Chapter 5 - Circuit Theorems

Problems
Section 5-2: Source Transformations

P5.2-1
(a)
? Rt = 2 :
(b)
9 4i 2i (0.5) 0
vt = 0.5 V
9 (0.5)
1.58 A
42
v 9 4 i 9 4(1.58) 2.67 V
ia i 1.58 A
i
(c)
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)
P5.2-2
Finally, apply KVL:
10 3 ia 4 ia
16
3
? ia
2.19 A
P5.2-3
Source transformation at left; equivalent resistor for parallel 6 and 3 : resistors:
Equivalents for series resistors, series voltage source at left; series resistors, then source
transformation at top:
Source transformation at left; series resistors at right:
Parallel resistors, then source transformation at left:
Finally, apply KVL to loop
6 i (9 19) 36 vo 0
i 5 / 2 vo 42 28 (5 / 2) 28 V
P5.2-4
4 2000 ia 4000 ia 10 2000 ia 3 0
? ia
375 P A
P5.2-5
12 6 ia 24 3 ia 3
0 ia
1A
P5.2-6
A source transformation on the right side of the circuit, followed by replacing series resistors
with an equivalent resistor:
Source transformations on both the right side and the left side of the circuit:
Replacing parallel resistors with an equivalent resistor and also replacing parallel current sources
with an equivalent current source:
Finally,
va
50 100
100
0.21
0.21 7 V
50 100
3
P5.2-7
Use source transformations to simplify the circuit:
Label the node voltages.

The 8-V source is connected
between nodes 1 and 3.
Consequently,
v1 v 3
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 8-V source to get

v1 24
8
v2
20
v 3 10
50
0.125v1 0.3 0.05v 2 0.02v 3 0.2 0
Apply KCL at node 2 to get

v1 v 2
v2
25
20
v 2 v3
10
=0.04v1 0.19v 2 0.1v 3
Solving, for example using MATLAB
0
1 v1
1
0.125 0.05 0.02 v
2
0.04 0.19 0.1 v 3
8

0.5
0
v1

v 2
v 3

4.7873
0.6831
3.2127
The power supplied by the 8-V source is
4.7873 0.6831 4.7873 24

8
25
8
Apply KCL at node 4 of the original circuit to get

v3 v4
30
0.5
v4
20
v4
2v 3 30
5
4.316 W
2 3.2127 30
5
4.71 V
The power supplied by the 0.5 A source is
0.5 4.71
2.355 W
(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)
P5.2-8
Replace series and parallel resistors by an

equivalent resistor.
18 & 12 24 12 :
Do a source transformation, then replace

series voltage sources by an equivalent
voltage source.
Do two more source transformations

Now current division gives
24
8
i
3
8 R
8 R
Then Ohms Law gives
24 R
v Ri
8 R
(b) v
(c) 1
(d) 16
24
8 4
24 8
88
24
8 R
24 R
8 R
2A
12 V
R 16 :
R 16 :
P5.2-9
Use source transformations and equivalent resistances to reduce the circuit as follows
The power supplied by the current source is given by
23.1 2 10.3125 2 87.45 W
Section 5-3 Superposition

P5.31
Consider 6 A source only (open 9 A source)
Use current division:
15
v1
6
15 30
v1
20
Consider 9 A source only (open 6 A source)
Use current division:

10
9
v2
10 35
v2
20
?v
v1 v2
40 V
40 40
40 V
80 V
P5.3-2
Consider 12 V source only (open both current sources)
KVL:
20 i1 12 4 i1 12 i1
i1
Consider 3 mA source only (short 12 V and open 9

mA sources)
Current Division:
i2
Consider 9 mA source only (short 12 V and open 3

mA sources)
1/ 3 mA
16
3
16 20
4
mA
3
Current Division:
i3
?i
i1 i2 i3
1/ 3 4 / 3 3
12
9
24 12
3 mA
2 mA
P5.33
Consider 30 mA source only (open 15 mA and short 15 V sources). Let i1 be the part of i due to
the 30 mA current source.
ia
2
30
28
6 mA
i1
6
ia
6 12
2 mA
Consider 15 mA source only (open 30 mA source and short 15 V source) Let i2 be the part of i
due to the 15 mA current source.
ib
4
15
46
6 mA
i2
6
ib
6 12
2 mA
Consider 15 V source only (open both current sources). Let i3 be the part of i due to the 15 V
voltage source.
i3
Finally,
6 || 6
2.5
6 || 6 12
i1 i2 i3
2 2 0.5
3
10
3 12
0.5 mA
3.5 mA
P5.34
Consider 10 V source only (open 30 mA source and
short the 8 V source)
Let v1 be the part of va due to the

