2011 -XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP PHẦN "NHỆT HOÁ HỌC" PDF

TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.
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XY DNG H THNG CU HI V BI TP PHN NHT HO HC
DNG CHO HC SINH CHUYN HO

Trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Hu - H Ni

I. M U
Trong qu trnh ging dy trng ph thng nhim v pht trin t duy cho hc sinh l nhim v
rt quan trng, i hi tin hnh ng b cc mn, trong Ha hc l mn khoa hc thc nghim cp
n nhiu vn ca khoa hc, s gp phn rn luyn t duy cho hc sinh mi gc c bit l qua phn
bi tp ha hc. Bi tp ha hc khng nhng c tc dng rn luyn k nng vn dng, o su v m rng
kin thc hc mt cch sinh ng, phong ph m cn thng qua n tp, rn luyn mt s k nng
cn thit v ha hc, rn luyn tnh tch cc, t lc, tr thng minh sng to cho hc sinh, gip hc sinh hng
th trong hc tp. Qua bi tp ha hc gio vin kim tra, nh gi vic nm vng kin thc v k nng ha
hc ca hc sinh.
gio vin bi dng hc sinh kh, gii trng chuyn d thi hc sinh gii cp Tnh v cp
Quc gia c tt th nhu cu cp thit l cn c mt h thng cu hi v bi tp cho tt c cc chuyn
nh : cu to cht, nhit ho hc, ng ho hc, cn bng ho hc,....
V vy , trong qu trnh ging dy i tuyn hc sinh gii Tnh v Quc gia ti su tm v tp hp li
mt s cu hi v bi tp theo mt s chuyn , trong c phn dng luyn tp cho hc sinh phn
Nhit ho hc
II. MC CH CA TI
Xy dng h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Nhit ho hcdng cho hc sinh lp chuyn Ho hc
bc THPT gip hc tr hc tt hn v chun b tt hn cho cc k thi hc sinh gii Ha hc c v l thuyt
bi tp phng php gii, gp phn nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ha hc.
III. NI DUNG
A- C S L THUYT :
Trc khi a ra h thng bi tp cho hc tr luyn tp th gio vin cn phi yu cu hc tr nh li
mt s khi nim v ni dung l thuyt c bn ca phn Nhit ho hc nh sau:
1) KH L TNG:
* Kh l tng l cht kh m khong cch gia cc phn t kh xa nhau, c th b qua tng tc gia chng.
* Vi kh l tng th c th p dng :
- Phng trnh trng thi: P.V = nRT (R = 8,314 J/mol.K = 0,082 l.atm/mol.K)
- Trong bnh c hn hp kh th: P = P
i
=
V
n
i
.RT
cn
P
i
= N
i
.P = .P
n
i
n
i
E
E
E

2) H V MI TRNG:
- H m: h trao i cht v nng lng vi mi trng.
- H kn: H ch trao i nng lng vi mi trng.
- H on nhit: H khng trao i nhit vi mi trng.
* Quy c:
H nhn nng lng ca mi trng nng lng mang du +
H nhng nng lng cho mi trng nng lng mang du -
3) BIN I THUN NGHCH:
Nu h chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc mt cch v cng
TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011
chm qua lin tip cc trng thi cn bng th s bin i ny c gi l thun nghch. y l s bin i l
tng khng c trong thc t.
4) S BIN I BT THUN NGHCH: l s bin i c tin hnh vi vn tc ng k. Nhng
phn ng trong thc t u l bin i bt thun nghch.
5) HM TRNG THI: l hm m gi tr ca n ch ph thuc vo cc thng s trng thi ca h, khng
ph thuc vo nhng s bin i trc .
V d: P.V = hm trng thi
P
1
.V
1
= n.RT
1
; P
2
.V
2
= n.R.T
2

6) CNG (W) V NHIT (Q)
- L 2 hnh thc trao i nng lng.
- W, Q khng phi l hm trng thi v gi tr ca chng ph thuc vo cch bin i.
V d: Cng ca s gin n kh l tng t th tch V
1
n V
2
t
o
= const trong 1 xilanh kn nh 1 pittng
c tnh bng cng thc:
W = - dV P
n
.
2
1
}
(P
n
: p sut bn ngoi)
* Nu s bin i l BTN th P
n
= P
kq
= const
W
BTN
= - P
kq
. dV
}
2
1
= - P
kq
. AV = - P
kq
.(V
2
- V
1
)
* Nu s bin i l thun nghch: Gim P
n
nhng lng v cng b th tch kh tng nhng lng v
cng b. Khi P
n
mi lc thc t = P bn trong xi lanh = P
k

P
n
= P
k
= n.RT/V
W
TN
= - dV P
n
.
2
1
}
= - nRT .
}
2
1
V
dV
= - nRT .ln
1
2
V
V
W
BTN
= W
TN

* Cc qu trnh thun nghch sinh cng ln nht khi h bin i t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2. Lng cng
ny ng bng lng cng cn thit a h v trng thi ban u mt cch thun nghch.
7) NI NNG U:
- U ca mt cht hay mt h gm ng nng ca cc phn t v th nng tng tc gia cc phn t trong h
.
- U l i lng dung v l hm trng thi
- U ca n mol kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit .
8) NGUYN L I CA NHIT NG HC: (S BIN I NI NNG CA H).
U = U
2
- U
1
= W + Q
- i vi s bin i v cng nh: dU = o
W
+ o
Q

(o: Ch nhng hm khng phi l hm trng thi)
- Thng gp cng c thc hin ch do s bin i th tch nn: o
W
= -P.dV
dU = o
Q
= P .dV
}
dU = Q - dV P.
2
1
}
AU = Q - dV P.
2
1
}

* Nhit ng tch: Nu h bin i V = const dV = 0
AU = Q
V
Q
V
l 1 hm trng thi.
* Nhit ng p: Nu h bin i P = const th:
dV P.
2
1
}
= P . dV
}
2
1
= P. V
2
- P. V
1

AU = U
2
- U
1
= Q
P
- P. V
2
+ P .V
1
Q
P
= (U
2
+ P.V
2
) - (U
1
+ P .V
1
)
t U + P.V = H = entanpi = hm trng thi
TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG
Q
P
= H
2
- H
1
= AH = s bin thin entanpi ca h.
* Nhit phn ng:
Xt 1 h kn trong c phn ng: aA + bB cC + dD
Nhit phn ng ca phn ng ny l nhit lng trao i vi mi trng khi a mol A phn ng vi b mol B
to ra c mol C v d mol D T = const.
- Nu phn ng c thc hin P = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng ng p Q
P
= AH
- Nu phn ng c thc hin V = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng ng tch Q
V
=AU
* Quan h gia Q
P
v Q
V

Q
P
= AH = A(U + PV)P = AU + P. AV AH = AU + P . AV = AU + An .RT
Q
P
= QV + An .RT ( An = n
kh sp
- n
kh p
)
Khi An = 0 Q
P
= Q
V
hay AH = AU
U = Q
V
= n .C
V
. T A A
H = Q
P
= n .C
P
. T A A

* Nhit dung mol ng p (C
P
) l nhit lng cn cung cp lm 1 mol cht nng thm 1
o
trong iu kin
ng p (m trong qu trnh khng c s bin i trng thi).
* Tng t vi C
V
: AH =
}
2
1
.
T
T
P
dT C ; AU =
}
2
1
.
T
T
T
dT C
C
P
, C
V
l hm ca nhit .
Vi 1 mol kh l tng: C
P
=
T
H
A
A
; C
V
=
T
U
A
A

M AU = AH - P. AV C
P
=
T
H
A
A
=
T
U
A
A
+
T
V P
A
A .
= C
V
+ R
Q, W: Khng phi l hm trng thi
Q
V
= U; Q
P
= H Q
V
, Q
P
l hm trng thi ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui
ca h m khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin i l thun nghch hay khng thun nghch.
9) NH LUT HESS: AH (AU) ca 1 qu trnh ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h
m khng ph thuc vo ng i.
AHp = AHs (sn phm) - AHs (cht u) = AHc (cht u) - AHc (sn phm)
10) NH LUT KIRCHHOFF:

A
A
A
n
1
A + n
2
B n
3
C + n
4
D
T
2
H
2
H
a
H
b
A
n
1
A + n
2
B n
3
C + n
4
D
T
1
H
1

Theo nh lut Hess: AH
2
= AH
a
+ AH
1
+ AH
b

M:
AH
a
=
}
+
2
1
). . . (
2 1
T
T
P P
dT C n C n
b A
= -
}
+
2
1
). . . (
2 1
T
T
P P
dT C n C n
B A

AH
b
=
}
+
2
1
). . . (
4 3
T
T
P P
dT C n C n
D C

AH
2
= AH
1
+
}
+ +
2
1
)]. ( ) . . [(
2 1 4 3
T
T
P P P P
dT C n C n C n C n
B A D C
= AH
1
+
}
A
2
1
.
T
T
P
dT C
- AH
1
thng c xc nh iu kin chun: AH
o
T
= AH
o
298
+
}
A
T
o
P
dT C
298
.
Vi AC
o
P
= C
o
P
(sp) - C
o
P
(tham gia)
C
o
P
l nhit dung mol ng p iu kin chun (1atm).
- Trong khong hp ca nhit c th coi AC
o
P
= const
Th: AH
2
= AH
1
+ AC
P
.(T
2
-T
1
)
AH
o
T
= AH
o
298
+ AC
o
P
(T - 298)
11) ENTROPI (S)
- Trong s bin i thun nghch v cng nh T = const h trao i vi mi trng mt lng nhit oQ
TN

th s bin thin entropi trong qu trnh ny l: d
S
=
T
Q
TN

S l hm trng thi (J/mol.K)
- Nu s bin i l bt thun nghch th d
S
>
T
Q
TN

- V l hm trng thi nn khi chuyn t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2 bng bin thin thun nghch hay bt
thun nghch th S
2
- S
1
= AS =
}
2
1
T
Q
TN

(AS
TN
= AS
BTN
)
12) NGUYN L II CA NHIT NG HC:
dS >
T
Q

- Trong h c lp oQ = 0. nn:
+ dS = 0: trong h c lp entropi ca h khng i nu xy ra qu trnh thun nghch.
+ dS > 0 : trong h c lp, qu trnh t xy ra (BTN) theo chiu tng entropi ca h v tng cho ti khi t
gi tr max th h s t trng thi cn bng.
* Entropi l thc o hn n ca h: hn n ca 1 h hay 1 cht cng ln khi h hay cht gm
nhng ht v s dao ng ca cc ht cng mnh (khi lin kt gia cc ht cng yu).
VD: S < S < S
S < S < S
H
2
(k) O
2
(k) O
3
(k)
H
2
O(r)
H
2
O (l)
H
2
O (h)

S l 1 i lng dung .
13) S BIN THIN S TRONG QU TRNH BIN I TRNG THI CA CHT:
Khi cht nguyn cht nng chy hoc si P = const th:
T = const AS =
}
2
1
T
Q
=
T
H A

