
2

x ef
l
,

y ef
l
,
i
H
i
9

9 []

min

c
!,
MHa
R
y

c
,
MHa
0
f
k

0
w
l
n
f
k

n
w
l

B
e
p
x
n
i

n
o
x
c

2-16
3-18
4-19
5-21
6-22
7-24
0-
305,43
305,43
-490,63
-490,63
-562,13
2L125x12
2L125x12
2L125x12
2L125x12
2L125x12
2L125x12
57,8
57,8
57,8
57,8
57,8
57,8
280
300
300
300
300
300
580
600
600
600
600
600
3,82
3,82
3,82
3,82
3,82
3,82
5,48
5,48
5,48
5,48
5,48
5,48
73,3
77,5
77,5
77,5
77,5
77,5
105,8
109,5
109,5
109,5
109,5
109,5
150
150
150
133,2
133,2
126,6
0,505
0,478
0,478
0,478
0,478
0,478
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,95
0
110,5
110,5
177,6
177,6
203,5
228
228
228
228
228
228
4
9
4
4
4
4
40
90
110
100
50
50
4
9
4
4
4
4
40
50
60
50
40
40
H
n
x
n
i

n
o
x
c

15-17
15-20
15-23
+131,72
+375,40
+508,62
2L50x5
2L90x7
2L90x7
9, 6
24,56
24,56
580
600
600
580
600
600
1,53
2,77
2,77
2,45
4,06
4,06
392,2
216,6
216,6
236,8
147,8
147,8
400
400
400
-
-
-
0,95
0,95
0,95
137,2
152,3
207,1
228
228
228
4
9
4
90
100
80
4
6
4
50
70
40
P
o
s
x
o
c
n

16-17
17-18
19-20
20-21
22-23
23-24
-248,57
+201,47
-157,59
+116,97
-74,74
+32,49
2L125x12
2L56x5
2L90x6
2L56x5
2L90x6
2L56x5
57,8
10,82
21,2
10,82
21,2
10,82
421
435
348
435
348
435
421
435
435
435
435
435
3,82
1,72
2,78
1,72
2,78
1,72
5,48
2,61
3,97
2,61
3,97
2,61
110,3
253
125,2
253
125,2
253
76,9
166,7
109,2
166,7
109,2
166,7
150
400
150,6
400
180
400
0,478
-
0,39
-
0,39
-
0,95
0,95
0,8
0,95
0,8
0,95
90
186,2
190,6
108,1
90,4
30,0
228
228
192
228
192
228
9
4
4
4
4
4
70
110
90
70
50
40
9
4
4
4
4
4
40
50
50
40
40
40
C
r
o
x
x
n

1-16
18-19
21-22
24-25
-32,49
-32,49
-32,49
-32,49
2L56x5
2L56x5
2L56x5
2L56x5
10,82
10,82
10,82
10,82
252
252
252
252
315
315
315
315
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
2,61
2,61
2,61
2,61
146,5
146,5
146,5
146,5
120,7
120,7
120,7
120,7
177,6
177,6
177,6
177,6
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
103,5
103,5
103,5
103,5
192
192
192
192
4
4
4
4
40
40
40
40
4
4
4
4
40
40
40
40







9
5


96
K9J%A F. Pisnnnx sycnnt y noxcax cxnaac 490.63-305.43=185.2 xH,
npn k
f
= 4 mm: 1
1 18 4 . 0 9 . 0 2
2 . 185 7 . 0
+

O
w
l cm = 11,0 cm;

1
1 18 4 . 0 9 . 0 2
2 . 185 3 . 0
+

d
w
l cm = 6,0 cm.

Hpn k
f
= 9 mm, 60
O
w
l mm, 40
d
w
l mm, mo ne nnrino, o
nnoma mnin npn k
f
= 4 mm opinnmc 2110,4+260,4=13,6 cm
2
, a npn
k
f
= 9 mm opinnmc 260,9+240,9=18,0 cm
2
.

K9J%A *. N
7 24
N
6 22
= 562.13 490.63 = 71.5 xH.
Hpn k
f
= 4 mm, 50
O
w
l mm, 40
d
w
l mm.

K9J%A X. Kpinnennx crepxnx 15-17 pospaxonycrtcx na sycnnnx
131,72 xH, (k
f
= 4 mm, 90
O
w
l mm, 50
d
w
l mm), a crepxnx
15-20 na sycnnnx 375.4 xH, (
O
f
k = 9 mm, 100
O
w
l mm,
d
f
k = 6 mm,
70
d
w
l mm).

K9J%A ). Pisnnnx sycnnt n noxcax 508,62-375,40=133,22 xH
npn k
f
= 4 mm, 80
O
w
l mm, 40
d
w
l mm.

nx saesneuennx cymicno poorn nox xyrnxin y xoxnomy
crepxni neoxino nocrannrn npoxnaxn, posmipn xxnx
npnsnauamrtcx xoncrpyxrnnno. Tonmnna ncix npoxnaox opinnmc
ronmnni nysnonnx ]aconox, roro 8 mm. Vci npoxnaxn epemo
mnpnnom 50 mm nx roro, mo posmicrnrn snapni mnn minimantno
onxnnn. Bncora npoxnaox sanexnrt ni mnpnnn nonox xyrnxin,
a came: nx L125x12 150 mm, nx L100x7 130 mm, nx
L90x6 120 mm, nx L63x5 ra L56x5 90 mm.
Bicrani mix npoxnaxamn sanexart ni snaxa sycnnnx
n enemenri. nx crncnyrnx crepxnin maxcnmantna nicrant
cranonnrt
x
i 40 . nx nepxntoro noxca i onopnoro posxocy

97
40 3,82 = 152,8 cm, nx crncnyrnx posxocin 40 2,78 = 111,2 cm, nx
croxxin 40 1,72 = 68,8 cm. Bnxoxun s reomerpnunnx onxnn
nxasannx crepxnin, y xoxnomy enemenri noxca i n onopnnx posxocax
ocrarnto nocrannrn no ni npoxnaxn, a n pemri crncnyrnx
enemenrax pemirxn no rpn.
nx posrxrnyrnx enemenrin nicrant mix npoxnaxamn
mac ne nepennmynarn
x
i 80 . nx crepxnx 15-17
80 1,94 = 155,2 cm (neoxino nocrannrn rpn npoxnaxn), nx
crepxnin 15-20 i 15-23 80 3,08 = 246,4 cm (ocrarnto ni npox-
naxn), nx crepxnin 17-18, 20-21 i 23-24 80 1,72 = 137,6 cm (rpn
npoxnaxn).

3.3. $U`\U' :%'%'UP8 %4%)%Q7U. W%'), QR.RQ7Ra%QO^
:,PR.8P4,.O) QR.RQ7Ra%QQ*)

3anexnocri ni xoncrpyxrnnnoro pimennx noxpnrrx sonnimnc
nananraxennx moxe yrn npnxnaene nosa nysnin ]epmn, mo
nnxnnxac n enemenrax noxcin oxpim nosonxnix sycnnt me
srnnantni momenrn. Taxi nnnaxn xapaxrepni nx ]epm, noxcn xxnx
npoexrymrtcx s noranpin ao samxnennx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin,
npore moxnnni i inmi rnnn nepepisin.
d57$A+) 3.3.1. Hiiparn nepepis nepxntoro noxca npn i na
ntoro socepexenoro nananraxennx F = 20 kH, npnxnaenoro o
cepennn naneni ]epmn. Octone sycnnnx n noxci, mo nnsna-
uacrtcx pospaxynxom ]epmn, N = 500 kH. Pospaxynxoni
onxnnn 3
1 1

y ef x ef
l l m. Marepian xoncrpyxni crant C245,
R
y
= 240 MHa. Hpnmacmo nepepis s xnaparnoro samxnenoro npo-
]inm (nncora nepepisy opicnronno 100 mm). Koe]inicnr ymon poorn

1
= 1.
3rnnantnn momenr s ypaxynannxm nepospisnocri noxcin
opinnmc:

1350
4
300 20
9 . 0
4
9 . 0 M

l F
xH cm.

98
Honepento saacmo rnyuxicrt crepxnx = 60, roi norpinn
paiyc inepni 5
60
300

y x
i i cm, ymonna rnyuxicrt
052 . 2
10 05 . 2
240
60
5

E
R
y
.

3 ypaxynannxm nnxinnx annx nnsnauacmo:

- excnenrpncnrer
7 , 2
500
1350 M

N
e
cm;
- xpony nicrant 5
10
5 2
2 2
2
2

h
i
x
cm;
- ninocnn excnenrpncnrer . 54 , 0
5
7 , 2

e
m
x


Hpn 5 , 0 /
w f
A A (nx xnaparnoro nepepisy), 0<=2,052<5,
0,1 < m
x
= 0,54 < 5 no ran. 73 [3] nnsnauacmo xoe]inicnr ]opmn
nepepisy:

( ) ( ) m m 5 02 . 0 1 . 0 75 . 1
( ) ( ) 513 . 1 052 . 2 54 . 0 5 02 . 0 54 . 0 1 . 0 75 . 1 .

Toi 82 , 0 54 , 0 513 , 1
ef
m .
Hpn 052 , 2 i 82 , 0
ef
m no ran. 74 [3] nnsnauacmo xoe]i-
nicnr . 5 , 0
e
Horpina nnoma nepepisy 88 . 37
1 24 55 . 0
500

n
A cm
2
.

3a copramenrom [7] epemo xnaparnn npo]int 140x8:
\ = 39,6 cm
2
, /=5,27 cm, 157
14
2 1099 2

h
I
W
x
x
cm
3
.

Toi:
95 , 1
10 05 , 2
240
57 ; 57
27 . 5
300
5

y x
,
681 . 0
157
6 . 39
7 , 2
W
A
e m
x
;

99

. 536 , 0 ; 03 , 1 681 , 0 51 , 1
; 51 , 1 95 , 1 ) 681 , 0 5 ( 02 , 0 ) 681 , 0 1 , 0 75 , 1 (


e ef
m


Hepenipxcmo niipann nepepis na crixicrt y nnomnni ]epmn:

5 , 23
6 , 39 536 , 0
500

xH/cm
2
24
y
R xH/cm
2

nx nepenipxn crixocri crepxnx nosa nnomnnom ]epmn
nnsnaunmo xoe]inicnr 1 (n. 5.31 [3]). Hpn m
x
= 0,681 < 5 ra
8 , 91
240
10 05 , 2
14 , 3 14 , 3 57
5

<
y
c y
R
E
;

71 , 0
681 , 0 6 , 0 1
1
1

+

x
m
c .

Tyr: 1 ; 6 , 0 (ran. 10 [3]).

Koe]inicnr nosonxntoro srnny xx nx nenrpantno-crncnyroro
crepxnx npn 57 ra 240
y
R MHa opinnmc 815 , 0
y

(ran. 72 [3]).

8 , 21
6 , 39 815 , 0 71 , 0
500

A c
N
y
xH/cm
2
24
y
R xH/cm
2

raxnm unnom yci nepenipxn saonontnxmrtcx.

d57$A+) 3.3.2. Hiiparn nepepis nnxntoro noxca npn i na
ntoro socepexenoro nananraxennx F = 50 kH, npnxnaenoro na
nicrani 2.5 m ni nysna. Octone sycnnnx n noxci N = + 1000 xH.
Pospaxynxoni onxnnn 6
1 1

y ef x ef
l l mm. Crant C245. Fepemo
nepepis s mnpoxononnuxonoro noranpa. Koe]inicnr ymon poorn

1
= 0,95 (ran. 1.1). Opicnronno nncory noranpa saacmo 400 mm.

3rnnantnn momenr:
6563 250
600
350 50
9 , 0 M

xH cm.

100
Horpina nnoma nepepisy nnsnauacrtcx sa ]opmynom
( 563 , 6 / M N e cm):

69 , 59
40
563 , 6
2 , 2 1
95 , 0 24
1000
2 , 2 1

,
_

,
_

h
e
c y
R
N
n
A
cm
2


3a copramenrom [7] npnmacmo mnpoxononnuxonn noranp
40 FI: \=60,1 cm
2
; W
x
=799 cm
2
; i
H
=16,8 cm; i
9
=3,5 cm. Cninninomennx
68 , 0 /
w
A
f
A . nx nepenipxn minnocri crepxnx no ran. 66 [3]
nnsnauacmo 5 , 1 n ; 5 , 1 c .
Hepenipxa neertcx sa ]opmynom (49), naneeno n [3]:

1
M
min ,


+

,
_

c y xn x
x
n
c y n
R W c R A
N
.

Hicrannxcmo n nm ]opmyny snaeni snauennx:

0 , 1 957 , 0 3335 , 0 6234 , 0
95 , 0 24 799 08 , 1
6563
95 , 0 24 1 , 60
1000
3
< +

+
,
_

Minnicrt crepxnx saesneuena.

3.4. 8P4O PU P)UQ,e :%'%'UPU. :,*5U.

3mina nepepisin noxcin nepeauacrtcx n ]epmax, noxcn xxnx
sanpoexronani s napnnx xyrnxin, ranpin ao rpy. Koncrpyxrnnne
pimennx raxnx nysnin naneene ninonino na pnc. 2.4, 2.8 ra 2.12.
d57$A+) 3.4.1. 3axoncrpymnarn nyson nnxntoro noxca
]epmn s napnnx xyrnxin sa annmn. Hnxni noxc cxnaacrtcx
s nox rnnoposmipin 2L100x7 ( xH 305 . 502
1
N ) ra 2L63x5
( xH 181 , 271
2
N ). o nysna npnmnxamrt posxocn (2L90x6
ra 2L56x5) ra croxx (2L50x5), xarern ra onxnnn snapnnx mnin
xpinnennx xxnx naneeni n ran. 3.3. Ha pnc. 3.7. noxasane
posmimennx ncix enemenrin y nysni ra nnsnauennx posmipin ]aconxn
i npnnxsox ropnin crepxnin o nenrpa nysna.

101
Cni snepnyrn ynary na posmimennx ninoro (menmoro sa
nepepisom) enemenra noxca, pinent nnxnto nonepxni xxoro cninnaac
s pinnem intmoro xyrnxa. Taxe pimennx nnxnnxane spyunicrm
naxnaannx naxnaxn, xxa nepexpnnac sasop (50 mm) mix xyrnxamn.
V pesyntrari nnacna nict xyrnxa 63x5 smimena s oci nnxntoro noxca,
mo nnxnnxano neoxinicrt nepepaxynxy posmipin snapnnx mnin, sa
onomorom xxnx ne enemenr saxpinnmcrtcx na ]aconni. Ha oymox
npnxonrtcx cnna
( )
05 , 142
63
30 63
181 , 271

xH, a nepo xyrnxa

15 , 129
63
30
181 , 271
xH. Toi npn xareri mna 4 mm neoxini
onxnnn mnin opinnmmrt:

cm. 11 1 10
18 4 , 0 9 , 0 2
15 , 129
cm; 12 1 11
18 4 , 0 9 , 0 2
05 . 142
+

d
w
P
w
l
l


onxnna mnin xpinnennx xyrnxin 100x7 nnsnaunnact
xoncrpyxrnnno, nnxoxun s posmipin ]aconxn, 435 mm. Toi
neoxinn xarer mna no oymxy

25 , 0
18 5 , 43 9 , 0 2
305 , 502 7 . 0

f
k cm.

V ro xe uac neoxino npaxonynarn omexennx no onxnni
mna, xxe ne nepennmyc 85
f f
k [3]. Bnxoxun s nic ymonn xarer
mna mac yrn ne menme

7 , 5
9 , 0 85
435
85

f
w
f
l
k
cm.

Ocrarouno mm 6
f
k nx mnin, mo posmimymrtcx i no
oymxy, i no nepy.
Hpn nnsnauenni posmipin ]aconxn nci pospaxynxoni snauennx,
noxasani na pnc. 3.7, xparni 5. Cnouarxy nixnaamrtcx posmipn ncix

102
xyrnxin s npnnxsxom o oce ]epmn, norim nipaxonycrtcx
neoxina nicrant mix ropnem npano posxocy o xpomxn noxca
( 28 20 8 6 20 6
f
t a mm = 30 mm), nanocxrtcx onxnnn
pospaxynxonnx mnin i, nnxopncronymun niomi (reopema Hi]aropa)
sanexnocri mix xareramn i rinorenysamn npxmoxyrnnx rpnxyrnnxin,
nnsnauacrtcx pemra posmipin. Hpn ntomy norpino nicnixonynarn,
mo nncora ]aconxn n pospaxynxonomy nepepisi + + nepennmynana
126 63 2 2 b mm.

140
1
4
0
120
1
5
3
0
3
3
1
7
2
0
220 370
220 220
200 50
1
9
2
2
0
1
35
1
0
0
1
8
0
4
0
4
0
8
0
85 100
2
0
3
0
7
0
3
0
6
3
6
7
5
0
2
3
0
140
20 30
2
0
3
6
3
0
6
0
3
6
1
5
6
6
0
1
4
1


Pnc. 3.7. Bnsnauennx posmipin ]aconxn i npnnxsox posxocin
o nenrpa nysna

Cymapna nnoma norpinnx naxnaox sa ]opmynom (2.5):

48 , 3 8 , 0 3 , 6 2
1 24
181 , 271 2 , 1 n
A
cm
2
.

Fepemo 2 naxnaxn (nn. pnc. 2.4) sanmnpmxn (n micni nepe-
pisa) 40 mm. Toi ronmnna xoxno naxnaxn 435 , 0
4 2
48 , 3

cm.
Hpnmacmo ronmnny 6 mm.

103
onxnna naxnaxn sanexnrt ni onxnnn snapnnx mnin
(x uornpn), xarer xxnx 4 mm. Fepemo xoe]inicnr 1.2, xxn npaxonyc
excnenrpnunicrt posmimennx naxnaxn ninocno oci enemenra,
i oepxycmo:

14 1
18 4 , 0 9 , 0 4
181 , 271 2 , 1
+

w
l cm.

Taxnm unnom, onxnna xoxno s uornptox naxnaox 140 + 50
(sasop mix enemenramn noxca) + 140 = 330 mm.

d57$A+) 3.4.2. Pospaxynarn ananoriunn nyson nepxntoro
noxca ]epmn s noxcamn s ranpin (nn. pnc. 2.8, *). 3ycnnnx n naneni s
menmnm nepepisom (s ranpa 15BT1, nncorom 145 mm i ronmnnom
crinxn 7,5 mm) opinnmc 300 xH. V naneni s intmnm sycnnnxm noxc
sanpoexronann s ranpa 20BT1 (nncora 194 mm, ronmnna crinxn
9,5 mm). Crant C245, R
y
= 24 xH/cm
2
,
c
= 1.
T-noina ncranxa mix noma ranpamn cxnaacrtcx s
neprnxantnoro enemenra, xxn npnnapmcrtcx o crinox cymixnnx
ranpin s nonnnm nponapom, mo ne norpeyc pospaxynxy ntoro
scnannx [3], i ropnsonrantno naxnaxn no nonnnxm ranpin, xxa
npnnapmcrtcx xyronnmn mnamn ( 18
wf
R xH/cm
2
, 9 . 0
f
).
Beprnxantnn enemenr ronmnnom 7 mm (no ronmnni crinxn
menmoro ranpa) mac sminny nncory ni 145 o 194 mm. Bepxni
xpa oro posmimycrtcx ropnsonrantno na pinni nonox ranpin, a
nnxni mac yxnn 1:5 [1]. Taxnm unnom, oro onxnna, roro
nicrant mix ranpamn, nonnnna opinnmnarn ne menme
5 (194 145) = 245 mm. Pospaxynxona nnoma neprnxantnoro
enemenra epertcx no namenmi oro nncori 15 , 10 7 , 0 5 , 14 cm
2
.
Hnoma ropnsonrantno naxnaxn nnsnauacrtcx:

35 , 2 15 , 10
24
300
n
A
cm
2
.