10 V voltage source.
v1
100 ||100
10
100 ||100 100
50
10
V
10
150
3
Consider 8 V source only (open 30 mA source and

short the 10 V source)

8 V voltage source.
v1
100 ||100
8
100 ||100 100
50
8
150
Consider 30 mA source only (short both the 10 V

source and the 8 V source)
8
V
3

30 mA current source.
v3
(100 ||100 ||100)(0.03)

100
(0.03) 1 V
3
Finally,
va
v1 v2 v3
10 8
1 7 V
3 3

P5.3-5
Consider 8 V source only (open the 2 A source)
Let i1 be the part of ix due to the 8 V

voltage source.
Apply KVL to the supermesh:
6 i1 3 i 1 3 i 1 8 0
8 2
A
12 3
Let i2 be the part of ix due to the 2 A
current source.
i1
Consider 2 A source only (short the 8 V source)
Apply KVL to the supermesh:
6 i 2 3 i 2 2 3 i2
i2
Finally,
ix
i1 i 2
P5.3-6
Using superposition i x
2 1

3 2
1
A
6
R2

i a . Then
R1 R 2 R1 R 2
A R2
A
vo
vs
ia
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
vs
6
12
1
A
2
7.5 v s 30 so we require
The equation of the straight line is v o
R 2 10 :, and A 150 V/A. Then v o
we can choose R1
ia
30
75
A
R1 R 2
7.5 . For example,
7.5 v s 75 i a so we require
0.4 A .
(Checked: LNAP 6/22/04)
vs va
P5.3-7
ix
va vo
va
R1
A ix
vs va
R1
R1 v o A v s
R1 A
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the CCVS to get
va vs
R1
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
va
R2
va
ia
vs
R1
vo
R3
ia
vo
R3
R 1 R 2 R1 v o A v s v s
vo
ia

R1 R 2 R1 A R1
R3
R R
R1 R 2 A
1
1
1
2
vo

vs ia
R 2 R1 A R 3
R1 R 2 R1 A R1

R 2 R 3 R1 A
R 3 R1 R 2 R 2 R 1 A
vo
A R2
R 2 R1 A
vs ia
R 2 R 3 R1 A

vs
ia
R 3 R1 R 2 R 2 R 1 A
R 3 R1 R 2 R 2 R1 A
R3 R 2 A
When R1
6 :, R 2 12 : and R 3
6:
12 6 A
12 A
ia
vs
24 A
24 A
vo
Comparing this equation to v o
Then 2 v s 9 v o
2 v s 9 , we requires
12 A
24 A
A 1 2
V
A
2v s 6i a so we require
ia
9 6ia
1.5 A
P5.3-8
40 ||10
v1
8 40 ||10
vo1
vo2
vo3
10
v1
8 || 40 10
8 ||10 || 40 i 3
1
v1 a
2
3
v2
5
4i3 c
1
2
3
5
P5.3-9
Using superposition:
vx
and
v x 12 cos 2t
40
10 i x

vx
10
vx
10
4ix
so
10 i x 12 cos 2t
40
Finally,
v o1
ix
2ix
5 4 i x
vx
and
vx
40
12
cos 2t
70
3.429 cos 2t V
10 i x
vx 2
10
vx
10
4ix
so
0.2 1.75 i x
Finally,
v o1
ix
5 4 i x
0.11429 A
2.286 V
vo
v o1 v o2
3.429 cos 2t 2.286 V

P5.3-10
Using superposition:
24 0.3 7.2 V
v o1
v o2
vo
30
20
120 30
v o1 v o 2
4 V
3.2 V
P5.3-11
(a)
R3
R1 & R 2 and R 2
R3
1 n R1
nR12
nR1
R1
n 1
n
R1
R1
n 1
n
R1 & R 3
R1
n
2n 1
R1
R1
n 1
n
n
nR1
R1
n 1
n 1 R n R
R 2 & R3
1
1
1
n
n2
1

nR1
R
1
n 1
n 1
R 2 & R3
R1 R 2 & R 3
R1 & R 3
R 2 R1 & R 3
R1
n2
n
R1
R1
n2
R1
2n 1
n
nR1
R1
2n 1
?
a
b
(b) From (a), we require n =4, i.e. R2 = 4R1 and R 3

