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GIO TRNH:

KIM TRA KHNG PH HY
(NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST)

Kim tra khng ph hy Tng hp: Nguyn Thanh Sn - Vinamain.com

MC LC

Trang
CHNG 1: GII THIU PHNG PHP KIM TRA KHNG
PH HY

1.1 Gii thiu chung 4
1.2 Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hy
5
CHNG 2: NGUYN L V K THUT KIM TRA
2.1 Kim tra thm thu mu (Penetrant test - PT) 14
2.2 Kim tra siu m (Ultrasonic Testing) 20
2.3 Kim tra bng dng in xoy (Eddy Current Testing) 28
2.4 Chp nh phng x (Radiographic Testing): 40
2.5 Phng php kim tra ht t (Magnetic Particle Testing) 44
2.6 Kim tra bng truyn m - accoustic emission 49
2.7 Phng php nhn din vt liu thc (PMI) 50

PH LC 1:
ON-STREAM INSPECTION - PHNG PHP KIM NH THIT
B TRONG TNH TRNG H THNG THIT B VN ANG
VN HNH
52

PH LC 2:
NG DNG PHNG PHP KIM TRA SIU M T NG
THAY CHO CHP NH PHNG X TRONG KIM TRA MI HN
55

PH LC 3:
PHNG PHP KIM NH DA TRN H S RI RO RBI
67


1. MC CH
Gio trnh ny s gip cc k s c kh nm c tng quan v cc phng php kim
tra khng ph hy nh my cng nghip.
2. PHM VI P DNG
Gio trnh ny tham kho cho cc k s c kh lm cng tc bo dng thit
b trong nh my cng nghip nh du kh, in lc, ha cht, v.v
3. TI LIU THAM KHO
Handbook Of Nondestructive Evaluation, Chuck Hellier
Practical Non-Destructive Testing, B Raj, T J ayakumar And M
Thavasimuthu.
Ultrasonic Transducers For Nondestructive Testing, Silk, M.G.
Nondestructive Testing, Cartz, L.


CHNG 1: GII THIU PHNG PHP KIM TRA KHNG PH HY

1. Gi thiu
Trong k thut sa cha sa c kh, c mt s phng php kim tra khng ph
hy nhm tm ra cc khuyt tt hoc tim nng h hng ca chi tit my hoc thit b,
mt thng nhiu khi khng thy c m khng nh hng n chi tit, thit b.
nh my ti thng dng pp siu m o b dy v thit b bn, thp cao p v pp
chp phim phng x kim tra mi hn cao p. Gio trnh ny s gii thiu cc
phng php NDT ch yu v cc k thut kim tra cc bn tham kho.
a) nh ngha
Kim tra khng ph hy l vic s dng cc phng php vt l kim tra pht hin
cc khuyt tt bn trong hoc b mt vt kim m khng lm tn hi n kh nng
s dng ca chng. Vit tt t ch ting Anh "Non - destructive Testing", hay m rng
hn l " Non - Destrictive Evaluation" (NDE - thin v nh lng, kim tra) hay "Non
- Destructive inspection" - NDI.
T kim tra khng ph hy t n n gii ngha chnh xc. NDT theo ng ngha
en l kim tra mt vt m khng ph hy n. Ni theo cch khc, chng ta c th tm
thy cc khuyt tt trong nhiu vt bng kim loi bng cch s dng dng in xoy
m khng bao gi lm h hi n vt m chng ta ang kim tra. iu ny rt quan
trong v nu chng ta ph hy vt m chng ta ang kim tra, n s khng cn tnh
trng tt c th kim tra cng mt v tr. NDT rt quan trng bi v thng cc
khuyt tt m chng ta tm khng th nhn thy bng mt v n b bao bc bi lp sn
hoc mt lp m kim loi. Hoc cng c th khuyt tt qu nh khng th nhn thy
bng mt hoc bt c phng php kim tra bng mt no khc. V vy, cc phng
php kim tra nh phng php kim tra bng dng in xoy c pht trin
theo di khuyt tt.


nh 1: Kim tra mi hn ng ng bng phng php kim tra siu m (UT)
b) Cc phng php kim tra NDT
Kim tra khng ph hy c rt nhiu phng php, c hai nhm phng php
l:
Hnh: phn loi cc phng php kim tra khng ph hy

Phng php kim tra ch yu:
1. Kim tra bng th gic v quang hc (Visual Test - VT)
2. Kim tra bng cht lng thm thu hay thm mu (Penetrant test - PT)
3. Kim tra bng bt t (Magnetic particle test MT)
4. Dng xoy in (Eddy Current Test - ET)
5. Chp nh bc x hay cn gi l chp phim (Radiographic test RT)
6. Siu m kim tra (Ultrasonic test UT)
7. Kim tra bng truyn m (Acoustic Emission Testing - AE)
8. Kim tra r r (Leak Testing - LT)
Trong cc bin php s 5 v 6 (UT v RT) c s dng pht hin cc khuyt tt
nm su bn trong chiu dy kt cu, cn bin php s 1, 2, 3 v 4 (VT, PT, MT v
ET) s dng khi cn kim tra cc khuyt tt nm trn b mt hay lp di b mt.
Ngoi ra c nhm phng php c bit nh l
* Phng php chp nh ntron.
* K thut vi sng, bc x m v.v...
c) c im
u im ca phng php kim tra khng ph hy (NDT) ny so vi cc phng php
ph hy (DT) l NDT khng lm nh hng n kh nng s dng ca vt kim
sau ny. Ngoi ra phng php NDT c th kim tra 100% vt kim, trong khi
phng php DT ch c th kim tra xc sut. Phng php NDT c th kim tra ngay
khi vt kim nm trn dy chuyn sn xut m khng phi ngng dy chuyn sn xut
li.
Trong cc phng php NDT nu trn, mi phng php u c u im ring,
khng phng php no c th thay th c phng php no. ng vi mi trng
hp c th m ta la chn nhng phng php kim tra ph hp.
Khi p dng kim tra khng ph hy, ta c th d dng pht hin nhng khuyt tt, t
sa cha khc phc sai st. Do , cng trnh khi han thnh s c cc chi tit sai
hng thp nht.

Hnh cc phng php kim tra ch yu
d) ng dng
Kim tra khng ph hy dng pht hin cc khuyt tt nh l nt, r, x, tch lp,
hn khng ngu, khng thu trong cc mi hn..., kim tra cng ca vt liu, kim
tra m ca b tng (trong cc khoan nhi), o b dy vt liu trong trng hp
khng tip xc c hai mt (thng ng dng trong tu thy), o ct thp (trong cc
cng trnh xy dng... ),v.v...
Trong nh my lc du, ha cht, nhit in, cc k thut kim tra khng ph hy
c s dng trong chng trnh bo dng phng nga cho cc thit b tnh nh bn
b, thp phn ng, ni hi, trao i nhit
Bng : ng dng cc k thut kim tra NDT cho vic kim tra cc thit b trao i
nhit, ng tube ni hi, l phn ng, thp bn b v ng ng.

Ghi ch: SM: Strain Measurement, Sump: Replica Method, EVA: Extreame Value
Analysis
2. Gii thiu cc phng php
- Kim tra bng th gic v quang hc (VT)
Kim tra bng th gic lin quan n vic s dng i mt ca mt nhn vin kim tra
tm khuyt tt. Nhn vin kim tra cng c th s dng cc cng c c bit nh
knh lp, gng, hoc borescopes (dng c quang hc c n dng kim tra bn
trong ng) tip cn gn hn im kim tra. Kim tra bng th gic c th kim tra
mc t n gin n rt phc tp theo cc qui trnh.

Borescopes c gn my nh

S dng sborescope kim tra

Video borescopes s dng kim tra bn trong tuabin
- Kim tra siu m (Ultrasonic test)
L mt trong nhng phng php d p dng v chi ph thp nht. Ngi ta
pht vo bn trong kim loi cc chm tia siu m v ghi nhn li cc tia siu m
phn x t b mt kim loi cng nh t cc khuyt tt bn trong kim loi. Trn
c s phn tch cc tia phn x ny, ngi ta c th xc nh c chiu dy
kim loi cng nh ln v v tr cc khuyt tt bn trong kim loi.

- Chp phim (RT):
Ging nh tn gi ca n, trong phng php ny ngi ta dng cc chm tia X
hoc tia phng x gamma chp nh vt cn kim tra. Trong khi vic chp
nh thng thng ch cho hnh nh v b mt vt chp, chp nh bc x cho
php ghi nhn c hnh nh bn trong vt chp do cc chm tia X, tia gamma c
kh nng xuyn thu. Nu phng php siu m i hi phi x l s liu ngay
trong qu trnh kim tra th phng php chp phim cho php lu li phim chp
c vo bt k lc no. Tuy nhin chp phim l cng vic i hi nghim
ngt v an ton do lin quan n vic s dng cc ngun pht tia phng x.

- Kim tra bng cht lng thm thu (PT):
Mt trong nhng phng php hay s dng nht pht hin cc vt nt trn
b mt kim loi, mi hn sau khi gia cng, c bit l cc vt liu khng nhim
t nh thp khng r. Trong phng php ny ngi ta phun mt cht lng c
kh nng thm thu cao v c mu sc d phn bit (thng l mu ) ln b
mt vt cn kim tra. Nu trn b mt c cc vt nt d l rt nh, cht thm
thu s ngm vo v ng li cc khe nt. Sau khi ch cho qu trnh ngm kt
thc, ngi ta loi b ht phn cht thm thu tha trn b mt v tip tc phun
ln b mt kim tra mt cht khc gi l cht hin mu lm cho phn cht
thm thu ngm vo cc vt nt ni r ln cho php ghi nhn cc vt nt rt
nh, mt thng khng pht hin c. Tuy nhin c th p dng phng
php ny b mt vt kim tra phi rt sch v kh v vy n khng thch hp
vi cc b mt b bm bn v c nhm cao. Mt khc mc d khng i hi
phi u t thit b, vic kim tra PT i hi ngi kim tra phi thc s c
kinh nghim v c o to y .