Koncrpyxrnnno epemo mnpnny naxnaxn 100 mm, ronmnny
6 mm (nnoma naxnaxn 6 cm
2
> 2,35 cm
2
).

104
onxnna snapnnx mnin (x na), mo npnxpinnmmrt naxnaxy
nnsnauacrtcx sa necyuom sarnicrm: 144 6 24 A R N
y
xH.
12 1
18 4 , 0 9 , 0 2
144
+

w
l cm;

onxnna naxnaxn 485 245 120 2 + mm.

3.5. 8P4O W%') P bQ87,P.R'QO^ :',WU4U.

Hepnnnnn pospaxynox ]epm s rnyrosnapnnx enemenrin
nnxonymrt nnxoxun s nepeymonn, mo nci nysnn mapnipni nicnx
niopy nepepisin enemenrin (npn i nenrpantno npnxnaenoro
nosonxntoro sycnnnx) i xoncrpymnannx nysnin, nonropnn
pospaxynox norpinn n pasi noxnn posnenrpynannx oce y nysnax,
o srino s pexomenanixmn [4] momenrn ni xopcrxocri nysnin
onycxacrtcx ne npaxonynarn.
Pospaxynox nysnin nepeauac naxnnicrt y xoxnomy enemenri,
mo npnmnxac o noxcin, srnnantnoro momenry n nepepisi, xxn
cninnaac s pinnem npnmnxannx o nonxn noxca. Hpn nicyrnocri
raxoro momenry nx pospaxynxy nnxopncronymrtcx ri x ]opmynn,
ane - = 0.

d57$A+) 3.5.1. Hiiparn nepepisn enemenrin y nysni nepxntoro
noxca ]epmn (pnc. 3.8, +) sa raxnmn annmn:

- reomerpnuni onxnnn (nicrani mix nenrpamn nysnin):
noxca 3000 mm; posxocin 3605 mm; nncora ]epmn 2000 mm;

- nosonxni sycnnnx n enemenrax: N
1
= 200 xH; N
2
= 250 xH;
N
c
= 124 xH (crncnyrn posxic); N
p
= 62 xH (posrxrnyrn posxic);

- na nepxni noxc onnpacrtcx nporin is rnyroro npo]inm,
nonxa xxoro mac mnpnny z = 48 mm. Peaxnix nporony F = 35 xH;

- crant C-245, R
y
= 24 xH/cm
2
; pospaxynxonn onip xyronnx
mnin ymonnoro spisy no merany mna R
wf
= 18 xH/cm
2
;
f
= 1.1 [3].

105
Honepento npnsnauacmo nx noxcin = 80, = 0,686. Toi
norpini nnoma nepepisy i paiyc inepni opinnmmrt:

\ = 18 , 15
24 686 , 0
250

cm
2
; i
y
=

y ef
l
,
=
80
300
= 3,75 cm.

Fepemo [7] xnaparnn npo]int 100 x 5, nx xxoro \ = 17,9 cm
2
;
i
x
=i
y
= 3,81 cm i nepenipxcmo oro npn ]axrnunnx snauennxx
rnyuxocri i xoe]inicnra nosonxntoro srnny:
7 , 78
81 , 3
300
; = 0,693;

15 , 20
9 , 17 693 , 0
250

xH/cm
2

<
R
y
1
= 24 xH/ cm
2
.

nx crncnyroro posxocy pospaxynxona onxnna:
l
ef, x
= l
ef, y
= 0,9 360,5 = 324,45 cm. Hpn = 120, = 0,419 norpini
reomerpnuni xapaxrepncrnxn nepepisy:

\ =
24 419 . 0
124

= 12,33 cm
2
; /
H
= i
y
= 7 , 2
120
45 , 324
cm.

Hpnsnauacmo xnaparnn npo]int 80 x 4 (npn emo menmi
nnomi nepepisy (11.5 cm
2
) y nopinnxnni s norpinnm snauennxm ne
npo]int mac intmn paiyc inepni /
H
= 3,05 cm). Toi

; 4 , 106
05 , 3
45 , 324
505 , 0 ;

35 , 21
5 , 11 505 , 0
124

xH/cm
2

<
R
y
1
= 24 xH/ cm
2
.

Hepenipxcmo xoncrpyxrnnni nnmorn (nn. n. 1.8):
d = D 6 , 0 80 > = 60 mm;
d = 80 ( ) 82 4 5 2 100 ) ( 2 + + >
d
t t D mm.

nx posrxrnyroro posxocy norpina nnoma nepepisy:
\ = 6 , 2
24
62
cm
2
.
Fepemo nepepis posxocy sa xoncrpyxrnnnnmn nnmoramn
s xnaparnoro npo]inm 60 x 4.

106
d57$A+) 3.5.2. 3axoncrpymnarn nyson npnmnxannx nox
posxocin o nepxntoro noxca ]epmn (pnc.3.8). Hepepisn enemenrin
nistmemo sa annmn npnxnay 3.5.1.
nx crncnyroro posxocy s " 80x4 onxnna inxnxn
nini nepernny s noxcom y nanpxmxy oci noxca
b
c
=d/sinu=80/0,555=144 mm, a nx posrxrnyroro b
p
=60/0,555=108 mm.
Taxnm unnom nicrant mix cymixnnmn posxocamn cxnaac 21=24 mm
i posnenrpynannx nysna ne norpine, roro M = 0.

1-1
1
1
D
=
1
0
0
d
=
8
0
t

=
4
b
Nc
N1
t
=
5
N2 z=48
Np
F
75 75
b =144 c
p
2c=24
t
b
=
4 d
=
6
0
0.5F 0.5F
d f f
r
b =108

Pnc.3.8. Fes]aconxonn nyson s noma posxocamn

Hepenipxcmo micneny crixicrt crinox noxca npn i
socepexenoro nananraxennx F = 35 xH. Konn ne cninnaamrt
nnomnnn i nananraxennx s nnomnnom crinxn (onnpannx es
npoxnaxn) nepenipxy neyrt sa ]opmynamn [4]:

F = 35 xH 5
2
2
2 3
# ) 5 09 , 0 23 3050 ( 10
t
h
t
h z
t
z
R t
c y

+

;

,
_

,
_

230
22 , 0 22 , 1 06 , 0 06 , 1 #
2
y
R
t
r
,

e R
y
= 240 MHa pospaxynxonn onip crani; t = 5 mm ronmnna
crinxn npo]inm nepxntoro noxca; r = 10 mm nnyrpimni paiyc

107
saxpyrnennx, xxn nx ncix xnaparnnx rnyrosnapnnx npo]inin
opinnmc 2t; hg = D 2t 2r = 70 mm nncora crinxn npo]inm;
z = 48 mm ymonna onxnna posnoiny socepexenoro nananra-
xennx.
Hicrannxcmo anni i oepxnmo:

93 . 0
230
240
22 . 0 22 . 1
5
10
06 . 0 06 . 1 #
2

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ <

5 . 0
7
5
5 . 0
7 8 . 4
09 . 0
5 . 0
8 . 4
23 3050 24 5 . 0 10 5 35
2
2
2 3

94 . 86 93 , 0 xH.

Vmona saesneuennx micneno crixocri crinxn noxca
saonontnxcrtcx.
Hepenipxa na npoannmnannx (nnpnnannx) inxnxn crinxn
noxca n micni xonraxry s posxocamn nnxonycrtcx sa ]opmynom (2.10)
npn - = 0,
1
= 1,
d
= 1,
D
= 1, (romy mo N / AR
y
= 124/11,524=
0,45
<
0.5), 1 =12 mm, b= 144 mm, f =(D-d)/2 = ( ) 10 /2 80 100 mm,
sin =0,555:

N
c
= 124 xH <
( )
( )
49 , 394
555 , 0 1 4 , 14 / 2 , 1 8 , 1 4 , 0
1 10 2 2 , 1 4 , 14 5 , 0 24 1 1 1
2

+
+ +
xH.

nx posrxrnyroro posxocy npn M=0,
1
= 1,

d
1,2,
D
= 1,
c = 12 mm, b = 108 mm, f = (100 60) / 2 = 20 mm, sin = 0,555:

N
p
= 62 xH <
( )
( )

+
+ +
555 , 0 2 8 , 10 / 2 , 1 8 , 1 4 , 0
2 10 2 2 , 1 8 , 10 5 , 0 24 1 2 , 1 1
2
178,05 xH.

Hecyuy sarnicrt crinxn noxca n nnomnni nysna n micni
npnmnxannx crncnyroro posxocy npn 85 0 8 0 100 80 , , / d/D <
nepenipxrn sa ]opmynom (2.12) nemac neoxinocri [4].
Hecyua sarnicrt posxocin y soni npnmnxannx rax camo ne
nepenipxcrtcx, romy mo xyr naxnny x o oci noxca cxnaac <40.
Te x came moxna cxasarn npo snapni mnn [4].

108
d57$A+) 3.5.3. Posrnxnemo me onn nyson nepxntoro noxca
]epmn, n xxomy samicrt crncnyroro posxocy npncyrnx crncnyra
crixa. Taxn nyson ninocnrtcx o Knoinnx [4] i romy oro
pospaxynox nnxonycrtcx sa ]opmynamn (2.10) (2.14), xxi ynn
uacrxono nnxopncrani n npnxnai 3.5.2. Bnxini ani: noxc
sanpoexronann s rnyroro npo]inm 100x5 (N
1
= 200 xH, N
2
=250 xH),
croxx (N
c
= 50 xH) i posrxrnyrn posxic (N
p
= 70 xH) s npo]inm
60x4. Kyr naxnny enemenrin pemirxn
o
90
1
,
o
45
2
. Bncora
]epmn 2500 mm, onxnna xoxno naneni noxcin raxox 2500 mm,
a onxnna posxocin 3535 mm. Vci posmipn ani mix nenrpamn nysnin.
Hpn xoncrpymnanni nysna (pnc. 3.9, +) nnxnnnocx, mo nx
saesneuennx neoxinoro sasopy 21 = 20 mm mix croxxamn
i posxocom neoxino posnenrpynarn nyson, nnacniox
uoro nnnnxac neoxinicrt posnenrpynannx nysna na
excnenrpncnrer e = 42,5 mm. Taxnm unnom, nysnonn momenr cxnaac
N
e
=( ) 5 , 212 25 , 4 200 250 xH cm. Mix enemenramn, mo
npnmnxamrt o nysna, nysnonn momenr posnoinxcrtcx
nponopnino x nininnm xopcrxocrxm.

a a
1
2
d=80
D
=
1
0
0
t
=
5
N2 N1
p b =85
2c=20
30
4
Np
d
=
b
f
=
6
0
Nc
d=bf=60
D
=
1
0
0
e
=
4
2
.
5

Pnc. 3.9. K-noinn (+) ra T-noinn (F) nysnn

Hinina xopcrxicrt noxca npn R
H
=219 cm
4
opinnmc
E E l EI n
D
876 , 0 250 / 219 / . nx croxxa n
c
= 0,254E, nx
posxocy n
p
=0,18E. Cyma nininnx xopcrxocre ycix crepxnin nysna

109
E E E E n 186 , 2 18 , 0 254 , 0 876 , 0 2 + + . Momenr y croxxy
M
c
=

E
E
n
n
186 , 2
254 , 0 5 , 212 M
c
24,7 xHcm, y posxoci M
p
=17,5 xHcm.

Hepenipxcmo inxnxy crinxn noxca na npoannmnannx sa
]opmynom (2.10) npn M = 24,7 xHcm, d = 60 mm,
1
=1,
d
=1,
D
=1, 1 =10 mm, b=d=60 mm, f =(100-60)/2 = 20 mm, sin90=1.

d
M 5 , 1
N+ =50
( )
( )

+
+ +
<

+
1 2 6 / 1 8 , 1 4 , 0
2 10 2 1 6 5 , 0 24 1 1 1
175 , 56
6
7 , 24 5 , 1
2

= 66,62 xH.

Hecyua sarnicrt crinxn na nnpnnannx n soni npnmnxannx
posrxrnyroro posxocy npn
1
=1,
d
=1,2,
D
=1, 1=10 mm, b=85 mm,
f=20 mm, sin 45 = 0,707 nepenipxcrtcx sa ricm x ]opmynom:

4 , 74
6
5 , 17 5 , 1
70
M 5 , 1

+ +
d
N xH <

( )
( )
7 , 131
707 , 0 2 5 , 8 / 1 8 , 1 4 , 0
2 10 2 1 5 , 8 5 , 0 24 1 2 , 1 1
2

+
+ +
< xH.

Hecyua sarnicrt croxxa sa ]opmynom (2.13) nepenipxcrtcx npn
1
=1,
d
=1,2,
D
A =9,6 cm
2
, D=100 mm, t=5 mm. Koe]inicnr k
sanexnrt ni cninninomennx d/t
d
= 6/0,4=15 i srino annm rpa]ixa
na pnc. 2.14 opinnmc onnnni. Orxe

06 , 52
6
7 , 24 5 , 0
50
M 5 , 0

+ +
d
N xH 85 , 182
/0,5 10 013 , 0 1
6 , 9 24 1 1 1

+

< xH.

Taxa x nepenipxa nx posrxrnyroro posxocy nnxonycrtcx npn
rnx camnx annx s
d
=1,2.

5 , 71
6
5 , 17 5 , 0
70

+ xH 4 , 219
5 0 / 10 013 , 0 1
6 , 9 24 1 2 , 1 1

+

<
,
xH

110
3napni mnn nepenipxmrt sa ]opmynom (2.14). nx croxxa npn
k
f
= 4 mm:

50+
( )
( )
180 24 , 50
6 1 6 2 4 , 0 1 , 1
5 0 10 01 0 75 0
6
7 , 24 5 , 0
<
+
+

wf wf 1
R
/
, / , ,
MHa.

Taxnm xe unnom nepenipxmrtcx mnn xpinnennx posxocy.
Vci nepenipxn saonintneni, mo osnauac, mo nyson
sanpoexronano npannntno.
d57$A+) 3.5.4. 3anpoexrynarn T-noinn nyson, n xxomy o
noxca npnmnxac rintxn croxx (pnc. 3.9, F). Hoxc sanpoexronann
s " 100x5 (N

= 250 xH), a croxx s " 80x4 (N
c
= 70 xH). 3rino
s [4] pospaxynox raxnx nysnin nnxonycrtcx emo inaxme.
Hecyua sarnicrt noxca na npoannmnannx nepenipxcrtcx sa
]opmynom:
( )

+
+
sin
2 2
M 7 , 1
2
f
Df b t R
d
N
y D d 1
,

e
1
=1,
d
=1, 92 . 0 24 9 . 17 / 250 5 . 1 / 5 . 1
y D
R A F
(romy mo 5 . 0 58 . 0 24 9 . 17 / 250 / >
y
R A F ); R
y
= 24 xH/cm
2
;
t =0,5 cm; b=d=8 cm; D = 10 cm, f = (D d) 0,5 = (10 8)0,5=1 cm;
sin u = 1. Bistmemo M = 0, roi:

( )
xH 70 xH 51 , 93
1 1
1 10 2 2 8 5 , 0 24 92 , 0 1 1
2
>

+

Hecyua sarnicrt croxxa (nnoma nepepisy A
d
= 11,5 cm
2
,
xoe]inicnr k=1 npn d/t = 80/4=20, sin u =1) nepenipxcrtcx rax [4]:

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

sin 1 , 0
5
3 01 , 0 1
k
t
D
t
d
D
d
A R
d
d y d 1


70
M 5 , 0
96 , 126
1
5 , 0
10
4 , 0
8
1 , 0
10
8 5
3 01 , 0 1
5 , 11 24 1 92 , 0 1
+ >

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

d
N
xH.

111
Hepenipxa snapnnx mnin (k
f
= 4,
f
= 1):

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+
b f f
d
d k
t
D
t
d
D
d
d
N
4
sin 1 , 0 5 3 01 , 0 1
M 5 , 0


<

1
]
1

,
_

+ +

wf wf c
R 94 , 10
8 4 , 0 1 4
1
5 , 0
10
4 , 0
8
1 , 0
10
8
5 3 01 , 0 1
70


= 180 MHa = 18 xH/cm
2


Vci nnmorn saonintneni.

3.6. 8P4O 7'8\TR57O^ W%')

x nimiueno n n. 2.5, rpyuacri ]epmn nnroronnxmrt s pisnnmn
xoncrpyxrnnnnmn pimennxmn nysnin (nn. pnc. 2.11, 2.12). Tomy
omexnmoct posrnxannxm rintxn rnx nysnin, n xxnx enemenrn
pemirxn npnmnxamrt nnpnryn o noxcin i mamrt ninonini ]irypni
spisn ropnin. Hpn ntomy posxocn mix coom ne nepernnamrtcx i mix
x xpomxamn sepiracrtcx sasop ne menme nix 20 mm.
Hpn npoexrynanni rpyuacrnx ]epm neoxino oepxynarnct
pexomenani [4] moo nnopy posmipin nonepeunnx nepepisin
enemenrin:

- ronmnna crinox rpy, mo sacroconymrtcx nx noxcin onopnnx
posxocin, mac yrn ne menme nix 3 mm, a nx pemrn enemenrin ne
menma nix 2,5 mm;
- ronxocrinnicrt, roro cninninomennx iamerpa rpyn o
ronmnnn crinxn, enemenrin ]epm pexomenycrtcx npnmarn ne
intme snauent, naneennx n ran. 3.1 [4]. Kpim roro, ronmnna crinox
npnmnxamunx enemenrin ne mac nepennmynarn ronmnny crinxn
noxcin;
- iamerpn rpy pemirox pexomenycrtcx parn ne menme nix
0,3 iamerpa noxcin i ne intme nnx iamerpin.

112
Z+FA7V? 3.1

[R4%aQU57Z 7,Q+,57UQQ,57U 7'8\ .U` b'RQOcU 7%+8T,57U 57R4U

Tonxocrinnicrt
npnmnxamunx enemenrin
Ipannnx
rexyuocri crani
R
yn
, MHa
noxcin
crncnyrnx posrxrnyrnx

295 30 90 90
295
3
390 35 80 90
390 > 40 70 90

xmo ronxocrinnicrt rpy nx crncnyrnx npnmnxamunx
enemenrin ninoniac nnmoram ran. 3.1, ro nepenipxa micneno
crixocri crinox ne norpina.
nx rpyuacrnx enemenrin ]epm norpino sacroconynarn
nepenaxno enexrposnapni rpyn sa IOCT 10704-76
*
[7]. Bpaxonymun
e]exrnnnicrt rpyuacrnx nepepisin, mo osnonxc panionantno
nnxopncronynarn nnacrnnocri marepiany (nn. H. 1.5), xx y crncnyrnx
(npn rnyuxocri ne intme nix 60), rax i n posrxrnyrnx enemenrax
onintno sacroconynarn crant is xpamom rexyuicrm (440 MHa)
i intme.
Pospaxynxoni onxnnn enemenrin rpyuacrnx ]epm s
es]aconxonnmn nysnamn epyrt sa annmn ran. 3.2.

Z+FA7V? 3.2

@,P'R^8Q+,.R `,.aOQR %4%)%Q7U. 7'8\TR57O^ W%')

Pospaxynxona onxnna
pemrn enemenrin pemirxn
si cnnmmennxm xinnin
Hanpxm
nosonxntoro
srnny
noxcin,
onopnnx
posxocin i
croxxin
es
cnnmmennx
xinnin
onoro ao nox
y pisnnx
nnomnnax
nox
n oni
nnomnni
l 0.85 l 0.9 l 0.95 l
V nnomnni
]epmn
l
1
0.85 l
1
0.9 l
1
0.95 l
1


113
nx noxcin ra onopnnx posxocin ao croxxin pospaxynxoni
onxnnn epyrt raxnmn, mo opinnmmrt nicrani mix nenrpamn
nysnin ]epmn (n nnomnni) ra mix nysnamn, saxpinnennmn ni
smimennx nosa nnomnnom. nx pemrn enemenrin pemirxn
pospaxynxona onxnna opinnmc 0,85 ninoninnx nicrane.
Hpnmnxamun o noxcin nnpnryn enemenrn pemirxn moxyrt
marn pisny opoxy oxpaox ropnin, mo nosnauacrtcx na
nnsnauenni rnny snapnoro scnannx ra na oro pospaxynxy. Hpn
]irypnomy pisanni rpy nepepis oxpaxn moxna sannmarn es cxocin
(pnc. 3.10, F), si cxocom, s nocrinnm ao sminnnm no onxnni xona
xyrom (pnc. 3.10, *) un oponxrn ]pesom (pnc. 3.10, X),
ocxramun npn ntomy ninoninocri xyrin spisy oxpaox ropnin
naxnny nonepxni rpyn o xxo enemenr npnnxrac.