AH = nhit bin thin trng thi = L
n/c
hoc L
h

14) S TRONG QU TRNH GIN N NG NHIT KH L TNG:
Xt n mol kh l tng gin n th tch t V
1
V
2
t
o
= const. V ni nng ca kh l tng ch ph thuc
nhit nn trong s bin i ny:
AU = Q
TN
+ W
TN
= Q
BTN
+ W
BTN
= 0
Q
TN
= - W
TN
= nRT. ln
1
2
V
V
( = -(- P. AV) = dV
V
nRT
.
2
1
}
).
T = const AS =
T
Q
TN
= nRln
1
2
V
V
= n.R.ln
2
1
P
P

15) S BIN THIN ENTROPI CA CHT NGUYN CHT THEO NHIT .
- Qu trnh P = const: un nng 1 cht nguyn cht t T
1
T
2
, khng c s chuyn pha:
AS =
}
2
1
T
T
TN
T
Q
Vi oQ = oQ
P
= dH = n.C
P
.dT
AS =
T
dT
C n
T
T
P
. .
2
1
}

* Trong khong nhit hp, coi C
P
= const AS = n.C
P
.ln
1
2
T
T

- Qu trnh: V = const AS = n .C
V
.ln
1
2
T
T

16) ENTROPI TUYT I
* Nguyn l III ca nhit ng hc:
- Entropi ca cht nguyn cht di dng tinh th hon chnh 0(K) bng 0: S
(T = 0)
= 0
* Xut pht t tin trn ta c th tnh c entropi tuyt i ca cc cht cc nhit khc nhau.
VD: Tnh S ca 1 cht nhit T no , ta hnh dung cht c un nng t 0(K) T(K) xt
P=const. Nu trong qu trnh un nng c s chuyn pha th:
AS = AS
T
- AS
(T = 0)
= S
T
=
=
A
5
1 i
i
S
S
T
=
T
dT
C n
T
L
n
T
dT
C n
T
L
n
T
dT
C n
T
T
h P
S
S
T
T
l P
nc
nc
T
r P
S
S
nc
nc
. . . . . . . .
) ( ) (
0
) (
1
} } }
+ + + +
Gi tr entropi c xc nh P = 1 atm = const v nhit T no c
gi l gi tr entropi chun, k hiu l S
0
T
, thng T = 298K S
0
298

17) S BIN THIN ENTROPI TRONG PHN NG HO HC:
+ Khi phn ng thc hin P = const, T = const th: AS = ES(sp) - ES(t/g)
+ Nu iu kin chun v 25
0
C th: AS
0
298
= ES
0
298
(sp) - ES
0
298
(t/g)
+ V S ca cht kh >> cht rn, lng nn nu s mol kh sn phm (sp) > s mol
kh tham gia th AS > 0 v ngc li. Cn trong trng hp s mol kh 2 v
bng nhau hoc phn ng khng c cht kh th AS c gi tr nh.
18) TH NHIT NG
ASc lp = AS h + AS mt 0
a)Th ng p G:
Xt h xy ra s bin i P, T u khng i trong qu trnh ny mi trng nhn ca h mt nhit lng
AH
mt
do h to ra AH
mt
= - AH
h
= - AH
AS
mt
= -
T
H A

+ iu kin t din bin ca h:
AS
c lp
= AS
h
-
T
H A
> 0 AH T. AS < 0
+ H trng thi cn bng khi AH T. AS = 0
+ t G = H TS nhit , P khng i th qu trnh xy ra theo chiu c
AG = AH T. AS < 0
V t ti trng thi cn bng khi AG = 0.
b) Th ng tch: (Nng lng Helmholtz)
Nu h bin i iu kin T, V khng i nhit ng tch m mi trng nhn ca cc h l AU
mt
AS
mt
= -
T
U
mt
A

iu kin t din bin ca h trong qu trnh ng nhit, ng tch l
AF = AU T. AS < 0
V t trng thi cn bng khi AF = 0
Trong : F = U TS
V H = U + PV G = H TS = U TS + PV G = F + PV
+ i vi qu trnh T,P = const AG = Wmax
+ i vi qu trnh T, V = const AS = Wmax
TM LI :
* Qu trnh ng p: P = const
- Cng: oWP = - P.dV = -n.R.dT WP = - P. AV = - nRAT
- Nhit: oQP = dH = n.
P
C .dT QP = AH = n. dT C
T
T
P
.
2
1
}

- Ni nng: dU = oQ + oW AU = AH P. AV = AH n.R. AT
- Entropi: dS
T
Q
TN
AS
}
2
1
T
Q
TN
AS
TN
=
T
dT
C n
T
T
P
. .
2
1
}
= T d C n
T
T
P
ln . .
2
1
}

Nu
P
C = const AS
TN
= n.
P
C .ln
1
2
T
T

* Qu trnh ng tch:
- Cng: oW
V
= - P.dV = 0 W
V
= 0
- Nhit: oQ
V
= dU
V
= n.
V
C .dT Q
V
= AU
V
= dT n C
T
T
V
. .
2
1
}

Nu
V
C = const Q
V
= n.
V
C .AT
- Ni nng: AU
V
= Q
V
+ W
- Entropi: AS
T
Q
V
= =
}
T
dT
C n
T
T
V
. .
2
1
T d C n
T
T
V
ln . .
2
1
}
AS n.
V
C .ln
1
2
T
T
(
V
C = const)
- Entanpi: H = U + PV dH = dU + P.dV + V.dP = dU + V.dP (dV = 0)
AH = AU + V . AP
* Qu trnh ng nhit:
- Cng: oW
T
= - PdV = - dV
V
nRT
.
W
T
= -
1
2
2
1
1
2
ln ln ln . .
2
1
P
P
nRT
V
V
nRT
V
V
nRT
V
dV
RT n
V
V
= = =
}

- Nhit: AU
T
= Q
T
+ W
T
= 0 Q
T
= - W
T
= nRT ln
1
2
V
V

- Ni nng: AU
T
= 0
- Entanpi: AH
T
= AU
T
+ A(PV)
T
= AU
T
+ nR. AT = 0
- Entropi: AS
TN
=
nc
nc TN
T
L
T
Q
= hoc =
S
h
T
L

* Vi qu trnh dn n kh l tng thun nghch
AS = =
A
=
T
W U
T
Q
TN
+
}
T
dT
C n
V
T
T
. .
2
1
dV
V
nRT
V
V
}
2
1

Nu C
V
= const AS = n.
1
2
ln
T
T
C
V
+ nRT ln
1
2
V
V

V T = const AS = nRT ln
1
2
V
V
= nRT.ln
2
1
P
P

* Qu trnh on nhit:
- Nhit: Q = 0
- Ni nng v cng: dU = oQ + oW = oW = -PdV =
T
dT
C n
V
T
T
. .
2
1
}

+Qu trnh bt thun nghch:
dU
BTN
= oW
BTN
= -P
ng
.dV = -P
2
.dV
AU
BTN
= W
BTN
= -P
ng
.(V
2
V
1
) = n.C
V
. AT
* PT Poisson: (Dng cho qu trnh thun nghch)

T .
1
V = const
P.V
= const

V
P
C
C
=
* W
BTN
= -P
2
(V
2
V
1
) = - P
2
.( ) ( )
1 2
1
1
2
2
T T nC
P
nRT
P
nRT
V
= T
2
AU = W = .... V
2
* Qu trnh thun nghch: W = AU = n.C
V
(T
2
- T
1
)
T
1
. V
1
1

= T
2
. V
1
2

T
2
= T
1
.(
2
1
V
V
)
-1

- Entanpi: AH = n .C
P
(T
2
T
1
)
- Entropi: AS
TN
=
T
Q
TN
= 0
* G = H TS = U + PV TS
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
P
T
G
- AS ; =
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
T
P
G
- AV
Vi phn ng oxi ho kh c th din ra trong pin in: AG = - nEF
dT
G dA
= - nF.
dT
dE
= - AS AS = nF.
dT
dE

AH = AG + T. AS = nF( T.
dT
dE
- E)
19) NGHA VT L CA G:
G = H TS = U + PV TS
dG = dU + P.dV + V.dP T.dS SdT = (oW + oQ) + PdV + VdP T.dS SdT
V oW = oW + (-PdV)
oQ T.dS dG oW + VdP SdT
Du = ng vi qu trnh thun nghch v cng ln nht.
dG = oW
max
+ VdP SdT
* i vi qu trnh ng nhit, ng p dP = dT = 0
dG
T,P
= oW
max
AG = W
max
* i vi qu trnh BTN: W gim; Q tng khi hon ton BTN W = 0
20) MT S TNH CHT CA HM G:
dG = V.dP SdT ( coi W = 0)
a) S ph thuc ca G vo T:
- Khi P = const
P
T
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= - S
P
T
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
= - AS
AG = AH T. AS = AH + T.
P
T
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c

T.
P
T
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
- AG = -AH
2 2
.
T
H
T
G
T
G
T
P
A
=
A |
.
|
\
|
c
A c

2
T
H
T
T
G
P
A
=
c
|
.
|
\
| A
c

dT
T
H
T
G
d
T
T
T
G
T
G
T
T
. .
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
} }
A
=
A
A
A
dT
T
G
T
G
T
G
T
T
T T
.
2
1
1 2
2
1 2
}
A
=
A
=
A

Nu coi AH
o
khng ph thuc vo nhit th: |
.
|
\
|
A
A
=
A
298
1 1
298
298
T
H
G
T
G
o
o
T

b) S ph thuc vo P:
Khi T = const V
P
G
T
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c

( ) ( )
} } }
= =
2
1
1
2
1
2
. .
2
1
P
P
P T
P
P
P T
dP V G G dP V dG
- Vi cht rn, lng coi V = const khi P bin thin (tr min p sut ln) th:
( ) ( )
) (
1 2
1 2
P P V G G
P T P T
+ =
- Vi cht kh l tng V =
P
nRT

( ) ( )
1
2
ln .
1 2
P
P
nRT G G
P T P T
+ =
Nu p sut bnh thng: P
1
= P
o
= 1bar (1 atm) G
T(P)
= G
o
T
+ nRT.lnP
(P tnh bng bar (atm)).
21) TNH G CA MT S QU TRNH:
a) Gin nn ng nhit kh l tng
AG = nRT.ln
1
2
P
P
= nRT.ln
2
1
V
V

b) Trn ln ng nhit, ng p 2 kh l tng:
AG = n
A
.RTlnx
A
+ n
B
.RTlnx
B

c) Qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch (ti nhit chuyn pha): AG
cf
= 0
d) Qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch T T
cf

Nguyn tc: p dng chu trnh nhit ng. V G l hm trng thi nn AG ch ph thuc trng thi u, trng
thi cui, khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin.
e) G ca phn ng ho hc: AG
o
p
= EAG
o
S(sn phm)
- EAG
o
S(tham gia)

