Statistical Variance Analysis

Analysis of Variance
CHAPTER 11: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

1. In a one-way ANOVA, if the computed F statistic exceeds the critical F value, we may
a) reject H0 since there is evidence all the means differ.
b) reject H0 since there is evidence of a treatment effect.
c) not reject H0 since there is no evidence of a difference.
d) not reject H0 because a mistake has been made.
ANSWER:
b
TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, decision
2. Which of the following components in an ANOVA table are not additive?
a) sum of squares
b) degrees of freedom
c) mean squares
d) It is not possible to tell.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, sum of squares, properties
3. Why would you use the Tukey-Kramer procedure?
a) to test for normality
b) to test for homogeneity of variance
c) to test independence of errors
d) to test for differences in pairwise means
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: Tukey-Kramer procedure
4. A completely randomized design
a) has only one factor, with several treatment groups.
b) can have more than one factor, each with several treatment groups.
c) has one factor and one block.
d) has one factor, one block, and multiple values.
ANSWER:
a
TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate
KEYWORDS: completely randomized design
35
36
5. The F test statistic in a one-way ANOVA is
a) MSW/MSA.
b) SSW/SSA.
c) MSA/MSW.
d) SSA/SSW.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor
6. The degrees of freedom for the F test in a one-way ANOVA are
a) (n c) and (c 1).
b) (c 1) and (n c).
c) (c n) and (n 1).
d) (n 1) and (c n).
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: degrees of freedom, F test for factor
7. In a one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis is always
a) there is no treatment effect.
b) there is some treatment effect.
c) all the population means are different.
d) some of the population means are different.
ANSWER:
a
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, form of hypothesis
8. In a one-way ANOVA
a) an interaction term is present.
b) an interaction effect can be tested.
c) there is no interaction term.
d) the interaction term has (c 1)(n 1) degrees of freedom.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, properties, interaction
9. Interaction in an experimental design can be tested in
a) a completely randomized model.
b) a randomized block model.
c) a two-factor model.
d) all ANOVA models.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, interaction, properties
10. In a two-way ANOVA, the degrees of freedom for the interaction term are
a) (r 1)(c 1).
b) rc(n 1).
c) (r 1).
d) rcn + 1.
ANSWER:
a
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, interaction, degrees of freedom
11. In a two-way ANOVA, the degrees of freedom for the "error" term are
a) (r 1)(c 1).
b) rc(n 1).
c) (r 1).
d) rcn + 1.
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, degrees of freedom
12. Suppose there is interest in comparing the median response time for three independent groups
learning a specific task. The appropriate nonparametric procedure is the
a) Wilcoxon rank sums test.
b) Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
c) Kruskal-Wallis rank test for differences in medians.
d) none of the above
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: Kruskal-Wallis rank test
37
38
13. The Kruskal-Wallis rank test for differences in more than two medians is a nonparametric
alternative to
a) Fisher's ANOVA F test for completely randomized experiments.
b) Student's t test for related samples.
c) Student's t test for independent samples.
d) Wilcoxon's rank sum test for differences in two medians.
ANSWER:
a
TABLE 11-1
Psychologists have found that people are generally reluctant to transmit bad news to their peers. This
phenomenon has been termed the MUM effect. To investigate the cause of the MUM effect, 40
undergraduates at Duke University participated in an experiment. Each subject was asked to administer
an IQ test to another student and then provide the test taker with his or her percentile score. Unknown
to the subject, the test taker was a bogus student who was working with the researchers. The
experimenters manipulated two factors: subject visibility and success of test taker, each at two levels.
Subject visibility was either visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of the test taker was either
visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of the test taker was either top 20% or bottom 20%.
Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of the 2 x 2 = 4 experimental conditions, then the time (in
seconds) between the end of the test and the delivery of the percentile score from the subject to the test
taker was measured. (This variable is called the latency to feedback.) The data were subjected to
appropriate analyses with the following results:
Source
df
Subject visibility 1
Test taker success 1
Interaction
1
Error
36
Total
39
SS
1380.24
1325.16
3385.80
11,664.00
17,755.20
MS
1380.24
1325.16
3385.80
324.00
F
4.26
4.09
10.45
PR > F
0.043
0.050
0.002
14. Referring to Table 11-1, what type of experimental design was employed in this study?
a) completely randomized design with 4 treatments
b) randomized block design with four treatments and 10 blocks
c) 2 x 2 factorial design with 10 replications
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, two-factor factorial design
39
15. Referring to Table 11-1, at the 0.01 level, what conclusions can you draw from the analyses?
a) At the 0.01 level, subject visibility and test taker success are significant predictors of
latency feedback.
b) At the 0.01 level, the model is not useful for predicting latency to feedback.
c) At the 0.01 level, there is evidence to indicate that subject visibility and test taker success
interact.
d) At the 0.01 level, there is no evidence of interaction between subject visibility and test
taker success.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, decision, conclusion, interaction
16. Referring to Table 11-1, in the context of this study, interpret the statement: Subject visibility and
test taker success interact.
a) The difference between the mean feedback time for visible and nonvisible subjects depends
on the success of the test taker.
b) The difference between the mean feedback time for test takers scoring in the top 20% and
bottom 20% depends on the visibility of the subject.
c) The relationship between feedback time and subject visibility depends on the success of the
test taker.
d) All of the above are correct interpretations.
ANSWER:
d
TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, interaction, conclusion
17. An airline wants to select a computer software package for its reservation system. Four software
packages (1, 2, 3, and 4) are commercially available. The airline will choose the package that
bumps as few passengers, on average, as possible during a month. An experiment is set up in
which each package is used to make reservations for 5 randomly selected weeks. (A total of 20
weeks was included in the experiment.) The number of passengers bumped each week is given
below. How should the data be analyzed?
Package 1: 12, 14, 9, 11, 16
Package 2: 2, 4, 7, 3, 1
Package 3: 10, 9, 6, 10, 12
Package 4: 7, 6, 6, 15, 12
a)
b)
c)
d)
F test for differences in variances