- npn pisanni xinnx rpyn pemirxn es cxocin oxpaox
inxnxn mna, nx xxnx xyr posxpnrrx mna cxnaac menme nix 30
ra intme nix 60;
- npn pisanni xinnx rpyn si cxocom oxpaox ni nocrinnm
ao sminnnm xyrom inxnxn mna, nx xxnx xyr cxnaac menme
nix 15 ra intme nix 60;
- npn pisanni xinnx rpyn pemirxn ]pesom;
- ncm onxnny mna.

Pemra inxnox mna posrnxamrtcx xx crnxoni.
Kyr nnsnauacrtcx sa ]opmynom [4]:

,
_

+
D
d
D
d
d in
d d
in
sin
1 cos u cos sin arcsin $
2
,

e D iamerp noxca; d
in
= d 2 t
d
nnyrpimni iamerp rpyn
posxoca, mo npnmnxac o noxca;
d
xyrona xoopnnara /-o rouxn
npnmnxamuo rpyn, xxa nipaxonycrtcx ni nocxono rnipno
(ni A na pnc. 3.10, +).



114
Kyronnmn mnamn nnaxamrtcx mnn:



Pnc. 3.10. Cxemn nepepisin snapnoro mna y nysni scnannx
nox rpy:
+ cxema nysna (A nocnx; B opr; C nxrxa); F nepepis mna
es cxocy oxpaox ropnx rpyn; * re x, si cxocom ni nocrinnm
ao sminnnm xyrom %; X re x, ]pesom

onxnny snapnnx mnin spyunime nnsnauarn sa rpa]ixamn [4],
naneennmn na pnc. 3.11. Hpn ntomy mon posnoinxcrtcx na ni
ocnonni uacrnnn nxrouny onxnny l
wh
i nocxony l
wt
, mo
ninocnrtcx o xoxno nononnnn nepepisy npnmnxamuo rpyn s
oxy ninonino ra onoro xyra nepernny s nonepxnem noxca.. Honni
onxnnn nxrxono ra nocxono uacrnn sanexart ni xyra naxnny
posxoca o noxca (nx croxxin
o
90 ) i cninninomennx
nnyrpimntoro iamerpa rpyn posxoca d
in
o iamerpa noxcno rpyn
D (pnc. 3.11, +). xmo opoxy oxpaox ropnx posxoca nnxonano
]pesom, ro nci mnn posrnxamrtcx xx xyroni onxnnom l
wfh
= l
wh
ra
l
wft
= l
wt
. Hpn oponi ropnin inmnmn cnocoamn nnacniox sminn
xyra no nepnmerpy rpyn posxoca oxpemi inxnxn mnin
nnaxamrtcx crnxonnmn (x onxnnn l
w+h
ra

l
wat
), a inmi xyronnmn.
nx xyronnx mnin y sarantni onxnni cxnaamrt l
wfh
/l
wh
ra l
wft
/l
wt

i nnsnauamrt sa rpa]ixamn na pnc. 3.11, F, *. Toi onxnnn inxnox
crnxonnx mnin opinnmmrt l
wah
= l
wh
l
wfh
ra l
wat
= l
wt
l
wft
.
d
t
d
A
B
C
lwh
wt l
a

!
%

+
F

X *

115
Bysnn, n xxnx o noxca s ronxocrinnicrm 60 / 20 t D ,
npnmnxamrt na (crncnyrn ra posrxrnyrn) enemenrn pemirxn npn
d
o
& 0,2D, nepenipxmrt na minnicrt npn micnenomy srnni
(npornnanni) crinxn noxca [4]:

( ) ( ) S N b N b
D

'
u sin
'
u sin
p
p
p p
c
c
c c
+ + ; (3.1)

S N 2
'
u sin
c(p)
c(p)
c(p)
, (3.2)



Pnc. 3.11. Ipa]ixn nx nnsnauennx posmipin snapnnx mnin:
+ nonno onxnnn nxrouno l
wh
i nocxono l
wt
inxnox
mnin y scnanni nox rpy; F xoe]inicnrin l
wfh
/l
wh
ra
l
wft
/l
wt
npn pisanni rpy es cxocin oxpaox;
* re x, si cxocom oxpaox
F
*
a

116

( )
c
2
/ 02 , 0 1 13
y
R t t D S + , (3.3)

e N
c
, N
p
pospaxynxoni sycnnnx ninonino n crncnyromy i
posrxrnyromy npnmnxamunx enemenrax s nnacnnmn snaxamn
(minyc npn crncxy, nnmc npn posrxsi);
c
u i
p
u xyrn naxnny
ninonino crncnyroro ra posrxrnyroro enemenra ninocno oci noxca;
S xapaxrepncrnxa necyuo sarnocri noxca;
c
xoe]inicnr ymon
poorn, xxn opinnmc 0,9 nx crane s R
y
& 375 MHa i 1,0 y pemri
nnnaxin.
Koe]inicnr nnnnny nosonxnto cnnn n noxci
d
npn posrxsi n
noxcax (nx nysnin nnxntoro noxca) opinnmc 1,0, a npn crncxy
(nx nysnin nepxntoro noxca):
2
c
5 , 0 1

,
_

y
d
AR
N
, (3.4)

e N
c
naintme snauennx nosonxnto cnnn n noxci ni nocxa o
nxrxn crncnyroro posxoca; \ nnoma nepepisy noxca.

Koe]inicnrn
c
b ra
p
b npaxonymrt nnnnn posmimennx
cymixnoro enemenra ninocno roro, mo posrnxacrtcx. xmo onna
enemenra posmimeni n oni nnomnni ra no onn ix noxca, ro:

t D
t D
b b
/ 04 , 0 1
) / 02 , 0 1 ( 3 , 1
1
p c
+
+
, (3.5)

Hpn 0 < 2c < D (21 nicrant nsonx oci noxca mix snapnnmn
mnamn, mo npnxpinnxmrt enemenrn pemirxn o noxca):

4
2
1 4 , 0 1

,
_

D
1
, (3.6)

3nauennx xoe]inicnrin '
c
ra '
p
sanexnrt ni mnpnnn oxnary
noxca ninonino crncnyrnm ra posrxrnyrnm enemenrom mix
oxpaxamn snapnoro mna:
c
= d
c
/ D,
p
= d
p
/ D npn
c(p)
( 0,7
'
c(p)
= 1,05 b
c(p)
, npn
c(p)
> 0,7 '
c(p)
= 1,05
c(p)
(1 + 0,15
c(p)
).

117
nx nysnin s onnm npnmnxamunm enemenrom (xx npannno, ne
crncnyrn croxx) ananoriuna nepenipxa nnxonycrtcx sa ]opmynom [4]:

c c c
c
c
sin
M 7 , 1
1

+
l N
, (3.7)

e M
c
srnnantnn momenr ni ocnonnoro nnnnny (nosanenrpone
nananraxennx ]epmn ao posnenrpynannx nysnin y nepepisi croxxa,
mo npoxonrt uepes rouxy nepernny oro oci s rnipnom noxca n
nnomnni ]epmn; l
c
= d
c
/ sin u
c
onxnna inxnxn npnmnxannx (ni
nocxa o nxrxn).
Be ona nepenipxa cnpxmonana na saesneuennx minnocri
xoxnoro enemenra pemirxn n nepepisi, mo npoxonrt nons nxrxy.

yd d
d
i i i
R
A
t d N
i

+ ) / 1 (
, (3.8)

e N
i
ninonino N
c
ao N
p
; A
di
= A
c
ao

A
p
; R
yd
pospaxynxonn
onip crani enemenra pemirxn; xoe]inicnr, snauennx xxoro epyrt
sanexno ni ), nnsnauamrt sa ]opmynom (3.6). xmo ) ( 0,85
= 0,008, npn * > 0,85 = 0,015. Koe]inicnr
d
= 0,8 rintxn
y nnnaxax, xonn n enemenri ic sycnnnx posrxry. V pemri nnnaxin

d
= 1,0.
Minnicrt snapnnx scnant, xpinnennx enemenrin pemirxn
nnpnryn o rpy noxcin nepenipxcrtcx na im pospaxynxonnx sycnnt
y nnx enemenrax N
i
(N
c
ao N
p
) sa ]opmynom:

); ( 85 , 0
wt wh i
S S N +

. 2 ; 2
wt i wh i
S N S N (3.9)

Hecyua sarnicrt ninonino nxrouno ra nocxono uacrnnn
snapnoro mna opinnmc:
; ) (
c wd wfh f wc wy wah d wh
R l k R l t S + (3.10)


c wd wft f wc wy wat d wt
R l k R l t S + ) (

e R
wy
pospaxynxonn onip crnxonoro scnannx [3]; R
wd
menme
s nox snauent 0,7 R
wf
ao R
wz
; R
wf
ra R
wz
pospaxynxoni onopn

118
xyronoro mna ymonnoro spisy ninonino no merany mna i merany
mexi cnnannennx; t
d
ronmnna crinxn rpyn, mo npnnapmcrtcx o
noxca; t
f
xarer xyronoro mna, mo, xx npannno, opinnmc t
d
;
i
wc
= 085 xoe]inicnr ymon poorn snapnoro scnannx nnpnryn.

d57$A+) 3.6.1. Pospaxynarn nyson nepxntoro noxca ]epmn, o
xxoro npnmnxamrt na posxocn (pnc. 3.12, +). Hoxcna rpya
sanpoexronana s enexrposnapno rpyn 168x4,5 (\ = 23,1 cm
2
;
N
1
= 200 xH; N
2
= 630 xH), crncnyrn posxic 3 rp.127x3,5
(\
c
= 11,7 cm
2
; N
c
= 270 xH), posrxrnyrn posxic 3 rp.89x3,5
(\
p
= 9,1 cm
2
, N
p
= 170 xH).

Pnc. 3.12. o pospaxynxy nysnin rpyuacrnx ]epm nepxntoro noxca:
+ nyson s noma posxocamn; F re x, s posxocom
i croxxom; * re x, s onnm croxxom

"
! a
=30
P
C
C P
1 - 1 t
=
4
.
5
1
1
N1
N0
d =89
c c
d =89
D
=
1
6
8
=90
p
d

=
8
9
178
2c=20
d =89 c
N1
153.5
N2 N1
t
=
4
.
5
D
=
1
6
8
N0
p
d

=
8
9
3
.
5
t
=
4
.
5
D
=
1
6
8
Np
Nc
c
d

=
1
2
7
3
.
5
126
2c=20
180
173
N2 N1
N1

+ F
*

119
Marepian rpy C375 (R
y
= 36,5 xH/cm
2
). uirypnn spis
sponenn si cxocamn oxpaox rpy. Pospaxynxonn onip crnxonnx
snapnnx mnin R
wy
= R
y
= 36,5 xH/cm
2
, pospaxynxoni onopn xyronoro
mna no merany mna R
wf
= 21,5 xH/cm
2
, no merany mexi cnnannennx
R
wz
= 22 xH/cm
2
. Koe]inicnr ymon poorn enemenrin
c
= 1.
Hpn xoncrpymnanni nysna (pnc. 3.12, +) nx saesneuennx
neoxinoro sasopy mix snapnnmn mnamn, mo npnxpinnmmrt pos-
xocn, 21 = 20 mm neoxino posnenrpynarn nyson (npn u
c
= u
p
=45)

. mm 8 , 16 1 , 0 mm 5 , 2
2
168
707 , 0 2
89
20
707 , 0 2
127
1 5 , 0
2 sin 2
2
sin 2
tg 5 , 0
p
p
c
c
<
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

D
D
d
c
d


V ntomy nnnaxy (nn. n. 2.5) onycxacrtcx ne npaxonynarn
naxnnicrt nysnonoro momenry, xxn nnnnxac nnacniox
posnenrpynannx nysna M = +Ne (630 200) 0,025 = 10,75 xH/cm.
Ho-nepme, cni nepenipnrn minnicrt xoxnoro posxocy
sa ]opmynom (3.8). nx ntoro nnsnauacmo xoe]inicnr * sa ]opmy-
nom (3.6):
. 85 , 0 759 , 0
168
20
1 4 , 0 1 *
4
<

,
_

Toi xoe]inicnr = 0,008. Minnicrt crncnyroro posxocy:

270 (1 + 0,008 127 / 3,5) / 11,7 = 29,77 < 1 36,5 xH/cm
2


i posrxrnyroro posxocy

170 (1 + 0,008 89 / 3,5) / 9,1 = 25,5 < 1 25,8 xH/cm
2
saesneuena.

Bnsnauacmo xapaxrepncrnxy necyuo sarnocri noxca sa
]opmynom (3.3):

S = 13 (1 + 0,02 168 / 4,5) 0,45
2
36,5 1 = 167,83 xH.

Koe]inicnr nnnnny nosonxnto cnnn n noxci nnsnauacmo sa


120
]opmynom (3.4) no naintmomy snauennm (N
2
) sycnnnx n noxci:

. 721 , 0
5 , 36 1 , 23
630
5 , 0 1
2

,
_

D


3nauennx xoe]inicnra '
c
npn
c
=127/168=0,756>0,7 opinnmc
1,05
c
(1+0,15
c
)=0,884, a xoe]inicnra '
p
npn
p
=89/168=0,53<0,7
opinnmc 1,05
p
=0,56.
Hapemri nnsnaunmo xoe]inicnrn (3.5):

. 104 , 0
5 , 4 / 168 04 , 0 1
) 5 , 4 / 168 02 , 0 1 ( 984 , 0 3 , 1
1
p c

+
+
b b

Tenep nepenipxcmo minnicrt crinxn noxca npn micnenomy srnni
(npomnnanni) sa ]opmynamn (3.1) i (3.2):

+ + + 32 , 22 46 , 22
56 , 0
707 , 0
) 170 ( 104 , 0
884 , 0
707 , 0
) 270 ( 104 , 0


121 83 , 167 721 , 0 14 , 0 < xH,

66 , 335 83 , 167 2 94 , 215
884 , 0
707 , 0
270 <
xH,

66 , 335 63 , 214
56 , 0
707 , 0
170 <
xH.

nx nepenipxn snapnnx scnant neoxino nnsnaunrn rnnn
snapnnx mnin. onm xyronnx mnin y sarantni onxnni x
nnsnauacmo no rpa]ixy na pnc. 3.11, * npn u = 45 ra d
in
= d 2t
d
.
nx crncnyroro posxocy d
1n
/ D = (127 23,5) / 168 = 0,72 xoe]i-
nicnrn l
wft
/l
wt
= 0 i l
wfh
/l
wh
= 0,36. nx posrxrnyroro posxocy
(d
pn
/ D = (89 2 3,5) / 168 = 0,49) xoe]inicnrn l
wft
/l
wt
= 0, a l
wfh
/l
wh
= 0,4.
Honna onxnna nxrxono ra nocxono uacrnnn mna (sa rpa]ixom na
pnc. 3.11, +) opinnmc nx crncnyroro posxocy npn u = 45 ra d
cn
/D = 0,72
l
wh
= 2,3 d
cn
= 276 mm, l
wt
= 1,55 120 = 186 mm, a nx posrxrnyroro
posxocy npn u = 45 ra d
pn
/ D = 0,49, l
wh
= 2,2 82 = 180,4 mm.

121
Tenep moxna nnsnaunrn onxnnn inxnox mnin s xyronnmn ra
crnxonnmn mnamn. nx crncnyroro posxocy na nxrxoni uacrnni
mna:
l
wfh
= 0,36 276 = 99 mm; l
w+h
= 276 99 = 177 mm,

na nocxoni uacrnni

l
wft
=0276=0 mm; l
w+t
=276 mm.

Hecyua sarnicrt xoxno s uacrnn mna npn k
f
= 0,35 cm,
R
wd
= 0,7 21,5 = 15 xH/cm
2
.
3a ]opmynamn (3.10) opinnmc:

S
wh
= (0,35 17,7 36,5 0,85 + 0,35 9,9 15) 1 = 244,17 xH;

S
wt
= (0,35 27,6 36,5 0,85 + 0) 1 = 299,7 xH.

Hepenipxcmo ymonn (3.9):

270 xH < 0,85 (244,17 + 299,7) = 462,3 xH;
270 xH < 2 244,17 = 488,34 xH; 270 xH < 2 299,7 = 599,4 xH.

3napni mnn nx crncnyroro posxocy saonontnxmrt nnmoram
nopm npoexrynannx.
nx posrxrnyroro posxocy:

l
wfh
= 0,4 181 = 72,4 mm; l
w+h
= 181 72,4 = 131,04 mm;

l
wft
= 0 181 = 0; l
w+t
= 181 mm.

S
wh
= (0,35 10,86 36,5 0,85 + 0,35 7,24 15) 1 = 156 xH;

S
wt
= (0,35 18,1 36,5 0,85 + 0) 1 =196,5 xH.

170 xH < 0,85 156 + 196,5) = 329,1 xH;

170xH < 2 156 = 312 xH, 170 xH < 2 196,5 = 393 xH.

Minnicrt snapnnx mnin, mo npnxpinnmmrt posrxrnyrn posxic,
saesneuena.

d57$A+) 3.6.2. Hepenipnrn minnicrt crinxn nepxntoro noxca
rpyuacro ]epmn na micnenn srnn (npomnnannx) y nysni, o xxoro
npnmnxamrt croxx (u
c
= 90) i posrxrnyrn posxic (u
p
= 30). Hoxc
sanpoexronann s rpyn 168x4,5 (\ = 23,1 cm
2
; N
1
= 300 xH;

122
N
2
= 650 xH), croxx s rpyn 89x3 (\
c
= 8,1cm
2
; N
c
= 100 xH),
posxic s rpyn 89x3 (\
p
= 8,1 cm
2
; N
p
= 170 xH). Marepian rpy-C375,
R
y
= 36,5 xH/cm
2
.
Hicnx xoncrpymnannx nysna (pnc. 3.12, F) nepenipxcmo
nonoxennx oro nenrpa. Hpn sasopi 21 = 20 mm excnenrpncnrer
opinnmc:

+ +

+ +

,
_

,
_

2
168
5 , 0 2
89
20
2
89
5809 , 0
2 u sin 2
20
2
c
u tg
p
p
p
D
d d


5,17 mm 8 , 16 168 1 , 0 1 , 0 < D mm.

Taxnm unnom, icnymunm nysnonnm srnnantnnm momenrom
moxna snexrynarn.
Xapaxrepncrnxa necyuo sarnocri noxca S = 167,83 xH
(nn. npnxna 3.6.1).
Koe]inicnr nnnnny nosonxnto cnnn n noxci sa ]opmynom
(3.4) opinnmc:

D
= 1 0,5 (650 / 23,1 36,5)
2
= 0,703.

Hpn
c
=
P
=89/168=0,53<0,7 xoe]inicnrn '
c
='
p
=1,050,53=0,56.
3a ]opmynom (3.6) xoe]inicnr ) = 0,984, sa (3.5) xoe]inicnrn
b
c
=b
p
=0,104 (nn. npnxna 3.6.1). Tenep nepenipxcmo minnicrt crinxn
npn micnenomy srnni (npomnnanni) sa ]opmynamn (3.1) ra (3.2):

+ + + 78 , 15 57 , 18
56 , 0
5 , 0
) 170 ( 104 , 0
56 , 0
1
) 100 ( 104 , 0


98 , 117 83 . 167 703 , 0 78 , 2 < xH;

66 , 335 78 , 151
56 , 0
5 , 0
170 < xH.