B - H THNG CC CU HI V BI TP PHN NHIT HA HC :
Bi 1:
Cho 100 g N
2
0
o
C, 1atm. Tnh Q, W, AU, AH trong cc bin i sau y c tin hnh thun nghch
nhit ng:
a) Nung nng ng tch ti P = 1,5atm.
b) Gin ng p ti V = 2V ban u.
c) Gin ng nhit ti V = 200l
d) Gin on nhit ti V = 200l
Chp nhn rng N
2
l kh l tng v nhit dung ng p khng i trong qu trnh th nghim v bng
29,1J/mol.K
Gii
a) V = const W =
}
= 0 .dV P
AU = QV = n
V
C .AT = ( P C - R).(T
2
T
1
) .n
= ( P C - R).(
1
2
P
P
-1).T
1
.n = (29,1 - 8,314).( ) 1
1
5 , 1
.273,15 = 14194,04(J)
b) V
o
= ) ( 80 4 , 22 .
28
100
l = V= 2V
o
= 160 (l)
W = -P. AV = -1(160 80) = -80 (l.at) = -80 .101,33 = -8106,4(J)
Q
P
= AH = P C .n .AT =
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 1
1
2
. . 1 , 29 .
28
100
T T
V
V
= 29,1.
28
100
(2.273,15 273,15) = 28388,1(J)
AU = Q + W = 28388,1 = 8106,4 = 20281,7(J)
c) T = const AU = 0; AH = 0
W = -
}
2
1
.
V
dV
nRT = - nRT.ln
1
2
V
V

W = -
28
100
.8,314 .273,15.ln
80
200
= -7431,67(J)
AU = Q + W = 0 Q = -W = 7431,67(J)
d) Q = 0 (S = const)
Theo PT poisson: T
1
. V
1
1

= T
2
. V
1
2

T
2
= T
1
.(
2
1
V
V
)
-1
Vi 4 , 1
314 , 8 1 , 29
1 , 29
~
=
+
= =
P
P
V
P
C R
C
C
C

W = AU = n.
V
C (T
2
T
1
) =
28
100
(29,1-8,314).(189,33 -273,15) = 6222,4(J)
AH = n
P
C .AT =
28
100
.29,1(189,33 273,15) = - 8711,3(J)

Bi 2:
Tnh
o
S
H
298 ,
A ca Cl
-
(aq)
. Bit:
(a):
2
1
H
2
+
2
1
Cl
2(k)
HCl
(k)

o
S
H
298 ,
A = -92,2(kJ)
(b): HCl
(k)
+ aq H
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)

o
S
H
298 ,
A = -75,13(kJ)
(c):
2
1
H
2
+ aq H
+
(aq)
+ e
o
S
H
298 ,
A = 0
Gii:
Ly (a) + (b) (c) :
2
1
Cl
2
+ e + aq = Cl
-
(aq)

o
S
H
298 ,
A = - 167,33(kJ)
Bi 3:
Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
3Fe(NO
3
)
2(aq)
+ 4HNO
3(aq)
3Fe(NO
3
)
3(aq)
+ NO
(k)
+ 2H
2
O (l)
Din ra trong nc 25
o
C. Cho bit:
Fe
2+
(aq)
Fe
3+
(aq)
NO
3
-
(aq)
NO
(k)
H
2
O
(l)

o
S
H
298 ,
A (kJ/mol) -87,86 - 47,7 -206,57 90,25 -285,6
Gii:
Phng trnh ion ca phn ng:
3Fe
2+
(aq)
+ 4H
+
(aq)
+ NO
3
-
(aq)
3Fe
3+
(aq)
+ NO
(k)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
AH=3.
o
S
H
298 ,
A (Fe
3+
,aq
)+
o
S
H
298 ,
A (NO)+2.
o
S
H
298 ,
A (H
2
O
(l)
)3.
o
S
H
298 ,
A (Fe
2+
,aq
)-
o
S
H
298 ,
A (NO
3
-
, aq
)
= 3.(-47,7) + 90,25 + 2.(-285,6) + 3.87,6 + 206,57 = -153,9(kJ)
Bi 4:
1) So snh AH, AU ca cc phn ng: C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
C
n
H
2n+2
2) Khi t chy hon ton 2 anome o v | ca D glucoz mi th 1 mol p sut khng i,
ngi ta o c hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng 500K ln lt bng:
-2790,0kJ v - 2805,1kJ
a) Tnh AU i vi mi phn ng.
b) Trong 2 dng glucoz, dng no bn hn?
Gii:
1) AH = AU + P. AV = AU + An.RT
Phn ng trn c: An = 1-2 = -1 AH = AU RT AH < AU
2) C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
AU
(o)
= AH
(o)
- An.RT = - 2799 6.8,314.10
-3
.500 = -2824(kJ)
AU
(|)
= AH
(|)
- An.RT = - 2805,1 6.8,314.10
-3
.500 = -2830 (kJ)
o
H
A = 6.
o
CO S
H
) (
2
A + 6.
o
O H S
H
) (
2
A -
o
S
H
) (
A
o
H
A = 6.
o
CO S
H
) (
2
A + 6.
o
O H S
H
) (
2
A -
o
S
H
) (
A

o
S
H
) (
A -
o
S
H
) (
A =
o
H
A -
o
H
A = -2805,1 + 2799 = -6,1(kJ)

o
S
H
) (
A <
o
S
H
) (
A Dng o - glucoz c
o
S
H A nh hn nn bn hn.

Bi 5:
1) Th no l entanpi sinh ca n cht? Tnh
o
O S
H
) (
3
A v
o
kimcuong S
H
) (
A v d on hot tnh ho hc ca
chng t cc d kin sau:
(a): C
than ch
+ O
2(k)
CO
2(k)

o
H
298
A = -393,14(kJ)
(b): C
kim cng
+ O
2(k)
CO
2(k)

o
H
298
A = -395,03(kJ)
(c): 3As
2
O
3 (r)
+ 3O
2(k)
3As
2
O
5(r)

o
H
298
A = -811,34(kJ)
(d): 3As
2
O
3

(r)
+ 2O
3(k)
3As
2
O
5(r)

o
H
298
A = -1090,98(kJ)
2) T kt qu trn v cc d kin sau:
AH
(O O)
tnh t O
2
= - 493,24kJ/mol; AH
(O O)
tnh t H
2
O
2
= - 137,94kJ/mol
Chng minh rng: Khng th gn cho O
3
cu trc vng kn.
Gii:
1)- Entanpi sinh ca cc n cht bn iu kin chun = 0
- i vi nhng nguyn t c nhiu dng th hnh th khi chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc bao gi cng
km theo 1 hiu ng nhit. Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh hnh thnh n cht (dng th hnh km bn) t
dng th hnh bn iu kin nht nh c coi l nhit sinh ca n cht trong nhng iu kin .

o
S
H A ca O
3
v kim cng l hiu ng nhit quy v iu kin chun ca cc qu trnh:

2
3
O
2
O
3(k) ;
C
than ch
C
kim cng

- Ly (a) (b):
C
than ch
C
kim cng

o
kc S
H
) (
A = 1,89 kJ/mol
- Ly (c) - (d):

2
3
O
2(k)
O
3(k)

o
O S
H
) (
3
A = 139,82 kJ/mol
2) Nu coi O
3
c cu trc vng kn:

o
O S
H
) (
3
A =
o
O lk
H
) (
3
A -
2
3
o
O lk
H
) (
2
A
= 3.(-137,94) -
2
3
.(- 493,24) = 326,04 (kJ/mol) > 139,82(kJ/mol)
O
3
c cu trc vng kn rt khng bn cu trc ny khng chp nhn c.

Bi 6:
Entanpi sinh tiu chun ca CH
4(k)
v C
2
H
6(k)
ln lt bng -74,80 v -84,60 kJ/mol. Tnh entanpi tiu chun
ca C
4
H
10

(k)
. Bin lun v kt qu thu c. Cho bit entanpi thng hoa ca than ch v nng lng lin kt
H- H ln lt bng: 710,6 v - 431,65 kJ/mol.
Gii:
* (1) C
than ch
+ 2H
2 (k)
CH
4(k)

o
CH S
H
4
,
A =-74,8kJ
(2) C
than ch
C
(k)

o
th
H A = 710,6 kJ
(3) H
2 (k)
2H
(k)

lk
H A = 431,65 kJ
Ly (1) [(2) + 2.(3)] ta c:
C
(k)
+ 4H
(k)
CH
4(k)

o
CH tu ng S
H
4
, / ,
A = -1648,7(kJ/mol)
Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca lin kt C H l:
4
1
(-1648,7) = - 412,175 (J/mol).
* (4) 2C
than ch
+ 3H
2
C
2
H
6(k)

o
K H C S
H
) , (
6 2
A = -84,6 (kJ/mol)
Ly (4) [2 .(2) + 3.(3)] ta c:
2C
(k)
+ 6H
(k)
C
2
H
6

(k)

o
H C tu ng S
H
6
2
, / ,
A = -2800,75 (kJ/mol)
Coi E
C H
trong CH
4
v C
2
H
6
nh nhau th:
E
C- C
= =1800,75 6(- 412,175) = -327,7(kJ/mol)
* Coi E
C-H
; E
C- C
trong cc cht CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
4
H
10
u nh nhau th:
o
H C tu ng S
H
10
4
, / ,
A = 3. E
C- C
+ 10.E
C- H
= 3.(- 327,7) + 10( -412,75) = -5110,6 (kJ/mol)
* (5) 4C
(k)
+ 10 H
(k)
C
4
H
10

(k)

o
H C tu ng S
H
10
4
, / ,
A = -5110,6 (kJ/mol)
Ly (2). 4 + (3).5 + (5) ta c:
4Cthan ch
+ 5H
2(k)
C
4
H
10(k)

o
H C S
H
10
4
,
A = -109,95(kJ/mol)
* Kt qu thu c ch l gn ng do coi E
lk(C C)
, E
lk(C- H)
trong mi trng hp l nh nhau. V v vy
s khng tnh r c
o
S
H A ca cc ng phn khc nhau.

Bi 7: Tnh AH
o
ca cc phn ng sau:
1) Fe
2
O
3(r)
+ 2Al
(r)
2Fe
(r)
+ Al
2
O
3(r)
( 1)
Cho bit
o
O Fe S
r
H
) ( 3 2
,
A = -822,2 kJ/mol;
o
O Al S
r
H
) ( 3 2
,
A = -1676 (kJ/mol)
2) S
(r)
+
2
3
O
2(k)
SO
3(k)
(2)
Bit (3) : S
(r)
+ O
2(k)
SO
2(k)

o
H
298
A = -296,6 kJ
(4): 2SO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
2SO
3(k)

o
H
298
A = -195,96 kJ
T kt qu thu c v kh nng din bin thc t ca 2 phn ng trn c th rt ra kt lun g?
Gii:
1)
o
pu
H
) 1 (
A =
o
O Al S
r
H
) ( 3 2
,
A -
o
O Fe S
r
H
) ( 3 2
,
A = -1676 + 822,2 = - 853,8(kJ)
2)
o
pu
H
) 2 (
A =
o
pu
H
) 3 (
A +
2
1
o
pu
H
) 4 (
A = -296,6 -
2
1
.195,96 = -394,58 (kJ)
KL: Hai phn ng (1), (2) u to nhit mnh. Song trn thc t 2 phn ng khng t xy ra. Nh vy,
ch da vo AH khng khng nh chiu ca 1 qu trnh ho hc (tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, d
on theo tiu chun ny l ng).