one-way ANOVA F test
t test for the differences in means
t test for the mean difference
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor
40
TABLE 11-2
An airline wants to select a computer software package for its reservation system. Four software
packages (1, 2, 3, and 4) are commercially available. The airline will choose the package that bumps as
few passengers, on average, as possible during a month. An experiment is set up in which each package
is used to make reservations for 5 randomly selected weeks. (A total of 20 weeks was included in the
experiment.) The number of passengers bumped each week is obtained, which gives rise to the
following Excel output:
ANOVA
Source of Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups
SS
212.4
136.4
Total
348.8
df
MS
3
F
8.304985
8.525
18. Referring to Table 11-2, the within groups degrees of freedom is

a) 3.
b) 4.
c) 16.
d) 19.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, degrees of freedom
19. Referring to Table 11-2, the total degrees of freedom is
a) 3.
b) 4.
c) 16.
d) 19.
ANSWER:
d
20. Referring to Table 11-2, the among group mean squares is
a) 8.525.
b) 70.8.
c) 212.4.
d) 637.2.
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, mean squares
p-value
0.001474
F crit
3.238867
41
21. Referring to Table 11-2, at a significance level of 1%,

a) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the average numbers of customers bumped
by the 4 packages are not all the same.
b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the average numbers of customers bumped
by the 4 packages are all the same.
c) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the average numbers of customers bumped by
the 4 packages are not all the same.
d) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the average numbers of customers bumped by
the 4 packages are all the same.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, decision, conclusion
TABLE 11-3
A realtor wants to compare the average sales-to-appraisal ratios of residential properties sold in four
neighborhoods (A, B, C, and D). Four properties are randomly selected from each neighborhood and
the ratios are recorded for each, as shown below.
A: 1.2, 1.1, 0.9, 0.4
C: 1.0, 1.5, 1.1, 1.3
B: 2.5, 2.1, 1.9, 1.6
D: 0.8, 1.3, 1.1, 0.7
Interpret the results of the analysis summarized in the following table:
Source
Neighborhoods
Error
Total
df
SS
2.97
MS
0.990
F
8.31
12
4.40
22. Referring to Table 11-3, the among group degrees of freedom is

a) 3.
b) 4.
c) 12.
d) 16.
ANSWER:
a
23. Referring to Table 11-3, the within group sum of squares is
a) 0.119.
b) 1.43.
c) 2.97.
d) 4.40.
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, sum of squares
PR > F
0.0260
42
24. Referring to Table 11-3, the within group mean squares is
a) 0.119.
b) 0.990.
c) 1.109.
d) 8.31.
ANSWER:
a
25. Referring to Table 11-3,
a) at the 0.05 level of significance, the mean ratios for the 4 neighborhoods are not all the
same.
b) at the 0.01 level of significance, the mean ratios for the 4 neighborhoods are not all the
same.
c) at the 0.10 level of significance, the mean ratios for the 4 neighborhoods are not
significantly different.
d) at the 0.05 level of significance, the mean ratios for the 4 neighborhoods are not
significantly different from 0.
ANSWER:
a
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, decision, conclusion
26. A campus researcher wanted to investigate the factors that affect visitor travel time in a complex,
multilevel building on campus. Specifically, he wanted to determine whether different building
signs (building maps versus wall signage) affect the total amount of time visitors require to reach
their destination, and whether that time depends on whether the starting location is inside or outside
the building. Three subjects were assigned to each of the combinations of signs and starting
locations, and travel times in seconds from beginning to destination were recorded. How should the
data be analyzed?
Starting Room
Interior
Exterior
Wall Signs
141, 119, 238
224, 339, 139
Map
85, 94, 126
226, 129, 130
a)
b)
c)
d)
completely randomized design