Minnicrt crixn saesneuena.




123
3.7. ":,'QU .8P4O W%')

Koncrpyxrnnni pimennx onopnnx nysnin sanexart ni
posmimennx ]epm ninocno onopn (snepxy ao soxy), xapaxrepy
cnpxxinnx (mapnipne ao xopcrxe) i marepiany onopn (crant, eron,
nerna). Hpn ntomy rnnn nepepisin enemenrin ]epm npaxrnuno ne
nnnnnamrt na xoncrpyxni nysnin ra x pospaxynox. I xoua n
naneennx nnxue npnxnaax posrnxamrtcx xonxperni rnnn ]epm,
ana meronxa c ienrnunom i nx inmnx rnnin.
Posmipn onopnnx ]aconox s pisnnmn rnnamn nepepisin
enemenrin npnsnauamrt sa ymonn posmimennx snapnnx mnin, xxi
saxpinnmmrt y nysni noxcn i posxocn ]epmn raxnm xe unnom, mo i n
npomixnnx nysnax. Tonmnnn nnx ]aconox
]
t epyrt no sycnnnm n
onopnomy posxoci ao croxxy.

d57$A+) 3.7.1. Pospaxynarn nyson mapnipnoro onnpannx
]epmn s napnnx xyrnxin na craneny xonony snepxy. Beprnxantna
peaxnix ]epmn opinnmc 1500 xH. Tonmnna nysnonnx ]aconox
10
]
t mm. Marepian enemenrin crant C245 ( 24
y
R xH/cm
2
,
36
p
R
xH/cm
2
). Koe]inicnr ymon poorn onopnoro ]nannx 1 . 1
c
.
uepma mac nncxinn onopnn posxic, mo nnsnauac nepeauy
onopno peaxni n pinni nnxntoro noxca uepes onopnn ]nanent A
(pnc. 3.13, +), xxn npnnapmcrtcx nepnennxynxpno o onopno
]aconxn i nx uirxocri nepeaui peaxni nncrynac nnxue ]aconxn na
10 20 mm, ane ne intme nix
A
1.5t . Topnena nonepxnx onopnoro
]nannx ]pesepycrtcx i nintno posramonycrtcx na crporani nonepxni
onopno nnnrn orononxa xononn.
Kpinnennx onopnoro ]nannx sicnmcrtcx o naxononnnxa s
npoxarnoro noranpa, nomep xxoro sanexnrt ni posmipin nepepisy
xononn i npnnxsxn o xoopnnarno oci yinni. unanent
xpinnrtcx o naxononnnxa micrtma monraxnnmn onramn, iamerp
xxnx y nnnaxy mapnipnoro onnpannx ]epmn npnsnauacrtcx
xoncrpyxrnnno, snnuano 20 mm. V pinni nepxntoro noxca xpinnennx
sicnmcrtcx noma monraxnnmn onramn o ]aconxn F, xxa

124
npnnapena o naxononnnxa. o ntoro nysna npnmnxamrt enemenrn
]epmn s nyntonnmn sycnnnxmn, romy posmipn ncix erane nysna
npnsnauamrtcx xoncrpyxrnnno.
Fepemo naxononnnx s noranpa 20B1 ( 150
f
b mm),
monraxni onrn 20 d mm.
3 ymonn poorn ropnx mapnipnoro ]nannx na smnnannx
nnoma oro nonepxni mac yrn ne menme nix
2
c p
A A
cm 19
1 , 1 36
750

R
V
t b .

Posmipn
A
b i
A
t mamrt ninoniarn xonxpernnm nnmoram:

8
] A
t t mm; 130 10 20 6 6
] A
+ + t d b mm; 150
A

f
b b mm

i nnmoram saesneuennx micneno crixocri ]nannx:

2 , 29
240
10 05 , 2
5

y A
A
R
E
t
b
.

Bistmemo 140
A
b mm, 14
A
t mm. V ntomy nnnaxy nnoma
ropnx ]nannx 6 , 19 4 , 1 14 cm
2
nepennmyc norpine snauennx
(19 cm
2
), a cninninomennx 2 , 29 10
14
140
A
A
<
t
b
. Vci xoncrpyxrnnni
ymonn raxox nnrpnmani.
onxnna ]nannx
A
l npnsnauacrtcx sa ymonn posmimennx
noiunnx xyronnx mnin ( 10
f
k mm, 9 , 0
f
, 18
wf
R xH/cm
2
).

24 1
18 1 9 0 2
750
1
2
+

+
,
wf
R
f
k
f
V
w
l
A
l cm.

i nonxsycrtcx s ninoninnm posmipom onopno ]aconxn ]epmn.
Posmipn ]aconxn F nx xpinnennx enemenra nepxntoro noxca
npnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno, npnuomy posmip
F
b mac saesneuynarn
nanycx ]aconxn ]epmn ne menm nix na 60 20 3 3 d mm.
Tonmnna
] F
t t , a onxnna
F
l onpacrtcx s ypaxynannxm
posmimennx monraxnnx onrin i onxnnn ]aconxn nepxntoro noxca.


125
d57$A+) 3.7.2. Pospaxynarn nyson xopcrxoro cnpxxinnx
nacxpisnoro pnrenx s xononom (npnmnxannx soxy). Pnrent
sanpoexronann s noxcamn s ranpin, soxpema onna noxcn n onopnnx
nanenxx 3
,
15 BT1 (nncora 145 mm, 76 , 2
0
z cm, mnpnna nonxn
200 mm). Tonmnna ]aconox 7
]
t mm, onxnna onopno ]aconxn
nnxntoro noxca 200
]
l mm. Beprnxantna peaxnix 750 V xH,
sycnnnx ni onopnnx srnnantnnx momenrin 100 H xH (y nnxntomy
noxci posrxr, y nepxntomy crncx). Marepian crant C245
( 24
y
R xH/cm
2
, 36
p
R xH/cm
2
, 18
wf
R xH/cm
2
, 9 , 0
f
).
Koe]inicnr ymon poorn onopnoro ]nannx 1 , 1
c
, nx pemrn
erane nysna 0 , 1
c
.

Pnc. 3.13. Onnpannx ]epmn na craneny xonony:
+ snepxy; F soxy

+ F
?
r
r
f b
l
2 2
3
0
1- 1
2
d
3
2
3
5
1
0
3
5
3
0
b
t
z
l z
1
5
0
1
0


2
0
z
z
l
min3d
l
A
B
f
A
B
A
f
@
?
?
f
A
>
? t
b =320
b =160
35 90 35
7
0
1
6
0
1
6
0
7
0
7
5
A
3
2
1
N
N
N
2
0
0
l

=
1
6
0
2 - 2
t =15
t =30
3
1
5
y

=
3
9
0
y

=
2
3
0
y

=
7
0
l =200
2
4
0
2
4
0
V
l

=
4
8
0
l

=
3
9
0
2
0
0
1
1
5
3
0
1
5
0
1
5
A
?
C 100 100
t
1 1
V
A

8
d
1
4
0
1


126
Ha niminy ni mapnipnoro cnpxxennx ]epmn s xononom y
xopcrxomy nysni imrt ropnsonrantni sycnnnx ^, xxi cnpnmamrtcx
n pinni nepxntoro noxca naxnaxamn I (pnc. 3.14, F), a n pinni
nnxntoro noxca onramn xpinnennx onopnoro ]nannx o xononn.
Fonrn npnsnaueni nx cnpnnxrrx rintxn ropnsonrantnnx sycnnt,
romy nx nnxnmuennx moxnnnocri nepeaui na nnx neprnxantno
peaxni ornopn n nonnni xononn mamrt posmipn na 3 4 mm intme
iamerpa onra. Haxnaxn I pospaxonymrtcx na im sycnnnx ^
nesanexno ni oro snaxy, a onrn rintxn npn ^ > 0, roro npn
posrxsi, npn crncxoni (^ < 0) iamerpn onrin npnsnauamrtcx
xoncrpyxrnnno, xx npannno 20 mm.
Posmipn onopnoro ]nannx A nnsnauamrt raxnm xe unnom, mo
n npnxnai 3.7.1. xmo nnaxarn 160
A
b mm, 12
A
t mm, ro

6 0 , 39
2 , 1 16
750

xH/cm
2
39,6 1 , 1 36
c
<
y
R xH/cm
2
.

Bncrynamuy uacrnny ]nannx (nnxue ]aconxn) epemo
15 mm 18 12 5 , 1 < mm, roi onxnna snapnnx xyronnx mnin
nnsnauacrtcx sa xoncrpyxrnnnnmn ymonamn:

( ) 470 10 200 145 15 150 cm 1
1
+ +
A w
l l mm.

Hi snapni mnn npanmmrt y cxnanomy nanpyxenomy
crani, o cnpnmamrt neprnxantny peaxnim V ra sycnnnx ^,
mo npnxnaene s excnenrpncnrerom ninocno cepennn mna
( ( ) 75 30 15 150
2

A
l
l mm).
Minnicrt mna npn npnnxrnx xarerax mna 8
f
k mm
(sanexno ni ronmnnn enemenrin, mo snapmmrtcx) ra onxnni mna
47
1

w
l cm nepenipxcrtcx sa pinnoimunm nanpyxennxm:

c wf w w
R +
2
1
2
1
! ;


127

2 2
1
1
1
47 8 , 0 9 , 0 2
5 . 7 100 6
47 8 , 0 9 , 0 2
100
2
6
2
w f f
w f f
w
l k
He
l k
H


89 , 2 41 , 1 48 , 1 + xH/cm
2
;

08 , 11
47 8 , 0 9 , 0 2
750
2
1
1

w f f
w
l k
V
xH/cm
2
; ;

45 , 11 08 , 11 89 , 2
2 2
+ xH/cm
2
< 18 xH/cm
2
.

Hpn naxnnocri sycnnnx posrxry ^ y nysni neoxino
pospaxynarn onrn xpinnennx ]nannx o nonxn xononn. Fonrn
posmimymrtcx y scnanni no nox neprnxantnnx pxax, nicrant
mix xxnmn opinnmc npnnnsno d b 3
A
. Honepento nnaxacmo, mo
nicrant opinnmc 190 mm. Ho nncori onopnoro ]nannx onrn
posmimymrt na nicrani minimym d 2 ni ropnin (70 mm) i mix
nnacnnmn ocxmn ne intm nix d 8 (160 mm).
Bnxonannx naneennx xoncrpyxrnnnnx nnmor nxryc
neoxiny xintxicrt onrin. x npannno, ocrarnto micrt onrin,
npore npn nennxnx snauennxx
A
l xintxicrt onrin moxe yrn
intmom.
Hpn naxnnocri cnnn posrxry ^, mo npnxnaena s
excnenrpncnrerom ninocno nenrpa narn oxonoro scnannx, n
ropnsonrantnomy crani moxnnno oeprannx onopnoro ]nannx
ninocno oci a a.
V ntomy nnnaxy onrn cnpnmamrt neonaxoni sycnnnx, a
naintme sycnnnx nnnnxac n nanianenimnx onrax ni oci a a.

,
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1

,
_

+ +

y y y n
y a H
N


e 315 a mm nicrant ni oci i cnnn ^ o oci moxnnnoro
oeprannx ]nannx; 390
1
y mm, 230
2
y mm, 70
3
y mm

128
nicrant mix ocxmn onrin i moxnnnoro oeprannx; 2 n xintxicrt
neprnxantnnx pxin onrin.
3 , 29
7 23 39 2
39 5 , 31 100
2 2 2
1

,
_

+ +

N
xH.

Fepemo onrn nopmantno rounocri xnacy minnocri 4,8
(pospaxynxonn onip npn posrxsi 16
bt
R xH/cm
2
[3]).
Horpinn iamerp onoro onra:

53 , 1
16 14 , 3
3 , 29 4 4
1

bt
R
N
d cm.
Bistmemo nci onrn iamerpom 20 mm.
Posmipn ]aconxn F npnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno (nn. npnx-
na 3.7.1).
Onopnn ]nanent ]epmn onnpacrtcx na onopnn cronnx B,
xxn npnnapmcrtcx o xononn. Tonmnny onopnoro cronnxa
B
t
npnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno 30 40 mm, sepiramun ymony
B A
2 t t . Bnpnny
B
b epyrt na 15 20 mm y xoxen ix intme
mnpnnn ]nannx
A
b i nona mac ne nepennmynarn ( ) mm 30 20
f
b ,
e
f
b mnpnna nonxn xononn, o xxo npnmnxac onopnn cronnx.
Fepemo 200
B
b mm, 30
B
t mm. onxnna cronnxa
B
l sanexnrt
ni neoxino onxnnn mnin oro xpinnennx. Bnn pospaxonymrt na
im neprnxantno peaxni ]epmn, sintmeno n 1,5 pasn. Hnm
sintmennxm npaxonycrtcx moxnnna nepinnomipnicrt posnoiny
nananraxennx mix noma mnamn, mo moxe niyrncx, nanpnxna,
npn smimenni onopnoro ]nannx s oci ]epmn n ro un inmn ix. Hpn
12
f
k mm, 7 . 0
f
:
39 1
18 2 , 1 7 , 0 2
750 5 , 1
cm 1
2
+

+
w B
l l cm.

Cnpxxennx nepxntoro noxca s xononom nepexpnnacrtcx
naxnaxom I, nonepeunn nepepis xxo nnsnauacrtcx sa ymonn
cnpnnxrrx sycnnnx 1,2 ^. 3intmennx snauennx ^ oymonneno rnm,

129
mo ne sycnnnx nepeacrtcx s nennnm excnenrpncnrerom ninocno oci
nepxntoro noxca (oci i cnnn ^).

5
24
100 2 , 1 2 , 1
I I

y
R
H
t b
cm
2
.

Hpnmacmo 160
I
b mm (menme mnpnnn nonnni ranpa na
40 20 2 mm, mo osnonxc posmicrnrn monraxni snapni mnn)
i 10
I
t mm.
Heoxina onxnna naxnaxn pernamenrycrtcx posmimennxm
xyronnx mnin s ypaxynannxm sasopy c mix ropnem enemenra
nepxntoro noxca i xononom.
Hpn naxnnocri nox mnin, 8
f
k mm, 7 , 0
f
.
Bistmemo 100
3

w
l mm, roi

c l + 200 100 2
I
mm.

d57$A+) 3.7.3. Pospaxynarn xopcrxn nyson cnpxxennx
nepxntoro noxca nacxpisnoro pnrenx s xononom sa onomorom
]nannx npn raxnx nnxinnx annx: ]epma rpyuacra, ronmnna
crinxn rpyn nepxntoro noxca 4 mm, 200 H xH, 24
y
R xH/cm
2
,
18
wf
R xH/cm
2
, 9 , 0
f
, onrn xnacy minnocri 4,8., 16
bt
R xH/cm
2
.
V nysni, mo posrnxacrtcx ropnsonrantne sycnnnx ^
cnpnmacrtcx ]nannem, a ne naxnaxom, xx y npnxnai 3.7.2.
unanent cxnaacrtcx s nncra A, mo saxpinnmcrtcx na xononi
onramn, i nepnennxynxpnnx o ntoro ]aconox F, ona s xxnx
npnnapena na sanoi, a pyra na monraxi (pnc. 3.15).

-
H
H
1-1
1 1
3
0
.
1
2
0
1
9
0
80 25
30
1
2
0
A
!

=
1
9
"
f
!
A
-
6
0
A
l

=
1
2
0
- A
1.5d
A ! t

Pnc. 3.14. o pospaxynxy onopnoro ]nannx y pinni
nepxntoro noxca ]epmn

130
3asop mix ]nannxmn opinnmc ronmnni cnnmmeno uacrnnn
rpyn nepxntoro noxca ]epmn (8 mm). Taxe pimennx saesneuyc
cninnaannx n nnani oce i cnnn A i xononn.
Posmipn ]aconox F npnsnauamrtcx xoncrpyxrnnno. x cymapna
ronmnna mac yrn ne menmom nox ronmnn crinxn rpyn
(npnmacmo 8
F
t mm), a mnpnny
F
b epyrt raxy, mo nanycx yn ne
menmn nix d 3 , e d iamerp monraxnnx onrin, sa onomorom
xxnx nepxni noxc saxpinnmcrtcx o ]aconox. Bpaxonymun, mo
monraxni onrn, xx npannno, mamrt iamerp 20 mm i norpino
sepirarn sasop mix ropnem enemenra noxca i nncrom A n mexax
10 20 mm, neoxina mnpnna
F
b opinnmc 80 20 20 3 + mm.
xmo nict i cnnn ^ npoxonrt uepex nenrp narn ]aconxn i
onronoro scnannx nncra A s xononom, ro neoxina onxnna
snapnnx mnin, xxi saxpinnmmrt ]aconxn F o nncra A npn 6
f
k mm,
opinnmc:
3 , 11 1
18 6 , 0 9 , 0 2
200
+

w
l cm.

Fepemo onxnny ]aconox i nncra A 120 mm.
Hpn necnmerpnunomy posmimenni ]nannx ninocno oci
nepxntoro noxca ]epmn raxn xe mon cni pospaxonynarn s
ypaxynannxm naxnnocri excnenrpncnrery rax, xx ne naneeno n
npnxnai 3.7.2 nx onopnoro ]nannx.
Bnpnny nncra A epyrt xoncrpyxrnnno, ysroxymun s
iamerpamn onrin, mo saxpinnmmrt ]nanent o nnyrpimnto rpani
xononn. V xoxen ix ni ]aconox mac yrn ne menme nix d 3 . Fepemo
190
A
b mm i nicrant mix ocxmn onrin 120 mm.
xmo sycnnnx ^ crncxymue, ro iamerp onrin i ronmnny
nncra A npnsnauamrt xoncrpyxrnnno: 20 d mm, 20 16
A
t mm.
Posrxrymua cnna namaracrtcx niipnarn ]nanent ni xononn,
nnxnnxamun oro srnn, xx n ono npontorni anni (npontor 120
1
b
mm opinnmc nicrani mix onramn) s noma xonconxmn. 3rnnantnn
momenr n nncri A s ypaxynannxm posnanraxymuoro nnnnny


131
xoncontnnx momenrin:

300
8
12 200
4 2
M
1

b H
xHcm.

Toi neoxina ronmnna nncra A npn oro onxnni
120
A
l mm
5 , 2
24 12
300 6 M 6
A
A

y
R l
t cm.

Fepemo 28
A
t mm. Hpn uornptox onrax necyua sarnicrt
xoxnoro s nnx npn ymoni cnmerpnunoro x posramynannx ninocno
oci i cnnn ^ mac yrn ne menme nix 50
4
200
4

H
xH. 3nicn
neoxinn iamerp onra:
0 , 2
16 14 , 3
50 4

d cm.

Fepemo onrn iamerpom 20 mm. Hicnx nnsnauennx neoxino
nepenipnrn x posramynannx y scnanni. Koncrarycmo, mo nci
posmipn opani npannntno.