R1 10 :, R 2
n
2n 2
1
2n 1
1
1
2n 1
1
2n 2
R1 & R 2
40 : and R 3
4
R1 . For example
5
8 :.
P5.3-12
Using superposition
vo
Comparing to v o
R || 4
4
2
i 2
i1 2
6 R || 4
2 R || 4 4
0.5 i1 4 , we require
R || 4
2
6 R || 4
0.5 4 R || 4 6 R || 4 R || 4
2 R
4:
and
4
2
i 2
2 R || 4 4
4
4 2
i 2
2 4 || 4 4
4 i2
4A
(checked LNAP 6/12/04)
P5.3-13
Use units of mA, k: and V.
4 + (5||20) = 8 k:
(a) Using superposition

8
8
2 R 8
2
7
R 8
R 8
48 R 16 k:
(b) Using superposition again

ia
P5.3-14
io
8
5 16

7
8 16
5 20 8 16
4 2
1
u7
53
3
4 mA

v1
10
10
20
i2

10 40 20 12 40 & 10 10 40 20 12 40 & 10
v3
20 12

40 20 12 10 40 & 20 12
1
1
1

v1 i 2
v3
200
10
62.5
io
So
a
0.05, b
0.1 and c
0.016
P5.3-15
im
P5.3-16
vm
25
3

5 5 3 2 A
3 2 23
3
3
3
5
18 5 6 1 A
3 (3 3) 3 (3 3)
Section 5-4: Thvenins Theorem

P5.4-1
P5.4-2
The circuit from Figure P5.4-2a can be reduced to its Thevenin equivalent circuit in four steps:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Comparing (d) to Figure P5.4-2b shows that the Thevenin resistance is Rt = 16 : and the open
circuit voltage, voc = 12 V.
P5.4-3
The circuit from Figure P5.4-3a can be reduced to its Thevenin equivalent circuit in five steps:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Comparing (e) to Figure P5.4-3b shows that the Thevenin resistance is Rt = 4 : and the open
circuit voltage, voc = 2 V.
P5.4-4
Find Rt:
Rt
12 10 2
12 10 2
6:
Write mesh equations to find voc:

Mesh equations:
12 i1 10 i1 6 i2 i1 0
6 i2 i1 3 i 2 18 0
28 i1
6 i2
9 i 2 6 i1 18
36 i1 18 i1
i2
Finally,
voc
3 i 2 10 i1
14 1 7
= A
3 2 3
1
A
2
7
1
3 10 12 V
3
2
P5.4-5
Find voc:
Notice that voc is the node voltage at node a. Express
the controlling voltage of the dependent source as a
function of the node voltage:
va = voc
Apply KCL at node a:
6 voc voc 3

voc

8 4 4
6 voc 2 voc 6 voc
0 voc
2 V
Find Rt:
Well find isc and use it to calculate Rt. Notice that
the short circuit forces
va = 0
Apply KCL at node a:
60 0 3

0 i sc
8 4 4
i sc
Rt
voc
i sc
6
8
3
A
4
2
34
8
:
3
P5.4-6
Find voc:
2 va va
3
The voltage across the right-hand 3 : resistor is zero so:
Apply KCL at the top, middle node:
va
3 0 va
6
va = voc = 18 V
18 V
Find isc:
Apply KCL at the top, middle node:
2 va va
3
Apply Ohms law to the right-hand 3 : resistor :

Finally:
Rt
voc
i sc
18
6
3 :
va
v
3 a va 18 V
6
3
va 18
6 V
i sc
3
3
P5.4-7
vs R1 ia d 1 R 2 ia
(a)
vs
R1 d 1 R 2
ia
d 1 R 2vs
R1 d 1 R 2
v oc
ia
i sc
d 1 ia
ia d ia
iT
d 1
Rt
(b) Let R1 = R2 = 1 k:. Then
625 :
and
5 voc
Rt
1000
d
d 2
d 1 vs
d 2
vs
1000
2
625
d 1 vs
R1
vT
iT
R2
R1 ia
vT vT

R1 R 2
vT
iT
vs
R1
vT
R 2 d 1 R1
R1 R 2
u vT
R1 d 1 R 2
R1 R 2
0.4 A/A
0.4 2
5 13.33 V
0.4 1
P5.4-8
From the given data:
6
2
2000
voc
R t 2000
voc 1.2 V

4000
R t 1600 :
voc
R t 4000
When R = 8000 :,
R
voc
Rt R
8000
1.2 1.5 V
1600 8000
P5.4-9
From the given data:

0.004
0.003
voc
Rt R
voc
R t 2000
voc 24 V

voc
R t 4000 :
R t 4000
(a) When i = 0.002 A:

24
R 8000 :
0.002
4000 R
(b) Maximum i occurs when R = 0:
24
0.006 6 mA i d 6 mA
4000
P5.4-10
The current at the point on the plot where v = 0 is the short circuit current, so isc = 20 mA.
The voltage at the point on the plot where i = 0 is the open circuit voltage, so voc = 3 V.
The slope of the plot is equal to the negative reciprocal of the Thevenin resistance, so
1 0 0.002

R t 150 :
Rt
3 0
P5.4-11
12 6000 ia 2000 ia 1000 ia

ia
voc
4 3000 A
4
V
3
1000 ia
ia = 0 due to the short circuit
12 6000 isc

Rt
voc
isc
0 isc
4
3
.002
ib
2 mA
667 :
4
3
667 R
ib = 0.002 A requires
4
3 667
0.002
P5.4-12
10 i 0 i 10 A
voc 4 i 2 i
voc
i i sc
4i02i
Rt
2 iL
2 i
20 V
10 i 10 i sc
0 i
voc
isc
0 i sc
20
10
10 A
2 :
20
RL
RL 2
12 :
P5.4-13
Replace the part of the circuit that is connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit:
18 k: || 12 k: 24 k: 18 k: || 36 k: 12 k:
ia
36
and v a
R 12000
R
36
R 12000
36
R
R 12000
2
p ia va
(a) i a
36
0 12000
105
3 mA when R = 0 : (a short circuit).
36 32.14 V when R is as large as possible, i.e. R = 100 k:.

105 12000
(c) Maximum power is delivered to the adjustable resistor when R R t 12 k: . Then
(b) v a
36
12000 0.027
12000 12000
2
p ia va
27 mW
P5.4-14
Replace the source by its Thevenin equivalent circuit to get
io
Using the given formation

0.375
0.300
So
Rt
v oc
R t 4
v oc
R t 8
10 :, i o
Rt
48 11R
R t +R L
0.375 R t 4 0.300 R t 8
0.300 8 0.375 4
(a) When R L
(b) 12 :
v oc
12 : and v oc
0.075
6
0.2727 A.
12 10
R 16 : .
0.3 12 8 6 V
P5.4-15
(a)
i3 i 2
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get
0.25 A
20 i1 i 2 20 i1 i 3 40
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the unspecified resistance to get
40i 2 10i 3 20 i1 i 3 20 i1 i 2 0
Solving, for example using MATLAB, gives

1 i1
1
0
40 20 20 i
2
40 60 30 i 3
40i 2 R i 2 i 3 20 i1 i 2 0
0.25
40
i1

i 2
i 3

1.875
0.750
1.000
20 i1 i 2 40i 2
i2 i3
30 :
(b)
v oc
20
40
40
40
20 20
10 40
12 V
Rt
0.25
12
18 R
18 :
30 :
P5.4-16
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the part of the circuit to the left of the terminals a-b.
Using voltage division twice

32
30
20
20 5 4 1 V
32 96
120 30
v oc
Rt
96 || 32 120 || 30
24 24 48 :
Replacing the part of the circuit to the left of terminals a-b by its Thevenin equivalent circuit
gives
io
1
48 32
0.0125 A 12.5 mA
P5.4-18
Replace the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent circuit:
vm
Rm
5
R m 50
(a)
v mi
(b) When R m 1000 :, v m
4.763 V so
% error =
(c)
Rm
5
5
R m 50
0.02 t
5
lim v
R m of m
5V
5 4.762
u 100
5
Rm
R m 50
4.76%
t 0.98
R m t 2450 :
P5.4-19
v s v oc
R1
v oc
v oc
ia bia
R 2
ia
i sc
i a 1 b
v s R 2 1 b
Rt
v oc
i sc
vs
R1
R1 R 2 1 b
vs
1 b
R1
v s R 2 1 b
R1 R 2 1 b
1 b
R1 R 2 1 b
R1 R 2
Section 5-5: Nortons Theorem