randomized block design
2 x 2 factorial design
Kruskal-Wallis rank test
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor factorial design
43
TABLE 11-4
A campus researcher wanted to investigate the factors that affect visitor travel time in a complex,
multilevel building on campus. Specifically, he wanted to determine whether different building signs
(building maps versus wall signage) affect the total amount of time visitors require to reach their
destination, and whether that time depends on whether the starting location is inside or outside the
building. Three subjects were assigned to each of the combinations of signs and starting locations, and
travel times in seconds from beginning to destination were recorded. An Excel output of the
appropriate analysis is given below:
ANOVA
Source of Variation
Signs
Starting Location
Interaction
Within
SS
14008.33
12288
48
35305.33
Total
61649.67
df
MS
14008.33
48
4413.167
p-value
0.11267
2.784395
0.13374
0.919506
11
27. Referring to Table 11-4, the degrees of freedom for the different building signs (factor A) is
a) 1.
b) 2.
c) 3.
d) 8.
ANSWER:
a
28. Referring to Table 11-4, the within (error) degrees of freedom is
a) 1.
b) 4.
c) 8.
d) 11.
ANSWER:
c
F crit
5.317645
5.317645
5.317645
44
29. Referring to Table 11-4, the mean squares for starting location (factor B) is
a) 48.
b) 4,413.17.
c) 12,288.
d) 14,008.3.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, mean squares
30. Referring to Table 11-4, the F test statistic for testing the main effect of types of signs is
a) 0.0109.
b) 2.7844.
c) 3.1742.
d) 5.3176.
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor
31. Referring to Table 11-4, the F test statistic for testing the interaction effect between the types of
signs and the starting location is
a) 0.0109.
b) 2.7844.
c) 3.1742.
d) 5.3176.
ANSWER:
a
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, interaction
32. Referring to Table 11-4, at 1% level of significance,
a) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the difference between the average traveling
times for the different starting locations depends on the types of signs.
b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the difference between the average traveling
times for the different types of signs depends on the starting locations.
c) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the relationship between traveling times and
the types of signs depends on the starting locations.
d) all of the above
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, F test for interaction, decision,
conclusion
45
33. Referring to Table 11-4, at 10% level of significance,

a) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference between the average traveling
times for the different starting locations depends on the types of signs.
b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the difference between the average traveling
times for the different types of signs depends on the starting locations.
c) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference between the average traveling
times for the different starting locations does not depend on the types of signs.
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, decision, conclusion
34. The Journal of Business Venturing reported on the activities of entrepreneurs during the
organization creation process. As part of a designed study, a total of 71 entrepreneurs were
interviewed and divided into 3 groups: those that were successful in founding a new firm (n1 = 34),
those still actively trying to establish a firm (n2 = 21), and those who tried to start a new firm but
eventually gave up (n3 = 16). The total number of activities undertaken (e.g., developed a business
plan, sought funding, looked for facilities) by each group over a specified time period during
organization creation was measured. The objective is to compare the mean number of activities of
the 3 groups of entrepreneurs. Because of concerns over necessary assumption of the parametric
analysis, it was decided to use a nonparametric analysis. Identify the nonparametric method that
would be used to analyze the data.
a) Wilcoxon rank sums test
b) Wilcoxon signed ranks test
c) Kruskal-Wallis rank test for differences in medians
d) one-way ANOVA F test
ANSWER:
c
46
TABLE 11-5
A physician and president of a Tampa Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) are attempting to
show the benefits of managed health care to an insurance company. The physician believes that certain
types of doctors are more cost-effective than others. One theory is that Primary Specialty is an
important factor in measuring the cost-effectiveness of physicians. To investigate this, the president
obtained independent random samples of 20 HMO physicians from each of 4 primary specialties General Practice (GP), Internal Medicine (IM), Pediatrics (PED), and Family Physicians (FP) - and
recorded the total charges per member per month for each. A second factor which the president believes
influences total charges per member per month is whether the doctor is a foreign or USA medical
school graduate. The president theorizes that foreign graduates will have higher mean charges than
USA graduates. To investigate this, the president also collected data on 20 foreign medical school
graduates in each of the 4 primary specialty types described above. So information on charges for 40
doctors (20 foreign and 20 USA medical school graduates) was obtained for each of the 4 specialties.
The results for the ANOVA are summarized in the following table.
Source
Specialty
Med school
Interaction
Error
Total
df
3
1
3
152
159
SS
22,855
105
890
18,950
42,800
MS
7,618
105
297
F
60.94
0.84
2.38
PR > F
0.0001
0.6744
0.1348
35. Referring to Table 11-5, what was the total number of doctors included in the study?
a) 20
b) 40
c) 159
d) 160
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, properties
36. Referring to Table 11-5, what degrees of freedom should be used to determine the critical value of
the F ratio against which to test for interaction between the two factors?
a) numerator df = 1, denominator df = 159
b) numerator df = 3, denominator df = 159
c) numerator df = 1, denominator df = 152
d) numerator df = 3, denominator df = 152
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, degrees of freedom
47
37. Referring to Table 11-5, interpret the test for interaction.