3.8. M,Q7RaQU .8P4O

uepmn npontoramn intme nix 18 m nnroronnxmrt na sanoax
y nnrnxi nox rptox enemenrin nx spyunocri rpancnoprynannx o
yinentnoro maanunxa. Hicnx ocranxn nnx enemenrin
nnxonycrtcx x snpannx n monraxnnx nysnax, xoncrpyxrnnne
pimennx xxnx sanexnrt ni rnny nepepisin enemenrin ]epmn.
Iononnom nnmorom moo monraxnnx nysnin sannmacrtcx
saesneuennx x minnocri ne menmo nix minnicrt xoxnoro s
ninpannnx enemenrin, npaxonymun ro ]axr, mo ni nysnn
posramonani n cepenni npontorin ]epm, e sycnnnx n noxcax
ocxramrt snauno nennunnn.

d57$A+) 3.8.1. Pospaxynarn monraxnn nyson nepxntoro noxca
]epmn s napnnx xyrnxin na pospisni ]aconni (nn. pnc. 2.5) npn

132
raxnx nnxinnx annx nepxni noxc sanpoexronann s 2L125x9
( 370 N xH), ronmnna nanin]aconox 10
]
t mm, crant C 245
( 24
y
R xH/cm
2
, 18
wf
R xH/cm
2
).
3ycnnnx n enemenrax noxca N n micni pospnny xyrnxin mamrt
yrn cnpnnxri ymonnnm ranponnm nepepisom, xxn cxnaacrtcx s
ropnsonrantnnx naxnaox i inxnxn ]aconxn onxnnom (no nncori
nysna), mo opinnmc nonocni mnpnni neprnxantno posmimennx
nonox noxcnnx xyrnxin. Cymapna nnoma naxnaox (x ni na pnc. 2.5),
mo nxoxrt o ntoro nepepisy, s ypaxynannxm sintmennx sycnnnx N
na 20 % sa paxynox neuirxocri poorn crnxa nnsnauacrtcx sa
]opmynom (2.5):

16 1 , 0 5 , 12 2
1 24
370 2 , 1
(
A cm
2
.

Fepemo mnpnny xoxno s naxnaox na 15 mm intme sa mnpnny
nonxn xyrnxa (nx moxnnnocri posmimennx monraxnnx mnin), a came
140 mm. Toi x ronmnna nonnnna yrn 57 , 0
2 14
16

cm. Fepemo
ronmnny naxnaox 6 mm, roro nnoma xoxno s nnx cxnaac
4 , 8 6 , 0 14 cm
2
.
Bpaxonymun pexomenani, mo nnxnaeni n n. 2.2 moo
npnsnauennx posmipin neprnxantnnx naxnaox, npnsnauacmo x
ronmnny 10 mm, a mnpnny 140 mm s ypaxynannxm neoxinocri
posmimennx monraxnnx onrin, iamerp xxnx, xx npannno, opinnmc
20 mm; sasopy mix nanin]aconxamn 20 mm i ronmnnn
nepnennxynxpno ]aconxn, xxa cnyxnrt nx xpinnennx nxse 10
mm ( 140 20 5 , 1 2 20 20 5 , 1 2 + + mm). Bncory neprnxantnnx naxnaox
epyrt no intmomy si snauent, oepxanomy sa rptoma ymonamn:

- no nxnmuennm ]aconxn n poory crnxa
250 125 2 2
]
b h mm;

- no xoncrpyxrnnnnm mipxynannxm


250
]
h mm;


133
- no posmimennm snapnnx mnin, mo npnxpinnmmrt naxnaxn
o nanin]aconox. Hi mnn pospaxonymrt na intme s nox sycnnt
(epyrt 5 , 3 5 7 , 0
f f
k mm):

8 , 40 24 8 , 16 370 2 , 1 2 , 1
1

y
R A N N xH;

222 370 2 , 1 5 , 0 2 , 1 5 , 0
1
N N xH.

Toi 6 , 18 1
18 35 , 0 2
222
]
+


w
l h cm.
Ocrarouno epyrt nncory neprnxantnnx naxnaox 250 mm.
onxnny ropnsonrantnnx naxnaox npnsnauamrt sa ymonn
posmimennx snapnnx mnin, xxnmn nonn xpinnxrtcx o nonox xyrnxin.
3ycnnnx, mo cnpnmacrtcx mnamn na onn ix ni crnxa,
nnsnauacrtcx sa necyuom sarnicrm nnx naxnaox
y
R A .
Hpn 5 , 3 5 7 , 0
f f
k mm:

17 1
18 35 , 0 4
24 8 , 16
+

w
l cm.

Taxnm unnom onxnna xoxno s naxnaox s ypaxynannxm
mnpnnn neprnxantno naxnaxn 140 mm i sasopin mix nem i ropnxmn
xyrnxin 40 mm opinnmc 560 170 40 140 40 170 + + + + mm.
Monraxnn crnx nnxntoro noxca pospaxonycrtcx ienrnuno.
d57$A+) 3.8.2. Pospaxynarn monraxnn crnx nepxntoro noxca
]epmn s noxcamn s ranpin na nncoxominnnx onrax npn
raxnx nnxinnx annx: nepxni noxc sanpoexronann s ranpin
17,5 BT1 ( 650 N xH, nncora ranpa 169,3 mm, mnpnna
nonxn 250 mm, ronmnna crinxn 8,5 mm, a nonxn 12,8 mm),
crant C245 ( 24
y
R xH/cm
2
), marepian onrin 40X cenexr
( 77
bh
R xH/cm2), iamerp onrin 20 mm ( 45 , 2
bn
A cm
2
), xoe]i-
nicnrn reprx 42 , 0 , 12 , 1
h
.
Monraxnn crnx nepexpnnacrtcx rptoma ropnsonrantnnmn
naxnaxamn no nonnni ra noma neprnxantnnmn no crinni. Cymapna
nnoma ncix naxnaox mac yrn ne menme

5 , 32
1 24
650 2 , 1
(
A cm
2
.

134
Bistmemo nepxnm ropnsonrantny naxnaxy s nncra 230x6 mm,
ni nnxni (ni nonxom) no 100x6 mm i ni neprnxantni no 120x6 mm
(pnc. 3.15). Cymapna nnoma naxnaox:
2 , 40 6 , 0 12 2 6 , 0 10 2 6 , 0 23 + + cm
2
>32,5 cm.

Heoxiny xintxicrt nncoxominnnx onrin pospaxonycmo
nnxoxun s necyuo sarnocri xoxno rpynn naxnaox.

12.8
6
1
6
9
.
3
6
8.5
6
100 100
16.75 16.75
2
5
0
2
3
0
1
3
0
30 60 60 30
20
30 60 60 30
380
1
2
0

25
6


Pnc. 3.15. Monraxnn crnx nepxntoro noxca
na nncoxominnnx onrax

Hecyua sarnicrt noxcnnx naxnaox ( ) 2 , 619 24 6 , 0 10 2 6 , 0 23 + xH,
a neprnxantnnx naxnaox 6 , 345 24 6 , 0 12 2 xH.
Pospaxynxone sycnnnx, mo cnpnmacrtcx onnm onrom
iamerpom 20 mm npn xoe]inicnri ymon poorn scnannx 0,9
(nonepento nnaxacmo, mo xintxicrt onrin menme 10) i npn nox
nnomnnax reprx opinnmc:
3 , 127 2
12 , 1
42 , 0
45 , 2 9 , 0 77
bh
Q xH.

Toi neoxina xintxicrt onrin s xoxnoro oxy ni crnxa nx
ropnsonrantnnx naxnaox:
6 86 , 4
3 , 127
2 , 619
onrin,


135
nx neprnxantnnx naxnaox:


3 71 , 2
3 , 127
6 , 345
onra.

Posmimycmo pospaxynxony xintxicrt onrin no onxnni
naxnaox na pxn onrin no nonnnxm. Hpn sasopi mix
ranpamn 20 mm minimantna onxnna opinnmc:

( ) ( ) 364 20 20 3 , 1 20 3 2 20 3 , 1 2 20 3 , 1 3 2 3 , 1 2 + + + + + + d d d mm.

Fepemo onxnnn ncix nnanox 380 mm.

[R:O7RQQ* `4* 5R),+,Q7',4e

1. Ha npnxnai npomixnoro nysna nnxntoro noxca ]epmn napnnx
xyrnxin onnmirt nopxox oro xoncrpymnannx.
2. B xxnx nnnaxax i xxnm unnom yrnopmmrtcx sanoctxi crnxn
enemenrin pisnoro nepepisy?
3. xnm unnom nnsnauamrt posmipn nysnonnx ]aconox y ]epmax s
enemenramn apnnx xyrnxin?
4. Ha npnxnai onoro s nysnin ]epmn s enemenramn napnnx
xyrnxin noxaxirt pisnnnm n xoncrpymnanni npn nnxopncranni
snapmnannx i onrin nx xpinnennx enemenrin o ]aconox.
5. nx uoro sminmmrt posmipn nepepisin no onxnni noxcin i xx
yrnopmcrtcx raxn nyson y ]epmax s noxcamn napnnx xyrnxin?
6. xi icnymrt napianrn i xx xoncrpymmrtcx monraxni nysnn
]epm s enemenramn napnnx xyrnxin?

X4R.R 4. $@"X"=?

4.1. $'OPQRT%QQ* U 7O:O :',b,QU.

Hporonn npnsnaueni nx cnpnmannx nananraxent ni noxpinni
ra nepeaui x na xoncrpyxni, xxi posramonani nnxue xpoxnxni
]epmn, pnreni nonepeunnx pam xapxaca romo. o nporonin
saxpinnmmrt necyui enemenrn noxpinni, cepe xxnx naintm
posnoncmxennmn c craneni npo]intonani nncrn. Came necyua
sarnicrt ocrannix nxryc xpox nporonin, xxn, xx npannno, ne
nepennmyc posmipn nanene nepxntoro noxca xpoxnxnnx ]epm.

136
Hporonn npanmmrt xx anxn sa pospisnom ao nepospisnom
cxemom. x pospaxonymrt na im nocrinnx (nnacna nara ncix
enemenrin noxpinni) ra rnmuaconnx (armoc]epni nnnnnn,
rexnonoriune onanannx) nananraxent. Cymicna ix nnx
nananraxent ninocnrtcx o ocnonnoro cnonyuennx i pospaxynox
neertcx s ypaxynannxm ninoninnx xoe]inicnrin, ycranonnennx
nopmamn npoexrynannx [5]. V pasi naxnnocri nirponoro nicocy
(nerarnnnoro rncxy nirpy) neoxino nnxonarn nepenipxy na ne nn
nananraxennx.
Hporonn, mo saxpinnmmrtcx o nysnin nonepeuno nxseno
]epmn noxpnrrx (nn. n. 1.4) onouacno niirpamrt pont nxsennx
posnopox, cnpnmamun nosonxni sycnnnx, mo nnnnxamrt
ni i ropnsonrantnnx nananraxent, npnxnaennx nsonx yinni
(nn. n. 1.9).
Xopcrxicrt nporonin nepenipxcrtcx ni icm nopmarnnnnx
nananraxent. Binocnn pospaxynxonn npornn omexycrtcx
rpannunnm snauennxm 1/250.
x npannno, npontor nporonin ne nepennmyc 12 m. Tnn i ]opma
nporonin onpacrtcx sa exonomiunnmn mipxynannxmn, nonxsannmn s
rexnonoriunnmn moxnnnocrxmn nnroronnennx, naxnnicrm i napricrm
nnxinnx marepianin, rpyomicrxicrm nnroronnennx, rnnom
oropoxymunx xoncrpyxni romo. 3a ]opmom nporonn ynamrt
cynintnnmn (s xononornyrnx ao rapxuexarannx npo]inin) ra
nacxpisnnmn.

4.2. ;8cU4ZQU :',b,QO

Ocnonnnmn rnnamn nepepisin nporonin s rapxuexarannx
npo]inin c mnenepn sa IOCT 8240 ra noranpn sa IOCT 8239
(pnc. 4.1, +).
nx nnroronnennx nporonin s xononornyrnx npo]inin
nnxopncronymrtcx rnyri mnenepn sa IOCT 8278, C-noini
pinnononnuxoni rnyri npo]ini sa IOCT 8282, seroni (IOCT 13229) ra
xopnronoini (CTV 2252-93) npo]ini (pnc. 4.1, F). Kpim roro, n
Vxpani npecrannenn px xononornyrnx npo]inin, xxi
nocrauamrtcx, n ocnonnomy, xpanamn Cnponn sa cnponectxnmn
(EN 10204), nimentxnmn (DIN 50049) ra inmnmn nopmarnnnnmn
oxymenramn (pnc. 4.1, *).

137

Pnc. 4.1. Hepepisn npo]inin nx nnroronnennx nporonin

3 merom ninnmennx e]exrnnnocri nnxopncrannx marepiany
rapxuexarannx npo]inin moxyrt yrn sacroconani nporonn is
nep]oponanom crinxom. nx ntoro crinxy npoxarnoro noranpa ao
mnenepa pospisamrt sa snrsaronoinom ninicm s perynxpnnm
xpoxom s nacrynnnm snapmnannxm y crnx oox nononnnox no
nncrynamunx xpomxax (pnc. 4.2).


Pnc. 4.2. Komnononxa noranpa s nep]oponanom crinxom
+ cxema posnycxy nnxinoro noranpa;
F cxema roronoro nacxpisnoro noranpa
a) !)
")

+
F
*

3 4
2
2
h

h
/
2

k b a k
h

h

h

!

2
2
h

h

a a
H

4
2
3
1
1
b

+
F

138
Bnacniox raxo onepani sintmycrtcx nncora npo]inm,
marepian xonnenrpycrtcx nnxue o xpanix nonoxon, mo ninnmyc
raxi reomerpnuni xapaxrepncrnxn nepepisy xx momenr inepni ra
momenr onopy. V pesyntrari npn smini nncorn crinxn n 1,5 pasn,
necyua sarnicrt nep]oponanoro noranpa ao mnenepa na 30 50%
nepennmyc ne noxasnnx nx nnxinoro npo]inm.
Hporonn n noxpnrrxx s noxnnnm ao nnocxnm noxpinentnnm
nacrnnom posmimymrt s xpoxom 3 m s onnpannxm y nysnax
xpoxnxnnx ]epm. B oxpemnx nnnaxax, sa naxnnocri nennxnx
micnennx cnironnx nixnaent, y micnxx nepenay npo]inm nox-
pnrrx xpox nporonin 1,5 m, mo norpeyc nocranonxn y ]epmax
oarxonnx mnpenrenin. V ]epmax, e nepeauena poora nepxnix
noxcin na nosanenrponn crncx, nporonn posmimymrt nosa nysnamn.
Hporonn saxpinnmmrt o noxcin ]epm sa onomorom
npnnapennx xopornmin, nnanox, rnyrnx nncrin (pnc. 4.3).
B-(.'( @-@
@
@

Pnc. 4.3. Onopni xpinnennx nporonin

Hpn naxnnenomy posmimenni nnomnnn naintmo xopcrxocri
nporona mneneponoini npo]ini rpea opicnrynarn xinnxmn nonnnt
o ropn no cxnny, romy mo raxe posramynannx saesneuyc xpami
ymonn onnpannx i smenmyc xpyrinnx nporony, xxe nnnnxac
nnacniox nosanenrponoro npnxnaannx nananraxennx ninocno
nenrpa srnny nepepisy.
3a crarnunom cxemom poorn nporonn ynamrt pospisnnmn ao
nepospisnnmn. Pospaxynxoni sycnnnx n nnx nnsnauamrt xx i npn
pospaxynxy anox sanexno ni pospaxynxono cxemn i xintxocri
npontorin (ran. 4.1).

A - A

139
Z+FA7V? 4.1
@,P'R^8Q+,.U P85O44* . \R4+R^

Momenr Honepeuna cnna Onopna peaxnix
Hamenynannx i cxema
s nosnauennxm nporonin

Hosna-
uennx

Benn-
unna
mnox-
nnxa,
ql
2


Hosna-
uennx

Benn-
unna
mnox-
nnxa, ql

Hosna-
uennx

Benn-
unna
mnoxnn
xa, ql
Binoc-
nn npo-
rnn ni
pinnomip-
no posno-
inenoro
nananra-
xennx,
EIx
ql
3

Pospisna anxa







M


0,125


QA


0,5


A


0,5


0,013
Hepospisna nonpontorna
anxa






M1
MB


0,070
-0,125


QA
Q1B


0,375
-0,625


A
B


0,375
1,250


0,0052
Hepospisna rpnnpontorna anxa







M1
MB
M2


0,080
-0,100
0,025


QA
Q1B
Q2B


0,400
-0,600
0,500


A
B


0,400
1,100


0,00677
0,00052
Hepospisna
uornpnnpontorna anxa






M1
MB
M2
MC

0,077
-0,107
0,037
-0,071

QA
Q1B
Q2B
Q2C

0,393
-0,607
0,536
-0,464

A
B
C

0,393
1,143
0,926

0,0063

0,0019
Hepospisna
nxrnnpontorna anxa







M1
MB
M2
MC
M3


0,078
-0,105
0,033
-0,079
0,046

QA
Q1B
Q2B
Q2C
Q3C

0,395
-0,605
0,526
-0,474
0,500

A
B
C

0,393
1,132
0,974

0,00646

0,0015
Hepospisna necxinuenna anxa

Mnp1
Mnp
Mon
0,078
0,042
-0,083

Qon

0,500

I=K=L=M

1,000
0,0078
0,00264

140
Koncrpyxrnnno nepospisnicrt ocxracrtcx mnxxom nanycxannx
na onopi onoro nporony na inmn ao ycranonxn naxnaox, soxpema
s npo]inm noinoro nepepisy (pnc. 4.4). V pesyntrari intmn
npontornn onopnn srnnantnn momenr cnpnmacrtcx sintmennm
nepepisom npn onouacnomy smenmenni srnnantnoro momenry n
npontori. Bnxoxun s enmpn momenrin sarantny onxnny nanycxa
moxna nsxrn (0,1 0,2) l. nx araronpontorno anxn srnnantnn
momenr y xpantomy npontori npnnnsno y na pasn intmn nix y
inmnx npontorax, romy n nnx npontorax neoxino sintmynarn
nepepis nporonin, mo ocxracrtcx mnxxom ycranonnennx noninnx
npo]inin.
0,1L
L
0,1L
!)
L
0,8L
3d
L
0,1L
0,1L 0,1L
L
3d
0,2L
)


Pnc. 4.4. Crnxn nporonin:
+ nnanycrox y araronpontornomy nporoni;
F nnanycrox y nonpontornomy nporoni;
* napianr ynamrynannx nepospisnnx
nporonin sa onomorom scnynantno naxnaxn

Cynintni nporonn, mo nnxopncronymrtcx n cxarnnx noxpnrrxx,
cnpnmamrt nananraxennx n nepnennxynxpnomy i napanentnomy
cxnny nanpxmxax. Bnacniox mano xopcrxocri nepepisy n nanpxmxy
cxarno cxnaono nporonn posxpinnmmrt n ntomy nnnaxy rxxamn,

naxnaxa

+
F
*

141
xxi smenmymrt pospaxynxoni npontorn nporonin n nnomnni cxnny.
Txxn posmimymrt mix ncima nporonamn n onn px (no cepenni)
npn xponi ]epm noxpnrrx 6 m i n na pxn (uepes pinni nicrani) npn
intmomy xponi ao npn xpyrnx cxnnax (pnc. 4.5, +). B sarantnomy
nnnaxy xintxicrt pxin rxxin perynmcrtcx pospaxynxom sanexno ni
cxarno cxnaono nananraxennx i necyuo sarnocri npo]inx n
nanpxmxy oro namenmo xopcrxocri. Hpn ntomy momenrn ni
cxarno cxnaono nnsnauamrtcx xx n nepospisni anni.


Pnc. 4.5. Posnxsannx nporonin y nnomnni cxnny:
+ s yrnopennxm nxsennx ]epm; F es yrnopennx
nxsennx ]epm nx cnmerpnunnx nocxnnnx noxpnrin;
* rintxn rxxamn

V nanenxx inx rpeenx rxxi saxpinnmmrt ao esnocepento
o xpoxnxnnx ]epm, ao o rpeenenoro nporony inx oro onop, a
mix xpanim pxonnm i rpeenennm nporonamn ncranonnmmrt
xopcrxi posnipxn. Posnipxn moxyrt yrn nnxopncrani i samicrt rxxin
s xpinnennxm x o nporonin napanentno cxnny ao ni xyrom o
ntoro (pnc. 4.5, F).
"
!