- Kim tra bng bt t (MT):
Mc d khng s dng c vi cc vt liu khng nhim t nh thp khng r,
MT l phng php c tin cy v nhy cao hn, khng i hi b mt
kim tra phi qu sch v nhn nh khi kim tra thm thu. MT c p dng
ph bin trong vic kim tra nh k cc ni hi v bnh p lc c nguy c nt
cao sau mt thi gian s dng nh bn cha NH3 ha lng, cc np ni hp,
bnh kh kh, bao hi v bao bn ca ni hi nh my nht in, b mt ng l
ca ni hi ng l ng la v.v. Mt khc chng ti cng thng p dng MT
nh bin php kim tra b sung i vi cc mi hn, chi tit gia cng sau khi
x l nhit. Trong phng php ny, vng cn kim tra s c t ho bng
cch cho tip xc vi mt nam chm in c bit c gi l gng t. Sau
khi t ha, ngi ta phun ln b mt vng cn kim tra mt lp bt st t
(thng c mu en). Nu trn vng kim tra khng c cc khuyt tt hay vt
nt, cc ht st t ny s phn b mt cch u n dc theo cc ng sc t
trng. Nu c cc vt nt hay khuyt tt, cc ng sc t trng b gin on
s lm cho cc ht st t tp trung cc b ti vng c khuyt tt. Bng vic xem
xt k s phn b ca cc ht st t trn vng kim tra, ngi ta d dng pht
hin ra cc v tr b nt hay c cc khuyt tt b mt. Trong thc t d phn
bit v tr c khuyt tt, ngi ta thng phun ln b mt vng kim mt lp
dung mi mu trng c tc dng lm ni bt mu en ca cc ht st t hoc s
dng n hunh quang tia cc tm trong nhng trng hp i hi nhy cao.

B kit kim tra bng bt t

- Kim tra bng truyn m (AE)
Khi mt vt liu rn c nhn mnh, khng hon ho trong vt liu n pht ra
nng lng m thanh ngn gi l "kh thi." Nh trong kim tra siu m, m
lng pht thi c th c pht hin bi my thu c bit. ngun pht thi c
th c nh gi thng qua vic hc ca cng , tc ca h, v v tr.
- Kim tra r r (LT)
Nhiu k thut c s dng pht hin v xc nh v tr r r cc b phn
bnh p lc, bnh p lc v cc kt cu. R r c th c pht hin bng cch
s dng cc thit b nghe in t, ng h o p sut, cc k thut thm thu
lng v kh hoc mt cch kim tra n gin bng bong bng x phng.


CHNG 2: NGUYN L V K THUT KIM TRA
2.1 Kim tra thm thu mu (Penetrant test - PT)

Nguyn l:

L phng php thm thu lng: Dng ng dng ca hin tng mao dn:
- Trc tin, ta phi lm sch b mt vt kim, khi cc cht bn s c loi b v
khng che lp nhng khuyt tt h ra b mt.
- Sau ngi ta s xt mt lp cht thm thu, lp cht thm thu ny s i vo v
nm trong cc khuyt tt h b mt. C hai loi cht thm thu l cht thm thu
kh kin (c mu nhn thy c di nh sng thng) v cht thm thu hunh
quang (ch nhn thy khi chiu nh sng en).
- Ch mt thi gian cht thm thu i su vo khuyt tt.
- Sau , ta lm sch cht thm d trn b mt bng cht ty ra. Cn lu trong qu
trnh loi b cht thm d trn b mt, khng c xt trc tip cht ty ra ln b mt
vt kim trnh trng hp cht thm thu trong khuyt tt cng b lau sch.
- Sau , ngi ta p cht hin ln b mt vt kim. Cht hin c tc dng ht cht
thm thu ng li trong khuyt tt ln b mt vt kim nh hin tng mao dn
ngc.
- Lc ny nh tnh cht nhn thy (nhum mu, hay nhn thy di nh sng cc tm)
th ngi ta c th pht hin v nh gi khuyt tt.
- Cui cng, sau khi nh gi khuyt tt, ta s dng cht ty ra lm sch vt kim.

Kim tra thm thu mu l mt phng php kim tra khng ph hy dung pht
hin cc khuyt tt m trn b mt, chng hn nh nt, chng mi hoc r kh m
khng th pht hin c bng mt thng. Cht lng thm thu c ph ln trn b
mt v ngm vo cc khuyt tt. Sau mt thi gian, n c lau i. Mt cht hin hnh
khc c xt ln b mt v nhng khuyt tt, ti cht nhum mu ngm vo s
hin ra. Nhng vt ny gi l cc ch th. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc
ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.

Kim tra thm thu mu c dung ch yu cho tch lp, mi hn v vng nh hng
nhit
Khi gii quyt vn giy php khai thc v duy tr vic phng nga ca cng vic
xy lp trong k thut, kim tra v th khng ph hy l k thut khng th thiu.
Kim tra v th khng ph hy cng l chn la cn thit khi cht lng, tit kim,
m bo trong kinh doanh v an ton c u tin cho c thit b ang vn hnh hay
xy mi. Kim tra v th khng ph hy gim thiu ri ro r r hoc cc khuyt tt
nhm tng cng tnh ton vn trong kinh doanh v tnh an ton trong xy lp v tit
kim chi ph.


Cc k thut kim tra

Cc v d:
- Mi hn

- Bulong

Gii thiu thit b trn th trng:
Model DA-400S

Thit b kim tra bt t xch tay
Nh sn xut : PARKER RESEARCH CORP (M)
My sinh t thuc loi cm tay c thit k kim tra khuyt tt trn b mt hoc
di b mt vt liu st t.
Thit b nh, a nng, hiu sut cao
C th chuyn i dng AC v DC nh mt cng tc pht hin cc khuyt tt b
mt hay di b mt
C th p dng phng php t trng lin tc hoc t d v c th dng kh t.
S dng bt t kh, t, pht quang hoc kh kin.
V thit b c c chc chn
Ph kin:
B thanh th sc nng my sinh t
Bng cao su phun bt t kh
ng h o t trng d
Ch th t trng
Mu chun thp dng xuyn km chng ch

Thanh chun kim tra bt t
Cc lng 100 ml ASTM vi gi km chng ch
n nh sng en
Bt t pht quang
Bt t kh kin mu
Bt t kh kin mu en
Sn nn tng tng phn
2.2 Kim tra siu m (Ultrasonic Testing)
Nguyn l

K thut Xung phn hi

K thut Beam bnh thng

K thut gc beam

Qu trnh kim tra siu m l vic truyn sng m bc sng ngn, tn s cao vo
trong vt liu nhm xc nh khuyt tt hoc/v o b dy vt liu, cng nh pht hin
n mn.

Thit b kim tra siu m truyn thng lm vic trn nguyn l l gi mt lung xung
siu m cao t mt my bin nng c tay cm c t trn vt cn kim tra. Sng
c truyn i v mt phn b phn hi li khi gp cc khuyt tt hoc khi chm n
thnh bn kia ca vt cn siu m. Vic ghi nhn v phn tch sng phn hi th hin
ln trn mn hnh di dng bin xung v thi gian phn hi s c c cc thng
tin hu ch c. Bng cch o sng ny, ngi vn hnh nhiu kinh nghim c th
nhn din v tr v hng ca cc khuyt tt cng nh b dy vt liu mt cch tng
ng. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c
chp nhn.

c bit hn i vi ng ng, cch kim tra c yu cu hay ngh, cn i gia
chp nh phng x v siu m, v ang c thay i l nn dng siu m trong vi
nm gn y.

Xem xt khuyt im ca kim tra siu m bng tay, SGS kt hp cht ch
Krautkrmer, nh cung cp thit b siu m, a ra mt my scan mi hn bng siu
m t ng v ng gi bng sng ch duy nht cho cng ngh kim tra ng ng
ny. H thng MIPA, gi l h thng nhiu u d chm, c thit k kim tra v
nh gi t ng cc mi hn. Tn hiu siu m c thu thp v din gii pht hin
cc khuyt tt mi hn nh r, nt, ngm x v n mn ca nhng mi hn vng quanh
ng ng. Mt h thng kim tra bng my tnh hon thin s thu thp, lu gi v
phn tch d liu cht lng mi hn thng qua vic scan vng trn. Vic nh gi
c thc hin sau khi scan hon thnh. Tn hiu c th hin di dng m mu
trc tuyn trn mn hnh, v lu file c th truy xut cho bt k lc no cn iu
tra.