a) There is insufficient evidence to say at the 0.10 level of significance that the difference
between the mean charges for foreign and USA graduates depends on primary specialty.
b) There is sufficient evidence to say at the 0.10 level of significance that the difference
between the mean charges for foreign and USA graduates depends on primary specialty.
c) There is sufficient evidence at the 0.10 level of significance of a difference between the
mean charges for foreign and USA medical graduates.
d) There is sufficient evidence to say at the 0.10 level of significance that mean charges
depend on both primary specialty and medical school.
ANSWER:
a
TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, interaction, interpretation
the F ratio against which to test for differences in the mean charges for doctors among the four
primary specialty areas?
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, degrees of freedom
the F ratio against which to test for differences between the mean charges of foreign and USA
medical school graduates?
ANSWER:
c
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, degrees of freedom
48
40. Referring to Table 11-5, is there evidence of a difference between the mean charges of foreign and
USA medical school graduates?
a) Yes, the test for the main effect for primary specialty is significant at
= 0.10.
b) No, the test for the main effect for medical school is not significant at
= 0.10.
c) No, the test for the interaction is not significant at
= 0.10.
d) Maybe, but we need information on the -estimates to fully answer the question.
ANSWER:
b
41. Referring to Table 11-5, what assumption(s) need(s) to be made in order to conduct the test for
differences between the mean charges of foreign and USA medical school graduates?
a) There is no significant interaction effect between the area of primary specialty and the
medical school on the doctors mean charges.
b) The charges in each group of doctors sampled are drawn from normally distributed
populations.
c) The charges in each group of doctors sampled are drawn from populations with equal
variances.
d) All of the above are necessary assumptions.
ANSWER:
d
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, assumptions
42. True or False: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests hypotheses about the population variance.
ANSWER:
False
TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance
43. True or False: The F test, in a completely randomized model, is just an expansion of the t test for
independent samples.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: completely randomized design, F test for factor
44. True or False: When the F test is used for ANOVA, the rejection region is always in the right tail.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: F test for factor, rejection region
49
45. True or False: A completely randomized design with 4 groups would have 6 possible pairwise
comparisons.
ANSWER:
True
TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate
KEYWORDS: completely randomized design, properties
46. True or False: If you are comparing the average sales among 3 different brands, you are dealing
with a three-way ANOVA design.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, properties
47. True or False: The MSE must always be positive.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: mean squares, properties
48. True or False: In a two-way ANOVA, it is easier to interpret main effects when the interaction
component is not significant.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, interpretation
49. True or False: In a one-factor ANOVA analysis, the among sum of squares and within sum of
squares must add up to the total sum of squares.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, sum of squares, properties
50. True or False: In a two-factor ANOVA analysis, the sum of squares due to both factors, the
interaction sum of squares, and the within sum of squares must add up to the total sum of squares.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, sum of squares, properties
50
TABLE 11-6
As part of an evaluation program, a sporting goods retailer wanted to compare the downhill coasting
speeds of 4 brands of bicycles. She took 3 of each brand and determined their maximum downhill
speeds. The results are presented in miles per hour in the table below.
Trial
Barth Tornado Reiser Shaw
1
43
37
41
43
2
46
38
45
45
3
43
39
42
46
51. Referring to Table 11-6, the sporting goods retailer decided to perform an ANOVA F test. The
amount of total variation or SST is __________.
ANSWER:
102.67
TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, sum of squares, interpretation
52. Referring to Table 11-6, the among group variation or SSA is __________.
ANSWER:
81.33
53. Referring to Table 11-6, the within group variation or SSW is __________.
ANSWER:
21.33
54. Referring to Table 11-6, the value of MSA is __________, while MSW is __________.
ANSWER:
27.11; 2.67
55. Referring to Table 11-6, the null hypothesis that the average downhill coasting speeds of the 4
brands of bicycles are equal, will be rejected at a level of significance of 0.05 if the value of the
test statistic is greater than __________.
ANSWER:
4.07
TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, decision
51
56. Referring to Table 11-6, in testing the null hypothesis that the average downhill coasting speeds of
the 4 brands of bicycles are equal, the value of the test statistic is __________.
ANSWER:
10.17
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, test statistic
57. Referring to Table 11-6, construct the ANOVA table from the sample data.
ANSWER:
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Bicycle Brands
3
81.33 27.11 10.17
Error
8
21.33
2.67
Total
11
102.67
* or p < 0.005, tabular value
TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate
p
0.004*
58. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the null hypothesis should be rejected at a 5% level of
significance.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, decision
59. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the decision made implies that all 4 means are significantly
different.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, conclusion, interpretation
60. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the test is valid only if the population of speeds has the
same variance for the 4 brands.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, assumption
52
61. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the test is less sensitive to the assumption that the