T T T
T T
T T
T T T
T T T
T T
T T
T T T T T
P P
P P
P P P P P P P

+
F
*

142
Fes posnipox moxna oirncx:
- npn mani nennunni cxarno cxnaono, nanpnxna n cymimennx
noxpnrrxx, xonn cymapna cxarna cxnaona cnpnmacrtcx ao ncima
nporonamn, mo npanmmrt cymicno, ao onnm s nnm, xx npannno,
xapnnsnnm, xxn n ntomy nnnaxy npoexrymrt intm xopcrxnm y
nnomnni cxnny (pnc. 4.5, *);
- y cnmerpnunnx nocxarnnx noxpnrrxx, xxmo npoexni sycnnt y
rxxax, xxnmn scnani nci nporonn, nsacmno npinnonaxeni n
rpeenennx nporonax;
- y necnmerpnunnx nocxarnnx noxpnrrxx, xxmo oxona
xopcrxicrt rpeenennx nporonin ocrarnx nx cnpnnxrrx sycnnnx
ni cxarno cxnaono nananraxennx.
Posnipxn xoncrpymmrt s noonnoxnx xyrnxin, npxmoxyrnnx
ao xpyrnnx rpy i xpinnxrt o nporonin onramn sa onomorom
]aconox, (pnc. 4.6, +). Txxn npoexrymrt s xpyrno crani ao rpocin s
npncrpoxmn nx x narxry i xpinnxrt esnocepento o crinox
nporonin raxamn i posmimymrt x n oni nnomnni no moxnnnocri
nnxue o nepxnto nonxn nporony n rpannnxx nepxnto rpernni
nncorn nepepisy (pnc. 4.6, F).

Pnc. 4.6. Kpinnennx o nporonin enemenrin nxsin
posnipox + i rxxin F
7
5
-
1
0
0
!)
)
h
h
/
3

+
F

143
Hporonn, mo posmimymrtcx n noxpnrrxx s yxnnom o 2 %,
npanmmrt xx snnuani anxn, xxi cnpnmamrt neprnxantni
nananraxennx. V noxnnnx noxpnrrxx neprnxantne nananraxennx
posxnaacrtcx na ni cxnaoni nepnennxynxpno i napanentno
cxnny. Fintma sa nennunnom cxnaona
cos q q
x
ic n nnomnni
naintmo xopcrxocri
nporony, a menma sin q q
y

nnrnnac nporin n nnomnni oro
namenmo. Taxnm unnom,
nporin snaxonrtcx y crani
xocoro srnny i nepenipxa oro
minnocri sicnmmrt sa
]opmynom [3]:

c y
yn
y
xn
x
R X
J
M
y
J
M
t , (4.1)

e H i 9 xoopnnarn naintm nanpyxeno rouxn nepepisy;
J
xn
/ J
9n
ninonino momenrn inepni nepepisy nerro ninocno
rononnnx oce H H i 9 9.

3rnnantnn momenr -
H
nnsnauacrtcx n nnomnni naintmo
xopcrxocri nporony ni i nananraxennx q
x
xx y pospisni ao
nepospisni anni sanexno ni cxemn posramynannx nporonin.
V nnomnni namenmo xopcrxocri ni i cxarno cxnaono
sananraxennx q
9
nnnnxac srnnantnn momenr M
9
. Hpn ntomy nporin
posrnxacrtcx xx nepospisna anxa s xintxicrm npomixnnx onop, mo
opinnmc xintxocri rxxin ao posnipox y npontori. Tax, npn ni
npomixni onopi (rxxi ao posnipxn) naintmn momenr nnnnxac na
onopi
2
1
125 . 0 M l
y y
q , a npn nox onopnn momenr
2
1
1 . 0 M l
y y
q ,
e
1
l xpox rxxin (posnipox).
Ouennno, mo onna momenrn rpea nnsnauarn nx onoro
nepepisy. x npannno, ne nepepis ninoniac micnm saxpinnennx
q
x
Y
q
y
Y
q
X
X
Y
Pnc. 4.7. Poora nporony
na xocn srnn

144
rxxin (posnipox), e nnnnxac sa nennunnom nepepisynantna cnna Q.
Toi nnnnxac neoxinicrt y nepenipni minnocri crinxn nporony sa
]opmynom:
c y xy y y x x
R + + 25 . 1 3
2 2
, (4.2)

e
x
i
y
nopmantni nanpyxennx n crinni na pinni scnannx s
nonxom;
w w xy
t h Q cepenc ornune nanpyxennx, xxe
nnsnauacrtcx s ypaxynannxm nocnanennx crinxn ornopamn
(nanpnxna, nx rxxin, onrin romo). Hpn naxnnocri ornopin
snauennx
xy
rpea sintmnrn mnoxennxm na xoe]inicnr
( ) d a a / , e + xpox ornopin, d iamerp ornopy.
Hananraxennx, mo ic na noxpnrrx, sa xapaxrepom i
ninocnrtcx o crarnunoro. Tomy pospaxynox na minnicrt pospisnnx
nporonin si crani s rpannnem rexyuocri o 530 MHa npn
saonintnenni nnmor sarantno ra micneno crixocri cni nnxonynarn
s ypaxynannxm posnnrxy nnacrnunnx e]opmani sa ]opmynamn [5]:
- npn srnni n oni s rononnnx oce npn ornunnx nanpyxennxx
s
R 9 , 0
c y
n
R
W c

min . 1
M
; (4.3)

- npn srnni n nox rononnnx nnomnnax npn
s
R 5 , 0

c y
yn y
y
xn x
x
R
W c W c
+
min . min .
M
M
. (4.4)

Koe]inicnr c j 1 nnsnauacrtcx sanexno ni snauennx ornunnx
nanpyxent:
- npn
S
R 5 , 0 c = c;

- npn 0,5 RS < k 0,9 RS c
1
= 1,05 c,

e
w w
t h Q/ ;
( )
( )
2
2
/ 1
/ 1
S
S
R
R


;

xoe]inicnr, mo opinnmc 0,7 nx noranponoro nepepisy, mo
srnnacrtcx n nnomnni crinxn. nx inmnx rnnin nepepisin = 0.

145
Koe]inicnrn 1, 1
H
i 1
y
nnsnauamrtcx sa ran. 66 [5].
Pospaxynox na minnicrt nepospisnnx nporonin nocrinoro
nepepisy si cymixnnmn npontoramn, xxi nipisnxmrtcx ne intme nix
na 20 %, npn i crarnunoro nananraxennx norpino nnxonynarn s
ypaxynannxm nepeposnoiny onopnnx i npontornnx srnnantnnx
momenrin, mo moxnnno nnacniox posnnrxy omexennx nnacrnunnx
e]opmani.
Pospaxynxonn srnnantnn momenr n xoxni s nnomnn
opinnmc:
M = M
max
,

e M
max
naintmn srnnantnn momenr (npontornn ao
onopnn), xxn nnsnauacrtcx s pospaxynxy nepospisno anxn n
nepeymoni npyxno poorn crani; xoe]inicnr nepeposnoiny
momenrin:
= 0,5 (1+
max
M
M
ef
).

V nepospisnnx anxax s mapnipno oneprnmn xinnxmn ymonnn
srnnantnn momenr M
"f
opinnmc intmomy s nox snauent:

l / 1
M
M
1
a
ef
+
;
2
M 5 . 0 M
ef
,

e
1
M i
2
M naintmi srnnantni momenrn ninonino n xpantomy
i npomixnomy npontorax, ouncneni xx y nintno onepri
ononpontorni anni; + nicrant ni nepepisy, e ic momenr
1
M ,
o xparno onopn.
xmo sycnnnx
1
M i
2
M nnsnaueni s ypaxynannxm
nepeposnoiny momenrin, ro nepenipxa minnocri nnxonycrtcx sa
]opmynom (4.1), roro no npyxntomy momenry onopy nepepisy.
Minnicrt nep]oponanoro nporony nepenipxmrt s ypaxynannxm
oarxonoro srnnantnoro momenry, mo nnnnxac n noxcax ni i
nonepeuno cnnn n nepepisi s ornopamn. Honepeuna cnna n nepepisi
1-1 (pnc. 4.8) posnoinxcrtcx mix noxcamn nponopnino x


146
srnnantno xopcrxocri:
2
1
1
1
J J
J
Q Q
+
;
2 1
2
2
J J
J
Q Q
+
,

e Q nonepeuna cnna n nepepisi, mo posrnxacrtcx;
1
Q i
2
Q nonepeuni cnnn, mo cnpnmamrtcx ranponnmn nepepisamn
ninonino nepxntoro i nnxntoro noxcin;
1
J i
2
J momenrn inepni
ninonino nepxntoro ra nnxntoro ranponnx nepepisin ninocno
nnacnnx oce, napanentnnx nonnnxm. Hpn cnmerpnunomy nepepisi
. 5 . 0
2 1
Q Q Q
s
h
x
2
x
2
1
1
x x
h
2
1
h
h
2
1
d
d
y
y
s
a
3
4
2
1
2
x x
c

Pnc. 4.8. Cxema inxnxn anxn s nep]oponanom crinxom

Vmonn minnocri n pisnnx rouxax nporony yyrt nacryn-
nnmn [5]:
Touxa 1
c y
X
R
W
a Q
J
Mh
+
1
max . 1
1 1
1
2
;

Touxa 2
U c
X
R
W
a Q
J
Md
+ /
2
4
1
min . 1
1 1
2
;

Touxa 3
c y
X
R
W
a Q
J
Mh
+
2
max . 2
2 2
3
2
;

Touxa 4
U c
X
s
R
W
a Q
J
Md
< +
4
1
min . 2
2
4
2
;

Onopnn nepepis
c S
a
R
h t
S Q

3
3
.


147
V naneennx ]opmynax:
3
Q nepepisynantna cnna n nepepisi na nicrani (b + S 0,5 +) ni
onopn;
max 1
W i
min 1
W naintmn i namenmn momenrn onopy
nepxntoro ranponoro nepepisy;
max 2
W i
min 2
W re x, nnxntoro
ranponoro nepepisy;
1 Y
R ,
1 U
R i
2 Y
R ,
2 U
R pospaxynxoni onopn crani
nx nepxntoro i nnxntoro ranponnx nepepisin;
X
J momenr inepni
nepepisy nporony s ornopom ninocno oci H-H. Posmipn b, S, a,
1
h ,
2
h ,
t noxasani na pnc. 4.8.
Konn noxpinentnn nacrnn (naneni, npo]intonani ao nnocxi
nncrn) xopcrxo saxpinneni o nporonin, yrnopmmun xopcrxn ncx,
cxarna cxnaona nananraxennx cnpnmacrtcx came nnm ncxom. V
ntomy nnnaxy neoxinicrt y rxxax ninaac, a nporonn rpea
pospaxonynarn rintxn na im nananraxennx
x
q .
3axpinnennx crncnyro nonnni nporony mac yrn pospaxonano
na maxcnmantny (]axrnuny ao ymonny) nepepisynantny cnny.
uaxrnuna cnna nnsnauacrtcx rax:
ef y
q Q l ,

e
ef
l nicrant mix onramn, mo saxpinnmmrt nacrnn o nonxn.
Vmonna cnna [3]:

,
_

N
R
E
Q
y
fic
2330 10 15 , 7
6
,

e ( )
y W f
R A A N 25 . 0 + nosonxnx cnna y pospaxynxonomy
nepepisi;
f
A i
W
A nnomi nonepeunoro nepepisy ninonino nonnni
ra crinxn nporony; xoe]inicnr nosonxntoro srnny, xxn
nnsnauamrt sa o. 1 sanexno ni rnyuxocri i
ef
l ; / paiyc
inepni nepepisy crncnyro nnomi ninocno oci 9-9.

Hpornn nporony nepenipxmrt ni nopmarnnnoro nocrinoro i
rnmuaconoro nananraxent, mo imrt y nnomnni, nepnennxynxpni
cxnny noxpnrrx, roro n nnomnni naintmo xopcrxocri
nporony. Hpn nnsnauenni npornny nep]oponanoro nporony si

148
cninninomennxm nncorn nepepisy o npontory intm nix 12,
momenr inepni nepepisy s ornopom neoxino mnoxnrn na xoe]inicnr
0,95 [5].

d57$A+) 4.1. Pospaxynarn nporin si cranenoro
pinnononnuxonoro mnenepa (nn. o. 4). Hporonn posmimeni s
xpoxom 2 m no cxnny ]epmn npontorom 24 m i posxpinneni n nnomnni
cnoc namenmo xopcrxocri rxxamn. Kpox ]epm 6 m. Hpn
posmimeni rxxin n cepenni nporonin x npontor n nanpxmxy,
napanentnomy cxnny, opinnmc 3 m (pnc. 4.5). Haxnn cxary cxnaac
10 %, mo ninoniac xyry
( ). 9949 . 0 cos 099 . 0 sin 3 4 5
o


Marepian nporonin crant C255 (npn ronmnni o 10 mm
y
R = 240 MHa = 24 xn/cm
2
). Koe]inicnr ymon poorn . 1 , 1
1

Pospaxynxoni nananraxennx: nocrine (nnacna nara nanene
noxpinni i nporonin) 1,0 xH/m
3
, rnmuacone (cnir + nirep) 1,2 xH/m
2
,
cymapne nananraxennx 1,0 + 1,2 = 2,2 xH/m
2
. Cymapne nananraxennx
1,0 + 1,2 = 2,2 xH/m
2
posxnaacmo na ni cxnaoni (nn. pnc. 4.7):

19 . 2 9949 . 0 2 . 2
x
q xH/m
2
; 22 . 0 0996 . 0 2 . 2
y
q xH/m
2
.

Hinine nananraxennx:

38 , 4 2 19 , 2
x
xH/m; 44 , 0 2 22 , 0
9
xH/m.

Binonini srnnantni momenrn:

71 , 19
8
6 38 , 4
M
2

x
xH/m; 5 , 0
8
3 44 , 0
M
2

9
xH/m,

npn ymoni poorn crani n npyxni onacri norpini momenrn
onopy:
66 . 74
1 . 1 24
10 71 . 19
2

d
x
W cm
3
; 9 , 1
1 , 1 24
10 5 , 0
2

d
y
W cm
3
.

3a ran. 3 o. 4 nnnpacmo npo]int rn. 180

80

5, nx xxoro
21 . 87
x
W cm
3
, 86 . 16
y
W cm
3
. Hepenipxcmo nanpyxennx n


149
niipanomy nporoni:

3 , 22
21 , 87
10 71 , 19
2

H
xH/cm
2
; 97 , 2
86 , 16
10 5 , 0
2

9
xH/cm
2
;

56 , 25 97 , 2 6 , 22 + +
9 H
xH/cm
2
< 4 . 26 1 . 1 24
c e
R xH/cm
2
.

d57$A+) 4.2. Hiiparn nepepis rxxin nx cxarno noxpinni sa
ymonamn npnxnay 4.1.
3ycnnnx n xoxnomy s rxxin nnsnauacrtcx xx peaxnix
nepospisno anxn, pospaxonano n nnomnni cxnny (1,25 5
9
1
l ).
Hpnuomy s nannxennxm o rpeenenoro nporony ne sycnnnx
sintmycrtcx sa paxynox nicymynannx nnxue no cxnny:

825 , 0
2
3
44 , 0 25 , 1
1
Z xH;

475 , 2 3 44 , 0 25 , 1 825 , 0
2
+ Z xH;

125 , 4 3 44 , 0 25 , 1 475 , 2
3
+ Z xH;

775 , 5 3 44 , 0 25 , 1 125 , 4
4
+ Z xH;

425 , 7 3 44 , 0 25 , 1 775 , 5
5
+ Z xH.

3ycnnnx n iaronani Z
6
nnsnauacrtcx posxnaannxm Z
5
na ni
npoexni. Hpn xyri naxnny iaronani o oci nporony 33 45 sycnnnx
Z
6
= 4,3 xH.
Hnomy nepepisy rxxa nnsnauacmo no naintmomy sycnnnm Z
5
.
Txx npoexrycmo s xpyrno crani C 235 (R
9
= 23 xH/cm
2
). Horpina
nnoma nepepisy
323 , 0
23
425 , 7 H
\ cm
2
.

Fepemo rxxi iamerpom 10 mm, nx xxnx nnoma nepepisy
opinnmc 0,785 cm
2
.




150
4.3. =R5+'UPQU :',b,QO

Hpn ocrarnto nennxnx npontorax (intme nix 10 m)
nnxopncronymrt nacxpisni nporonn y nnrnxi nerxnx ]epm si
crncnyro-sirnyrnm nepxnim noxcom. Enemenrn raxnx nporonin
nnxonymrt s rapxuexarannx ao rnyrnx npo]inin, a npn nenennxnx
nananraxennxx s coprono crani xpyrno ao xnaparno ]epmn.
Koncrpyxrnnni pimennx nporonin npontoramn 12 m, posponeni
nx pisnnx rnnin npo]inin, noxasani na pnc. 4.9. Haintm
panionantnom xoncrpyxnicm rpea nnsnarn rpnxyrnn nporon, mo
mac minimantny xintxicrt enemenrin. Bepxni noxc raxnx nporonin
cxnaacrtcx s nox mnenepin (rapxuexarannx ao rnyrnx), a enemenrn
pemirxn nnroronnxmrtcx s noonnoxnx mnenepin. Bysnoni scnannx
ne norpeymrt oarxonnx erane, a nnxonymrtcx esnocepenim
snapmnannxm enemenrin oxonnm ao xonraxrnnm cnocoamn. nx
onnpannx xpinnennx nporonin o nepxnix noxcin xpoxnxnnx ]epm
nepeaueni onopni nnanxn, xxi saxpinnmmrt onramn o ]epm.
Hacxpisna xoncrpyxnix nporony s napanentnnmn noxcamn c
naintm xopcrxom i moxe yrn nnxopncrana onouacno xx
enemenr nxse no noxpnrrm. nx saesneuennx minimantnnx nnrpar
crani nepepisn enemenrin epyrt ronxocrinnnmn samxnenoro
nepepisy. Bepxni noxc nx spyunoro onnpannx i xpinnennx
oropoxynantnnx xoncrpyxni mac nepxnm nnocxy rpant sanmnpmxn
100 120 mm. Kpim roro, raxa mnpnna saesneuyc neoxiny ni uac
monraxy xopcrxicrt nporony s oro nnomnnn. Taxnm unnom nepepis
nepxntoro noxca mac rpanenicnoiny ]opmy, nncora xxo
sminmcrtcx sanexno ni rnny nananraxennx. Hpn nosanysnonomy
npnxnaanni socepexennx cnn nx nncora 100 120 mm, a npn
nicyrnocri micnenoro srnny 60 mm. uopma i posmipn nnxntoro
noxca sanexart ni imunx y ntomy sycnnt. Enemenrn pemirxn
npoexrymrt s rpyuacroro ao xnaparnoro npo]inm. Tonmnny
crinox ycix npo]inin npn nainomy anrnxoposinomy saxncri epyrt
1,5 4 mm.