Bi 8:
1) Tnh hiu ng nhit ng tch tiu chun ca cc phn ng sau 25
o
C.
a) Fe
2
O
3(r)
+ 3CO
(k)
2Fe
(r)
+ 3CO
2(k)

o
H
298
A = 28,17 (kJ)
b) C
than ch
+ O
2(k)
CO
2 (k)

o
H
298
A = -393,1(kJ)
c) Zn
(r)
+ S
(r)
ZnS
(r)

o
H
298
A = -202,9(kJ)
d) 2SO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
2SO
3(k)

o
H
298
A = -195,96 (kJ)
2) Khi cho 32,69g Zn tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d trong bom nhit lng k 25
o
C, ngi ta
thy c thot ra mt nhit lng l 71,48 kJ. Tnh hiu ng nhit nhit . Cho Zn = 65,38
Gii:
1) AH = AU + An.RT
Do cc phn ng a), b), c) c An = 0 nn AU
o
= AH
o

Phn ng d): AU
o
= AH
o
- An.RT = -195,96 + 1.8,314. 298,15. 10
-3
= -193,5 (kJ)
2) Zn
(r)
+ H
2
SO
4

(dd)
H
2(k)
+ ZnSO
4(dd)
Trong bom nhit lng k c V = const.
AU = - 71,48.
38 , 65 / 69 , 32
1
= -142,96 (kJ/mol)
AH = AU + An.RT = - 142,96 + 1. 8,314 .298,15 .10
-3
= - 140,5 (kJ/mol)

Bi 9: Tnh AH
o
ca phn ng tng hp 1 mol adenine C
5
H
5
N
5(r)
t 5 mol HCN
(k)
.
Cho bit
o
k CH S
H
) , ,
4
A = - 74,8 (kJ/mol);
o
k NH S
H
, ,
3
A = -46,1kJ/mol;
o
r adenin S
H
) ( ,
A = 91,1 kJ/mol
V CH
4(k)
+ NH
3(k)
HCN
(k)
+ 3H
2(k)
AH
o
= 251,2 kJ.mol
-1

Gii:
(a) : C
gr
+ 2H
2(k)
CH
4

o
k CH S
H
) , ,
4
A = -74,8 (kJ/mol)
(b) :
2
1
N
2(k)
+
2
3
H
2(k)
NH
3(k)

o
k NH S
H
, ,
3
A = - 46,1kJ/mol
(c) : 5C
gr
+
2
5
H
2(k)
+
2
5
N
2(k)
C
5
H
5
N
5(r)

o
r adenin S
H
) ( ,
A = 91,1 kJ.mol
-1

(d) : CH
4(k)
+ NH
3(k)
HCN
(k)
+ 3H
2(k)
AH
o
= 251,2 kJ.mol
-1

Ta ly: -5 .(a) + [-5 .(b)] + (c) + [-5.(d)] ta c:
5HCN
(k)
C
5
H
5
N
5(r)
AH
o
(4)
= 251,2 kJ/mol

Bi 10:
Tnh nhit thot ra khi tng hp 17kg NH
3
1000K. Bit
o
k NH S
H
) , ( 298 ,
3
A = -46,2 kJ.mol
-1
) , (
3
k NH P
C = 24,7 + 37,48.10
-3
T Jmol
-1
K
-1

) , (
2
k N P
C = 27,8 + 4,184.10
-3
T Jmol
-1
K
-1

) , (
2
k H P
C = 286 + 1,17.10
-3
T Jmol
-1
K
-1

Gii:
2
1
N
2(k)
+
2
3
H
2(k)
NH
3(k)

o
k NH S
H
, ,
3
A = - 46,2kJ/mol
AC
P
=
) , (
3
k NH P
C -
2
1
) , (
2
k N P
C -
2
3
) , (
2
k H P
C
= - 24,7 + 37,48.10
-3
T -
2
1
[27,8 + 4,184.10
-3
] -
2
3
[28,6 + 1,17 .10
-3
T]
= - 32,1 + 31,541.10
-3
T
= A
o
H
1000
o
H
298
A + dT C
P
,
1000
298
}
A =
o
H
298
A + dT T) 10 . 541 , 31 1 , 32 (
1000
298
3
}

+
=
o
H
298
A + )
2
10 . 541 , 31 1 , 32 (
2 1000
298
3
T
T
}

+
= - 46,2.10
3
+31,541 .10
-3
.
2
1
(1000
2
-198
2
) 32,1(1000 298)= - 54364,183 (J/mol)
Khi tng hp 17 kg NH
3
th nhit lng to ra l:
Q =
17
17000
.(-54364,183 .10
-3
) = -54364,183 (kJ)

Bi 11:
Tnh nng lng mng li tinh th BaCl
2
t 2 t hp d kin sau:
1) Entanpi sinh ca BaCl
2
tinh th: - 859,41 kJ/mol
Entanpi phn li ca Cl
2
: 238,26 kJ/mol
Entanpi thng hoa ca Ba: 192,28 kJ/mol
Nng lng ion ho th nht ca Ba: 500,76 kJ/mol
Nng lng ion ho th hai ca Ba: 961,40 kJ/mol
i lc electron ca Cl : - 363,66 kJ/mol
2) Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ho tan 1 mol BaCl
2
vo mol H
2
O l: -10,16kJ/mol.
Nhit hirat ho ion Ba
2+
: - 1344 kJ/mol
Nhit hirat ho ion Cl
-
: - 363 kJ/mol
Trong cc kt qu thu c, kt qu no ng tin cy hn.
Gii:
Ba
(r)
+ Cl
2(k)
BaCl
2

(tt)
H
th(Ba) U
ml
Ba
(k)
+ 2Cl
(k)
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
-
I
1
(Ba) + I
2
(Ba)
2. A
Cl
U
ml
= H - H
th (Ba)
- H - I
1(Ba)
- I
2(Ba)
- 2A
Cl
= - 859,41 - 192,28 - 238,26 - 500,76 - 961,40 + 2 .363,66
= - 2024,79 (kJ/mol)
H
S(BaCl
2
, tt)
H
pl(Cl
2
)
o
A
A A
S(BaCl
2
, tt)
pl(Cl
2
)
A A A
o

A
2) BaCl
2 (tt)
Ba
(aq)
+ 2Cl
(aq)
- U
ml
+

H2
O
H
1 H
2
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
-
H
ht(BaCl
2
)
A
A
2+
-

U
ml
= H
1
+ H
2
- H
= -1344 - 2.363 + 10,16 = -2059,84 (kJ/mol)
A A A
ht(BaCl
2
)

Kt qu 1) ng tin cy hn, kt qu tnh theo m hnh 2) ch l gn ng do m hnh ny khng m t ht
cc qu trnh din ra trong dung dch, cc ion nht l cation t nhiu cn c tng tc ln nhau hoc tng
tc vi H
2
O.

Bi 12:
Cho gin n 10 lt kh He 0
o
C, 10atm n p sut l 1atm theo 3 qu trnh sau:
a) Gin ng nhit thun nghch.
b) Gin on nhit thun nghch.
c) Gin on nhit khng thun nghch.
Cho nhit dung ng tch ca He C
V
=
2
3
R v chp nhn khng i trong iu kin cho ca bi ton.
Tnh th tch cui cng ca h, nhit Q, bin thin ni nng AU v cng W trong mi qu trnh ni trn?
Gii:
a) T = const AU = 0; AH = 0
AU = Q + W = 0 Q = -W
W = -
} }
=
2
1
2
1
.
V
dV
nRT dV P = - nRTln
1
2
V
V

Vi kh l tng: P
1
.V
1
= P
2
.V
2

1
2
V
V
=
2
1
P
P
V
2
=
2
1
P
P
. V
1
=
1
10
. 10 = 100(l)
W = -(nRT).ln
2
1
P
P
= -10.10 .ln 10 = 230,259 (l.at)
W = 230,259 .101,33 .10
-3
= 23,332 (kJ)
Q = - W = -23,332 (kJ)

b) Q = 0
AU = W = n.
V
C . AT =
2
3
.
.
.
1
1 1
T R
V P
.R(T
2
T
1
)
AU = W =
2
3
.
.
1
1 1
T
V P
(T
2
T
1
)
Theo PT poisson: T.V
- 1
= const
M V =
P
nRT
T.
1
|
.
|
\
|

P
nRT
= const T
.P
- 1
= const
T
1
.P
1
= T
2
.P
2
T
1
T
2
=
P
2
P
1

T
1
T
2
P
2
P
1
=

1- 1-
1-
1-

T
2
= T
1
.
= 273,15 .
P
2
P
1

1-
10
1
1-

=
C
P
C
V
C
V
+ R
C
V
3
2
R + R
R
=
5
3
=
1 -
= - 0,4
=
=
3
2

1-
5
3
5
3

3
2
T
2
= 273,15 .(10)
-0,4
= 108,74 (K)
U = W = . (108,74 - 273,15) .101,33 = 9148,6(J)
273,16
10 .10
A

V
2
= = 39,81 (l)
1 .273,15
10.10.108,74
P
2
.T
1
P
1
.V
1.
T
2
~
~

c) Q = 0 AU = W
n.
V
C (T
2
T
1
) = -P
ng
.(V
2
V
1
) = -P
2
.
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
2
2
P
nRT
P
nRT

n.
2
3
R(T
2
T
1
) = -nR.1 |
.
|
\
|

10 1
1 2
T T
T
2
= 0,64T
1

V
2
= = 64(l)
T
1
. 1
10.10.0,64T
1
P
2
.T
1
P
1
.V
1.
T
2
=

AU = W = -P
ng
(V
2
V
1
) = -1(64 10) = -54(l.atm)
= -54(l.atm) .101,33 .J/l.atm = - 5471,82 (J)
Bi 13 :
Phn ng sau: Ag +
2
1
Cl
2
= AgCl
Xy ra di p sut 1 atm v 25
o
C to ra 1 nhit lng l 126,566 kJ.
Nu cho phn ng xy ra trong 1 nguyn t ganvani P, T = const th ho nng s c chuyn thnh
in nng v sn ra cng W = 109,622 kJ.
Hy chng t rng trong c 2 trng hp trn, bin thin ni nng ca h vn ch l mt, cn nhit th khc
nhau v tnh gi tr bin thin ni nng .
Gii:
- Do U l hm trng thi nn AU = U
2
U
1
= const, cho d s bin i c thc hin bng cch no. V
vy AU trong 2 trng hp trn ch l mt.
- V AU = Q + W = Q + W - PAV = Q + W - An.RT
Do AnRT = const; AU = const
Nn khi W (cng c ch) thay i th Q cng thay i
- AU = AH - AnRT = -126,566 +
2
1
. 8,314 .298,15.10
-3
= - 125,327 (kJ)
Bi 14:
Tnh cng ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch 42g kh N
2
300K khi:
a) Gin n t 5atm n 1atm.
b) Nn t 1atm n 5atm.
(Kh c coi l l tng). So snh cc kt qu v rt ra kt lun.
Gii:
a) * W
TN
= -
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
ln ln
P
P
nRT
V
V
nRT
V
dV
nRT PdV = = =
} }