Vi h thng my qut mi hn bng siu m MIPA t ng, SGS v Krautkrmer
pht trin mt h thng kim sot ton vn ph hp vi cc code v tiu chun hin
hnh. Cc bo co gim nh in t c th d dng truy xut li, lu tr v xem li.
Ngha l rt ngn thi gian cho mt mi hn m khng h tng gi so vi cc phng
php chp nh phng x v siu m. Cc thit b kim tra thit thc v c ng bo
m s dng d dng v ng tin cy cng trng.
V d v kim tra khuyt tt mi hn
Kim tra trc tip

K thut single bounce

K thut 2 u o

Tham kho thit b trn th trng:
Model: EPOCH LT

L thit b siu m c bn th h mi ca hng
Panametrics-NDT. Thit b cm tay , nh nht, mng
nht ny dy c 38 mm v nng 1 kg. Th nhng EPOCH
LT c tc cp nht mn hnh rt nhanh, thp nht l
60Hz, c th chun u d t ng, c b ghi s liu v
nhiu tnh nng o khc. Thit b EPOCH LT l gii php
hon ho khi cn thc hin kim tra nhanh, d tm cc
khuyt tt thng thng, trong iu kin ngoi trng kh
khn hoc mi trng sn xut kht khe khi m kinh ph
c hn.
Cc c tnh ni tri: Kh nng linh hot ca EPOCH LT
c nng cao thm nh mt s phn mm tu chn cho
mt s ng dng c th, cc phn mm ny c th c ci
t v kch hot t xa sau khi bn c c thit b.
Khng cn phi gi thit b tr li nh sn xut!
Nh, thit k tin li (2.35 lbs./1.0 kg)
Tc cp nht nhanh, thp nht 60 Hz
Pin NiMH cng sut ln
Mn hnh LCD rng, sng, phn gii cao, c th hin th c hoc chia mn hnh.
T ng chun u d.
ng bng mn hnh gi dng sng v s liu ng truyn m.
S liu ng truyn m c th hin th bng n v: inch, mm, hoc s.
Tnh nng lu nh sng m
Ch hin th RF
Cnh bo, ngng dng/m, hoc chiu su nh nht.
B ghi s liu
Tng thch u d EMAT (E110-SB)
Chun DAC v TVG
Phn mm la chn
Phn mm x l ng cong DAC/TVG tin tin
Phn mm theo chun API 5UE

B pht xung vung
Phn mm theo chun AWS D1.1 v D1.5
DGS/AVG gn bn trong
B nh m rng
o chiu dy bng nguyn l xung vng - ti - xung vng (Echo-to Echo)
Di o m rng
Phn mm GageView Pro
My d khuyt tt cm tay
Trng lng nh, cng nng cao
Mc d c kch thc nh, nhng EPOCH LT cung cp rt nhiu nhng tnh nng m ch c
th tm thy cc my d khuyt tt ln. Thm vo tc cp nht 60 Hz, EPOCH LT ch
ng bng mn hnh gi dng sng v s liu ng truyn m, ch lu nh xung
m hin th ng thi dng sng thc ti v ng bin ca nh xung A-scan, ch hin th
RF, c th la chn ch cnh bo vi ngng dng/m hoc chiu su ti thiu, v t
ng chun u d chun lch 0 ca u d v/hoc vn tc m trong vt liu. B t ghi s
liu ca thit b s dng n gin v c th lu tr ti 100 ch chun/2000 gi tr o chiu
dy. Tnh nng m rng b nh (ty chn) cho php lu ti 500 ch chun/10 000 gi tr
o chiu dy. B ghi ca EPOCH LT tng thch vi nhng file t cc se ri thit b EPOCH 4
khc v chng trnh giao din GageView Pro.
Kh nng truyn ti v lu tr s liu
Phn mm giao din tu chn Windows-based GageView Pro Interface c thm cc kh
nng su tp cc kt qu thc t, bin tp v xem li i vi thit b EPOCH LT. GageView
Pro l mt cng c mnh cho php su tp, qun l v nh dng d liu kim tra c trong b
nh. Cc b c s d liu ca GageView Pro cho php ci t k hoch kim nh vi cc
hiu chnh c ti trc, Ids v bn ghi nh. D liu c th c in ra v c sao ghi d
dng v c a vo trong phn mm x l vn phng Word v Bng tnh c th cn cho
cc bo co v sau.
Cc thng s k thut ca EPOCH LT
Thit b tiu chun bao gm:
Thit b siu m d tm khuyt tt EPOCH LT hot ng bng b vi x l vi b ghi s liu
dng s bao gm:
iu hp cho b sc mini EP4/MCA
Pin sc NiMH EPLT/BAT
Chng ch hiu chun NIST EPLT/CAL NIST
Sch hng dn s dng EPLT/MAN
Vali vn chuyn 36DLP CC
Phn mm DAC/TVG
Cc ph kin tu chn khc
Vali v cng EP4/SC

V cao su bo v PLUS/RPC
Ming dn bo v mn hnh (LCD) EPLT/DP
B nh m rng EPLT/MEM
Chng trnh giao din GageView Pro
bao gm cp USB (PN: GAGEVIEWPRO-KIT-USB)
Mn hnh tinh th lng: 320 pixels (W) x 240 pixels (H)
Tc cp nht mn hnh: Minimum 60 Hz
nhy: 100 dB Max v tnh nng nhy mc tham chiu vi bc iu chnh la chn 6
dB hoc 0.1 dB.
Chun u d t ng: T ng chun lch 0 v/hoc vn tc m trong vt liu
Thi lc tp m: 0% ti 80% vi bc tng 1%
n v o: H Anh, h mt, hoc Micro giy
Vn tc m: 0.025 to 0.6000 in/sec (635 to 15240 m/S)
Di o:
- Tiu chun 0.16 inch to 200 inches (4 mm to 5,000 mm)
- Ty chn 0.038 inch to 400 inches (1 mm to 10,000 mm)
Gc khc x: Cc gi tr ci t sn 0, 30, 45, 60, 70, hoc c th thay i t 10 n
85 vi bc tng 0.1
Chc nng lu nh xung: ng thi hin th tn hiu dng xung A-scan hin ti vi tc
cp nht 60 Hz v ng bin ca nh xung
Cc ch pht xung : Kch thch phn m xung nhn v tu chn xung vung c th iu
tn
Nng lng xung pht : Thp (100V), Trung bnh (200V), Cao (300V) v cc i (400V)
S gim m : 50, 63, 150 v 400 Ohms
Chnh lu : Ton b sng, na sng (na m hoc na dng) v khng chnh lu sng radio
RF
Di tn dng analog : 0.3 MHz n 20MHz ti -3dB
Ch kim tra: Xung vng, thu pht ring bit , hoc truyn qua
Cnh bo: Selectable threshold positive/negative or minimum depth modes
Di nhit hot ng: -10C to 50C (14F to 122F)
Nhit bo qun: -40C to 70C (-40F to 158F) ph thuc vo pin v mn hnh.
Ngun yu cu: AC Mains: 100-120 VAC, 200-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz
Pin: Hp pin t trong thit b, l loi NiMH 6V, c th np c vi tc 3000 mAh
Thi gian hot ng ca pin: 5-6 gi cho ch hot ng bnh thng. Thi gian np 2
gi.
Kiu ni ca cp vi u d: LEMO00. C sn Adaptors cho LEMO 1 v BNC.
Bn phm: ting Anh hoc k hiu quc t.
Ngn ng: C th la chn cc ngn ng: Anh, Php, c, Ty Ban Nha, , Nga, Nht, v
cc ngn ng m ngi s dng xc nh.
USB: Cng kt ni tc cao

2.3 Kim tra bng dng in xoy (Eddy Current Testing)
Nguyn l c bn:
Khi mt cun dy dn, c dng in xoay chiu i qua tin dn ti mt ming kim loi
phng c kh nng dn in, khi s c dng in xoy c to ra do hin tng
cm ng in t. S thay i ca dng in xoy khi tip cn tm kim loi c s
dng pht hin cc khuyt tt.

Hnh: Kim tra khuyt tt ca tm km loi v ng ca thit b trao i nhit.
c im:
- Phng php ny thng p dng kim tra cc ng trao i nhit ca cc thit b
nh thit b ngng t nc condensate, thit b lm mt, v.v...
- Ch kim tra c cc vt c th dn in.
- Ch p dng cho ng c b dy nh hn hay bng 5mm.
- Loi khuyt tt hay su khuyt tt c th xc nh c nh theo di tn hiu.
- Tn hiu khi i qua tm (support palte) c th c loi tr nh k thut a tn s.

Di y l v d cho thy tn hiu o c ng vi cc khuyt tt m cun dy
i qua mt ng trao i nhit:
- Probe Wobble: khi du d lc l.
- Dent: Vt lm bn ngoi ng.
- I.D Notch T/4: vt lm bn trong ng c su bng 1/4 b dy ng.
.....
- O.D Notch T/4: vt lm bn ngoi ng c su bng 1/4 b dy ng.
- support plate: tm ng.

Tnh ton su ca khuyt tt

khuyt tt c xc nh da trn bin v gc pha ca tn hiu o c.

Tn hiu bin ==>> cho php xc nh c lng khuyt tt.
Tn hiu pha ==>> cho php xc nh c loi khuyt tt v su.


Th nghim dng in xoy
Trong th nghim di y, bn s s dng phng php kim tra dng in xoy
pht hin vt nt trong mt khi ng kim loi. Bn ch l bn s s dng mt cun
dy qun quanh mt ming st to ra t trng, t trng ny to ra bi dng in
xoy hnh thnh trong ng kim loi c kim tra. Trong lnh vc kim tra NDT, th
cun dy c gi l u d (cm bin). T trng m to bi dng in xoy ny c
th c theo di bng chnh u d ny. Chng ta c th theo di t trng to ra bi
dng in xoy ny bng mt thit b o gi l Eddyscope (thit b hin th dng
xoy). Nu c s thay i t trng to bi dng in xoy, chng ta c th ni rng
pht hin mt s khuyt tt trong ng kim loi ang kim tra. Thit b o s cho
thy s thay i ca t trng bng cch hin th s thay i bng pht tn hiu trn
mn hnh.

Hnh ny bn thy khi cun dy i qua im khuyt tt th xut hin tn hiu v trn
mn hnh (3 mu ng vi 3 im khuyt tt). Khi dch chuyn cun dy s c s thay
i ca t trng.