population of speeds has the same variance for the 4 brands if the sample sizes of the 4 brands are
equal.
ANSWER:
True
62. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the test is valid only if the population of speeds is normally
distributed.
ANSWER:
True
63. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, the test is robust to the violation of the assumption that the
population of speeds is normally distributed.
ANSWER:
True
64. Referring to Table 11-6, the sporting goods retailer decided to compare the 4 treatment means by
using the Tukey-Kramer procedure with an overall level of significance of 0.05. There are
________ pairwise comparisons that can be made.
ANSWER:
6
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer procedure
65. Referring to Table 11-6, using an overall level of significance of 0.05, the critical value of the
Studentized range Q used in calculating the critical range for the Tukey-Kramer procedure is
________.
ANSWER:
4.53
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer procedure, critical value
66. Referring to Table 11-6, using an overall level of significance of 0.05, the critical range for the
Tukey-Kramer procedure is ________.
ANSWER:
4.27
53
67. True or False: Referring to Table 11-6, based on the Tukey-Kramer procedure with an overall level
of significance of 0.05, the retailer would decide that there is a significant difference between all
pairs of mean speeds.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer procedure, decision, conclusion
of significance of 0.05, the retailer would decide that there is no significant difference between any
pair of mean speeds.
ANSWER:
False
of significance of 0.05, the retailer would decide that the mean speed for the Tornado brand is
significantly different from each of the mean speeds for other brands.
ANSWER:
True
of significance of 0.05, the retailer would decide that the 3 means other than the mean for Tornado
are not significantly different from each other.
ANSWER:
True
71. Referring to Table 11-6, the sporting goods retailer decided to perform a Kruskal-Wallis test. The
null hypothesis of the test is ________.
ANSWER:
H0: M1 = M2 = M3 = M4
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank test, form of hypothesis
72. Referring to Table 11-6, the alternative hypothesis of the Kruskal-Wallis test is that ________.
ANSWER:
not all the medians are equal
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank test, form of hypothesis
54
73. Referring to Table 11-6, the decision rule for a level of significance of 0.05 using the KruskalWallis test is to reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic H is ________.
ANSWER:
greater than 7.815
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank test, critical value, decision
74. Referring to Table 11-6, the calculation of the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic H involves ranking the
observations. Construct a table containing these ranks.
ANSWER:
Barth Tornado Reiser Shaw
7.0
1.0
4.0
7.0
11.5 2.0
9.5
9.5
7.0
3.0
5.0
11.5
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, test statistic
75. Referring to Table 11-6, the calculation of the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic H involves obtaining the
total of the ranks for each sample. These totals are ________, ________, ________, and
________.
ANSWER:
25.5, 6.0, 18.5, 28.0
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank test, test statistic
76. Referring to Table 11-6, the calculated value of the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic H is ________.
ANSWER:
7.47
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank test, test statistic
55
TABLE 11-7
An agronomist wants to compare the crop yield of 3 varieties of chickpea seeds. She plants 15 fields, 5
with each variety. She then measures the crop yield in bushels per acre. Treating this as a completely
randomized design, the results are presented in the table that follows.
Trial
Smith Walsh Trevor
1
11.1
19.0 14.6
2
13.5
18.0 15.7
3
15.3
19.8 16.8
4
14.6
19.6 16.7
5
9.8
16.6 15.2
77. Referring to Table 11-7, the agronomist decided to perform an ANOVA F test. The amount of total
variation or SST is __________.
ANSWER:
114.82
ANSWER:
82.39
79. Referring to Table 11-7, the within group variation or SSW is __________.
ANSWER:
32.43
80. Referring to Table 11-7, the value of MSA is __________, while MSW is __________.
ANSWER:
41.19; 2.70
81. Referring to Table 11-7, the null hypothesis will be rejected at a level of significance of 0.01 if the
value of the test statistic is greater than __________.
ANSWER:
6.93
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, critical value
56
82. Referring to Table 11-7, the value of the test statistic is __________.
ANSWER:
15.24
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, test statistic
83. Referring to Table 11-7, construct the ANOVA table from the sample data.
ANSWER:
Source
df
SS
MS
F
p
Seed Varieties 2
82.39 41.19 15.24
0.000508*
Error
12
32.43
2.70
Total
14
114.82
* or p < 0.005, tabular value
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, properties
84. Referring to Table 11-7, state the null hypothesis that can be tested.
ANSWER:
H0: Smith Walsh Trevor
TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, form of hypothesis
85. True or False: Referring to Table 11-7, the null hypothesis should be rejected at 0.005 level of
significance.
ANSWER:
True
86. True or False: Referring to Table 11-7, the decision made at 0.005 level of significance implies that
all 3 means are significantly different.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, conclusion
87. True or False: Referring to Table 11-7, the test is valid only if the population of crop yields has the
same variance for the 3 varieties.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, assumption
57
88. True or False: Referring to Table 11-7, the test is valid only if the population of crop yields is
normally distributed for the 3 varieties.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, F test for factor, assumption
89. Referring to Table 11-7, the agronomist decided to compare the 3 treatment means by using the
Tukey-Kramer procedure with an overall level of significance of 0.01. There are ________
pairwise comparisons that can be made.
ANSWER:
3
KEYWORDS: one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer procedure, properties
90. Referring to Table 11-7, using an overall level of significance of 0.01, the critical value of the
Studentized range Q used in calculating the critical range for the Tukey-Kramer procedure is