W
TN
=
28
42
.8,314 .300. ln
5
1
= -6201,39(J)
*W
BTN
= - P
ng
. AV = -P
ng
(V
2
V
1
) = -P
ng
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
1 1
V
P
V P
= - P
2
.V
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
1
P
P

= - P
2
.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
2
1
1
1 1 .
P
P
nRT
P
P
P
nRT
= -
28
42
.8,314 .300 |
.
|
\
|

5
1
1 = -2993,04 (J)
b) W
TN
= nRTln
1
2
P
P
=
28
42
.8,314 .300.ln
1
5
= 6201,39(J)
W
BTN
= - P
ng
. AV= -P
ng
(V
2
V
1
) = -P
ng
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2
P
nRT
P
nRT

= -nRT.P
2

|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2
1 1
P P
= -nRT
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
2
1
P
P
= -
28
42
.8,314 .300 |
.
|
\
|

1
5
1 = 14965,2 (J)
KL: - Cng m h thc hin (sinh) trong qu trnh bin thin thun nghch t trng thi 1 n trng thi 2
bng cng m h nhn khi t trng thi 2 v trng thi 1. Cn trong qu trnh bin thin bt thun nghch th
cng h sinh nh hn cng h nhn.
- Trong s bin thin thun nghch th h sinh cng ln hn trong qu trnh bin thin bt thun nghch.

Bi 15: Phn ng: C
6
H
6
+
2
15
O
2(k)
6CO
2(k)
+ 3H
2
O
300K c Q
P
Q
V
= 1245(J). Hi C
6
H
6
v H
2
O trong phn ng trng thi lng hay hi?
Gii:
Q
P
Q
V
=AnRT = 1245(J) An =
300 . 314 , 8
1245
= 0,5
H
2
O v C
6
H
6
phi th hi th An = 0,5

Bi 16:
Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca 0,5 mol H
2
O t -50
o
C n 500
o
C
P = 1atm. Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K l L
nc
= 6004J/mol,
nhit bay hi ca nc 373K l L
h
= 40660 J/mol.
o
h O H P
C
) , (
2
= 30,2 + 10
-2
T(J/molK) ;
o
r O H P
C
) , (
2
= 35,56(J/molK);
o
l O H P
C
) , (
2
= 75,3(J/molK)
Gii:
H
2
O
(r)
H
2
O
(r)
H
2
O
(l)
H
2
O
(l)
H
2
O
(h)
H
2
O
(h)
(500
o
C)
H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
H
5
-50
o
C 0
o
C 0
o
C 100
o
C 100
o
C
A
A
A
A
A

AH
o
=
h
o
l P nc
o
r P
L n dT C n L n dT C n H . . . . . .
373
273
) (
273
223
) (
5
1
+ + + = A
} }
+
}
773
373
) (
. . dT C n
o
h P

= 0,5 .35,56(273 223) + 0,5 .6004 + 0,5 .75,3 .(373 273) + 0,5 .40660 +
+ 0,5.30,2 .(773 373) +
2
10
2
.0,5 (773
2
373
2
) = 35172(J)
Bi 17: Tnh s bin thin entropi ca qu trnh un nng 0,5 mol H
2
O t 50
o
C n 500
o
C P = 1atm.
Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K = 6004J/mol; nhit bay hi ca nc 273K = 40660J/mol. Nhit
dung mol ng p
o
P
C ca nc v nc lng ln lt bng 35,56 v 75,3J/molK;
o
P
C ca hi nc l
(30,2 + 10
-2
T) J/molK
Gii:
H
2
O
(r)
H
2
O
(r)
H
2
O
(l)
H
2
O
(l)
H
2
O
(h)
H
2
O
(h)
S
1 S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
A A
A
A
A
773K
373K 373K 273K 273K
223K
o
o o o o

S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
A A A A
o o o o
= + + + +
S A
o
S
1
A
o

= n.
(
+ + + +
} } }
273
223
373
273
773
373
) ( ) ( ) (
.
373
.
273
.
T
dT
C
L
T
dT
C
L
T
dT
C
h P
h
l P
nc
r P

=0,5.
(
+ + + + +

) 373 773 ( 10
373
773
ln . 2 , 30
373
40660
273
373
ln . 3 , 75
273
6004
223
273
ln . 56 , 35
2
= 93,85(J/K)
Bi 18:Tnh s bin thin entropi khi trn ln 200g nc 15
o
C vi 400g nc 60
o
C. Bit rng h l c
lp v nhit dung mol ca nc lng l 75,3 J/mol.K
Gii:
Gi T l nhit ca h sau khi pha trn.
Do Q
thu
= Q
to
nn:
18
200
.
P
C (T 288) =
18
400
.
P
C (333 T)
T 288 = 2.333 2T T =
3
288 333 . 2 +
= 318(K)
AS
h
= AS
1
+ AS
2
=
T
dT
. 3 , 75 .
18
200
318
288
}
+
T
dT
. 3 , 75 .
18
400
318
333
}

=
18
200
.75,3 ln
288
318
+
18
400
.75,3 ln
333
318
= 5,78 (J/K) > 0
Qu trnh san bng nhit ny t xy ra.
Bi 19: Tnh s bin thin entropi v AG ca s hnh thnh 1 mol hn hp kh l tng gm 20% N
2
; 50%H
2

v 30%NH
3
theo th tch. Bit rng hn hp kh c to thnh do s khuch tn 3 kh vo nhau bng cch
ni 3 bnh ng 3 kh thng vi nhau. Nhit v p sut ca cc kh lc u u kc (273K, 1atm).
Gii:
V kh l tng khuch tn vo nhau nn qu trnh l ng nhit.
Gi th tch ca 1 mol hn hp kh l V th tch mi kh ban u ( cng iu kin) l
2
N
V = 0,2V;
3
NH
V =
0,3V;
2
H
V = 0,5V.
Do %V = %n
2
N
n = 0,2 mol;
2
H
n = 0,5 mol;
3
NH
n = 0,3mol.
- S bin thin entropi c tnh theo CT: AS = nRln
1
2
V
V

2
N
S A = 0,2 .8,314.ln
V
V
2 , 0
= 2,676J/K
2
H
S A = 0,5.8,314.ln
V
V
5 , 0
= 2,881J/K
3
NH
S A = 0,3.8,314.ln
V
V
3 , 0
= 3,003J/K
AS =
2
N
S A +
2
H
S A +
3
NH
S A = 8,56(J/K)
* Qu trnh khuch tn kh l tng l ng nhit nn AH = 0
AG
273
= AH T. AS = -273.8,56 = -2336,88(J)
Bi 20: Trong cc phn ng sau, nhng phn ng no c AS > 0; AS < 0 v AS = 0 t.
C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2CO
(k)
(1)
CO
(k)
+
2
1
O
2(k)
CO
2(k)
(2)
H
2(k)
+ Cl
2(k)
2HCl
(k)
(3)
S
(r)
+ O
2(k)
SO
2(k)
(4)
Gii:
Phn ng (1) c An kh = 2 -1 = 1 > 0 AS > 0
Phn ng (2) c An kh = 1 -1-
2
1
< 0 AS <0
Phn ng (3), (4) c An kh = 0 AS = 0 t.
Bi 21: Cho bit p:

C
2
H
4(k)
+ H
2
O
(h)
C
2
H
5
OH
(h)
v cc s liu sau:

C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
4(k)
H
2
O
(h)

) / (
298 ,
mol kJ G
o
S
A 168,6 68,12 - 228,59
) / (
298
mol kJ S
o
282,0 219,45 188,72
a) Hi iu kin chun ca phn ng ny l iu kin nh th no?
b) iu kin chun v 25
o
C phn ng i theo chiu no?
c) Tnh
o
H
298
A ca phn ng. Phn ng to nhit hay thu nhit?
Gii:
a) iu kin chun:
) (
4 2
k H C
P =
) (
2
h O H
P =
) (
5 2
h OH H C
P = 1atm v phn ng c thc hin t
o
, P khng i.
b)
A
G
p
= G
o
- G
o
- G
o
o
S,298(C
2
H
5
OH
h
)
S,298(C
2
H
4k
) S,298(H
2
O
h
)
= 168,6 - 68,12 + 228,59 = - 8,13 (kJ)
G
p(298)
= -8,13kJ < 0 Phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun
o
A A
A
A

c)
o
AS
298,p
= S
o
- S
o
- S
o
298(H
2
O)
298(C
2
H
4
)
298(C
2
H
5
OH)
= 282 - 219,45 - 188,72 = - 126,17(J/K)
G = H - T. S
H
298,p
= G
298,p
+ T. S
298,p
= -8,13 + 298(- 126,17 .10
-3
) = - 45,72866(kJ)
H
298,p
< 0 phn ng to nhit
A A A
A A A
A
o
o
o o

Bi 22: Mt mol kh l tng n nguyn t 300K v 15atm gin n ti p sut 1atm. S gin n
c thc hin bng con ng:
a) ng nhit v thun nghch nhit ng.
b) ng nhit v khng thun nghch.
c) on nhit v thun nghch.
d) on nhit bt thun nghch.
Trong cc qu trnh bt thun nghch, s gin n chng li p sut 1atm. Tnh Q, W, AU, AH, AS
tp
cho mi
trng hp.
Gii:
a) T = const AU = 0 ; AH = 0
WTN = -
}
2
1
PdV = - nRTln
1
2
V
V
= -nRTln
2
1
P
P

W
TN
= -1(mol).8,314 (J.mol
-1
K
-1
) .ln
1
15
.300(K) = -6754,42(J)
Q = -W = 6754,42(J)
Qu trnh gin n thun nghch: AS
tp
= AS
mt
+ AS
h
= 0
b) T = const AU = 0 ; AH = 0
W
BTN
= -P
ng
(V
2
- V
1
) = -P
2
(
2
P
nRT
-
1
P
nRT
) = nRT(
1
2
P
P
- 1) = 1. 8,314.300.(
15
1
- 1)= -2327,92(J)
Q
BTN
= -W = 2327,92(J)
AS
tp
= AS
mt
+ AS
h