Chi tit kim tra cng di v ng nht theo mi hng th dng in xoy cng s
ng nht v cng mt phng. Nu c mt vi vi khuyt tt nh mt vt nt chng
hn, dng in xoy s b ngt qung v khi s xut hin nt t qung t nhng
dng cung trn bnh thng. Ngy nay cc k thut vin NDT s dng cc thit b
kim tra dng in xoy khc nhau, trong c thit b ch n gin l cc cun dy
c qun trn mt ming kim loi. Ngoi ra cn c cc thit b s dng cc u d
c bit, nh hnh th nghim trn, v y vo trong ng ca cc thit b trao i
nhit.

hnh bn cc k thut vin ang thc hin kim tra cc ng trao i nhit bng
phng php dng in xoy. Cc trao i nhit ny c s dng trong cc nh my
in ht nhn. Nc phng x t mt l phn ng c tun hon qua bn trong cc
ng trao i nhit v nhit c ly i bi nc lm mt i bn ngoi ng l nc
sng hoc nc t h cha, sau khi i lm mt, nc ny s c chy tr li v sng
h. iu ht sc quan trong l nc phng x v nc lm mt khng c trn ln
vi nhau. Chnh v vy m cc k thut vin s dng phng php dng in xoy
trong cc ng trao i nhit tm v pht hin cc cc khuyt tt trc khi xut hin
s r r bn trong ng.
Kim tra mi hn bng phng php dng xoy
Tm quan trng ca vic kim tra mi hn
Cht lng ca cc mi hn tr nn ngy cng quan trng v s mong ch ca khch hng
ngy cng tng. Cc sn phm v cc chi tit u c mong i l c cht lng cao v
khng b hng t xut ngoi d kin.
Nhng hng hc gy hu qu nghim trng v mt ti chnh v x hi c th c ngn chn
bng nhng k thut kim tra thch hp.
Kim tra cc mi hn cng c th gp phn lm gim gi thnh bi v pht hin c cc
khuyt tt cc giai on u ca qu trnh gia cng, gim chi ph cho vic tr li ca khch
hng v ko di tui th ca chi tit bng pht hin v sa cha bt c cc khuyt tt.
Kim tra khng ph hy bng phng php dng xoy l ng tin cy, nhanh v chi ph
khng ln thc hin bo dng v m bo an ton. Cc loi thit b dng xoy ca hng

Staveley ni ting trn ton th gii bi tin cy v chnh xc cng vi dch v v h tr
ca hng gip cho bn khai thc ti a kh nng ca thit b.
Kim tra mi hn bng phng php dng xoy
Trong kim tra mi hn th iu cn thit l phi pht hin c cc khuyt tt rn nt trn b
mt. i vi vt liu st t - thp cc bon, ni chung phng php t tnh c s dng. Th
nhng phng php kim tra dng xoy cung cp nhiu u im
o Khng s dng cc cht tiu hao nh bt t v sn tng phn
o C th kim tra c nhng ni kh cht hp, kh tip cn i vi phng php khc
o Khng yu cu chun b b mt kim tra nh: khng phi co b lp sn, tit kim thi gian
cho s chun b kim tra v qut sn ph li sau khi kim tra.
o nhy tng ln c kh nng pht hin cc khuyt tt nh hn nh cc u d c bit
dng kim tra mi hn c pht trin bi Staveley.
Cc u d dng kim tra mi hn
Hng Staveley Instruments pht trin u d c bit dng kim tra mi hn pht
hin cc vt nt v s n mn. Nhng ni hin ang p dng bao gm :
o Cc gin ngoi khi
o Cc cng trnh kin trc
o Cc cu
o Cc ng trt trong cng vin gii tr
o Cc tu thy, thuyn, tu ngm
o Cn trc
o My bay
Cc u d cho mi hn c thit k rt kh
mn nn c th thao tc trn b mt th rp
ca mi hn v pht hin cc hng hc trong
mi hn.
Tham kho thit b trn th trng:
Model: Nortec 2000S+

Nortec 2000S+c di tn s hot ng t 50
Hz n 12 MHz p ng yu cu t vic
kim tra pht hin cc vt nt trong ng
ng hoc cc kt cu cho ti vic pht hin

cc khuyt tt rt nh trong cc kt cu hng khng. y l thit b n tn cho php d dng
o dn in hin th s, c bit khi kt hp vi mot cho u d quay thit b thc s tr
thnh l tng cho hng lot cc ng dng kim tra khng ph hu trong ngnh hng khng.
Nortec 2000S+ c thit k rt chc chn v gn nh vi khi lng nh hn 1.8 kg bao
gm c pin n Li-Ion.
Vi kh nng ng nghing v chng trt, cho php t thit b trn nhiu loi b mt khc
nhau. Trong cc iu kin mi trng sn xut, trong hangar, trong cc phng th nghim,
hay ngoi hin trng thit b c bo v bi hp chc chn c thit k chng li iu
kin mi trng khc nghit nht.
Khch hng cn c th thay i modul hin th c c hnh nh hin th tinh t nht trong
bt k iu kin nh sng no. Trong trng hp kh quan st hin th trn mn hnh, u ra
tn hiu VGA cho php a tn hiu ra mn hnh hin th bn ngoi. Khi s dng mn hnh
mu tinh th lng v vi u d quay, tnh nng hin th cho kh nng hin th mt phng tr
khng to nn s n gin v d dng trong php kim tra cc loi vt liu st t v phi st t.
Nortec 1000S+kt hp sc mnh phn mm PowerLinkTM cho php t ng ghi nhn u
d v cc d liu. Thit b c th c ci t bng cch gi li chng trnh c lu gi
trong chip vi x l ca PowerLinkTM m vn m bo tnh trung thc v kh nng lp li cc
kt qu php o.
Khong 120 chng trnh c th c lu gi v gi li. Cc d liu v ngy v thi gian
thc hin kim tra c lu li cng vi mi ci t v d dng nhn bit thng qua cc gi tr
kt hp dng s v dng ch n 29 k t. C n 20 v tr ca b nh cho php lu gi cc
hin th dng in xoy.
Mt s c tnh ni tri:
- Di tn s lm vic: 50 Hz 12 MHz
- S dng pin n Li-Ion
- Khi lng nh, nh hn 1.8 kg
- o dn in theo %IACS ( dn in tiu chun ca ng) hoc MS/m
- S o chiu dy lp ph c hin th n v Inch hoc milimt
- S dng cun cn bng trong cho u d n
- Khch hng c th thay i ch hin th: Hin th dng mn hnh in quang sng cao;
mn hnh n sc tinh th lng v mn hnh hin th mu mu tinh th lng.
- Hot ng vi tn s tn s n
- u ra VGA
- C chc nng lm ng cng mn hnh gi cc tn hiu v khuyt tt

- Cng ngh PowerLinkTM cho php t ng ghi nhn u d v cc ci t cho thit b.
- M hnh c kh nng chia lm hai phn hin th mu
- C kh nng lu gi 120 chng trnh
- C ch hin th dng thc nc (Waterfall display)
- S dng phn mm EddyMasterTM
Chi tit thng s k thut
Di tn s lm vic : 50 Hz n 12 MHz
Khuch i : 0-90 dB theo tng mc 0.1 dB. Cc khuch i theo ng trc thng ng v
trc nm ngang c th thay i c ring bit vi nhau hoc ng thi.
Gc quay : t 0
0
359
0

Qut : thay i t 0.005 4 giy trn mt khong chia.
B lc thng thp : 10- 500 Hz v di rng
B lc thng cao : tt, 2 n 500 Hz. 2 pole response
in th chy m t u d : 2, 6, 12 V
Lu hnh nh php o : thi gian lu hnh nh php o thay i t 0.1 n 5 giy
Cc loi u d : tuyt i, vi sai trong cng mch cu hoc cu hnh phn hi. Thit b hon
ton tng thch vi cc u d p dng cng ngh PowerLink.
m bo : C th t ngng dng hoc m.
Lu d liu : 20 d liu hnh nh php o c th c lu gi gi li. Cc d liu hnh
nh php o c th dng tnh hoc ng cng. Hnh nh c th gm 60 giy di dng nh
ng. Cc d liu hnh nh php o ny c lu li cng vi d liu ngy v thi gian thc
hin php o.
Lu gi chng trnh : 120 chng trnh ci t c th c lu gi v gi li. Cc d liu
v ngy v thi im lu gi c ghi li theo tng ci t.
Cng in : kt ni vi mi loi my in
Cc thng s chung
Kch thc : 215 mm x 165 mm x 92 mm
Khi lng : 1.7 kg gm c pin

Hin th : C th thay i module hin th: Hin th dng mn hnh in quang sng cao;
mn hnh n sc tinh th lng v mn hnh hin th mu tinh th lng.
Nhit hot ng : -10
0
n 55
0
C
Nhit bo qun : -51
0
n 71
0
C
m : 5 n 95%
Phn cp : Da trn tnh nng k thut cp 2 t ti liu MIL-PRF-28800F
cao hot ng : cao hot ng ti a cho php v khng hot ng 4600m
Hot ng trong khu vc nguy him : Hot ng an ton trong kh quyn c p sut pht n
c ch r trong cp I, on 2, nhm D, cng nh c ghi trong m ti liu ca hip hi
chy n M (National Fire Association) (NFPA 70), phn 500 v c kim tra s dng
chun qun i M MIL-STD-810E, phng php 511.3, quy trnh 1.
Ngun nui
Yu cu v ngun nui : t 85 n 240 V, 50- 60 Hz. Thi gian xc 4 gi
Bo pin yu : Hin th bo pin yu trn mn hnh
Thi gian hot ng ca pin : ln n 8 gi
o dn in
Tn s : 60 kHz hoc 480 kHz
Loi u d : u d o dn in NORTEC
c tnh o dn in : o dn in trong di t 0.9% n 110% IACS hoc 0.5 n 64
MS/m. chnh xc trong khong +/- 0.5% IACS v trong khong +/- 1.0% i vi cc gi
tr ln hn 62%. t hoc vt tiu chun BAC 5651.
o chiu dy lp ph khng dn in : trong di t 0 0.38 mm vi chnh xc +/-
0.025 mm
M t u d quay
Tnh tng thch : thit b c th vn hnh cng vi cc loi m t u d quay ca Nortec
v nhiu hng khc
Nortec 2000S+l loi thit b dng xoy hai tn s, gii tn rng, mn hnh mu, tnh nng
cao p ng yu cu kim tra pht hin cc vt nt trong ng ng hoc cc kt cu, pht
hin cc khuyt tt rt nh trong cc kt cu hng khng...
2.4 Chp nh phng x (Radiographic Testing):
Nguyn l:

Chp nh phng x l qu trnh hng cc tia phng x ti vt cn kim tra, xuyn qua
n v to nh trn phim. Phim s c em i ra v hnh nh s hin ln di dng
bng m gia cc mu trng v en.
Chp nh phng x thng gm ngun, v d nh tia X, ngun Gamma cng nh cc
phng php mi hn nh chp nh phng x thi gian thc, vi tnh ha, v tnh ha
ct lp. Mt gii php c khng th p ng tt c cc yu cu chp nh phng x.
Vic la chn ng ph thuc vo cc ng dng c th. Chng ta phi xem xt n cc
iu kin sau y: iu kin chiu chp, yu cu cht lng nh v nng sut chp
cng nh l mc chp nhn ca cc tiu chun quc t trong iu kin cng nghip
ca chng ta.
Phng php chp nh phng x truyn thng l mt phng php kim tra khng ph
hy s dng tia X hoc tia Gamma pht hin cc bt lin tc bn trong, dng o
b dy v pht hin n mn. Vi vic kim tra bng chp nh phng x, vt liu c
chp vi tia ng nht t ng v phng x hoc my chiu tia X, song song , mt
phim m bn c nh v pha sau vt liu cn chp. Sau khi ra phim, s khc nhau

v chiu dy v t trng (vd: khuyt tt vt liu) s bc l s khc nhau sng ti. Tiu
ch chp nhn c nh ngha l mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.

Tuy nhin, phng php chp nh phng x truyn thng c nhng hn ch nht nh
v knh thc v ti sn xut ca n. iu ny th chp nh phng x vi tnh ha khc
phc c. Vic thc hin chp nh phng x vi tnh ha cng tng t nh chp nh
phng x truyn thng, tuy nhin, n c mt s u im quan trng.

Chp nh phng x vi tnh ha bc l mt lot cc u im nh l tc v sn lng.
Chp nh phng x vi tnh ha s dng mt tm nh pht pho thay cho mt phim
truyn thng. Khi pht pho trong mt iu kin nht nh no b kch thch bi
nh sng laser mu , n s pht ra nng lng di dnh nh sng. nh sng s
c chp li di dng s v xem qua mt mn hnh dng nh l mt hnh nh in
t mu xm m khng cn ra ha hc. Hnh nh c th c phng to bng k thut
s din gii v o lng. V vy, mt mng cc b dy thnh c th kim tra c.
Nhng hnh nh ny c th c to ra nh mt liu phng x nh thch hp.

Chp mi hn
V d v chp RT

2.5 Phng php kim tra ht t (Magnetic Particle Testing)
Nguyn l:

Kim tra ht t l mt phng php kim tra khng ph hy nhm pht hin cc
khuyt tt trn b mt hoc ngay bn di b mt kim loi. y l k thut nhanh v
ng tin cy pht hin v nh v cc vt nt b mt.
T thng c gi vo trong vt liu. Ti nhng ch bt lin tc, hnh thnh nn s r
t trng. Bt st t c phun ln trn b mt, nhng ch ny hp dn bt st t.
Chiu di ca cc bt lin tc c th c pht hin trn vn. Kim tra ht t khng
cho bit c chiu su ca cc bt lin tc. Tiu ch chp nhn c nh ngha l
mc ln, nh no ca ch th th c chp nhn.
Kim tra ht t c s dng trong hu ht cc kim loi c t tnh, chng hn nh thp
cc bon, hp kim thp v gang. Mc ch chnh ca th ht t l cho cc mi hn v
vng nh hng nhit. N c th p dng cho cc b mt khng qua v sinh v kh
th, nhng nh vy th nhy s gim i. Kim tra ht t hunh quang c s dng
khi yu cu nhy mc cao nht.

Cc phng php:
- Phng php Yoke

- Phng php Prod

Cc bc tin hnh:

X l b mt
T ha
Bi bt t
Quan st
Kh t
Cc ng dng:
Hnh Kim tra MT bn p lc v kt qu cc vt nt l ra di n hunh quang

2.6 Kim tra bng truyn m - Accoustic Emission
Nguyn l:
Phng php truyn m da trn mt nguyn l rt n gin: khi trn vt th pht sinh
vt nt, qu trnh nt lun pht ra cc sng siu m tt dn mt di tn s nht
nh.Bng cch gn cc u d sng siu m trn b mt vt th theo mt s thch
hp, x l cc s liu v tr, bin .. ca cc tn hiu nhn c, ngi ta c th
xc nh c chnh xc cc vt nt pht sinh trn b mt v c bn trong kim loi
trong qu trnh th.

Mc d nguyn l n gin nhng phng php ny ch bt u c p dng trong
khong 15 nm tr li y cng vi s pht trin ca k thut siu m v k thut tin
hc cho php x l mt cch tc thi vi chnh xc cao cc tn hiu thu nhn trong
qu trnh th.

Thc t cho thy k c khi khng c hin tng nt, trong qu trnh th bn trong kim
loi lun lan truyn cc sng siu m cc di tn khc nhau. Tuy nhin c im
nhn bit ca cc sng siu m do vt nt trong kim loi to ra l chng c tn s t
100 - 400 kHz v l cc sng dng tt dn. V vy trong k thut kim tra truyn m
ngi ta ch ghi nhn v x l cc tn hiu c hai c tnh nh vy.

Khi xut hin vt nt mt vng no trong qu trnh th, cng mt lc s c nhiu
u d khc nhau nhn c tn hiu, tuy nhin do di v c tnh ca ng truyn
m n mi u d l khc nhau nn tn hiu nhn c cng khc nhau. Bng vic so
snh cc tn hiu ngi ta s nh v c chnh xc v tr v ln ca khuyt tt.

Phn ln cc nc tin tin trn th gii u cng nhn v c tiu chun i vi
phng php ny. V d nh ti M, phng php truyn m c cc t chc nh
ASTM (hip hi vt liu), ASNT (hip hi kim tra khng ph hy) v ASME (hip
hi c kh) cng nhn. Trng hp p dng th chnh thc u tin c thc hin ti
M nm 1985, n nm 1988 phng php truyn m i vi vt liu kim loi bt u
chnh thc c ASME chp thun a vo tiu chun.

Qu trnh th truyn m bao gm cc bc c bn sau:

1. Chun u d: ngi ta dng cc b ngun pht ra cc tn hiu gi kim tra v
chun cho tng u d, tiu chun i hi qu trnh bc ny phi thc hin trc mi
ln th nhm kim tra tnh chnh xc v t ngng chp nhn cho qu trnh kim tra.
2. Chun h thng: sau khi cc u d c gn trn bn, ngi ta s dng mt vt
chun (thng l thanh chun u nhn c cht liu ging nh rut bt ch) g ln bn
to ra tn hiu s c cc u d cm bin. Da trn mu chun ny ngi ta s hiu
chnh s lng, khong cch v khuych i ca h thng.
3. Sau khi hon tt vic hiu chun, b s c tng p n p sut th, theo mt quy
trnh chun c quy nh trong tiu chun, ghi nhn cc xung khuyt tt c th c.
4. Bo kim tra s ghi nhn tt c cc xung khuyt tt, so snh vi ngng chp nhn
v a ra nh gi v tnh trng ca bn.
5. Cc kim nh vin thc hin php th truyn m phi c cp chng ch, thng
ngi ta s dng h thng chng ch ca ASNT (hip hi kim tra khng ph hy M)
theo tiu chun SNT-TC-1A o to, kim tra v cp chng ch.

Mt trong nhng u im c bn ca truyn m l n l phng php duy nht trong
s cc bin php kim tra khng ph hy cho php nh gi mt cch tng th ton b
kim loi bn trong khi cc phng php khc ch c th nh gi mt cch cc b ti
vng kim tra.

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc u d truyn m gn c nh trn b mt bn

theo di v pht hin ngay cc vt nt c th pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh.

Mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca phng php truyn m l chi ph thit b, o
to con ngi rt ln, chnh v vy n mi ch p dng rng ri ti cc nc pht trin
v trong cng nghip du m. Tuy nhin cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin hc
v vt liu, chng ti tin rng trong tng lai khng xa, nhc im ny hon ton c
th c khc phc v Truyn m s l bin php c lc gp phn nng cao cht
lng, an ton ca qu trnh kim nh.

2.7 Nhn din vt liu thc (PMI)

Nhn din vt liu thc (PMI) l mt trong nhng phng php th nghim khng ph
hy chuyn dng. Bng phng php nhn din vt liu thc, ta c th xc nh cu
to hp kim ca vt liu. Nu chng ch vt liu b thiu st hay khng r cu to ca
vt liu, th PMI chnh l gii php. PMI c bit c s dng cho kim loi cht
lng cao nh thp khng r v kim loi nng. Trong khi cc k s c gng y cc
gii hn lm vic ca vt liu n gii hn thit k, th vic bo m rng vt liu ng
c s dng tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht.