________.
ANSWER:
5.04
91. Referring to Table 11-7, using an overall level of significance of 0.01, the critical range for the
Tukey-Kramer procedure is ________.
ANSWER:
3.70
of significance of 0.01, the agronomist would decide that there is a significant difference between
the crop yield of Smith and Walsh seeds.
ANSWER:
True
the crop yield of Smith and Trevor seeds.
ANSWER:
False
58
the crop yield of Walsh and Trevor seeds.
ANSWER:
False
TABLE 11-8
A hotel chain has identically sized resorts in 5 locations. The data that follow resulted from analyzing
the hotel occupancies on randomly selected days in the 5 locations.
ROW
Caymen
Pennkamp
California
Mayaguez
Maui
1
28
40
21
37
22
2
33
35
21
47
19
3
41
33
27
45
25
Source
df
SS
Location
4
963.6
Error
10
210.0
Total
MS
F
11.47
p
0.001
95. Referring to Table 11-8, the value of the element in the ANOVA table that always provides an
estimate of the population variance is ________.
ANSWER:
21.0
TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Difficult
96. Referring to Table 11-8, the test ratio involves the ratio of 2 elements of the ANOVA table. Of
these elements, the value of the one that provides an estimate of the population variance only when
the null hypothesis is true is ________.
ANSWER:
240.9
TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Difficult
97. True or False: Referring to Table 11-8, if a level of significance of 0.05 is chosen, the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
ANSWER:
True
59
98. True or False: Referring to Table 11-8, if a level of significance of 0.05 is chosen, the decision
made indicates that all 5 locations have different mean occupancy rates.
ANSWER:
False
99. True or False: Referring to Table 11-8, if a level of significance of 0.05 is chosen, the decision
made indicates that at least 2 of the 5 locations have different mean occupancy rates.
ANSWER:
True
100. Referring to Table 11-8, the among group variation or SSA is _________.
ANSWER:
963.6
101. Referring to Table 11-8, the within group variation or SSW is _________.
ANSWER:
210.0
102. Referring to Table 11-8, the total variation or SST is ________.
ANSWER:
1,173.6
103. Referring to Table 11-8, the value of MSA is ______ while MSW is _______.
ANSWER:
240.9; 21.0
104. Referring to Table 11-8, the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom of the test ratio are
________ and ________, respectively.
ANSWER:
4; 10
60
105. True or False: Referring to Table 11-8, the total mean squares is 261.90.
ANSWER:
False
TABLE 11-9
The marketing manager of a company producing a new cereal aimed for children wants to examine the
effect of the color and shape of the box's logo on the approval rating of the cereal. He combined 4
colors and 3 shapes to produce a total of 12 designs. Each logo was presented to 2 different groups (a
total of 24 groups) and the approval rating for each was recorded and is shown below. The manager
analyzed these data using the
= 0.05 level of significance for all inferences.
SHAPES
Circle
Square
Diamond
Red
54
44
34
36
46
48
Source df
SS
Colors
3
2711.17
Shapes
2
579.00
Interaction 6
150.33
Error
12
150.00
Total
23
3590.50
COLORS
Green
Blue
67
36
61
44
56
36
58
30
60
34
60
38
MS
903.72
289.50
25.06
12.50
F
72.30
23.16
2.00
Yellow
45
41
21
25
31
33
p
0.000
0.000
0.144
106. Referring to Table 11-9, the mean square for the factor color is ________.
ANSWER:
903.72
107. Referring to Table 11-9, the mean square for the factor shape is ________.
ANSWER:
289.50
61
108. Referring to Table 11-9, the mean square for the interaction of color and shape is ________.
ANSWER:
25.06
109. Referring to Table 11-9, the mean square for error is ________.
ANSWER:
12.50
110. Referring to Table 11-9, the critical value of the test for significant differences between colors is
________.
ANSWER:
3.49
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, critical value
111. Referring to Table 11-9, the value of the statistic used to test for significant differences between
colors is ________.
ANSWER:
72.30
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, test statistic
112. True or False: Referring to Table 11-9, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it appears that
there is a significant effect on the approval rating associated with the color of the logo.
ANSWER:
True
113. Referring to Table 11-9, the critical value in the test for significant differences between shapes is
________.
ANSWER:
3.89
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, critical value
62
114. Referring to Table 11-9, the value of the statistic used to test for significant differences between
shapes is ________.
ANSWER:
23.16
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for factor, test statistic
there is a significant effect associated with the shape of the logo.
ANSWER:
True
116. Referring to Table 11-9, the critical value in the test for a significant interaction is ________.
ANSWER:
3.00
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, critical value
117. Referring to Table 11-9, the value of the statistic used to test for an interaction is ________.
ANSWER:
2.00
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, test statistic
there is a significant interaction.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: two-factor analysis of variance, F test for interaction, decision, conclusion
63
TABLE 11-10
An agronomist wants to compare the crop yield of 3 varieties of chickpea seeds. She plants all 3
varieties of the seeds on each of 5 different patches of fields. She then measures the crop yield in
bushels per acre. Treating this as a randomized block design, the results are presented in the table that
follows:
Fields
Smith Walsh Trevor
1
11.1
19.0 14.6
2
13.5
18.0 15.7
3
15.3
19.8 16.8
4
14.6
19.6 16.7
5
9.8
16.6 15.2
119. Referring to Table 11-10, the agronomist decided to perform a randomized block F test for the
difference in the means. The amount of total variation or SST is __________.
ANSWER:
114.82
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, sum of squares
ANSWER:
82.39
121. Referring to Table 11-10, the among block variation or SSBL is __________.
ANSWER:
24.46
122. Referring to Table 11-10, the value of MSA is __________, while MSBL is __________.
ANSWER:
41.19; 6.11
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, mean squares
64
123. Referring to Table 11-10, the null hypothesis for the randomized block F test for the difference in
the means is
a) H 0 : Field 1 Field 2 Field
3 Field
4 Field
5
Trevor
b) H 0 : Smith Walsh
H 0 : M Field 1 M Field 2 M Field