151
40 40
7
0
0
12000
6x1500=9000
1
1
5
0
1
0
0
0
1960 4x2000=8000 1960
80 80 2540 3050 640 3050 2550
85 85
1
5
0
0

3665 4500 3665
a a
85
15 70
70 15
80
8
0
,
1
0
0
1
4
0
,
1
6
0
,
1
8
0
1
0
0
,
1
2
0
6
0
4040
80-180
100,120
Pnc. 4.9. Pemiruacri nporonn npontorom 12 m

Hpn nenennxnx sycnnnxx n enemenrax nacxpisnnx nporonin x
moxna nnroronnxrn s noxcamn s rapxuexarannx xyrnxin i pemirxom s
xpyrno ao xnaparno crani, xxa nnrnnacrtcx s ninoro crepxnx no
saani ]opmi i posmipax (pnc. 4.10). Bepxni noxc mac ranponn
nepepis, sxomnononann s nox xyrnxin, a nnxni noxc
sanpoexronann s onoro xyrnxa, nonepnyroro na 45 no
ninomennm o neprnxantno oci. Crepxent pemirxn nnrnnacrtcx
raxnm unnom, mo y micnxx scnannx oro s noxcamn yrnopmnannct
npxmoninini inxnxn nx naxnaannx snapnnx mnin. Onnpannx na
nepxni noxc xpoxnxno ]epmn sicnmcrtcx sa onomorom
xopornma s pinnononnuxonoro xyrnxa.
>
'
2
1

*
/
.
C
4

Pnc. 4.10. Hpyrxonn nporon
B
i
c
u

q
e
p
r
u


152
Posxpinnennx nepxnix noxcin nacxpisnnx nporonin y nnomnni
cxnny nnxonycrtcx ananoriuno cynintnnm nporonam (nn. n. 4.2).
Hpn neoxinocri posxpinnennx nnxnix noxcin y nanpxmxy i
cxarno cxnaono nepeauacrtcx cncrema nxse, xxa cxnaacrtcx s
posnipox, posrxxox ao posxocin. Bonn saxpinnmmrtcx y nysnax
nepxnix noxcin nporonin i nicrani mix nnmn onpamrtcx s ymonn
nenepennmennx rnyuxicrm nepxntoro noxca n ropnsonrantnomy
nanpxmxy n nponeci monraxy rpannunoro snauennx, xxe opin-
nmc 220. Posrxxxn no nnxnim noxcam posramonymrtcx s
ypaxynannxm rpannunoro snauennx rnyuxocri n romy x nanpxmxy
400. nx reomerpnuno nesminnocri y neprnxantni cncremi n onomy
s xpoxin nporonin nepeauacrtcx nocranonxa posxocin (pnc. 4.11, +)

Pnc. 4.11. Bapianrn posxpinnennx pemiruacrnx nporonin s x nnomnnn

Ananoriunoro e]exry moxna ocxrrn nocranonxom posxocin
mix nepxnimn i nnxnimn noxcamn cymixnnx nporonin (pnc. 4.12, F).
I n ntomy nnnaxy posmimennx posxocin mac saonontnxrn nnmoram
ne nepennmennx rpannunnx snauent rnyuxocri noxcin n ropnso-
rantnomy nanpxmxy.
Hacxpisni nporonn moxyrt yrn nnxopncrani xx nxsi mix
xpoxnxnnmn ]epmamn y nnrnxi posnipox (pnc. 4.12, +) ao
neprnxantnnx nxse (pnc. 4.12, F, *).
a
!

+
F

153

Pnc. 4.12. Bapianrn nxnmuennx pemiruacrnx nporonin
y npocropony poory xapxacy yinni:
+ posnipxn no nepxnix noxcax cynintno-crinuacrnx pnrenin
(pospisna cxema); F posxpinnennx nnxntoro noxcy pnrenin
(nepospisna cxema); * onnpannx nporonin na ]epmn
no nepospisni cxemi es posxpinnennx i s posxpinnennxm
nnxntoro noxcy ]epmn s nnomnnn

Pospaxynox nacxpisnnx nporonin nnxonycrtcx ananoriuno
pospaxynxy ]epm (nn. n. 1.6), npnuomy nananraxennx ni noxpinni
ra cniry (nirpy) npnxnaacrtcx o nepxntoro noxca xx pinnomipno
posnoinene, mo nnxnnxac micneni srnnantni momenrn n noxci.
V nnrnxi socepexennx cnn moxyrt yrn npnxnaeni nananraxennx
ni rexnonoriunoro onanannx, pemonrnnxin romo, mo nepeaueno
rexniunnm sanannxm na npoexrynannx.

[R:O7RQQ* `4* 5R),+,Q7',4e

1. Oxapaxrepnsyre pisni sa rnnamn nepepisin cynintni nporonn.
2. Bo raxe nep]oponann nporin i xx nin nnroronnxcrtcx?
3. xnm unnom nporonn saxpinnmmrtcx na xpoxnxnnx
xoncrpyxnixx?
4. xe npnsnauennx rxxin (posnipox) mix nporonamn i xx nonn
posmimymrtcx n noxpnrrxx?
!
"

+
F
*

154
5. x pospaxonymrtcx nporonn, xxi posramonani na naxnnenomy
noxci xpoxnxno ]epmn?
6. x nepenipxcrtcx minnicrt nepospisnnx nporonin, marepian xxnx
npanmc n npyxnto-nnacrnuni soni?
7. x nnsnauamrtcx sycnnnx n rxxax, xxi posxpinnmmrt nporonn
n cxarni nnomnni?
8. Oxapaxrepnsyre onacri sacrocynannx i xoncrpyxrnnni
pimennx nacxpisnnx nporonin.
9. Haneirt xoncrpyxrnnne pimennx npyrxonoro nporony.
10. xnm unnom nacxpisni nporonn moxyrt yrn nnxopncrani xx
nxsi mix xpoxnxnnmn ]epmamn?




155
;:O5,+ 4U7%'R78'O

1. -"3+AA7@"1$7" xoncrpyxnnn: Omn xypc: Vuennx nx nyson /Ho
om. pe. E.H. Fenenx M.: Crponsar, 1986. 560 c.
2. b*+5(l" crponrentn-e xoncrpyxnnn. T. 2. Tnn- xoncrpyxnn /B.H.
Bnmanoncxn, 3.u. Iap], B.A. Hepmxxon n p.; Ho pe. H.M.
Hoanona. K.: H3C nm. E.O. Harona, 1997. 680 c.
3. b^md II-23-81*. Crantn-e xoncrpyxnnn. Hopm- npoexrnponannx.
M.: HHTH Ioccrpox CCCP, 1990. 96 c.
4. d%1%F7" no npoexrnponannm crantn-x xoncrpyxnn (x CHHH II-23-81*
Crantn-e xoncrpyxnnn) /HHHHCK nm. Kyuepenxo Ioccrpox CCCP.
M.: HHTH Ioccrpox CCCP, 1989. 148 c.
5. b^md 2.01.07-85. Harpysxn n nosecrnnx /Ioccrpo CCCP.
M.: HHTH Ioccrpox CCCP, 1987. 36 c.
6. b3+AB(l" xoncrpyxnnn nponsnocrnenn-x sann: Cnpanounnx /A.A.
Hnnon, B.A. Hepmxxon, A.. Hpnnxep. K.: Fyinentnnx, 1986. 272 c.
7. -"3+A"*/ xoncrpyxni. Marepiann. Ocnonn pospaxynxy. 3cnannx:
Hanu. nocinnx nx cryenrin cneniantnocri Hpomncnone ra nnnintne
yinnnnrno /B.O. Hepmxxon, B.B. Tpo]nmonnu, B.H. Tapacenxo. K:
I3HH, 1996. 204 c.
8. d%$5733? yinni no cranennx ]epmax: Meronuni nxasinxn o
nnxonannx xypconoro npoexry /Vxna.: B.O. Bononmnpctxn, .B.
Mnxanonctxn, .... 3yap. K.: KHVFA, 2003. 40 c.




1
5
6
1"1HED?
T%)+3%$ 1
D,%WUcU3Q7O :',`,4ZQ,b, .ObOQ8 c%Q7'R4ZQ,-57O5Q87O^ %4%)%Q7U.
Koe]inicnrn nx enemenrin s crani s pospaxynxonnm onopom R
y
, MHa (xrc/cm
2
)
Inyuxicrt,

200
(2050)
240
(2450)
280
(2850)
320
(3250)
360
(3650)
400
(4100)
440
(4500)
480
(4900)
520
(5300)
560
(5700)
600
(6100)
640
(6550)
10 988 987 985 984 983 982 981 980 979 978 977 977
20 967 962 959 955 952 949 946 943 941 938 936 934
30 939 931 924 917 911 905 900 895 891 887 883 879
40 906 894 883 873 863 854 846 839 832 825 820 814
50 869 852 836 822 809 796 785 775 764 746 729 712
60 827 805 785 766 749 721 696 672 650 628 608 588
70 782 754 724 687 654 623 595 568 542 518 494 470
80 734 686 641 602 566 532 501 471 442 414 386 359
90 665 612 565 522 483 447 413 380 349 326 305 287
100 599 542 493 448 408 369 335 309 286 267 250 235
110 537 478 427 381 338 306 280 258 239 223 209 197
120 479 419 366 321 287 260 237 219 203 190 178 167
130 425 364 313 276 247 223 204 189 175 163 153 145
140 376 315 272 240 215 195 178 164 153 143 134 126
150 328 276 239 211 189 171 157 145 134 126 118 111
160 290 244 212 187 167 152 139 129 120 112 105 099
170 259 218 189 167 150 136 125 115 107 100 094 089
180 233 196 170 150 135 123 112 104 097 091 085 081
190 210 177 154 136 122 111 102 094 088 082 077 073
200 191 161 140 124 111 101 093 086 080 075 071 067
210 174 147 128 113 102 093 085 079 074 069 065 062
220 160 135 118 104 094 086 077 073 068 064 060 057

d57'/3$+. 3nauennx xoe]inicnrin n rannni sintmeni n 1000 pasin.


1
5
7
T%)+3%$ 2

D,%WUcU3Q7O .:4O.8 W,')O :%'%'UP8

3nauennx npn
0 5 > 5
Tnn
nepepisy
Cxema nepepisy
w
f
A
A

0,1 m 5 5 < m 20 0,1 m 5 5 < m 20
1

"

- 1,0 1,0 1,0
2

h e t
h 0,25
t

- 0,85 0,85 0,85
3

e

- 0,75+0,02 0,75+0,02 0,85
4

t
e
h
t
h = 0,25

-
(1,35-0,05m)-
0,01(5-m)
1,1 1,1



1
5
8
d5%)%*Y"((? )%). 2
3nauennx npn
0 5 > 5
Tnn
nepepisy
Cxema nepepisy
w
f
A
A

0,1 m 5 5 < m 20 0,1 m 5 5 < m 20
0,25
(1,45-0,05m)-
0,01(5-m)
1,2 1,2
0,5
(1,75-0,1m)-
0,02(5-m)
1,25 1,25 5
1,0
(1,90-0,1m)-
0,02(6-m)
1,4-0,02 1,3
6

a
1
e

h
A
f

A
w


-
1
]
1

h
a
m
s
1
) 5 ( 3 , 0 1

n
s
n
s

7

-

,
_

h
a
n
s
1
8 , 0 1

,
_

h
a
n
s
1
8 , 0 1

,
_

h
a
n
s
1
8 , 0 1


a 1

e

h



a 1


1
5
9
d5%)%*Y"((? )%). 2

3nauennx npn
0 5 > 5
Tnn
nepepisy
Cxema nepepisy
w
f
A
A
0,1 m 5 5 < m 20 0,1 m 5 5 < m 20
0,25
(0,75+0,05m)+
+0,01(5-m)
1,0 1,0
0,5
(0,5+0,1m)+
+0,02(5-m)
1,0 1,0 8

1,0
(0,25+0,15m)+
+0,03(5-m)
1,0 1,0
0,5
(1,25-0,05m)-
0,01(5-m)
1,0 1,0
9

1,0
(1,5-0,1m)-
0,02(5-m)
1,0 1,0



1
6
0
n+$/(@"((? )%). 2
3nauennx npn
0 5 > 5
Tnn
nepepis
y
Cxema nepepisy
w
f
A
A
0,1 m 5 5 < m 20 0,1 m 5 5 < m 20
0,5 1,4 1,4
1,4
1,4
1,0 1,6-0,01(5-m) 1,6
1,35+0,05
m
1,6
10

2,0 1,8-0,02(5-m) 1,8 1,3+0,1m 1,8
11 0,5 1,45+0,04m 1,65
1,45+0,04
m
1,65


1
6
1
3nauennx npn
0 5 > 5
Tnn
nepepis
y
Cxema nepepisy
w
f
A
A

0,1 m 5 5 < m 20 0,1 m 5 5 < m 20
1,0 1,8+0,12m 2,4
1,8+0,12
m
2,4
1,5
2,0+0,25m +
+ 0,1
- - -
2,0
3,0+0,25m +
+ 0,1
- - -

d57'/3$7. 1. nx rnnin nepepisin 5-7 npn nipaxynxy snauent A
f
/A
w
nnoma neprnxantnnx enemenrin nonox
ne cni npaxonynarn.
2. nx rnnin nepepisin 6-7 snauennx
5
cni npnmarn pinnnmn snauennxm nx rnny 5 npn rnx xe
snauennxx A
f
/A
w
.
T%)+3%$ 3
D,%WUcU3Q7O
e
`4* :%'%.U'+O 57U]+,57U :,PRc%Q7',.,-57O5Q87O^ (57O5Q87,-PbOQR4ZQO^)
58cU4ZQ,57UQTR7O^ 57%'aQU. . :4,dOQU `Um ),)%Q78, P\UaQO] P :4,dOQ,e 5O)%7'Um
Koe]inicnrn
e
npn npnneennomy ninocnomy excnenrpncnreri m
ef

Vmonn
rnyuxocri
E R
y
/

0,1 0,25 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 17,0 20,0
0,5 967 922 850 782 722 669 620 577 538 469 417 370 337 307 280 260 237 222 210 164 150 125 106 090 077
1,0 925 854 778 711 653 600 563 520 484 427 382 341 307 283 259 240 225 209 196 157 142 121 103 086 074
1,5 875 804 716 647 593 548 507 470 439 388 347 312 283 262 240 223 207 195 182 148 134 114 099 082 070
2,0 813 742 653 587 536 496 457 425 397 352 315 286 260 240 222 206 193 182 170 138 125 107 094 079 067
2,5 742 672 587 526 480 442 410 383 357 317 287 262 238 220 204 190 178 168 158 130 118 101 090 076 065
3,0 667 597 520 465 425 395 365 342 320 287 260 238 217 202 187 175 166 156 147 123 112 097 086 073 063
3,5 587 522 455 408 375 350 325 303 287 258 233 216 198 183 172 162 153 145 137 115 106 092 082 069 060


1
6
2
Koe]inicnrn
e
npn npnneennomy ninocnomy excnenrpncnreri m
ef

Vmonn
rnyuxocri
E R
y
/

0,1 0,25 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 17,0 20,0
4,0 505 447 394 356 330 309 289 270 256 232 212 197 181 168 158 149 140 135 127 108 098 088 078 066 057
4,5 418 382 342 310 288 272 257 242 229 208 192 178 165 155 146 137 130 125 118 101 093 083 075 064 055
5,0 354 326 295 273 253 239 225 215 205 188 175 162 150 143 135 126 120 117 111 095 088 079 072 062 053
5,5 302 280 256 240 224 212 200 192 184 170 158 148 138 132 124 117 112 108 104 089 084 075 069 060 051
6,0 258 244 223 210 198 190 178 172 166 153 145 137 128 120 115 109 104 100 096 084 079 072 066 057 049
6,5 223 213 196 185 176 170 160 155 149 140 132 125 117 112 106 101 097 094 089 080 074 068 062 054 047
7,0 194 186 173 163 157 152 145 141 136 127 121 115 108 102 098 094 091 087 083 074 070 064 059 052 045
8,0 152 146 138 133 128 121 117 115 113 106 100 095 091 087 083 081 078 076 074 065 062 057 053 047 041
9,0 122 117 112 107 103 100 098 096 093 088 085 082 079 075 072 069 066 065 064 058 055 051 048 043 038
10,0 100 097 093 091 090 085 081 080 079 075 072 070 069 065 062 060 059 058 057 052 049 046 043 039 035
11,0 083 079 077 076 075 073 071 069 068 063 062 061 060 057 055 053 052 051 050 046 044 040 038 035 032
12,0 069 067 064 063 062 060 059 059 058 055 054 053 052 051 050 049 048 047 046 042 040 037 035 032 029
13,0 062 061 054 053 052 051 051 050 049 049 048 048 047 045 044 043 042 041 041 038 037 035 033 030 027
14,0 052 049 049 048 048 047 047 046 045 044 043 043 042 041 040 040 039 039 038 036 036 034 032 029 026
d57'/3$7. 1. 3nauennx xoe]inicnrin
e
n rannni sintmeni n 1000 pasin.
2. 3nauennx
e
npnmarn ne nnme snauent .


163
T%)+3%$ 4
;,'7R)%Q7 (1;EG)
Honepeunn nepepis npo]inin nonnnen ninoniarn nxasanomy na
pnc. 1 i 2.

Pnc. 1 Pnc. 2
e h nncora (mnpnna); b mnpnna; t ronmnna crinxn; R paiyc
sonnimntoro saxpyrnennx; l momenr inepni; W momenr onopy;
i paiyc inepni

3.2. Posmipn npo]inin, nnoma nonepeunoro nepepisy, onixoni
nennunnn nx oce i maca nx 1 m npo]inm nonnnna ninoniarn nx
xnaparnnx npo]inin ran. 1; nx npxmoxyrnnx npo]inin ran. 2.
Z+FA7V? 1
onixoni snauennx nennunn nx oce x-x h,
mm
t,
mm
Hnoma
nonepeunoro
nepepisy A, cm
2

I I 1'
x y
, ,
4

W W 1'
x y
, ,
3

i i 1'
x y
, ,

Maca 1 m,
xr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
50
2
2,5
3
4
5
3,9
4,7
5,5
7,1
8,6
14,4
17,2
19,9
24,5
28,3
5,7
6,8
7,9
9,8
11,3
1,96
1,93
1,91
1,86
1,81
3,0
3,6
4,3
5,5
6,7
80
2,5
3
4
5
6
7,7
9,2
12,2
15,0
17,8
74,6
89,5
115,3
138,0
158,1
18,7
22,4
28,8
34,5
39,5
3,12
3,12
3,07
3,03
2,98
6,0
7,2
9,6
11,8
14,0
100
3
4
5
6
7
11,6
15,3
18,9
22,6
26,2
180,2
231,3
278,7
326,3
373,9
36,0
46,3
55,7
65,3
74,8
3,94
3,89
3,84
3,80
3,75
9,1
12,0
14,8
17,7
20,5


164
n+$/(@"((? 3+FA. 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
120
3
4
5
6
14,0
18,5
22,9
27,4
315,1
408,5
497,9
583,4
52,5
68,1
83,0
97,2
4,76
4,71
4,66
4,61
11,0
14,5
18,0
21,5
140
4
5
6
7
8
21,6
26,9
32,1
37,2
42,3
657,9
808,4
947,1
1077,1
1201,7
94,0
115,5
135,3
153,9
171,7
5,52
5,48
5,43
5,38
5,33
17,0
21,1
25,2
29,2
33,2
160
4
5
6
7
8
24,7
30,7
36,8
42,8
48,7
989,7
1214,6
1435,1
1640,8
1836,9
123,7
151,8
179,4
205,1
229,6
6,33
6,29
6,24
6,20
6,15
19,4
24,1
28,9
33,6
38,2
180
5
6
7
8
9
10
34,6
41,4
48,2
54,8
61,5
68,2
1749,1
2063,5
2372,1
2663,3
2976,5
3300,7
194,3
229,3
263,6
295,9
326,2
353,5
7,11
7,06
7,01
6,97
6,91
6,86
27,2
32,5
37,8
43,0
48,3
53,5
200
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
38,4
45,6
52,8
59,8
66,7
73,4
80,0
86,5
92,9
99,2
2410,0
2832,0
3236,0
3621,0
3987,0
4336,0
4667,0
4980,0
4685,0
4408,0
241,0
283,0
324,0
362,0
399,0
434,0
467,0
498,0
527,0
554,0
7,93
7,88
7,83
7,78
7,73
7,68
7,64
7,59
7,54
7,49
30,1
35,8
41,4
46,9
52,3
57,6
62,8
67,0
72,9
77,9
250
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
75,8
84,7
93,4
102,0
111,0
119,0
127,0
7315,0
8092,0
8840,0
9559,0
10251,0
10917,0
11550,0
585,0
647,0
707,0
765,0
820,0
872,0
924,0
9,82
9,78
9,73
9,68
9,63
9,58
9,53
59,5
66,5
73,3
80,1
86,8
93,4
99,8
300
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
89,9
101,0
113,0
124,0
135,0
145,0
155,0
12812,0
14302,0
15712,0
17080,0
18330,0
19580,0
20784,0
846,0
949,0
1047,0
1139,0
1222,0
1309,0
1386,0
11,94
11,90
11,79
11,74
11,65
11,62
11,58
70,5
79,3
89,0
97,3
106,0
113,8
122,0