C 2 phng php PMI:
Nguyn l XRF (x-ray fluorescence hunh quang do tia X) l mt trong nhng
phng php PMI. Thit b s dng cc ngun phng x thp (ng v) hay cc u
chiu tia X. Vt liu cn chiu chp cho bit phng x v nng lng pht ra. V mi
nguyn t u c cu trc nguyn t ring ca n, nn s phn x ny s to ra mc
nng lng ring bit cho mi nguyn t khc nhau. Ngi ta o lng v d tm nng
lng ny xc nh cc nguyn t to ra hp kim.
Mt phng php PMI khc l chp nh quang ph tia pht. Php chp nh quang ph
da trn vic pht quang. Thit b gm c mt u d pht ra tia c s dng lm
bc hi vt liu cn c phn tch. Cc nguyn t v ion trong hi ny sinh ra mt
quang ph, ta c th o quang ph ny v tnh ton li xc nh cu to ca vt liu.
c im ca vt liu nh s khc bit cu trc v vic s l nhit khng lm nh
hng n kt qu o lng bng PMI. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l b mt phi
ng nht vi phn cn li ca vt liu. Lp xy ha, lp bao ph, vt d trn b mt
vt liu s lm nh hng n kt qu. V b mt cng phi nhn. PMI c th xc nh
c cc nguyn t: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Se, Nb, Mo.

Lin quan ti nhng giy php khai thc v bo tr cc lp t k thut, phng php
th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy (NDT/NDE) l nhng k thut khng th thiu
c. Th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy cng cung cp s m bo cn thit khi
mun m bo cht lng, tit kim chi ph, an ninh v an ton kinh doanh cho c vic
lp t mi hoc c sn. Phng php th nghim v kim tra khng ph hy gim
thiu ri ro r r hay nhng khuyt tt khc, lm tng tnh ton vn an ton trong lp
t v tit kim chi ph.


PH LC 1:
ON-STREAM INSPECTION - PHNG PHP KIM NH THIT B
TRONG TNH TRNG H THNG THIT B VN ANG VN HNH
1. nh ngha
On-stream inspection l 1 khi nim c dng trong API 510 (API American
Petrolium Institute) ch phng php kim nh thit b trong tnh trng h thng
thit b vn ang vn hnh. K thut ny, v bn cht l 1 li ch ca Risk base
inspection (phng php kim nh da trn h s ri ro).
Nguyn tc thc hin l dng nhng bin php kim tra khng ph hy thay th cho
vic th thy lc v khm trong. lm c iu ny, i khi cn c s chun b
ngay t khi thit k v ch to h thng thit b.
2. ng dng
On-stream inspection c bit hu ch trong trng hp m chi ph ca vic dng h
thng l qu cao (sn phm h hi, nh hng nng n n nhng dy chuyn sn xut
khc, chi ph cn chnh khi khi ng li h thng cao). V d tt cho nhng h
thng loi ny l h thng s l kh thin nhin cho nhng nh my nhit in. p lc
ca vic cung cp nng lng in khng cho php h thng ngng trong thi gian
di thc hin vic kim nh thng thng. Trong 1 s trng hp khc, vic lm
sch mi cht bn trong bnh, bn khm trong c th to ra "1 thm ha mi
trng" nh bn Amoniac vi nghn khi...
3. Khi no c th p dng on-stream inspection

i vi 1 thit b p lc, vic b qua khm trong ch c chp thun khi thit b tha
mn 1 s iu kin nht nh. Hy xem nhng qui nh ny trong API 510:

Khi tc n mn tng th l nh hn 0,125 mm/nm, tui th cn li ca thit b
ln hn 10 nm v tt c nhng iu kin sau y c tha:

* c tnh n mn ca mi cht lm vic c kho st t nht 5 nm trn thit b
ang kim tra hoc ly tc n mn kho st c trn 1 thit b v mi cht
tng t.
* Khng pht hin vn g trong qu trnh khm ngoi.
* Nhit vn hnh ca kim loi khng vt qu gii hn di ca vng nhit mi
v nhit ca kim loi.
* Thit b khng nghi ng b nt hay b n mn hydrogien.
* Khng phi l loi thit b c nhiu lp.

Trong phn trch dn trn, chng ta thy c khi nim tc n mn. Vy tc an
mn l g? Cch tnh tui th cn li da trn tc ny nh th no?

Vic theo di lin tc chiu dy kim loi thit b bng siu m cho php tnh ton tc
n mn ca h thng:


Trong :

* CR l tc n mn (mm/nm)
* t 1 l chiu dy ti thi im 1 (mm)
* t 2 l chiu dy ti thi im 2 (mm)
* T l khong thi gian tnh bng nm gia 2 thi im 1 v 2

Trn c s tc n mn trn, tui th cn li ca thit b c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :

- T R l tui th cn li ca thit b tnh bng nm (mm)

- t a l chiu dy thc t ti thi im xt (mm)

- t r l chiu dy ti thiu cho php theo tnh ton khng c tr s b mn (mm)

Qua cc cng thc trn, c th thy tt c s ph thuc vo cch xc nh chiu dy
thit b ti cc thi im khc nhau. Vic o v tnh chiu dy trung bnh a vo
cng thc trn kh phc tp khng th trnh by trong khun kh bi vit ny.

Nh cp trn, thng s tc n mn thng c xc nh trong khong thi
gian t nht l 5 nm. iu ny c ngha l phi tin hnh theo di chiu dy thit b
ngay khi a vo s dng nu mun p dng on-stream sau 5 nm.

Cng c th thy, nu gim p sut s dng, tui th cn li s tng ln! (v lc t r
s gim xung).

Nu xt c h thng thit b, on-stream inspection c th c hiu l vic kim nh
thit b trong khi h thng vn lm vic d 1 vi b phn phi ngng c khm
nghim. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch khi thit k, ngi ta d kin trc
nhng thit b bt buc phi khm trong sau 1 thi gian nht nh v c thit b hay h
thng d phng c th khm nghim ln lt.

Vi nhng thit b ln v phc tp, c th p dng nhng phng php kim tra khng
ph hy c bit loi tr nguy c v lm gim h s ri ro ca thit b, t dn
n khng phi ngng thit b khm trong hay th thy lc.

Mt trong nhng phng php ny l Accoustic Emission (AE). Ngi ta c th lp
cc u d lin tc theo di thit b trong qu trnh s dng. Nhng kt qu ghi li
trn my tnh s cho bit tnh trng, din bin n mn ca thnh kim loi. Kt qu phn
tch tt s l c s min th thy lc v khm trong.

Cng c th dng AE kim tra thit b trong 1 thi gian khi m thit b c nng

p. Nu c th nng p vt qu p sut s dng bng chnh mi cht s dng th hot
ng ca thit b hu nh khng nh hng ng k.
(Su tm trn internet)


PH LC 2:
NG DNG PHNG PHP KIM TRA SIU M T NG THAY CHO
CHP NH PHNG X TRONG KIM TRA MI HN
Tm tt
Bi vit ny a ra cc l do k thut v s la chn siu m kim tra t ng (AUT)
thay th chp nh phng x (RT) trong kim tra cht lng mi hn. Ngoi c hai l
do v k thut v thc hnh, AUT cn l k thut thch hp hn hn cho cc phng
php phn tch d liu v vt liu hin i, c bit vi hai cng ngh mi c
thng mi ho trong nhng nm gn y l k thut thi gian truyn m nhiu x
(Time-Of-Flight Diffraction- TOFD) v siu m t hp pha (Phased Array- PA).
Chun ring ASME Code Case 2235, mt chun v AUT c s dng rng ri trn
ton cu, c th c p dng ph chun cho cho hai k thut trn, cng nh tt c
cc k thut AUT khc, nu chng vt qua c php th nh gi nng lc
(Performance Demonstration) v tt c cc yu cu k thut ca chun.
Ti liu ny cng gii thiu nhiu k thut v thit b c th tho mn c tiu chun
ring ny. Bi bo cng minh ho mt ng dng in hnh ca kim tra siu m t
ng tit kim ng k thi gian kim tra v ( v vy chi ph sn xut cng c tit
kim hn) li va c cht lng kim tra tt hn hn phng php RT.
t vn
Chp nh phng x (Radiography RT) c s dng rng ri kim tra mi hn
trong nhiu thp k qua; tuy nhin RT c cc hn ch c bn c v kha cnh k thut
ln ng dng. Cc hn ch chnh v ng dng c th c k n di y:
- Vn v an ton phng x
- Vn v cp php lm vic vi ngun phng x c bit
- Lm gin on tin trnh cng vic khi tin hnh chp
- Cc cht thi ho cht
- Tn nhiu phim chp
- Vn lin quan n bo qun v nguy c gim cht lng phim
- Nng sut lm vic tng i thp.
Khng ch cn ch n an ton, vic cp giy php cng l mt vn ln cn
phi ch trng n.
Ngoi cc hn ch trn, chp nh phng x cn c cc hn ch xut pht t nguyn l
vt l c hu ca phng php, nht l i vi cc khuyt tt dng phng bao gm:
- Kh nng pht hin cc khuyt tt dng phng, nh cc vt nt v khng ngu
km.