AS
h(BTN)
= AS
h(TN)
=
T
Q
TN
= =
A
T
W U
}
2
1
T
dT
nC
V
+ dV
V
nR
}
2
1
= nRln
1
2
V
V
= nRln
2
1
P
P

= 1.8,314 .ln
1
15
= 22,515(J/K)
AS
mt
=
T
Q
mt
= -
T
Q
he
=
300
92 , 2327
= -7,76(J/K) AS
tp
= 22,515 - 7,76 = 14,755 (J/K)
( Qu trnh gin n ny t xy ra)
c) on nhit Q = 0
on nhit thun nghch Theo Poisson T.V
- 1
= const
M V =
P
nRT
T.
1
|
.
|
\
|

P
nRT
= const T
.P
1-
= const
T
1
.P
1
= T
2
.P
2
T
1
T
2
=
P
2
P
1

T
1
T
2
P
2
P
1
=

1- 1-
1-

1-

T
2
= T
1
.
P
2
P
1

1-

Vi kh l tng n nguyn t th C
V
=
2
3
R; C
P
=
2
5
R
= =
C
P
C
V
5
3
1 -
=
1 -
= -0,4
T
2
= 300.
-0,4
= 101,55(K)
5
3
5
3
15
1

AU = W = nC
V
(T
2
- T
1
) = 1.
2
3
.8,314.(101,55 - 300) = -2474,87(J)
AH = nC
P
(T
2
- T
1
) = 1.
2
5
.8,314 .(101,55 - 300)= - 4124,78(J)
AS
TN
=
T
Q
= 0
d) on nhit Q = 0
on nhit, khng thun nghch khng p dng c PT poisson
AU = W nC
V
. AT = -P
ng
. AV
n.
2
3
.R(T
2
- T
1
) = -P
2
(
2
2
P
nRT
-
1
1
P
nRT
)

2
3
(T
2
- 300) = -( T
2
-
1
2
P
P
.T
1
)

2
3
T
2
- 450 = -T
2
+
15
1
.300
V
2
=
2
2
P
nRT
=
1
188 . 082 , 0 . 1
= 15,416(l)
V
1
=
2
2
P
nRT
= 1,64(l)
AU = W = 1.
2
3
.8,314.(188- 300) = -1396,752(J)
AS
tp
= AS
h
=
T
Q
TN
= =
A
T
W U
}
2
1
T
T
V
T
dT
nC + dV
T
P
V
V
}
2
1
=
}
2
1
ln
T
T
V
T d nC + dV
V
nR
V
V
}
2
1

= nC
V
ln
1
2
T
T
+ nRln
1
2
V
V
= 1.
2
3
.8,314.ln
300
188
+ 1. 8,314 .ln
64 , 1
416 , 15
= 12,801(J/K) > 0

Bi 23: Tnh
0
273
G A ca phn ng: CH
4(k)
+ H
2
O
(k)
CO
(k)
+ 3H
2(k)

Bit: CH
4(k)
H
2
O (k) CO(k) H
2(k)
0
298 , S
H A (kJ/mol) - 74,8 - 241,8 -110,5 0
0
298
S (J/molK) 186,2 188,7 197,6 130,684
a) T gi tr AG
0
tm c c th kt lun g v kh nng t din bin ca kh nng phn ng 373
o
K?
b) Ti nhit no th phn ng cho t xy ra iu kin chun?
(Coi AH
0
, AS
0
khng ph thuc T)
Gii:
0
pu
H A = 3.0 + 1(-110,5) -(-74,8) -(-241,8) = 206,1(kJ)
0
pu
S A = 3.(130,684) + 197,6 - 188,7 - 186,2 = 214,752 (J/K)
Do AH
0
, AS
0
khng ph thuc vo T nn:
0
273
G A = AH
0
- T. AS
0
= 206,1 = 373.214,752.10
-3
=125,9975(kJ) > 0
kc v T = 373K Phn ng khng th t din bin.
b) phn ng t din bin nhit T(K) th:
0
T
G A < 0 AH
0
- T. AS
0
< 0
T >
0
0
S
H
A
A
=
752 , 214
10 . 1 , 206
3
= 959,71(K)
Bi 24: Entanpi t do chun ca phn ng to thnh H
2
O t cc n cht ph thuc vo T theo phng
trnh sau:
0
,T S
G A = -240000 + 6,95T + 12,9TlgT (J/mol)
Tnh AG
0
, AS
0
v AH
0
ca phn ng to thnh H
2
O 2000K
Gii:

0
2000 , S
G A = -240000 + 6,95.2000 + 129.2000lg2000= -140933,426(J/mol)
dG = VdP - SdT
P
T
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= -S
0
2000
S A = -
P
T
G
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
0
= 6,95 + 12,5.lgT + 12,9T.
10 ln .
1
T
= 6,95 + 12,9lgT +
10 ln
9 , 12

= 6,95 + 12,9lg2000 +
10 ln
9 , 12
= 55,1357(J/molK)
0
2000
H A =
0
2000
G A + T.
0
2000
S A = -140933,426 + 2000. 55,1357 = -30662,054 (J/mol)

Bi 25: Mt Hc sinh khi lm bi tng trnh th nghim o nhit t chy mt hp cht hu c cho
rng: AH = AU + P. AV. S t chy trong bom nhit lng k lm cho AV = 0, do AH = AU. Kt lun
ny sai u?
Gii:
H = U + P.V AH = AU + A(PV) = AU + P. AV + V. AP
Hay AH = AU + A(nRT)
Trong bom nhit lng k th: AV = 0 nn: AH = AU + V. AP = AU + A(nRT)

Bi 26: Hy ch ra nhng mnh sai:
a) i vi 1 h kn, qu trnh gin n kh l on nhit h l c lp Q = 0; AS = 0.
b) Mt h bt k c th t din bin ti trng thi c entanpi thp hn (AH < 0) v entropi ln hn (AS > 0).
Hay h c th din bin theo chiu gim entanpi t do (AG < 0).
c)
0
T
G A =
0
T
H A - T.
0
T
S A
Vi phn ng ho hc T = const. Nu
0
G A > 0 Phn ng t din bin theo chiu nghch.
0
G A = 0 : Phn ng trng thi cn bng.
0
G A < 0 : Phn ng t xy ra theo chiu thun.
Gii:
a) Sai . Do AS = 0 ch khi qu trnh bin i thun nghch.
Cn vi qu trnh bin i bt thun nghch th AS >
T
Q
AS > 0.
b) Sai . Do mnh ny ch ng trong iu kin T, P = const.
Cn vi qu trnh bin i m V, T = const th phi xt AF.
c) Sai. Do vi qu trnh ho hc th phi xt gi tr:
AG = AG
0
+ RTlnQ ch khng phi da vo AG
0
.
(Tuy nhin, c th coi rng
0
T
G A << 0 th qu trnh c th xy ra c c iu kin chun v iu kin
thc. Khi
0
T
G A << 0 th v nguyn tc ch c qu trnh ngc li mi xy ra, khng th xc nh c
chnh xc gii hn ca
0
T
G A m theo qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ny hay chiu khc. Mt cch gn
ng c th coi rng cc gii hn ny khong chng 40 kJ/mol).

Bi 27: Mt kh l tng c C
V
= 3R khng ph thuc T c gin n on nhit trong chn khng ti
th tch gp i. Hc sinh A l lun rng i vi qu trnh on nhit th
1
2
1
1
2

|
|
.
|
\
|
=

V
V
T
T
vi =
3
4
do T
2
=
3
1
1
2
T

Hc sinh B cho rng: AU = Q + A = 0 + 0 = n.C
V
. AT AT = 0 T
2
= T
1

Hc sinh no ni ng? Hy ch ra li sai ca Hc sinh kia.
Gii:
- Hc sinh B ni ng.
- Hc sinh A ni sai : V qu trnh gin n trong chn khng l qu trnh bt thun nghch nn khng s
dng c phng trnh poisson.

Bi 28: Tnh cht nhit ng ca mt s phn t v ion trng thi tiu chun ti 25
o
C nh sau:
C
3
H
8(k)
O
2(k)
CO
2(k)
H
2
O
(l)

2
3
CO (aq) OH
-
(aq)

0
S
H A (kJ/mol) -101,85 0 - 393,51 - 285,83 - 677,14 - 229,99
S
0
(J/molK) 269,91 205,138 213,74 69,91 - 56,9 - 10,75
Xt qu trnh oxi ho hon ton 1 mol C
3
H
8
(k) vi O
2
(k) to thnh theo 2 cch :
a) Bt thun nghch
b) Thun nghch (trong 1 t bo in ho)
1) Tnh AH
0
, AU
0
, AS
0
, AG
0
ca phn ng trong mi cch ni trn?
2) Tnh nhit, cng th tch, cng phi th tch (tc l cng hu ch) m h trao i vi mi trng trong mi
cch?
3) Tnh AS ca mi trng v AS tng cng ca v tr khi tin hnh qu trnh theo mi cch.
4) Mt m hnh t bo in ho khc lm vic da trn phn ng oxi ho C
3
H
8
(k) bi O
2
(k) khi c mt dung
dch KOH 5M vi in cc Pt. Cc loi phn t v ion (tr KOH) u trng thi tiu chun. Hy vit cc
na phn ng catot v anot v phn ng tng cng trong t bo in ho. Nu t t bo in ho ,
25
o
C, ta thu c dng in 100mA. Hy tnh cng sut cc i c th t c.
Gii:
C
3
H
8(k)
+ 5O
2(k)
3CO
2(k)
+ 4H
2
O
(l)

1) Do cc hm H, U, S, G l hm trng thi nn d tin hnh theo cch no th cc gi tr AU, AH, AS, AG
cng nh nhau vi cng trng thi u v cui. Vy:
0
pu
H A = 3
0
) ( ,
2
k CO S
H A + 4.
0
) ( ,
2
l O H S
H A -
0
) ( ,
8 3
k H C S
H A - 5.
0
) ( ,
2
k O S
H A
= -3. 393,51 - 285,83 .4 + 103,85 = -2220 (kJ)
0
pu
H A = 213,74. 3 + 4.69,91 - 269,91 - 5. 205,138 = -374,74 (J/K)
0
pu
G A = AH
0
- T. AS
0
= -2220 + 298,15 .374,74.10
-3
= -2108,27 (kJ)
AU
0
= AH
0
- A(PV) = AH
0
- AnRT = -2220 - (-3).8,314.298,15.10
-3
= -2212,56(kJ)
2) a) Qu trnh bt thun nghch:
- Nhit m h trao i vi mi trng l Q
BTN
= AH
0
= -2220 (kJ)
- W
tt
= -
}
2
1
.dV P = -P. AV = -An
(k)
.RT
= 3. 8,3145.298,15 = 7436,9(J)
- W = 0
b) Qu trnh thun nghch:
- Q
TN
= T. AS = 298,15 (-374,74) = - 111728,731(J)
- W
max
= AG = -2108,27(kJ) < 0 : H sinh cng
- W
tt
= - An
(k)
.RT = 7436,9(J) > 0: h nhn cng
3) a) Qu trnh bt thun nghch:
AS
mt
=
T
Q
mt
= -
T
Q
BTN
= -
T
H
0
A
= -
15 , 298
10 . 2220
3
= 7445, 916 (J/K)
AS
v tr
= AS
mt
+ AS
h
= 7445,916 - 374,74 = 7071,176(J/K)
b) Qu trnh thun nghch:
AS
mt
=
T
Q
mt
= -
T
Q
TN
= ) / ( 74 , 374
15 , 298
731 , 111728
K J =
AS
v tr
= AS
mt
+ AS
h
= 0
4) Cc na phn ng:
Anot: C
3
H
8
+ 26OH
-
3
2
3
CO + 17H
2
O + 20e
Catot: O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-