P5.5-1
When the terminals of the boxes are open-circuited, no current flows in Box A, but the resistor in
Box B dissipates 1 watt. Box B is therefore warmer than Box A. If you short the terminals of
each box, the resistor in Box A will draw 1 amp and dissipate 1 watt. The resistor in Box B will
be shorted, draw no current, and dissipate no power. Then Box A will warm up and Box B will
cool off.
P5.5-2
P5.5-3
P5.5-4
To determine the value of the short circuit current, isc, we connect a short circuit across the
terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the current in that short circuit. Figure (a)
shows the circuit from Figure 5.6-4a after adding the short circuit and labeling the short circuit
current. Also, the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing mesh
equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (a), mesh current i2 is equal to the current in the short circuit. Consequently,
i2 isc . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh currents as
i a i1 i 2 i1 isc
3 i1 2 i1 i 2 6 i1 i 2 10
0 7 i1 4 i 2
10
5 i 2 6 i1 i 2 0 6 i1 11 i 2
0 i1
11
i2
6
Substituting into equation 1 gives

11
7 i2 4 i2
6
10 i 2
1.13 A i sc
1.13 A
(1)
Figure (a) Calculating the short circuit current, isc, using mesh equations.
To determine the value of the Thevenin resistance, Rt, first replace the 10 V voltage
source by a 0 V voltage source, i.e. a short circuit. Next, connect a current source across the
terminals of the circuit and then label the voltage across that current source as shown in Figure
(b). The Thevenin resistance will be calculated from the current and voltage of the current source
as
vT
Rt
iT
In Figure (b), the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing mesh
equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (b), mesh current i2 is equal to the negative of the current source current.
Consequently, i2 i T . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh
currents as
ia
i1 i 2
i1 i T
3 i1 2 i1 i 2 6 i1 i 2 0 7 i1 4 i 2
0 i1
5 i 2 vT 6 i1 i 2 0 6 i1 11 i 2
vT
Substituting for i1 using equation 2 gives

4
6 i 2 11 i 2
7
Finally,
Rt
vT
iT
vT
vT
iT
7.57 i 2
vT
i2
7.57 :
vT
4
i2
7
(2)
Figure (b) Calculating the Thevenin resistance, R t
vT
, using mesh equations.
iT
To determine the value of the open circuit voltage, voc, we connect an open circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the voltage across that open circuit.
Figure (c) shows the circuit from Figure 4.6-4a after adding the open circuit and labeling the
open circuit voltage. Also, the meshes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing
mesh equations. Let i1 and i2 denote the mesh currents in meshes 1 and 2, respectively.
In Figure (c), mesh current i2 is equal to the current in the open circuit. Consequently,
i2 0 A . The controlling current of the CCVS is expressed in terms of the mesh currents as
ia
i1 i 2
i1 0 i1
3 i1 2 i1 i 2 6 i1 i 2 10 0 3 i1 2 i1 0 6 i1 0 10 0
i1
5 i 2 voc 6 i1 i 2 0 voc
10
1.43 A
7
6 i1 6 1.43 8.58 V
Figure (c) Calculating the open circuit voltage, voc, using mesh equations.
As a check, notice that R t isc
7.57 1.13
8.55 | voc
P5.5-5
To determine the value of the short circuit current, Isc, we connect a short circuit across the
terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the current in that short circuit. Figure (a)
shows the circuit from Figure 4.6-5a after adding the short circuit and labeling the short circuit
current. Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing node
equations. Let v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Figure (a), node voltage v1 is equal to the negative of the voltage source voltage.
Consequently, v1 24 V . The voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across a short, v3 0 .
The controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage at node 2, i.e. va
voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across a short, i.e. v3 0 .
v1 v 2
v2 v3
2 v1 v 3
48 3 v a
3 v2
va
v2 . The
16 V

v2 v3
6
4
v2
3
isc
9
va
6
isc
isc
9
16 24 A
6
Figure (a) Calculating the short circuit current, Isc, using mesh equations.
To determine the value of the Thevenin resistance, Rth, first replace the 24 V voltage
source by a 0 V voltage source, i.e. a short circuit. Next, connect a current source circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then label the voltage across that current source as shown in
Figure (b). The Thevenin resistance will be calculated from the current and voltage of the current
source as
vT
R th
iT
Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing node equations. Let
v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Figure (b), node voltage v1 is equal to the across a short circuit, i.e. v1 0 . The
controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage at node 2, i.e. va v2 . The
voltage at node 3 is equal to the voltage across the current source, i.e. v3
v1 v 2
v 2 v3
2 v1 v 3
3 v2
vT
vT .
3 va