- Khng cho bit kch thc v su ca khuyt tt, trong khi thng s ny li
rt quan trng cho cc yu cu v nh gi ti hn k thut (ECA), c ch gy t
hay tin on xu hng pht trin ca khuyt tt.
- i vi cc bn cha dy, ga thnh chp v mc c hi phng x c th rt
cao.
Gii php xut di y s dng phng php kim tra siu m t ng (AUT)
thay th RT em li nhiu li ch.
Gii php AUT
AUT khc phc hiu qu mi hn ch RT gp phi v hin nay n tr thnh la
chn c nhiu u th:
- Kh nng pht hin cc khuyt tt tt hn
- Kh nng xc nh c chiu su ca khuyt tt
- Kt qu c th lu tr v tra sot c, khng ging nh phng php kim tra
siu m truyn thng
- Php kim tra c th tu bin theo tng loi mi hn v khuyt tt
- Tuyt i an ton cho con ngi v mi trng.
V tng th, AUT thch ng tt vi cc khi nim v ECA, c bit vi cc k thut
hn t ng. Hn na, AUT gip tc kim tra nhanh hn, kh nng pht hin
khuyt tt tt hn.
C rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kh nng (xc sut) pht hin khuyt tt
(Probability of Defect Detection - POD) ca cc k thut hin hnh cc iu kin
khc nhau, v hu ht cc kt qu u cho thy AUT c kh nng kim tra tt hn.
Hnh 1 di y minh ho kt qu nghin cu c bn v kh nng pht hin khuyt tt
ca cc phng php NDT ca Vin Hn c (1). Cn ch rng cc kt qu v kh
nng pht hin khuyt tt thc t ph thuc vo cc mu, cc khuyt tt, quy trnh, cc
phng php k thut, v th s c s khc nhau v kh nng pht hin khuyt tt.
Thng qua cc d liu c thng k qua cc kim tra/th nghim c bit ny, ta c
th thy TOFD c xc sut pht hin khuyt tt cao hn hn k thut xung vng t
ng . Tuy nhin, gn y, cn c thm nhiu thit b c th kt hp c TOFD v k
thut sung vng mang li kh nng pht hin khuyt tt tt hn.


Hnh 1: Kh nng pht hin khuyt tt ca UT, RT v AUT
Xc nh kch thc khuyt tt da trn cc k thut AUT tt hn hn cc k thut
khc, nht l so vi k thut UT truyn thng, v v RT khng c kh nng xc nh
su khuyt tt mt cch hu hiu. Trong khi xc nh chiu su khuyt tt ng
vai tr quan trng trong bt k mt nh gi ti hn k thut no, do RT l k thut
b loi ngay nu s dng cc tiu chun chp nhn kiu nhn cng ch lc trn, v
RT khng tn dng c cc c tnh v chu trnh ci tin ca vt liu.
Cc k thut da trn s nhiu x m cho thy kh nng xc nh kch thc khuyt tt
tt hn nhiu. Hnh 2 gii thiu kt qu nh gi kch thc trn cc mu th Robin
trn thuc mt nh my in nguyn t.
Kt qu ca tt c cc phng php c ch ra hnh 2a bn tri, trong khi kt qu
ca k thut TOFD c gii thiu hnh 2b bn phi. S khc bit l rt ln.

Hnh 2: (a) bn tri, DDT s dng tt c cc phng php UT
UT th
cng
Chp nh
phng x
TOFD n
thun
AUT TOFD kt hp
Phased Array
Xc sut pht hin khuyt tt (POD)

(b) bn phi: DDT ch s dng TOFD.

Chun ASME Case 2235
Nm 1996, t cc kin thc v kinh nghim thu c t cc nghin cu v ht nhn,
Hi cc k s C kh M (American Society of Mechanical Engineers- ASME) xy
dng mt chun ring v s dng AUT thay cho RT (3). Chun ny gi y rt c
thnh hnh v tri qua 9 ln ti bn. Chun ring Code Case 2235 ny da trn nng
lc thc t ca nh thu thng qua php th nh gi v nng lc trc khi chp nhn.
V c bn, nh thu phi trnh cc ti liu k thut v quy trnh kim tra bng vn bn,
sau c ch nh tin hnh kim tra trn cc mu th c cha 3 khuyt tt (pha
ngoi, trong v trn b mt thnh mu). c chp nhn, tt c cc khuyt tt ny
phi c pht hin.
ASME CC 2235 l chun tng qut v chp nhn tt c cc phng php AUT vt
qua c php kim tra. N c th chp nhn TOFD, PA, hay c hai kt hp. c bit
Chun ring ny i hi php th phi c tin hnh trn ton vng mu kim tra, s
liu phi c thu thp v lu tr y v phi s dng b m ho. CC 2235 cn i
hi phi c k hoch qut, quy trnh kim tra bng vn bn v nhn s phi c o
to tt. Cc tiu chun thng k cng vi phng php xc nh cc xung phn hi do
hnh hc cng phi c ch r. Khc vi phn ln cc tiu chun loi b-chp nhn
c da trn ln bin xung hay chiu di khuyt tt khc, tiu chun chp nhn
ca ASME CC 2235 c xy dng trn c s ca ECA (c ch Nt gy-Fracture
Mechanics).
TOFD l k thut c thit lp bi nhiu Chun. Chun BS7706 (3) v EN583_6
(5) l cc chun Chu u v TOFD, ASTM c E-2373-4 (5), cn ASME c c chun
TOFD (6) v chun v gii on cc kt qu TOFD (7). ASME hin ang xy dng
cc chun ring cho b qut c m ho v cc phased array t ng , nhng xt v
tng th, k thut kim tra AUT c bao qut bi cc chun.
dng pht hnh u tin, cc cng ngh AUT chnh bao gm cc php kim tra s
dng dng qut zic-zc v TOFD. Vi cc pht trin mi trong v k thut qut tuyn
tnh, gi y ASME CC 2235 chp nhn c qut theo mt ng thng. Hnh 3 (a) v
(b) minh ho cc khi nim trn.


Hnh 3. (a) Qut theo kiu zig-zac v qut theo mt ng thng
Mt l t nhin, nhiu t chc lp chun cng xy dng cc chun v AUT, nhng
cha c mt chun no c pht trin v vn nng nh ASME v CC 2235. Thm
vo , cc dng khc ca ASME CC 2235 cng c xy dng, c bit l ASME
B31.3 Code Case 181.(8)
Cc thng tin phn hi v ASME CC 2235
Trc ht, chun ring ny c chp nhn rng ri v n da trn cc tiu ch v
k thut v v php kim tra nng lc trn cc mu c cc khuyt tt khng c bit
trc. Trong thc t, CC 2235 c chng t:
- Tun th tt hn cc yu cu v xy dng, khng gy gin on cho qu trnh
sn xut, thi cng.
- m bo sn phm t cc tiu chun ra
- Thch hp cho c kim tra sau ch to v trong qu trnh s dng cho cc c s
ht nhn.
- Tit kim c ng k chi ph (ch yu do khng phi ngng sn xut).
Cc nh gi thc t cho thy:
- AUT khng tng ng vi RT; AUT nhn thy cc khuyt tt dng khc (cc
khuyt tt dng phng v r kh).
- RT loi b sn phm da trn cc khuyt tt, nhiu khi cc khuyt tt ny
khng gy nh hng n tnh nng ca vt liu; Cn AUT c hiu hn, c
bit i vi cc khuyt tt dng phng.
- AUT c th gim ng k cc sa cha khng cn thit, nh gim ng k
gi thnh sn xut.
- i khi AUT thy nhng khuyt tt ln m RT li khng thy.
Tt nhin cng c nhiu phn bc v CC 2235 (v AUT):
- S m rng chm tia khin nhy khong cch xa gim (hn ch ny c th
gii quyt bng cch hi t chm).
- S dng cc khuyt tt nhn to chun my
- Ch gii hn cho chiu dy 12.7 mm tr ln (gii hn ny thay i vi CC 181).
Nhn chung, cc phn hi l tt, v ASME CC 2235 tr thnh chun ton cu v
kim tra mi hn.
Mt s h thng kim tra p ng chun ASME Code Case 2235
Nh s linh hot ca chun ny m rt nhiu thit b kim tra trn th trng tho mn
c chun ny, t h thng qut n gin, n h thng qut s dng r-bt phc
tp, t cc h thng siu m truyn thng a knh, n cc h thng siu m phased

array tc cao. La chn h thng kim tra ph thuc vo chun p dng, yu cu
ca nh thu, chiu dy thnh ng, tc yu cu, ngn sch cho php
Tng t, cc k thut ti u cho tng ng dng cng thay i: Phn ln u chn
phng php TOFD b sung cho PA mc d ch PA ring khng thi cng c th th
bao ph ton b vng kim tra. i vi cc i tng rt dy, kt hp vi k thut
sng trt s c th bao qut tt vng gn b mt.
Cc phn sau y s tp trung vo k thut TOFD kt hp vi k thut xung vng (PE)
nh ch ra hnh 4. y phn y ca mi hn c bao ph bng u d 60
0
t 2
bn (vng ); phn chp ca mi hn c bao qut bi u d 45
0
t 2 pha (hng), v
phn gia ca mi hn s bao ph bi cc u d TOFD (xanh lc), cc u d ny c
cc vng cht nh v y hn.

Hnh 4: Phng n kt hp TOFD v xung di tho mn chun ASME Code Case
2235.
Hnh nh cc thit b do hng Olympus NDT cung cp c gii thiu hnh 5.

Hnh 5: Thit b MS5800 (trn cng), OmniScan MX (tri) v Focus LT (phi)
Tng t, trn th trng cng c rt nhiu b qut khc nhau, nh m t hnh 6. Tt
c cc b qut ny u c trang b vi b m ho tho mn yu cu ca CC 2235;

mt s loi c iu khin bng m-t (chng c gi l cc b qut t ng hon
ton), trong khi mt s c y bng tay gim bt gi thnh v cc thao tc
thit lp my (cc b qut bn t ng). Cn ch rng cc b qut y bng tay c
gn vi b m ho s cng vn khng c chun ASME chp nhn nu cc s liu
thu nhn bng cc b qut ny khng tra sot c.

Hnh 6. Mt s b qut ca Olympus NDT
ng dng minh ho
ng dng ny dnh cho bn cha ln c thnh ng rt dy (hnh 7). RT khng thc
hin c v thnh ng qu dy v v nh hng ca phng php n tin sn
xut. Mc tiu l phi ti thiu ho thi gian kim tra/vn hnh (do gip cho gi
thnh kim tra cng c ti thiu ho) v phi c thc hin kim tra sao cho kp
tin hn. Kim tra siu m th cng cn n 10 ngi vi tng cng thi gian l 8h
hon thnh mt ng hn,trong khi AUT ch cn tn 2 nhn vin trong 40 pht
cho mi mt ng hn, do c th ni y l s thay th ht sc thnh cng.