Phn ng tng cng:
C
3
H
8(k
) + 5O
2(k)
+ 6OH
-
(aq)
3
2
) ( 3 aq
CO + 7H
2
O
(l)
S pin:
(-) Pt, C
3
H
8
(1atm)/KOH(5M), K
2
CO
3
(1M)/ O
2
(1atm), Pt (+)
0
pu
H A = 3(-677,14) + 7.(-285,83) + 103,85 - 5.0 - 6(-229,99) = -2548,44(KJ)
0
pu
S A = 3.(-56,9) + 7.69,91 - 269,91 - 5.205,138- 6(-10,74) = -912,43(KJ)
0
pu
G A =
0
pu
H A = T.
0
pu
S A = -2548,44 + 298,15.912,43.10
-3
= - 2276,399(KJ)

0
pu
E = -
nF
G
0
A
=
96485 . 20
2276399
= 1,18(V)
E = E
0
-
5 6
3 2
3
2 8 3
. . ] [
] [
lg
20
0592 , 0
O H C
P P OH
CO
= 1,18 -
20
0592 , 0
lg(5)
-6
= 1,19(V)
P = E .I = 1,19 .0,1 = 0,119(W)

Bi 29: Tnh bin thin entropi khi chuyn 418,4J nhit t vt c t
0
= 150
o
C n vt c t
0
= 50
o
C.
Gii:
Qu trnh bin i trn l khng thun nghch c coi nh gm 3 qu trnh bin thin thun nghch:
1) Vt 150
o
C truyn nhit thun nghch T = const.
AS
1
=
T
Q
=
15 , 273 150
4 , 418
+
= - 0,989(J/K)
2) H bin thin on nhit t 150
o
C n 50
o
C
AS
2
= 0
3) Vt 50
o
C nhn nhit thun nghch T = const
AS
3
= -
T
Q
=
15 , 273 50
4 , 418
+
= 1,295(J/K)
Do S l hm trng thi nn:
AS
BTN
= AS
TN
= AS
1
+ AS
2
+ AS
3
= 0,306(J/K)

Bi 30: Bit -15
o
C, P
hi
(H
2
O, l) = 1,428 (torr)
-15
o
C, P
hi
(H
2
O,r) = 1,215(torr)
Hy tnh AG ca qu trnh ng c 1 mol H
2
O
(l)
thnh nc -15
o
C v 1atm.
Gii:
15
o
C, 1 mol H
2
O l
-15
o
C, 1mol H
2
O(r)
(3)
G
BTN
= ?
(1)
(Qu trnh TN do
H
2
O hi, bo ho
nm cn bng vi H
2
O(l))
- 15
o
C, 1mol H
2
O
1,428 Torr
(2)
-15
o
C, 1mol H
2
O (h)
1,215 Torr
A

(1), (3) l qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch
AG
1
= AG
3
= 0
AG = AG
2
= nRTln
1
2
P
P
= 1.8,314. 258,15 ln
428 , 1
215 , 1
= -346,687(J)
Bi 31: C 1 mol O
2
nguyn cht 25
o
C, 2atm, 1 mol O
2
nguyn cht 25
o
C, 1atm
1 mol O
2
25
o
C trong khng kh trn mt t (P = 1atm, O
2
chim 21% V khng kh)
- So snh gi tr hm G ca 1 mol O
2
trong 3 trng hp trn hn km nhau bao nhiu J?. T rt ra kt
lun: Kh nng phn ng ca O
2
trong mi trng hp trn cao hay thp hn so vi trng hp khc?
Gii:
* G
0
l hm Gibb ca 1 mol O
2
1atm
- 1 mol O
2
, 1atm, 25
o
C 1 mol O
2
, 2atm, 25
o
C
(G
0
) (G
1
)
AG
1
= G
1
- G
0
= nRTln
1
2
P
P
= 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln
1
2
= 1718,29(J)
G
1
> G
0
.
- Gi G
2
l hm Gibb ca 1mol O
2
25
o
C trong khng kh (0,21 atm)
1mol O
2
, 25
o
C, 1atm 1 mol O
2
, 25
o
C, 0,21atm
(G
0
) (G
2
)
AG
2
= G
2
- G
0
= 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln
1
21 , 0
= -3868,8(J)
G
2
< G
0
.
Vy:
G
2
(1mol O
2
, 25
o
C, 0,21atm) < G
0
(1 mol O
2
, 25
o
C, 1atm) < G
1
(1 mol H
2
O, 25oC, 2atm)
- 1 cht c hm G cng cao th cng km bn 1 mol O
2
25
o
C, 2atm c kh nng phn ng cao nht cn
1 mol O
2
nm trong khng kh th b nht c kh nng phn ng km nht.

Bi 32: Nhit ho tan (AH
ht
) 0,672g phenol trong 135,9g clorofom l -88J v ca 1,56g phenol trong
148,69g clorofom l -172J.
Tnh nhit pha long i vi dung dch c nng nh dung dch th 2 cha 1 mol phenol khi pha long
n nng ca dung dch th nht bng clorofom.
Gii:
94g phenol + CHCl
3
dd 2 dd 1
H pha long
+ CHCl
3
H
ht (2)
H
ht(1)
H
pha long
= H
ht(1)
- H
ht(2)
= - .(-172) + (-88) = - 2004,87(J)
0,672
94
1,569
94
A
A
A A A
A

Bi 33: Nhit ho tan 1 mol KCl trong 200 ml nc di p sut P = 1amt l:
t
0
C 21 23
AH 18,154 17,824 (kJ)
Xc nh AH
298
v so snh vi gi tr thc nghim l 17,578 (kJ)
Gii:
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff:
AH
294
= AH
298
+ AC
P
.(294 - 298) = 18,454 (kJ)
AH
286
= AH
298
+ AC
P
.(296 - 298) = 17,824(kJ)

A
A
H
298
= 17,494 (kJ)
C
P
= -0,165 (kJ/K)
H
298(LT)
- H
298(TN)
H
298(TN)
0,48%
~
~
A A
A

Vy AH
298
tnh c theo l thuyt sai khc vi gi tr TN l 0,48%.

Bi 34: Tnh AS ca qu trnh ho hi 3 mol H
2
O (l) 25
o
C, 1atm.
Cho: AH
hh
,
H2O(l)
= 40,656 kJ/mol;
) ( ,
2
l O H P
C = 75,291 (J/K.mol);
) ( ,
2
h O H P
C = 33,58 (J/molK)
Gii:
Xt chu trnh:
25
o
C, 3 mol H
2
O
(l)
, 1atm 25
o
C, 3 mol H
2
O
(r)
, 1atm
100
o
C, 3mol H
2
O
(l)
,1atm 100
o
C, 3mol H
2
O
(h)
,
1atm
AS
AS
1
AS
2
AS
3

AS
1
=
T
Q
1
=
}
2
1
. .
) (
T
T
l P
T
dT
C n = nC
P(l)
ln
1
2
T
T
= 3. 75,291.ln
15 , 298
15 , 373
= 50,6822(J/K)
AS
2
=
T
Q
2
=
T
H n
l hh.
.A
= 3.
15 , 373
10 , 656 , 40
3
= 326,8605(J/K)
AS
3
=
T
Q
3
=
}
1
2
. .
) (
T
T
h P
T
dT
C n = nC
P(h)
ln
1
2
T
T
= 3. 33,58.ln
15 , 373
15 , 298
= - 22,6044(J/K)
AS = AS
1
+ AS
2
+ AS
3
= 354,9383 (J/K)

Bi 35:
a) Tnh cng trong qu trnh t chy 1 mol ru etylic kc v 25
o
C.
b) Nu H
2
O dng hi th cng km theo qu trnh ny l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a) C
2
H
5
OH
(l)
+ 3O
2 (k)
2CO
2 (k)
+ 3H
2
O
(l)

An = -1
W = -P
ng
. AV = -P
ng
.
ng
P
RT n. A
= R.T = 8,314.29815 = 2478,82 (J)
b) Nu H
2
O dng hi th: An = 2.
W = - An. RT = -2 .8,314 .298,15 = - 4957,64(J)

Bi 36: Tnh AS, AG trong qu trnh gin khng thun nghch 2 mol kh l tng t 4lt n 20 lt
54
o
C.
Gii:
V S, G l cc hm trng thi nn AS, AG khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin l thun nghch hay bt
thun nghch m ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui. V vy:
AS = nRln
1
2
V
V
= 2. 8,314.ln
4
20
= 26,76 (J/K)
T = const AH = 0; AU = 0
AG = AH - T. AS = 0 -(273,15 + 54) .26,76 = - 8755,1 (J)

Bi 37: Mt bnh c th tch V = 5(l) c ngn lm 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cha N
2
298K v p
sut 2atm, phn 2 298K v p sut 1atm. Tnh AG, AH, AS ca qu trnh trn ln 2 kh khi ngi ta b
vch ngn i.
Gii:
T = 298K ; V
b
(N
2
) = V
b
(O
2
) =
2
5
(l)
AS = AS(N
2
) + AS(O
2
) =
2
N
n .Rln
1
2
V
V
+
2
O
n Rln
1
2
V
V
=
RT
V P
N N
2 2
.
Rln
5 , 2
5
+
RT
V P
O O
2 2
.
Rln
5 , 2
5

= 2 ln
. .
2 2 2 2
T
V P V P
O O N N
+
= 0,0174(l.at/K) = 0,0174 .101,325 = 1,763 (J/K)
- Qu trnh ng nhit AH = 0
AG = AH - T. AS = - 298 .1,763 = - 525,374 (J)

Bi 38: Cho cc d liu sau y 298K
Cht
0
S
H A (kJ/molK) S
0
(J/molK) V(m
3
/mol)
C
than ch
0,00 5,696 5,31.10
6

C
kim cng
1,90 2,427 3,416.10
-6

1) 298K c th c mt phn rt nh kim cng cng tn ti vi than ch c khng?
2) Tnh p sut ti thiu phi dng c th iu ch c kim cng 298K?