v2 v3
6
4
v 2 iT
3
0 9 v 2 v3 6 iT
9 v a vT 6 iT
3 v T vT 6 iT
Finally,
Rt
vT
iT
0 2 vT
6 iT
3 :
Figure (b) Calculating the Thevenin resistance, R th
vT
, using mesh equations.
iT
To determine the value of the open circuit voltage, voc, we connect an open circuit across
the terminals of the circuit and then calculate the value of the voltage across that open circuit.
Figure (c) shows the circuit from Figure P 4.6-5a after adding the open circuit and labeling the
open circuit voltage. Also, the nodes have been identified and labeled in anticipation of writing
node equations. Let v1, v2 and v3 denote the node voltages at nodes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Figure (c), node voltage v1 is equal to the negative of the voltage source voltage.
Consequently, v1 24 V . The controlling voltage of the VCCS, va, is equal to the node voltage
at node 2, i.e. va v2 . The voltage at node 3 is equal to the open circuit voltage, i.e. v3 voc .
v1 v 2
v 2 v3
2 v1 v 3
3 v2
48 v oc
3 va

v2 v3
6
4
v2
3
0 9 v2 v3
0 9 va
v oc
Combining these equations gives
3 48 voc 9 v a
voc
voc
72 V
Figure (c) Calculating the open circuit voltage, voc, using node equations.
As a check, notice that
R th I sc
3 24
72 Voc
P5.5-6
(a) Replace the part of the circuit that is connected to the left of terminals a-b by its Norton
equivalent circuit:
Apply KCL at the top node of the dependent
source to see that i b 0 A . Then
v oc
25 5000 i b
25 V
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to

the dependent source to get
5000 i b 10000 3 i b 25 0 i b
Apply KCL to get
i sc
3 ib
Then
Rt
v oc
i sc
1 mA
3 mA
8.33 k:
Current division gives

0.5
(b)
8333
3 R
R 8333
41.67 k:
Notice that i b and 0.5 mA are the mesh currents.

Apply KCL at the top node of the dependent
source to get
1
mA
i b 0.5 u 103 4 i b i b
6
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to
the dependent source to get
5000 i b 10000 R 0.5 u103 25 0
5000 u 103 10000 R 0.5 u 103

6
125
6
R
41.67 k:
0.5 u 103
25
P5.5-7
Use source transformations to reduce the circuit to
Replace the series voltage sources by an equivalent voltage source, the series resistors by an
equivalent resistance and do a couple more source transformations to reduce the part of the
circuit to the left of the terminals a-b by its Norton equivalent circuit.
Apply KCL at node a to get
0.4
v v2

10 2
so
v
Choosing the positive value of v, i
0.82
2
.2 r 1.8
2
v
v 2 0.8 0
5
0.8, -1.0 V
0.32 A . Choosing the negative value of v,
12
0.5 . There are two solutions to this problem. Linear circuits are so much simpler than
2
nonlinear circuits.
i
P5.5-8
Simplify the circuit using a source transformation:
Identify the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
Apply KVL to the mesh to get:
10 2 3 i x 15
0 ix
1 A
Then
v oc
3 ix
3V
Express the controlling current of the

CCVS in terms of the mesh currents:
ix
i 1 i sc
The mesh equations are
10 i1 2 i1 i sc 3 i1 i sc 15 0 15 i1 5 i sc
and
so
i sc 3 i1 i sc 0 i1
4
i sc
3
15
4
15 i sc 5 i sc
3
15 i sc
The Thevenin resistance is

Rt
3
1
1A
3:
Finally, the Norton equivalent circuit is
P5.5-9
Identify the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
v1
Then
v oc
v1
1
3 1 V
3
v1 4 2.5 v1
3 i sc 1 3 i sc
3
4 2.5 v1 i sc 5 i sc v1
9 1 3 i sc 9 i sc
The Thevenin resistance is

Rt
Finally, the Norton equivalent circuit is
9
0.5
18 :
9 V
9 v1 9 i sc
0 i sc
0
1
A
2
P5.5-10
Replace the circuit by its Norton equivalent circuit:
im
1600
3
1.5 u 10
1600 R m
(a)
i mi
(b) When Rm = 20 : then i m
lim
im
1.5 mA
1.48 mA so
% error
(c)
R m o0
1.5 1.48
u 100 1.23%
1.5
1600
0.015
0.015
1600 R m
0.02 t
0.015
1600
t 0.98 R m d 32.65 :
1600 R m
P5.5-11
2 i a 12
ia
2 ia
voc
12 6 i a
3 i sc
Rt
6
2
ia
2 ia
2 ia
ia
6 V
i sc
3 A
3 A
2
3
3
2 A
3:
P5.5-12
Rt
voc
12 u 24 12 u 24
8:
12 24
36
24
30 20 V
12 24
20
8 R
Section 5-6: Maximum Power Transfer