Hnh 7: Kim tra bn cha ln s dng AUT v b qut y bng tay.

Kt qu kim tra in hnh s dng b qut y bng tay vi TOFD v xung di trn
mu chun c gii thiu hnh 8. Cc knh ngoi cng bn phi v bn tri l cc
knh 2 qung chy ton phn ginh cho kim tra m mi hn. Cc knh trong cng
bn phi v bn tri l cc knh xung di chn mi hn trong khi knh trung tm l
TOFD. Cc s liu hnh 8 l t khi chun dng nh gi k thut, cn hnh 9
l i vi khuyt tt thc.

Figure 8: Hin thi kt qu TOFD v PE 45
0
v PE 60
0

Figure 9: Hin th dng qut B (B-scan) v TOFD

Kt lun
Ti liu ny ch ra rng AUT l k thut kim tra siu m t ng c chp nhn
hon ton bi Tiu chun v bn cha cao p v ni hi ca ASME qua chun ring
Code Case 2235. Tiu chun ny rt thun tin v linh hot v n yu cu s liu phi
c thu nhn y , quy trnh phi c lp thnh vn bn, v phi qua php th v
nng lc. C rt nhiu h thng thit b v k thut kim tra siu m t ng tho mn
chun ring ny, ch yu l TOFD, PA, PE v s kt hp gia chng.
Olympus NDT c mt s h thng p ng c cc yu cu ca chun CC 2235, t
cc h a knh cm tay n cc h PA cao cp cng vi rt nhiu b qut t ng v
bn t ng.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Bouma T. et al., 1996 NIL summary report no. FF 96-43, Dutch Welding Institute.
2. Charlesworth J .P. and J .A.G. Temple, 1989, Ultrasonic Time of Flight
Diffraction,
Research Studies Press.
3. BS7706, Guide to Setting Up and Calibration of the Ultrasonic Time-Of Flight
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for the Detection, Location and Sizing of Flaws,
BSI
4. EN583_6, Nondestructive testing Ultrasonic examination - Part 6 : Ultrasonic
time of-flight diffraction technique as a method for defect detection and sizing,
European
Committee for Standardization.
5. ASTM E-2373-04, Standard Practice for the Use of the Ultrasonic Time-Of-
Flight
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique, ASTM J uly 2004.
6. ASME TOFD Code, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section V Article 4
Appendix III, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique, American Society
of
Mechanical Engineers, J uly 2004.
7. ASME Interpretation Manual, ASME B&PV Code Section V Article 4
Nonmandatory Appendix N, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Interpretation,
2004.

8. ASME B31.3 Code Case 181, Use of Alternative Ultrasonic Examination
Acceptance Criteria in ASME B31.3, J anuary 23, 2007.
9. M. Rana, D. Cowfer, O. Heddon and R. Boyce, Technical Basis for ASME
Section
VIII Code Case 2235 on Ultrasonic Examination of Welds in Lieu of
Radiography,
ASME PVP-Vol 407, Pressure Vessel and Piping Standards, Book No. H01175-
2000.


PH LC 3:
PHNG PHP KIM NH DA TRN H S RI RO RBI

Gii thiu:
Trong phng php kim nh c p dng hin nay ti Vit nam cng nh nhiu
nc khc trn th gii, ni dung cng vic kim nh v thi hn kim nh c quy
nh mt cch c nh trong cc tiu chun, quy phm. Cho n nay, cch tip cn ny
- c tn gi l time based inspection chng t s tin cy ca n trong vic m bo
an ton cho thit b .
Tuy nhin, vic vn dng phm vi v thi hn kim nh nh nhau cho cc thit b c
nhng iu kin vn hnh v qui m khc nhau dn n lng ph khng cn thit trong
nhiu trng hp v thiu thn trng cn thit cho nhiu trng hp khc. Vi s pht
trin khng ngng cc k thut v l thuyt kim nh, cc t chc ng kim, cc
vin tiu chun v tp on cng nghip quc t nh DNV, API, ASME, ExxonMobil
v.v. pht trin phng php kim nh da trn ri ro - risk based inspection (RBI),
trong ni dung cng vic kim nh v thi hn kim nh c xc nh da trn
s phn tch ri ro ca thit b.
nh ngha:
-Tham s ri ro l s lng ha mc nguy him c tnh ton di dng tch s
kh nng xy ra (Likelihood possibility) v tm mc nh hng (consequence) ca
s kin (ND: s kin xy ra s c).
- RBI l cng c c tnh h thng gip ngi s dng a ra nhng quyt nh c lin
quan n chi ph kim nh v bo tr.

RBI c kh nng:

- nh gi kt qu kim nh hin ti xc nh u tin ca nhng cng tc kim
nh tip theo.
- nh gi nhng k hoch tng lai c nhng quyt nh (ND: quyt nh nhng
thay i cn thit trong k hoch qun l ri ro thch ng vi k hoch thay i hay
m rng sn xut)
- nh gi cc thay i lin quan n qu trnh vn hnh c bn khi chng nh hng
n s hon ho (integrity) ca thit b.
- Ch ra nhng nhn t to ra ri ro c th b b qua trong cc phng thc kim nh
khc.
- nh ra mc kim nh ti u xt trn quan im kinh t bng cch xem xt s
cn bng gia chi ph kim nh v mc gim ch s ri ro.
- Xc nh mt "mc ri ro chp nhn c" (ND: cho tng th h thng thit b).

nh lng ri ro:

- Ri ro l tng hp ca kh nng xy ra ri ro v tm mc nh hng ca ri ro.
- Mt trong nhng cch minh ha nh lng ri ro l biu din 2 yu t kh nng v
tm mc nh hng ln h trc to X-Y

ng biu din h s ri ro.

Ma trn RBI bn nh lng

Cc cp phn tch RBI
I II III
Cp c nh
ngha
nh tnh Bn nh lng nh lng
D liu u vo
ca qu rnh phn
tch
Khong gi tr S c th S c th
nh gi c cu
ph hy
Cao, va,
thp
H s ph hy t 1 n
5000
H s ph hy t 1 n
5000
Phn tch Ma trn 5x5 Vng b nh hng, h s Vng b nh hng, tn

nh gi mc ph hy,
ma trn 5x5.
sut h hng, lng
ha ri ro.
Tnh ton nh
hng ti chnh
ca ri ro
Ch tnh n s
nh tr sn sut
N/A An ton, sn xut v
mi trng
Cc mc phn tch ri ro theo API 581
Quy trnh kim nh da trn ri ro ca API c 3 mc phn tch:
- Level I: mc ny RBI ch ng vai tr nh mt cng c cho php xc nh
nhanh chng nhng thit b c h s nguy him cao m ngi s dng cn phi kho
st chi tit.
- Level II: Tin gn hn n nh lng so vi level I nhng khng hon ton nh
level III. C hu ht nhng u im ca level III nhng li t i hi d liu u vo
hn level III.
- Level III: L phng php nh lng hon ton v cung cp nhng phn tch chi tit
nht.
Ti sao chng ta cn RBI
- a s tiu chun kim nh hin hnh ch da trn LOF (likelihood of failure - kh
nng h hng) khng da trn COF (Consequence of failure - tm mc nh hng ca
h hng). (ND: m ch ti tm mc nh hng ca h hng l ht sc cn thit. VD:
khng hp l cht no nu quan tm 1 bnh kh nn 200 lt nh 1 bn gas 200 m3)
- Gim bt nhng ri ro c tm mc nh hng ln.
- Tng hiu qu ca chi ph b ra cho kim nh v bo tr.
- Cung cp nhng thng tin c bn thay i khi chuyn t 1 thit b c h s nguy
him thp sang thit b c h s nguy him cao.
-Lng nh v hiu nhng ri ro cn tn ti trong k hoch kim nh ang p dng.
- Lng nh c s gim bt ri ro do kt qu ca hot ng kim nh.
Li ch ca chng trnh kim nh da trn ri ro
- Cung cp 1 kh nng ch ra v lng nh h s ri ro, to ra 1 cng c hu hiu
qun l nhng phn quan trong ca dy chuyn cng ngh.
- Cho php ban lnh o xem xt vn an ton 1 cch tng th v c hiu qu kinh t
cao.
- Gim nguy c s c mt cch c h thng bng cch s dng mt cch hp l hn
cc phng php kim nh khc nhau.
- V ci thin tin cy ca ton h thng.


Quy trnh chung thc hin phn tch RBI

Cc bc thc hin chnh:
Bc 1 Thu nhn d liu thit k
Bc 2 Hun luyn nhn s Nh my trong s dng/qun l phn
mn.
Bc 3: nh gi d liu o kim thu thp thi gian qua.
Bc 4: Phn tch d liu o kim thu thp c thi gian qua.
Bc 5: Kim sot ng ng- Sp xp theo h thng v nh s.
Bc 6: Kim tra trc quan bn ngoi tnh trng thit b tnh/ ng ng.
Bc 7: Nghin cu c ch n mn, gm n/cu n mn bn trong/ bn ngoi t.b,
tc n mn, im ti hn,
Bc 8: Chy phn mn RBI phn tch cc im ti hn, nhn dng im c mc
ri ro cao trn ma trn xp hng ri ro.
Bc 9: Ln k hoch kim tra/bo dng h thng tnh/ng ng theo kt qu
RBI v c s nh gi ca chuyn gia.
Bc 10: Cc tc v kim tra/bo dng cho tng thit b c th .

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