Gii
1)

C
kim cng
C
than ch
G
0
= ?
298
A

AH
o
= AH
o

than ch
- AH
o

kim cng
= 0 - 1,9 = -1,9 (kJ)
AS
o
= S
o

than ch
- S
o
kim cng
= 5,696 - 2,427 = 3,269 (J/K)

0
, 298 pu
G A = AH
o
- T. AS
o
= -1900 - 298.3,269 = -2874,162(J)
AG
o
< 0 (Tuy nhin AG
o
khng qu m)
Phn ng t xy ra theo chiu thun khng tn ti mt lng nh kim cng cng vi than ch.
2)

G
0
= +2874,162 (J)
298
A
C
than ch
C
kim cng

AV = V
KC
- V
TC
= 3,416.10
-6
- 5,31.10
-6
= 1,894.10
-6
(m
3
/mol)
Ta c: dG = VdP - SdT

T
P
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= V
T
P
G
|
.
|
\
|
c
A c
= AV

2
P
G A -
1
P
G A = AV(P
2
- P
1
)
iu ch c kim cng t than ch th:
2
P
G A 0

1
P
G A + AV(P
2
- P
1
) 0
P
2
- P
1
-
V
G
P
A
A
1
(Do AV < 0)
P
2
P
1
-
V
G
P
A
A
1
= 1 +
325 , 101 . 10 . 894 , 1
162 , 2874
3

P
2
14977,65 (atm)
Vy p sut ti thiu phi dng iu ch c kim cng t than ch l 14977,65atm.

Nh vy 25
o
C, cn bng than ch kim cng tn ti p sut khong

15000 atm. p sut cao hn qu trnh chuyn than ch thnh kim cng l t din bin, mc du vi tc
rt chm. Mun tng tc phi tng nhit v p sut, trong thc t qu trnh chuyn than ch thnh kim
cng c tin hnh khi c xc tc (Ni + Cr + ) nhit trn 1500
o
C v P ~ 50000atm.

Bi 39: Phn ng gia Zn v dd CuSO
4
xy ra trong ng nghim to ra lng nhit 230,736kJ. Cng
phn ng trn cho xy ra trong pin in th mt phn ho nng chuyn thnh in nng. Cng in ca pin l
210,672kJ. Chng minh rng: AU ca 2 qu trnh khng i, nhng nhit to ra thay i. Tnh AS ca phn
ng, AS
mt
v AS
tp
? Cho T = 300K
Gii:
Zn + CuSO
4
= ZnSO
4
+ Cu
- Khi thc hin trong ng nghim: (Tin hnh bt thun nghch)
V
Zn
~ V
Cu
W
tt
= 0 ; W = 0
AU
BTN
= Q
BTN
= AH = -230,736kJ
- Khi thc hin phn ng trong pin in (qu trnh thun nghch)
W
max
= - 210,672 (kJ) AG = W
max
= -210,672(kJ)
AH
TN
= AH
BTN
= - 230,736(kJ)
Q
TN
= T. AS = AH - AG = -230,736 + 210,672 = -20,064(kJ)
AU
TN
= Q + W + P. AV = -20,064 = 210,672 + 0 = -230,736 (kJ) = AU
BTN

- AS
h
=
T
Q
TN
= -
300
10 . 064 , 20
3
= 66,88(J/K)
AS
mtBTN
= -
T
Q
BTN
=
300
10 . 736 , 230
3
= 769,12(J/K)
AS
tp(BTN)
= 702,24(J/K)
AS
mt(TN)
= -
T
Q
TN
= -AS
h
AS
tp(TN)
= 0
Bi 40:
- AG
p
= W
max

Xt 1 phn ng thun nghch trong pin in th AG
p
= W
max
< 0
- Nhng mt hc sinh vit rng:
Trong mi qu trnh lun c: AS
v tr
= AS
mt
+ AS
h
(1)
AH
mt
= - AH
h
(2)
AS
mt
=
T
H
mt
A
= -
T
H
he
A
AS
v tr
= -
T
H
he
A
+ AS
h

T. AS
v tr
= - AH
h
+ T. AS
h
= -AG
h

Vi qu trnh thun nghch th AS
v tr
= 0 AG
h
= 0 AG
p
= 0
Hy gii thch mu thun ny.
Gii:
(2) ch ng khi ngoi cng gin n h khng thc hin cng no khc:
AH = AU + P. AV AU = AH - P. AV
Q = AU - W = (AH - P. AV) - (-P. AV + W)
Q
h
= AH
h
- W = - AH
mt

Ch khi W = 0 th AH
mt
= - AH
h

* Trong pin: W
max
= AG < 0 nn AH
mt
= AH
h
.
Bi 41: Xt phn ng: Zn
(r)
+ Cu
2+
(aq)
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ Cu
(r)

din ra trong ktc 25
o
C.
a) Tnh W, Q, AU, AH, AG, AS ca phn ng iu kin trn.
Bit: Zn
2+
(aq)
Zn
(r)
Cu
(r)
Cu
2+
(aq)

0
298 , S
H A (kJ/mol) -152,4 0 0 64,39
0
298
S (J/mol.K) - 106,5 41,6 33,3 - 98,7
b) Xt kh nng t din bin ca phn ng theo 2 cch khc nhau.
c) Nu thc hin phn ng trn 1 cch thun nghch trong pin in th cc kt qu trn c g thay i? Tnh
E
pin
?
Gii:
a)
0
pu
H A =
0
,
2+
A
Zn S
H +
0
,Cu S
H A - + A
0
,Zn S
H
0
,
2+
A
Cu S
H = -152,4 - 64,39 = -216,79 (kJ)

0
pu
S A =
0
) (
2
aq Zn
S
+
+
0
) (r Cu
S -
0
) (r Zn
S -
0
) (
2
aq Cu
S
+
= -106,5 + 33,3 - 41,6 + 98,7 = -16,1 (J/K)

0
pu
G A =
0
H A - T.
0
S A = -216,79 + 298,15 .16,1.10
-3
= -211,99(kJ)
AU
o
= Q
P
=
0
pu
H A = -216,79 (kJ)
W = 0; qu trnh BTN; W = 0
b) *
0
pu
G A = -211,99 (kJ) << 0 ( - 40 kJ)
Do
0
pu
G A rt m nn phn ng t xy ra khng nhng kc m cn c cc iu kin khc na.
* AS
mt
=
T
Q
mt
=
T
H
he
0
A
=
15 , 298
10 . 79 , 216
3
= 727,12 (J/K)
AS
v tr
= AS
h
+ AS
mt
= -16,1 + 727,12 = 711,02 (J/K)
V AS
h c lp
= AS
v tr
= 711,02 (J/K) > 0
Qu trnh l bt thun nghch phn ng t xy ra.
c) Khi thc hin phn ng trn TN trong pin in th cc gi tr AH
0
, AS
0
, AG
0
, AU
0
khng thay i do H, S,
G, U l cc hm trng thi nn khng ph thuc qu trnh bin i l thun nghch hay bt thun nghch
nhng cc gi tr Q, W th thay i.
C th: W
tt
= 0; W
max
= AG0 = -211,99(kJ)
Q = T. AS = 298,15 .(-16,1) = - 4800,215 (J)
AS
mt
=
T
Q
mt
=
T
Q
he
= 16,1 (J/K) AS
v tr
= AS
mt
+ AS
h
= 0
E
pin
= -
nF
G
0
A
=
96485 . 2
211990
~ 1,1(V)
Bi 42:
i vi nguyn t anien 15
o
C ngi ta xc nh c sc in ng E = 1,09337V v h s nhit
ca sc in ng
T
E
c
c
= 0,000429 V/K. Hy tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ho hc?
Gii:
AG = - nEF
T
G
c
c
= - nF.
T
E
c
c
= - AS AS = nF .
T
E
c
c

AH = AG + T. AS = nF.(T.
T
E
c
c
- E)
AH = 2. 96485 .(298,15.0,000429 - 1,09337) - - 187162,5(J)
Bi 43: Cho phn ng ho hc: Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu
xy ra mt cch thun nghch ng nhit, ng p 25
o
C trong nguyn t Ganvani.
Sc in ng ca nguyn t o c l 1,1V v h s nhit ca sc in ng l
P
T
E
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= 3,3.10
-5
(V/K).
a) Tnh hiu ng nhit Q, bin thin Gipx AG v bin thin entropi AS ca phn ng ho hc cho.
b) Tnh Q
tn
ca qu trnh?
c) Nu cng phn ng ho hc trn thc hin cng nhit v cng p sut nhng trong mt bnh cu
thng th cc gi tr ca AG, AS s l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a) AG = - nEF = - 2 .1,1 .96485 = - 212267(J)
AS = -
T
G
c
A c
= n.F .
T
E
c
c
= 2 .96485 .3,3 .10
-5
= 6,368 (J/K)
AH = AG + T. AS = 212267 + 298,15 .6,368 = -210368,4(J)
b) Q
tn
= T . AS = 298,15 .6,368 = 1898,62 (J)
c) Nu phn ng ho hc thc hin cng nhit , p sut nhng trong 1 bnh cu thng tc l thc hin
qu trnh mt cch bt thun nghch th AG, AS ca phn ng vn nh cu (a). Do G, S l cc hm trng
thi gi tr ca AG, AS khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin.
Bi 44: Tnh cng ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch ca 48 gam kh O
2
c
coi l l tung nhit 25
0
C khi:
a. Gin n t 10atm xung 1atm
b. Nn t 1atm n 10atm
p s: W
tn
= -8,6.10
-3
J; W
btn
=-3,3.10
3
J
b. W
tn
= 8,6.10
-3
; W
btn
= 3,3.10
4
J.

IV- KT LUN - KIN NGH :
Trn y l h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Nhit ho hc m ti p dng trong ging dy. N tng
i ph hp vi yu cu v mc ch ging dy, bi dng hc sinh kh, gii trng chuyn chun b d
thi hc sinh gii cc cp . N c th dng lm ti liu hc tp cho hc sinh cc lp chuyn Ho hc v ti
liu tham kho cho cc thy c gio trong ging dy v bi dng hc sinh gii Ho hc bc THPT gp
phn nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ho hc.
Tuy nhin, y ch l mt phn rt nh trong chng trnh n luyn cho hc sinh chun b tham gia vo cc
k thi hc sinh gii cc cp. V vy, ti rt mong cc Thy , C ng nghip gp kin cho ti v chuyn
ny v cng nhau pht trin sang cc chuyn khc hc tr chuyn Ho ngy cng c nhiu ti liu hc
tp mt cch h thng hn.

2011 -XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP PHẦN "NHỆT HOÁ HỌC" PDF

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2011 -XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP PHẦN "NHỆT HOÁ HỌC" PDF

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TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.

A = -2805,1 + 2799 = -6,1(kJ)

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