P5.6-1
a) For maximum power transfer, set RL equal
to the Thevenin resistance:
RL
Rt
100 1 101 :
b) To calculate the maximum power, first replace the circuit connected to RL be its Thevenin
equivalent circuit:
The voltage across RL is
vL
Then
pmax
101
100 50 V
101 101
2
vL
502
24.75 W
R L 101
P5.6-2
Reduce the circuit using source transformations:
Then (a) maximum power will be dissipated in resistor R when: R = Rt = 60 : and (b) the value
of that maximum power is
(0.03)2 (60) 54 mW
P
i 2 ( R)
max R
P5.6-3
vL
? pL
RL
vS
R S R L
v L2
v S2 R L
RL
( RS R L )2
By inspection, pL is max when you reduce RS to get the

smallest denominator.
? set RS = 0
P5.6-4
Find Rt by finding isc and voc:
The current in the 3 : resistor is zero because of the short circuit. Consequently, isc = 10 ix.
Apply KCL at the top-left node to get
ix 0.9 10 ix
ix
0.9
9
so
isc = 10 ix = 1A
Next
0.1 A
Apply KCL at the top-left node to get
ix 0.9 10 ix
ix
0.9
9
0.1 A
Apply Ohms law to the 3 : resistor to get
voc
3 10 ix 30 0.1 3 V
For maximum power transfer to RL:

RL
voc
isc
Rt
3
1
3:
The maximum power delivered to RL is given by

2
pmax
P5.6-5
voc
4 Rt
32
4 3
3
W
4
The required value of R is
Rt
8
20 120 10 50
20 120 10 50
170
30
170 30 20 10 170 30 20 50
170(20)(10) 30(20)(50) 4000
20 V
200
200
voc
50 :
The maximum power is given by

2
voc
202
pmax
2W
4 R t 4 50
P5.6-6
A
vs
Ro RL
iL
PL
(a) R t =R o so R L =R o
load power is
RL
A 2v s 2 R L
iL R L
10 : maximizes the power delivered to the load. The corresponding
1
20 10
2
2
10 10
2
PL
2.5 W .
(b) Ro = 0 maximizes PL (The numerator of PL does not depend on Ro so PL can be maximized

by making the denominator as small as possible.) The corresponding load power is
1
20
2
8
PL
A 2v s 2 R L
A 2v s 2
R L2
RL
12.5 W.
(c) PL is proportional to A2 so the load power continues to increase as A increases. The load can
safely receive 15 W. This limit corresponds to
1
A2 8
2
2
18
2
15
A 36
15
8
49.3 V.
P5.6-7
Replace the part of the circuit connected to the variable resistor by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit. First, replace the left part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:
v oc1
150
10
150 180
4.545 V
R t1 180 & 150 81.8 :
Next, replace the right part of the circuit by its Thevenin equivalent:
v oc2
470
20 15.932 V
470 120
R t2
120 & 470 95.6 :
Now, combine the two partial Thevenin equivalents:

v oc
v oc1 v oc2
10.387 V and R t
R t1 R t2
177.4 :
So
The power received by the adjustable resistor
will be maximum when R = Rt = 177.4 :. The
maximum power received by the adjustable
2
11.387

resistor will be p
0.183 W .
4 177.4 :
(checked LNAPDC 7/24/04)
10 R L
10

R t R L R t R L
P5.6-8
p
iv
The power increases as Rt decreases so choose Rt = 1 :. Then

pmax
iv
100 5
1 5
RL
100 R L
t
13.9 W
P5.6-9
From the plot, the maximum power is 5 W when R = 20 :. Therefore:
Rt = 20 :
and
2
pmax
voc
4 Rt
voc
pmax 4 Rt
5 4 20
20 V
Section 5-8 How Can We Check?

P5.8-1
Use the data in the first two lines of the table to determine voc
and Rt:
0.0972
0.0438
voc
R t 0
voc

voc
Rt
R t 500
39.9 V
410 :
Now check the third line of the table. When R= 5000 ::

voc
39.9
i
7.37 mA
R t R 410 5000
which disagree with the data in the table.
The data is not consistent.
P5.8-2
Use the data in the table to determine voc and isc:

voc 12 V
(line 1 of the table)
isc
so Rt
3 mA
voc
isc
4 k:
(line 3 of the table)
Next, check line 2 of the table. When R = 10 k::

12
voc
0.857 mA
i
3
R t R 10 10 5 103
To cause i = 1 mA requires
which agrees with the data in the table.