3 M Field
4 M Field
5
M Trevor
d) H 0 : M Smith M Walsh
c)
ANSWER:
b
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, form of hypothesis
124. Referring to Table 11-10, what are the degrees of freedom of the randomized block F test for the
difference in the means at a level of significance of 0.01?
ANSWER:
2 numerator and 8 denominator degrees of freedom
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, degrees of freedom
125. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the critical value of the randomized block F test for the
difference in the means at a level of significance of 0.01?
ANSWER:
8.65
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, critical value
126. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the value of the test statistic for the randomized block F test for
the difference in the means?
ANSWER:
41.32
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, test statistic
127. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the p-value of the test statistic for the randomized block F test
for the difference in the means?
ANSWER:
6.07E-05
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, p-value
65
128. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the null hypothesis for the randomized block F test for
the difference in the means should be rejected at a 0.01 level of significance.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, decision
129. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the decision made at a 0.01 level of significance on the
randomized block F test for the difference in means implies that all 3 means are significantly
different.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, conclusion
130. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the randomized block F test is valid only if the
population of crop yields has the same variance for the 3 varieties.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for factor, assumption
131. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the randomized block F test is valid only if the
population of crop yields is normally distributed for the 3 varieties.
ANSWER:
True
132. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the randomized block F test is valid only if there is no
interaction between the variety of seeds and the patches of fields.
ANSWER:
True
133. Referring to Table 11-10, the agronomist decided to compare the 3 treatment means by using the
Tukey multiple comparison procedure with an overall level of significance of 0.01. How many
pairwise comparisons can be made?
ANSWER:
3
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, Tukey procedure, properties
66
134. Referring to Table 11-10, using an overall level of significance of 0.01, what is the critical value
of the Studentized range Q used in calculating the critical range for the Tukey multiple comparison
procedure?
ANSWER:
5.63
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, Tukey procedure, critical value
135. Referring to Table 11-10, using an overall level of significance of 0.01, what is the critical range
for the Tukey multiple comparison procedure?
ANSWER:
2.51
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, Tukey procedure, critical value
136. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, based on the Tukey multiple comparison procedure with
an overall level of significance of 0.01, the agronomist would decide that there is a significant
difference between the crop yield of Smith and Walsh seeds.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, Tukey procedure, decision, conclusion
137. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, based on the Tukey-Kramer procedure with an overall
level of significance of 0.01, the agronomist would decide that there is a significant difference
between the crop yield of Smith and Trevor seeds.
ANSWER:
True
138. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, based on the Tukey multiple comparison procedure with
an overall level of significance of 0.01, the agronomist would decide that there is a significant
difference between the crop yield of Walsh and Trevor seeds.
ANSWER:
True
67
139. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the null hypothesis for testing the block effects?
a) H 0 : Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4
Field 5
b) H 0 : Smith Walsh Trevor
c) H 0 : M Field 1 M Field 2 M Field 3 M Field 4