165
Z+FA7V? 2

Posmipn n minimerpax


onixoni snauennx nennunn nx oce
x-x y-y
h b t
Hnoma
none-
peuno-
ro ne-
pepisy
A, cm
2

I 1'
x
,
4

W 1'
x
,
3

i 1'
x
,
I 1'
y
,
4

W 1'
y
,
3

i 1'
y
,
Maca
1 m, xr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
60 40 2
2,5
3
4
5
3,8
4,7
5,5
7,1
8,6
18,8
22,4
26,0
32,2
37,1
6,2
7,4
8,6
10,7
12,3
2,23
2,20
2,18
2,13
2,08
10,0
11,8
13,7
16,7
19,1
5,0
5,9
6,8
8,3
9,5
1,63
1,60
1,58
1,54
1,49
3,0
3,6
4,3
5,5
6,7
100 60 3
4
5
6
9,2
12,2
15,0
17,8
123,2
157,6
187,8
216,3
24,6
31,5
37,6
43,3
3,66
3,59
3,54
3,48
55,6
70,8
83,8
96,2
18,5
23,6
27,9
32,1
2,46
2,41
2,36
2,32
7,2
9,6
11,8
14,0
120 80 3
4
5
6
7
11,6
15,3
18,9
22,6
26,3
233,4
299,0
361,4
423,2
483,2
38,9
49,8
60,2
70,5
80,4
4,48
4,42
4,37
4,33
4,28
124,8
159,7
192,4
224,1
254,6
31,2
39,9
48,1
56,0
63,8
3,27
3,23
3,19
3,15
3,10
9,1
12,0
14,8
17,7
20,6
140 60 4
5
6
15,3
18,9
22,6
362,1
436,1
509,7
51,7
62,3
72,8
4,86
4,80
4,75
95,4
113,6
131,3
31,8
37,9
43,8
2,50
2,45
2,41
12,0
14,8
17,7
140 100 3
4
5
6
7
14,2
18,5
22,9
27,4
32,0
404,2
511,3
619,7
729,2
839,8
57,7
73,0
88,5
104,2
120,0
5,31
5,26
5,20
5,16
5,11
241,2
304,3
368,0
432,4
497,5
48,2
60,9
73,6
86,5
99,5
4,10
4,05
4,01
3,97
3,92
11,1
14,5
18,0
21,5
25,1
160 80 3
4
5
6
13,9
18,5
22,9
27,4
455,0
606,7
735,9
864,7
56,9
75,8
92,0
108,1
5,70
5,73
5,67
5,62
155,2
206,9
248,7
280,7
38,8
51,7
62,2
72,7
3,34
3,34
3,29
3,26
10,9
14,5
18,0
21,5
160 120 4
5
6
7
8
21,6
26,9
32,1
37,2
42,3
799,2
978,2
1150,5
1307,4
1461,0
99,9
122,3
143,8
163,4
182,6
6,08
6,03
5,99
5,93
5,88
514,0
628,4
736,9
836,6
932,5
85,7
104,7
122,8
139,4
155,4
4,88
4,83
4,79
4,74
4,69
17,0
21,1
25,2
29,2
33,2
180 60 5
6
22,9
27,4
833,8
978,5
92,6
108,7
6,03
5,97
144,7
166,5
48,2
55,5
2,51
2,46
18,0
21,5


166
n+$/(@"((? 3+FA. 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
180 100 5
6
7
8
26,9
32,1
37,2
42,3
1143,0
1344,4
1527,9
1706,1
127,0
149,4
169,8
189,6
6,52
6,47
6,41
6,35
459,6
537,8
607,9
676,0
91,9
107,6
121,6
135,2
4,13
4,09
4,04
4,00
21,1
25,2
29,2
33,2
180 140 4
5
6
7
8
24,6
30,7
36,8
42,8
48,7
1165,0
1443,0
1706,8
1952,0
2187,3
128,2
160,3
189,6
216,9
243,0
6,91
6,85
6,81
6,75
6,70
782,4
981,2
1158,9
1322,9
1480,6
111,8
140,2
165,6
189,0
211,5
5,70
5,65
5,61
5,56
5,51
19,3
24,1
28,9
33,6
38,2
200 120 4 27,7 1631,8 163,2 7,68 1160,0 145,0 6,47 21,8
200 160 5
6
7
8
9
10
34,6
41,4
48,2
54,8
61,3
67,7
2039,7
2412,4
2767,1
3104,3
3424,0
3726,7
204,0
241,2
276,7
310,4
342,3
372,4
7,67
7,63
7,58
7,53
7,48
7,43
1450,0
1712,3
1962,0
2199,0
2436,0
2211,7
181,2
214,0
245,2
274,9
303,3
330,4
6,46
6,43
6,38
6,33
6,28
6,23
27,2
32,5
37,8
43,0
48,1
53,1
300 200 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
75,8
84,7
93,4
102,0
111,0
119,0
127,0
9512,0
10527
11505
12446
13351
12482
15054
634,0
702,0
767,0
830,0
890,0
945,0
1004,0
11,20
11,15
11,10
11,05
11,00
10,95
10,90
5069,0
5630,0
6143,0
6634,0
7104,0
7553,0
7983,0
510,0
563,0
614,0
663,0
710,0
755,0
798,0
8,20
8,15
8,11
8,06
8,01
7,96
7,92
59,5
66,5
73,3
80,1
86,8
93,4
99,8
320 180 8
10
12
14
75,8
93,4
111,0
127,0
10341
12506
14511
16359
646,0
782,0
907,0
1022,0
11,70
11,60
11,50
11,30
4248,0
5111,0
5899,0
6617,0
472,0
568,0
655,0
735,0
7,49
7,40
7,31
7,21
59,5
73,3
86,8
99,8
340 160 9
10
12
14
84,7
93,4
111,0
127,0
12306
13446
15596
17576
724,0
791,0
917,0
1034,0
12,10
12,00
11,90
11,80
3793,0
4130,0
4755,0
5319,0
474,0
516,0
594,0
655,0
6,69
6,65
6,56
6,47
66,5
73,3
86,8
99,8
340 260 10
12
14
113,0
135,0
155,0
18892
22054
25020
1111,0
1297,0
1472,0
12,90
12,80
12,70
12510
14577
16508
962,0
1121,0
1269,0
10,50
10,40
10,30
89,0
106,0
122,0
380 220 10
12
14
113,0
135,0
155,0
21925
25594
29037
1154,0
1347,0
1528,0
13,90
13,80
13,70
9416,0
10948
12370
856,0
995,0
1125,0
9,11
9,02
8,93
89,0
106,0
122,0
400 200 10
12
14
113,0
135,0
155,0
23345
27248
30907
1167,0
1362,0
1545,0
14,30
14,20
14,10
7949,0
9227,0
10409
795,0
923,0
1041,0
8,37
8,28
8,19
89,0
10,60
122,0
d57'/3$7 )% 3+FA 1 / 2. 1. Paiyc sonnimntoro saxpyrnennx R = 2t.
2). Maca 1 m onxnnn npo]inm nnsnauena sa nnomem nonepeunoro
nepepisy npn mintnocri crani 7,85 r/cm
3
.


1
6
7
R
X X
h
Z0
Y
Y
b
s
Z+FA7V? 3

o.%4%'O 57R4%.U 'U.Q,:,4OT+,.U (.O\U'+R P X";E 8278-83*)
Hpnxna nosnauennx: rn. 160x80x5/IOCT 8278 83*
;
s
s R b
n

=
s
s R h
n
) ( 2
1
+
=

onixoni nennunnn nx oce
X-X Y-Y h,
mm
b,
mm
s,
mm
R
max
,
mm
Maca
1m,
xr
Hnoma
nepepi-
sy,
cm
2

n n
1

I
x
, cm
4

W
x
,
cm
3

/
H
,
cm
S
x
,
cm
3
R
y
,
cm
4
W
y
,
cm
3

i
y
,
cm
Z
0,
cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BCr3xn, BCr3nc
60 32 3 4 2,67 3,40 8,3 15,3 18,31 6.10 2.32 3.62 3.38 1.52 1.00 0.97
80 50 4 6 5,18 6,60 10 15 65,98 16.50 3.16 9.65 16.60 4.48 1.58 1.60
100 50 3 4 4,47 5,68 14,3 28,7 87,88 15.57 3.93 10.24 14.05 3.90 1.57 1.39
120 60 4 6 7,07 9 12,5 25 198,65 33.11 4.70 19.37 31.91 7.42 1.88 1.70
120 60 5 7 8,71 11,09 9,6 19,2 239,63 39.94 4.67 23.60 38.73 9.10 1.87 1.74
140 60 4 6 7,70 9,80 12,5 30 285,42 40.77 5.39 24.08 33.57 7.59 1.85 1.57
160 80 4 6 9,58 12,20 17,5 35 489,16 61.14 6.33 35.42 78.01 13.44 2.53 2.20
160 80 5 7 11,85 15,09 13,6 27,2 595,66 74.46 6.28 43.45 95.40 16.57 2.51 2.24
180 80 5 7 13,68 16,09 13,6 31,2 784,86 87.21 6.98 51.24 99.15 16.86 2.48 2.12
200 80 4 6 10,83 13,81 17,5 45 823,48 82.35 7.72 48.43 83.67 13.86 2.46 1.96


1
6
8
n+$/(@"((? 3+FA. 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
200 80 5 7 13,42 17,09 13,6 35,2 1006,26 100.63 7.67 59.54 102.45 17.10 2.45 2.01
250 125 6 9 22 28,10 17,5 36,7 2720 218 9.85 126 399 45.50 3.77 3.23
300 100 8 12 29,53 37,62 10 32,5 4694,84 312.98 11.17 189.27 327.88 42.94 2.95 2.37
BCr3cn, 09I2
80 50 4 10 5.08 6.47 9 13 63.67 15.92 3.14 9.37 16.22 4.82 1.58 1.63
100 50 3 7 4.40 5.60 13.3 26.7 85.89 17.18 3.92 10.04 13.89 3.87 1.57 1.41
120 60 4 10 6.96 8.87 11.5 23 193.52 32.25 4.67 18.95 31.48 7.36 1.88 1.72
120 60 5 12 8.54 10.88 8.6 17.2 231.60 38.60 4.61 23.31 38.09 9.01 1.87 1.78
160 80 4 10 9.47 12.07 16.5 33 480.12 60.01 6.31 32.86 77.29 13.38 2.53 2.22
160 80 5 12 11.68 14.88 12.6 26 581.49 72.69 6.25 42.92 94.24 16.47 2.52 2.52
180 80 5 1 12.46 15.88 12.6 29.2 766.99 85.22 6.95 50.65 98.11 16.77 2.49 2.15
200 80 4 10 10.75 13.67 16.5 43 809.42 80.94 7.69 47.73 83.09 13.82 2.46 1.99
200 100 6 14 17.59 22.40 13.3 16.7 1374.29 137.43 7.83 80.33 222.20 30.99 3.15 2.83
280 140 5 12 21.10 26.88 24.6 49.2 3345.30 238.45 11.16 138.06 533.50 52.16 4.46 3.77







1
6
9
Z+FA7V? 4

$',WU4U 57R4%.U bQ87U ;-:,`U\QU 'U.Q,:,4OT+,.U (PR X";E 8282-83*)
Hpnxna nosnauennx: C 300x60x50x5/IOCT 8282-83*



d57'/3$+. Hpo]ini s nyrneneno cnoxino ra nnstxoneronano crane nnroronnxmrtcx s paiycom xpnnnnn
ne intme 2,5s
onixoni nennunnn nx oce
h b + s R
max

X-X Y-Y
mm
Maca
1m,
xr
Hnoma
nepepisy,
cm
2

I
x
, cm
4
W
x
, cm
3
/
H
, cm R
y
, cm
4
W
y
, cm
3
i
y
, cm
Z
0,
cm
62 66 17.5 3 4.5 4.89 6.23 40.14 12.95 2.54 36.65 9.61 2.39 2.89
65 32 8 1 1.5 1.08 1.38 9.38 2.69 2.61 1.89 0.88 1.17 1.05
65 32 8 1.6 3 1.66 2.11 13.92 4.28 2.57 2.70 1.25 1.13 1.04
100 50 10 2 3 3.22 4.12 65.59 13.12 4 12.64 3.60 1.76 1.56
100 80 35 5 7.5 11.53 14.68 220.49 44.11 3.87 33.57 30.47 3.02 3.62
120 55 18 5 7.5 9.15 11.66 245.74 40.96 4.59 42.52 11.65 1.91 1.85
160 50 20 3 4.5 6.56 8.36 306.37 38.30 6.05 27.17 7.74 1.80 1.49
160 60 32 4 6 9.87 12.57 462.01 37.75 6.05 65.78 7.16 2.29 2.14
300 60 50 5 7.5 19.12 24.36 2861.55 190.77 10.84 125.61 30.42 2.27 1.87
400 160 50 3 4.5 18.85 24.01 6073.68 303.68 15.91 884.54 80.83 6.07 5.06
400 160 60 4 10 25.33 32.27 8028.19 401.41 15.77 1219.71 113.92 6.15 5.29
550 65 30 4 6 22.41 28.55 10258.72 373.04 18.96 110.32 20.64 1.97 1.16
410 65 30 4 6 18.01 22.95 4872.87 237.70 14.57 103.88 20.33 2.13 1.39
R
X X
h
Z0
Y
Y
b
s


1
7
0
Z+FA7V? 5

$',WU4U 57R4%.U P%7,.U (.O\U'+R P X";E 13229-78)
Hpnxna nosnauennx: 200x87x6/IOCT 13229-78
( )
;
2
s
s R h
n
+
=
s
R s b
n

=
1


onixoni nennunnn nx oce
h b s R
max

X-X Y-Y
mm

tgu

Maca
1m,
xr
Hnoma
nepepi-
sy,
cm
2

n n
1

I
x
, cm
4
W
x
, cm
3
/
H
, cm

R
y
, cm
4
W
y
, cm
3
i
y
, cm
BCr3xn, BCr3nc
80 50 3 4 0.536 3.99 5.08 14.3 22 68.57 11.44 3.67 6.67 2.95 1.15
135 75 6 9 0.510 12.36 15.76 20 17.5 542.98 57.64 5.87 46.81 12.97 1.72
200 60 5 7 0.206 11.81 15.09 9.6 35.2 849.30 77.21 7.50 30.36 7.87 1.42
200 87 6 9 0.354 16.55 21.10 12 28.3 1399.61 113.79 8.14 91.84 18.9 2.09
250 80 5 7 0.224 15.38 19.59 45.2 13.6 1796.32 129.28 9.57 72.72 3.21 1.92
340 50 3 4 0.068 10.11 12.87 108.6 14.3 1750.75 101.24 11.66 14.70 0.48 1.66
BCr3cn, 09I2
80 50 3 4 0.546 3.93 5.00 13.3 20 67.68 11.24 3.68 6.29 2.87 1.12
135 75 6 9 0.525 12.16 15.50 9.1 15.8 533.79 56.43 5.87 3.84 12.52 1.68
200 60 5 7 0.210 11.68 14.88 9 34 828.48 71.95 7.46 29.21 15.82 1.40
200 87 6 9 0.361 16.38 20.84 11.1 34 1376.68 111.38 8.03 88.30 18.44 2.06
250 80 5 7 0.229 15.21 19.37 43.2 12.6 1764.18 126.76 9.64 70.69 3.10 1.91
340 50 3 4 0.069 10.04 12.80 106.6 13.3 1728.39 99.92 11.61 14.55 0.47 1.06



1
7
1
Z+FA7V? 6

$',WU4U 57R4%.U 4O57,.U bQ87U P 7'R:%cU3:,`U\QO)O b,W'R)O (.O\U'+R P 1;EG 2 .2.6-9-95)


Posmipn nepepisy,
mm
onixoni ani na 1 m mnpnnn nacrnny
npn crncnyrnx nonnuxax
nystxnx mnpoxnx
Momenr onopy,
cm
3
Momenr
onopy, cm
3
Hosnauennx
npo]inm
t h c
Hnoma
nepepi-
sy,
cm
2
Maca 1m
onxn-
nn
npo]i-
nm, xr
Momenr
inepni R
H,
cm
4
W
x1
W
x2
Momenr
inepni R
H,
cm
4
W
x1
W
x2

HC40-800-0.6 0,6 40 - 6.6 5,6 23,3 10,3 13,0 22,3 9,3 9,4
HC40-800-0,7 0,7 40 - 7.7 6,5 27,1 12,2 15,1 27,1 11,8 12,1
HC44-1000-0,7 0,7 44 - 9.8 8,3 32,9 13,4 16,8 32,9 13,0 13,6
H57-750-0,7 0,7 57 - 7,7 6,5 53,8 14,8 21,1 53,8 16,4 19,7
H57-750-0,8 0,8 57 - 8,8 7,4 61,2 17,9 24,4 61,0 18,9 24,0
H60-845-0,7 0,7 60 - 8,8 7,4 62,1 14,6 24,4 59,0 16,5 18,7
H60-845-0,8 0,8 60 - 10,0 8,4 70,6 17,7 28,1 69,0 19,0 22,7
H0-845-0,9 0,9 60 - 11,3 9,3 79,0 20,9 31,8 78,7 21,5 27,0
H75-750-0.8 0,8 75 24,35 10,0 8,4 114,9 25,8 32,2 114,9 28,5 33,1
H75-750-0,9 0,9 75 24,35 11,3 9,3 129,6 30,2 37,6 129,6 31,6 38,0
H114-750-0,8 0,8 114 30,35 11,2 9,4 307,9 51,2 57,1 307,9 51,2 57,1
H114-750-0,9 0,9 114 30,35 12,6 10,5 345,2 57,4 64,0 345,2 57,4 64,0
H114-750-1,0 1,0 114 30,35 14,0 11,7 383,6 63,8 71,1 383,5 63,8 71,1
H114-600-0,8 0,8 114 30,35 10,0 8,4 320,9 53,3 59,7 320,0 52,4 55,8
114-600-0,9 0,9 114 30,35 11,3 9,3 361,0 60,0 67,2 361,0 59,6 65,8
H114-600-1,0 1,0 114 30,35 12,5 10,3 405,4 67,6 75,0 405,0 67,6 72,0


172

Hanuantno-meronune nnannx






$B@MJD" Bononmnp Onexcanponnu
2pl" Irop mnrponnu




"$&(")+ -.02$46-7+8
:"4;

Hanuantnn nocinnx



Pearynannx i xopexrypa o+DA7X/(%< P.p.
Komnmrepna nepcrxa p757@"($% P.P.


Hinncano o pyxy . uopmar 60x84
1/16
.
Hanip o]cernn. Iapnirypa Tamc. pyx na pisorpa]i.
Vm.pyx. apx. . Onix.-nn. apx. .
Vm. ]aponi. . Tnpax npnm. Bn. N . 3amonnennx N .

KHVFA, Honirpo]norctxn npocnexr, 31, Knn, Vxpana, 03680

E-mail: red_isdat@ua.fm

Bipyxonano n peaxnino-nnannnuomy niini
Knnctxoro nanionantnoro yninepcnrery yinnnnrna i apxirexrypn.

Cnionrno npo nnecennx o epxannoro peccrpy cycxrin nnannnuo cnpann
K N 808 ni 13.02.2002 p.