12
voc
R 8000 :
0.001 i
R t R 10 103 R
I agree with my lab partners claim that R = 8000 causes i = 1 mA.
P5.8-3
1
Rt
and
voc
1 1
1

R 2 R 3R
11
6R
Rt
6R
11
23
34
65
180
30
20
10
11
3 2 3
23 4
1 6 5
so the prelab calculation isnt correct.

But then
i
voc
Rt R
180
11
6
110 40
11
180
11
163 mA z 54.5 mA
60 40
so the measurement does not agree with the corrected prelab calculation.
P5.8-4
6000 & 3000 & 500 1500 2000 & 2000 1000 :
i
12
12
12 mA
d
R 1000 1000
How about that?! Your lab partner is right.

P5.8-5
(a)
KVL gives
v oc
from row 2
v oc
from row 3
So
10 1.333
v oc
20 0.857
28 R t 10 18 R t 20
360 280 80
Solving gives
10 R t
8 10 1.333
and
v oc
Rt
Ri
10 1.333
t
20 0.857
8:
24 V
(b)
v oc
Rt R
24
and v
8 R
R
v oc
R Rt
24 R
R 8
When R = 0, i = 3 A, and v = 0 V.
1
When R = 40 :, i
A.
2
24 80 240
When R = 80 :, v
21.82 .
88
11
These are the values given in the tabulated data so the data is consistent.
24 40
20 V .
(c) When R = 40 :, v
48
24
When R = 80 :, i
0.2727 A .
88
(d) First
8 R t 24 & 18 & R1 12
R1 24 :
the, using superposition,
24 v oc
24 18 & R1 12
24
12 24 & 18 R1 12 i s
8 8i s
is
2A

Chapter 5 - Circuit Theorems

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Chapter 5 - Circuit Theorems

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Problems

Section 5-2: Source Transformations

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

Finally, apply KVL:

Source transformation at left; equivalent resistor for parallel 6 and 3 : resistors:

Source transformation at left; series resistors at right:

Parallel resistors, then source transformation at left:

Finally, apply KVL to loop

 4  2000 ia  4000 ia  10  2000 ia  3 0

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

Label the node voltages.

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 8-V source to get

0.125v1  0.3  0.05v 2  0.02v 3  0.2 0

Apply KCL at node 2 to get

=0.04v1  0.19v 2  0.1v 3

Solving, for example using MATLAB

The power supplied by the 8-V source is

4.7873  0.6831 4.7873  24

Apply KCL at node 4 of the original circuit to get

The power supplied by the 0.5 A source is

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

Replace series and parallel resistors by an

Do a source transformation, then replace

Do two more source transformations

The power supplied by the current source is given by

23.1  2 10.3125 2 87.45 W

Section 5-3 Superposition

Consider 9 A source only (open 6 A source)

Use current division:

Consider 3 mA source only (short 12 V and open 9

Consider 9 mA source only (short 12 V and open 3

Let v1 be the part of va due to the

Consider 8 V source only (open 30 mA source and

Let v2 be the part of va due to the

Consider 30 mA source only (short both the 10 V

Let v2 be the part of va due to the

(100 ||100 ||100)(0.03)

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

Let i1 be the part of ix due to the 8 V

Consider 2 A source only (short the 8 V source)

Apply KVL to the supermesh:

The equation of the straight line is v o

R 2 10 :, and A 150 V/A. Then v o

7.5 . For example,

(Checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the CCVS to get

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

3.429 cos 2t  2.286 V

(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

(b) From (a), we require n =4, i.e. R2 = 4R1 and R 3

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

(checked LNAP 6/12/04)

(a) Using superposition

(b) Using superposition again

(checked: LNAP 6/19/04)

Section 5-4: Thvenins Theorem

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

Write mesh equations to find voc:

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

6  voc  2 voc  6 voc

Apply KCL at the top, middle node:

Apply KCL at the top, middle node:

Apply Ohms law to the right-hand 3 : resistor :

(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

4 2000 ia 4000 ia 10 2000 ia 3 0

0.125v1 0.3 0.05v 2 0.02v 3 0.2 0

=0.04v1 0.19v 2 0.1v 3

4.7873 0.6831 4.7873 24

23.1 2 10.3125 2 87.45 W

3.429 cos 2t 2.286 V

6 voc 2 voc 6 voc

12 6000 ia 2000 ia 1000 ia

12 6000 isc

5000 i b 10000 R 0.5 u103 25 0

5000 u 103 10000 R 0.5 u 103