M Field 5
d) H 0 : M Smith M Walsh M Trevor
ANSWER:
a
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, form of hypothesis
140. Referring to Table 11-10, what are the degrees of freedom of the F test statistic for testing the
block effects?
ANSWER:
4 numerator and 8 denominator degrees of freedom
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, degrees of freedom
141. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the value of the F test statistic for testing the block effects?
ANSWER:
6.13
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, test statistic
142. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the critical value for testing the block effects at a 0.01 level of
significance?
ANSWER:
7.01
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, critical value
143. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the p-value of the F test statistic for testing the block effects?
ANSWER:
0.015 or between 0.01 and 0.025
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, p-value
144. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the null hypothesis for the F test for the block effects
should be rejected at a 0.01 level of significance.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, decision
68
145. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the decision made at a 0.01 level of significance on the
F test for the block effects implies that the blocking has been advantageous in reducing the
experiment error.
ANSWER:
False
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, conclusion
146. Referring to Table 11-10, what is the estimated relative efficiency?
ANSWER:
2.47
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, relative efficiency
147. True or False: Referring to Table 11-10, the relative efficiency means that 2.47 times as many
observations in each variety group would be needed in a one-way ANOVA design, as compared to
the randomized block design in order to obtain the same precision for comparison of the variety
means.
ANSWER:
True
KEYWORDS: randomized block design, F test for block effects, relative efficiency, interpretation

Statistical Variance Analysis

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Statistical Variance Analysis

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Analysis of Variance

CHAPTER 11: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

F test for differences in variances

18. Referring to Table 11-2, the within groups degrees of freedom is

21. Referring to Table 11-2, at a significance level of 1%,

22. Referring to Table 11-3, the among group degrees of freedom is

completely randomized design

33. Referring to Table 11-4, at 10% level of significance,

37. Referring to Table 11-5, interpret the test for interaction.

H 0 : M Field 1 M Field 2 M Field

c) H 0 : M Field 1 M Field 2 M Field 3 M Field 4

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